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![Page 1: Implementation Science: An Emerging Field Bryan J. Weiner, Ph.D. Professor Department of Health Policy and Management.](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e195503460f94b054ba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Implementation Science: An Emerging Field
Bryan J. Weiner, Ph.D.Professor
Department of Health Policy and Management
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A Roadmap for Today’s Talk
• Why implementation science?• What is implementation
science?• What does implementation
science look like? • How do you do implementation
science?• Where can I learn more?
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Why Implementation Science?
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A Growing Evidence Base of What Works
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And Yet…
• Americans receive “recommended care” approximately 50% of the time (McGlynn et al., 2003).
• Between the health care we have and the care we could have lies not just a gap, but a chasm (IOM, 2001).
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And in Cancer Care…
• Completion rate of 3-dose HPV vaccine:– 33% for teenage girls– 7% for teenage boys
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And in Cancer Care…
• Surgery rate for non-small cell lung cancer:– 14% lower for Blacks than whites
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And in Cancer Care…
• Over-surveillance rate among patients with non-displastic Barrett’s Esophagus
– 65% in a multi-center study
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Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice and Policy
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What is Implementation Science?
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What is Implementation Science?
IMPLEMENTATION SCIENCE is the study of methods to promote the use of research findings in healthcare, community, and policy contexts. As a multidisciplinary field, it examines how these findings are disseminated, implemented, and sustained by targeted audiences.
Figure modified from National Cancer Institute Implementation Science Web Portal and Rubenstein et al. 2006.
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Dissemination and Implementation
Dissemination: the targeted distribution of information and intervention materials to a specific public health audience or clinical practice audience
Implementation: the use of strategies to adopt and integrate evidence-based health interventions and change practice patterns in specific settings.
NIH PAR 07-086
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IS as an Emerging Field
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IS as a Translational Science
Modified from Khoury et al.Figure 1—Knowledge integration process.
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IS as a Team Science
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What does IS look like?
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Examples of Funded IS Grants
• Implementing evidence to prevent urinary infection and enhance patient safety
• Increasing implementation of evidence-based interventions at low-wage worksites
• Integrating tobacco use treatment guidelines in dental public dental clinics
• Implementing EBAN II: an evidence-based intervention for sero-discorant couples
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Two Examples In My Work
• Examining the implementation, impact, sustainability, and business case of the CCOP, a federally funded provider-based research network
• Increasing colorectal cancer screening rates in community health centers through practice change facilitation and an evidence-informed tool kit
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NCI IS Portfolio Review
Neta et al., (2015). Implementation science in cancer prevention and control: a decade of grant funding by the National Cancer Institute and future directions. Implement Sci, 10(1), 4. doi: 10.1186/s13012-014-0200-2
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NCI Portfolio Review- Implementation Science
• 67 grants included in Implementation Science portfolio review, funded between 2000-2012
Cancer Control Continuum
# of grants
% of grants
Prevention 33 49.3%
Screening 27 40.3%
Cross-cutting 7 10.4%
Survivorship 4 6%
Treatment 3 4.5%
Diagnosis 0 0%
Types of Cancer/ Risk factors
# of grants
% of grants
Tobacco 26 38.8%
Colorectal cancer 20 29.9%
Breast cancer 12 17.9%
Cervical cancer 8 11.9%
Physical activity 6 9%
Diet/nutrition 5 7.5%
Sun safety 5 7.5%
Public health genomics 4 6%
Obesity 3 4.5%
*Numbers may add up to more than 67 (100%) in some cases because a given grant may fit into more than one category.
Neta et al., 2015
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NCI Portfolio Review- Implementation Science
Implementation Science Objectives # of grants % of grants
Implementation 53 79.1%
Dissemination 31 46.3%
Sustainability 26 38.8%
Adoption 20 29.9%
Sustainability Indicators # of grants % of grants
Maintenance 25 37.3%
Capacity building 20 29.9%
Cost analysis 15 22.4%
*Numbers may add up to more than 67 (100%) in some cases because a given grant may fit into more than one category.
Neta et al., 2015
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Funding Trends for NCI-funded IS
Funding trends of NCI-funded implementation science by grant mechanism, fiscal years 2000-2012 (Neta et al., 2015)
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How do you do IS?
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When to Do IS
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Study Designs
• Experimental designs – Individual/cluster RCT, MOST, SMART, hybrid
• Quasi-experimental designs – interrupted time series, regression discontinuity
• Observational designs– surveys, focus groups, case studies
• Mixed methods
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Hybrid Designs
Adapted from Curran et al., 2010
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• Provider-directed interventions– Interactive education– Reminders– Decision support– Audit & feedback– Opinion leaders
Implementation Strategies
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• Staff-oriented interventions– Multi-disciplinary teams– Revised roles– Case management
Implementation Strategies
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• Patient-mediated interventions (“pull”)– Education– Navigation– Reminders– Decision aids
Implementation Strategies
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• Regulatory interventions– Accreditation– Licensure– Insurance coverage
Implementation Strategies
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• Financial interventions– Payment changes– Incentives
Implementation Strategies
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• Organizational interventions– Structural changes– Service changes– Quality Improvement
Implementation Strategies
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• Collaboratives / campaigns– Hospital-to-Home Campaign– IHI Breakthrough Series– Vermont Oxford Network– 5 Million Lives Campaign
Implementation Strategies
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Implementation Outcomes
Types of outcomes in implementation research
Adapted from Proctor et al., 2011
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• Implementation in low-resource settings• Reliable, valid, and practical measures• Cost and cost-effectiveness studies• Strategies for scaling up effective programs• Use of simulation models to evaluate
proposed D&I actions, policies, and practices• Theory and research on sustainability• De-implementation
Gaps & Opportunities
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Where can I learn more?
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• Sample Grants and Grant Writing Resources• Sources of Evidence• Tools• Measures• Journals • Theories and Frameworks• Conferences and Training• Presentations
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D&I Portal – an NC TraCS Resource
http://tracs.unc.edu/di-portal
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Consortium for Implementation Science
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• Advance IS through research, practice, policy, and education/training
• Initial focus: improving health in the US
• Approach:– Identify opportunities and connect investigators– Build cross-institutional research teams– Scientific/technical support for proposals– Facilitate access to internal funds for pilot projects
http://consortiumforis.org/
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The Implementation Network
• http://www.implementationnetwork.com/• Monthly e-newsletter and website• 1500+ members worldwide• Supported by VA QUERI and NCI
• Chief Editor: Wynne Norton, Ph.D.
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• http://www.seattleimplementation.org/sirc-projects/sirc-instrument-project/
• Comprehensive library • Evidence-based assessment • Consensus battery
• Lead Investigator: Cara Lewis, Ph.D.(Indiana University, Bloomington)
SIRC Instrument Review Project
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• Grid-enabled Measures (GEM) D& I Workspacehttps://www.gem-beta.org/public/wsoverview.aspx?wid=11&cat=8
• CFIR Wiki http://www.wiki.cf-ir.net/index.php?title=Main_Page
• SIRC (focus on behavioral therapies)http://www.seattleimplementation.org/
• Implementation Science Journalhttp://www.implementationscience.com/
• VA Enhancing Implementation Science Webinar archiveshttp://www.queri.research.va.gov/meetings/eis/
Other D&I Resources
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NCI Portfolio Review- Implementation Science
Frameworks/ Models # of grants
% of grants
Diffusion of Innovation 26 38.8%
RE-AIM 23 34.3%
Chronic Care Model 7 10.4%
Organizational Change 7 10.4%
Systems/Network Theories 5 7.5%
Model of Diffusion in Service Orgs 3 4.5%
Methods Used # of grants
% of grants
Quantitative 59 88.1%
Qualitative 54 80.6%
Comparative effectiveness
35 52.2%
Cost analysis 18 26.9%
Simulation models 2 3%
Network analysis 1 1.5%
*Numbers may add up to more than 67 (100%) in some cases because a given grant may fit into more than one category.
Neta et al., 2015
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Funding Trends for NCI-funded IS
Trends in NCI-funded grants in implementation science by funding announcements, fiscal years 2000-2012 (Neta et al., 2015)
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Success Rates
R01s, R21s, R03s R01s only0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
24.3%26.7%
20.2%19.1%
Comparison of funding success rates at NCIDIRH PAR – NCI Cancer Prevention & Control grants
2000-2012
DIRH PAR grants Cancer Prevention & Control grants
Neta et al., 2015
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New Investigator Awards
New Investigator awards0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
43.8%
24.2%
Proportion of New Investigator AwardsDIRH PAR – NCI as a whole, 2000-2012
DIRH PAR NCI
Neta et al., 2015