IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL SERVICES IN T.NARSIPURA AND MYSORE TALUKS

- By M.Sreedevi *

1. Legal aid movement in India - its development and present status

The earliest legal aid movement appears to be of the year 1851 when some enactment was introduced in France for providing legal assistance to the indigent. In 1952, the government of India also started addressing the question of legal aid for the poor in various conferences of law ministers and law commissions. In 1960, some guidelines were drawn by the government for legal aid schemes. Although all are equal before the law, in practice some seem to be more equal than others, and this resulted in the denial of easily available opportunities to access justice. Article 39A of the Constitution - inserted by the 42nd Amendment Act in 1976 - offers a remedy to this problem by directing the state to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities to secure justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.

Legal aid schemes were floated across states through legal aid boards, societies and law departments. In 1980, a committee at the national level was constituted to oversee and supervise legal aid programmes throughout the country under the chairmanship of Hon. Mr. Justice P.N. Bhagwati, then a Judge of the Supreme Court of India. This Committee came to be known as CILAS (Committee for Implementing Legal Aid Schemes), and started monitoring legal aid activities throughout the country. The introduction of Lok Adalats added a new chapter to the justice dispensation system of this country and succeeded in providing a supplementary forum to the litigants for conciliatory settlement of their disputes. In 1987 Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted to give a statutory base to legal aid programmes throughout the country on a uniform pattern. This Act was finally enforced on 9th of November, 1995 after certain amendments were introduced therein by the Amendment Act of 1994. Hon. Mr. Justice R.N. Mishra, the then Chief Justice of India played a key role in the enforcement of the Act.

The Constitution of India guarantees ‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’ as a fundamental right. The Government provides free legal aid to the needy. However, in a country of continental dimensions and with population more than a billion, it becomes very difficult to provide free legal aid to everyone.

* Faculty (Law), ATI, Mysore.

The Constitution of India has defined and declared the common goal for its citizens as “to secure to all the citizens of India, Justice-social, economic and political: liberty : equality and fraternity”. The eternal value of constitutionalism is the rule of law which has three facets i.e. rule by law, rule under law and rule according to law. Under our constitution, it is the primary responsibility of the State to maintain law and order so that the citizens can enjoy peace and security.

2. Evolution of the Legal Aid scheme

Article 14(3) of the International convention on Civil and Political Rights guarantees to everyone, “the right to have legal assistance assigned to him in case where the interest of justice shall require, and without payment by him in any such case if he does not have sufficient means to pay for it”. The Fourteenth Report of the Law Commission also echoes this concept:

“Equality is the basis of all modern systems of jurisprudence and administration

of justice. In so far as a person is unable to obtain access to a court of law for having his wrongs redressed or for defending himself against a criminal charge, justice becomes unequal and laws which are meant for his protection have no meaning and to that extent fail in their purpose. Unless some provision is made for assisting the poor man for the payment of court fees and lawyer’s fees and other incidental costs of litigation, he is denied equality in the opportunity to seek justice”.

2.1 Report of the Krishna Iyer Committee (1973)

In October 1972, the government of India constituted a committee under the

chairmanship of Shri Justice V.R.Krishna Iyer, then Member of Law Commission to formulate a practical and workable scheme for legal aid. The report of this committee was titled ‘Processual Justice to the People’. It was submitted in May, 1973.

2.2 Report of the Bhagavati Committee, 1977

To make more focused recommendations regarding legal aid schemes, the government of India appointed in May, 1976 another committee with Shri Justice P.N.Bhagavati as chairman and Shri Justice V.R.Krishna as member. The report of this Committee, titled as the ‘Report on National Juridicare: Equal Justice-Social Justice’, was submitted in August, 1977. Its major recommendations are presented below:

a) Setting up state legal aid boards and legal aid committees at district,

taluk/tahsil/block levels as well as at supreme court and high court levels. b) Legal aid programmes should be based on the socio-economic conditions

prevailing in the country. c) Prepare and encourage social workers for para legal services. d) Nyaya panchayats may be constituted and encouraged.

e) Special provision for legal aid to women, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and minorities.

f) Initiating public interest litigation. g) Association of NGOs for LAS. h) Conciliation cells, to minimise litigation.

3. Committee for Implementing Legal Aid Schemes (CILAS) Around this time (1976-77), the idea of Legal Aid Schemes had caught up in the country. Also, the Constitution (forty-second amendments) Act, 1976 had introduced Article 39A, which gave the concept of legal aid a constitutional status. To give effect to the intent of this Article as well as to the recommendations of the Bhagavati Committee, the government of India constituted in September 1980, the committee for implementing legal aid schemes (CILAS). The Charter for CILAS was as follows:

a. To formulate specific Legal Aid Schemes (LASs). b. To monitor implementation LASs. c. To take steps for implementation of LASs.

The CILAS is sanctioned annual budget for implementing the LASs. Typically, its budget for 1991-92 was Rs.59 lakh.

One of the challenges which stares the judiciary in India in its face is its failure to deliver justice expeditiously particularly in the sub-ordinate courts. It has brought about a sense of frustration amongst the litigants.

In 1987, Legal Services Authorities Act was enacted to give a statutory base to legal aid programmes throughout the country on a uniform pattern. This Act was enacted to effectuate the constitutional mandate enshrined under Articles 14 and 39-A of the constitution of India. The object is to provide ‘Access to Justice for all’ so that justice is not denied to citizens by reason of economic or other disabilities. However in order to enable the citizens to avail the opportunities under the Act in respect of grant of free legal aid, it is necessary that they are made aware of their rights. This Act was finally enforced on 9th of November, 1995 after certain amendments were introduced therein by the Amendment Act of 1994. National Legal Services Authority was constituted on 5th December, 1995.

4. The objectives of the study are:

1. Study the legal services, 2. Whether the legal services are effectively implemented in some places of Mysore

District. 3. Whether it needs any improvement.

5. Research Methodology Jurisdiction of Study :

a) Territorial study of legal service contains a very vast area. It is difficult to conduct surveys all over Karnataka or throughout the country. Hence, it is restricted to T.Narasipura Taluk and Mysore Taluk in Mysore District.

b) Subject Jurisdiction :

There are three important aims in legal services such as

1) Legal awareness 2) Legal aid 3) Lok adalat

The main aim of legal services authority is to secure justice to all downtrodden

people, handicapped, vulnerable groups such as women and children. I have tried to study all these three areas in brief.

The study is based on discussion and observations. Questionnaire and interview method was also used. Data were also collected by interrogating judicial officers, advocates, litigants and staff about the legal services is available in the sample (selected) places

The advocate who specially conducted the legal aid cases at T.Narasipura Taluk was also interviewed and then collected some details about the statistics pertaining to the cases in which lok adalath and legal aid was extended.

Questions were also asked to the staff connected to legal services at T.Narasipura

and Mysore regarding conduction of Lok adalath, legal awareness programmes and the provision of legal aid to needy persons.

6. What are Legal Services? Legal services include the rendering of any service in the conduct of a case or legal proceeding before any court/ authority/ tribunal and the giving of advice on a legal matter. Legal services ensure that the people get the information, advice and legal help. These are provided by way of:

1. Providing advocates at state expense, 2. Paying court fee on behalf of the eligible persons, 3. bearing expenses regarding preparation of documents,

6.1 Legal Awareness The main goal of the legal services authority Act is to secure justice to the weaker

sections of the society, particularly to the poor, downtrodden, socially backward, women, children, handicapped etc.,. Steps are needed to be taken to ensure that nobody is deprived of an opportunity to seek justice merely for want of funds or lack of knowledge. To ensure this, proper legal awareness has to be created among our people by making them legally literate and legally educated.

The idea behind the spread of legal information is to legally empower people before

the need to seek legal aid arises. Secondly, if the need for legal aid does arise then at least the people armed with newly acquired legal information, and can use the information in the best possible way.

6.2 Legal Aid

Providing legal aid to the poor and the weaker sections of the society is one of the

directive principles of state policy. The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provides for constitution of legal services authorities. These bodies have the responsibilities of providing free and competent legal advice and representation to the weaker sections of the society who are threatened to their life, liberty, property or reputation, and who are not able to pay for it.

Though legal aid has not been described as a Fundamental Right in the

Constitution, yet, the rulings laid down by the Supreme Court from time to time, especially in respect of the nature and scope of Article 14 and Article 21, have made legal aid almost a Fundamental Right for the poor and the needy. The concepts of equality before law and “protection to life and personal liberty” established by law”, though guaranteed by the constitution, would not, in effect be available to the poor. To make such concepts a reality, the Supreme Court has interpreted Article 14 and Article 21, read with or without Article 39A, to introduce and to amplify the scope of legal aid and made it, in effect, a Fundamental Right (1986 S.C. 1991).

"Legal Aid Counsel" scheme which was conceived and introduced by Hon. Dr. Justice A.S. Anand when His Lordship was the Executive Chairman, NALSA has been well received all over the country. Legal Aid Counsel has been provided in most of the courts of the Magistrates in the country to provide immediate legal assistance to those prisoners who are not in a position to engage their own counsel. They are aimed at ensuring that no one suffers injustice on account of ignorance or lack of means. The presence of Legal Aid Counsel in the court would ensure that the constitutional and legal rights of such persons are safeguarded.

6.3 Whom to contact for legal aid and services:

A nationwide network has been envisaged under the Act for providing legal aid and assistance.

• National Legal Services Authority • State Legal Services Authority • District Legal Services Authority • Taluk Legal Services Committees

6.4 National Legal Services Authority

The central government shall constitute a body to be called the National Legal Services Authority to exercise the powers and perform the functions conferred on, or assigned to, the central authority under this act. It is the apex body constituted to lay down policies and principles for making legal services available under the provisions of the Act and to frame most effective and economical schemes for legal services. It also disburses funds and grants to State Legal Services Authorities and NGOs for implementing legal aid schemes and programmes.

The Central Authority shall consist of-

a) The Chief Justice of India who shall be the Patron-in-Chief, b) A serving or retired Judge of the Supreme Court to be nominated by the President,

in consultation with the Chief Justice of India, who shall be the Executive Chairman; and

c) Such number of other members possessing such experience and qualifications as may prescribed by the central government to be nominated by that government in consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

6.5 Supreme Court Legal Services Committee

The Central Authority shall constitute a committee to be called the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee for the purpose of exercising such powers and performing such functions as may be determined by regulations made by the central authority:

(a) Lay down policies and principles for making legal services available under the provisions of this Act,

(b) Frame the most effective and economical schemes for the purpose of making legal services available under the provisions of this Act,

(c) Utilize the funds at its disposal and make appropriate allocations of funds to the state authorities and district authorities,

(d) Take necessary steps by way of social justice litigation with regard to consumer protection, environmental protection or any other matter of special concern to the weaker sections of the society,

(e) Organise legal aid camps, especially in rural areas, slums or labour colonies,

(f) Encourage the settlement of disputes by way of negotiations, arbitration and conciliation,

(g) Undertake and promote research in the field of legal services with special reference to the need for such services among the poor,

(h) To do all things necessary for the purpose of ensuring commitment to the fundamental duties of citizens under Part IVA of the Constitution.

6.6 State Legal Services Authority

In every state a State Legal Services Authority is constituted to give effect to the policies and directions of the Central Authority (NALSA), and to give legal services to the people and conduct Lok Adalats in the state. State Legal Services Authority is headed by the Chief Justice of the State High Court who is its Patron-in-Chief. A serving or retired judge of the High Court is nominated as its Executive Chairman.

Functions of the state authority:

The state authority shall perform all or any of the following functions namely:

a) give legal services to persons who satisfy the criteria laid down under this Act, b) conduct lok adalats, including lok adalats for high court cases, c) undertake preventive and strategic legal aid programs, and d) perform such other functions as the state authority may, in consultation with the

central authority, fix by regulations.

7. Lok Adalats

Concept of “Lok Adalat”

The word “Lok” has been profusely used in political contents and made use of by political parties as a part of their appellations. It is heartening to note that Indian jurisprudential thought has, in recent times, adored a respectable place to this word by accorded christening the forum for judicial determination envisaged and elaborated under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, as “Lok Adalat”.

In Lok Adalat, the “Lok” content i.e. the public opinion aspect and the “Adalat” content i.e. the accurate and thorough deliberation aspect have to be judiciously blended and balanced, especially in view of the fact that the decisions of Lok Adalat have been made non-appealable. 7.1 Organisation and aim of Lok Adalats as per legal service authorities act, 1987.

Lok Adalat is a court. Every state authority or district authority or the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee or every High Court Legal Services Committee or as the

case may be, Taluk Legal Services Committee may organise Lok Adalats at such intervals and places and for exercising such jurisdiction and for such areas as it thinks fit.

The aim of Lok Adalats is to bring about the settlement of disputes through negotiated settlements by mediation and conciliation so that the spirit of goodwill and mutual trust is fostered.

Reference of Cases

Cases can be referred for consideration of Lok Adalat as under :

1. By consent of both the parties to the disputes. 2. One of the parties makes an application for reference. 3. Where the Court is satisfied that the matter is an appropriate and to be taken

cognizance of by the Lok Adalat. 4. Compromise settlement shall be guided by the principles of justice, equity,

fair play and other legal principles. 5. Where no compromise has been arrived at through conciliation, the matter

shall be returned to the concerned court for disposal in accordance with law.

7.2 Permanent Lok Adalats The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 (as amended vide Act No. 37 of 2002) provides for setting up of a “Permanent Lok Adalat” which can be approached by any party to a dispute involving “public utility services”, which have been defined in the Act (as amended) to include transport services for the carriage of passengers or goods by air, road or water; postal, telegraph or telephone services; insurance service, as also services in hospital or dispensary, supply of power, light or water to the public, besides systems of public conservancy or sanitation. Any civil dispute with a public utility service and where the value of the property in dispute does not exceed Rupees ten lakhs; or any criminal dispute which does not involve an offence not compoundable under any law, can be taken up in the “Permanent Lok Adalat”. An important feature of this amendment is that after an application is made to the Permanent Lok Adalat, no party to that application can invoke jurisdiction of any court in the same dispute. Such disputes involving public utility services shall be attempted to be settled by the Permanent Lok Adalat by way of conciliation and failing that, on merit, and in doing so the Permanent Lok Adalat shall be guided by the principles of natural justice, objectivity, fair play, equity and other principles of justice without being bound by the Code of Civil Procedure and the Indian Evidence Act.

Persons eligible to receive free legal services : Any person who is either:

1. A member of a SC/ST 2. A victim of trafficking in human beings or beggar as referred to in article 23 of

the constitution, 3. A woman or a child, 4. A person with disability as defined in clause (i) of section 2 of the persons with

disabilities (Equal opportunities, protection of rights and full participation) Act, 1995,

5. A victim of mass disaster, ethnic violence, caste atrocity, flood, draught, earthquake, of industrial disaster,

6. An industrial workman, 7. In custody, including that of a protective home, juvenile homes psychiatric

hospital, psychiatric nursing home; or whose annual income does not exceed Rs.50,000/-.

8. Modes of providing legal services

Free legal service may be obtained in any court of law up to the Supreme Court and in any Tribunal, Revenue Court as well as departments of government and other bodies discharging quasi-judicial functions. The legal service is available in all civil, criminal, revenue and administrative matters.

Free legal service can be given in all, or any one, or more, of the following modes, namely: -

a) By payment of court fee, process fee, expenses of witnesses, preparation of the paper book, lawyer’s fee and all other charges payable or incurred in connection with any legal proceedings;

b) Through representation by a legal practitioner in legal proceedings; c) By supplying certified copies of judgments, orders, notes or evidence and other

documents in legal proceedings; d) By preparation of appeal paper book, including printing, typing and translation of

documents; and e) By drafting of legal documents.

9. How Legal Services are implemented in T.Narsipura and Mysore Taluks in Mysore District.

Only two courts are there in T.Narsipur taluk. The total pending cases in the Civil Judge (S.D) Court as on in February 2006 were 940, and in Civil Judge (J.D) Court it was 1288 during the same period. Here Lok Adalat has provided an important juristic technology and vital tool for easy and early settlement of disputes.

The statement pertaining to Mysore courts from January 2005 to March 2006 clearly shows that 513 cases were settled at Lok Adalat excluding pre- Litigation cases (46 cases are settled in this period).

Statement showing the cases settled in Lok Adalath in respect of the

courts at Mysore city for the year 2005 and up to March 2006.

Sl. No.

Month No.of cases settled

01. January 2005 77 02. February 2005 82 03. March 2005 60 04. April 2005 76 05. May 2005 8 06. June 2005 17 07. July 2005 18 08. August 25 09. September 2005 29 10. October 2005 17 11. November 2005 12 12. December 2005 21 13. January 2006 18 14. February 2006 33 15. March 2006 20

Total

513 Statement showing the cases settled in Lok Adalath in respect of

the courts at T.Narasipur Taluk for the year 2005.

Sl. No.

Month No. of cases settled

01. January-2005 1 02. February-2005 1 03. March -2005 3 04. April-2005 Nil 05. May-2005 Nil 06. June-2005 18 07. July-2005 18 08. August-2005 29 09. September-2005 29 10 October-2005 19 11. November-2005 21 12. December-2005 33

Total 172

In Mysore courts during the year 2005 more than 45 cases were settled at Lok Adalat in Pre-litigation stage itself. The success of Lok Adalat in Mysore and T.Narasipura taluks is very tremendous. Even if we analyze the statement of Lok Adalat conducted in all the Districts of Karnataka for the year 2005, which clearly reveals that 34970 cases were disposed of at the state level in Lok Adalat within the short period of 10 months i.e. from January 2005 to October 2005 and again 2040 cases were settled in the pre-litigation stage it self. If these cases are tried or conducted in regular courts after recording evidence and hearing arguments, definitely it will take more than six months to dispose the cases. Depending upon the workload of the courts the matters are fixed for hearing and sometimes go for years. 9.1 Implementation of Legal Services: a comparison of Mysore and T.Narasipura taluks.

Analysis of the statements of T.Narasipura and Mysore taluks reveals that in T.Narasipura Taluk about 2200 civil cases and about 1300 criminal cases were pending during February 2006 from the two courts. In the year 2005 119 criminal cases and 48 civil cases were settled at Lok Adalat. Out of the total pending cases, more than 9% of criminal cases and more than 2.1 % of civil cases were settled at Lok Adalat. 3% of matrimonial cases were settled at Lok Adalts.

In Mysore Taluk around 23372 civil cases, 13700 criminal cases and 858 matrimonial cases were pending in February 2006, from all the 23 courts. In the year 2005, about 175 civil cases, 220 criminal cases, 64 MVC cases and 19 matrimonial cases were settled at Lok Adalat. Out of the total pending cases, about 1% of civil cases, 1.6% of criminal cases and about 2.3% of matrimonial cases were settled at Lok Adalat. The success of Lok Adalat in T.Narsipur taluk is tremendous. The statement showing the cases settled in Lok Adalath during the year 2005 clearly reveals this fact.

Comparatively implementation of Lok Adalt was effective in T.Narasipura taluk than in Mysore taluk in terms of both civil and criminal cases. But that doesn’t mean that implementation of Lok Adalt at Mysore taluk was not effective. Only when compared with T.Narasipura it has not reached to that extent.

There is a need for improving the quality of legal aid that is being given by legal aid advocates. In T.Narasipura taluk, only in two cases of legal aid have been obtained since two years. Even in Mysore taluk the legal aid taken by the people was only in 39 cases, and it was very less when compared to pending civil cases of about 24,230 as on 1-03-2006. That doesn’t mean that there are no poor or below poverty line litigants other than those who obtained legal aid in these taluks. Some advocates, litigants, judicial officers and staff in T. Narasipura and Mysore mentioned the problem of obtaining legal aid mainly as the meager fee given to legal aid panel advocates.

In fact, teeming millions of this country living below the poverty line in tribal,

backward and far flung areas looks to legal services authorities for help and support in

resolving their legal problems. When involved in litigation, they very often feel that they are fighting an unequal battle in which the party that has better financial resources can secure more able legal assistance. There is a need to revise the payment schedule for legal aid panel advocates and also compress the panels so that panel advocates get more work and better remuneration from legal services authorities and thus get encouraged to render effective legal assistance to aided persons. Also there is lack of legal awareness. Legal aid and legal literacy programmes have to be expanded to take care of the poor and ignorant. 10. Conducting observations and Suggestions for effective implementation of Legal awareness programmes.

1. There is no vehicle facility for presiding officer, advocates and court staff to reach the villages from the court premises in order to conduct the legal awareness programmes.

2. If the legal awareness camps are conducted on holidays and after office hours, no

one would, and particularly women may not participate in view of their house hold work in the evening.

3. Police officer and Assistant Public Prosecutors are not co-operating in conducting

legal awareness programme.

4. Lack of infrastructure facilities.

5. Lack of permanent staff.

6. There is scope to relive the judges of some of the functions not directly related to judicial work.

7. The funds can directly be provided to each taluk legal service committee.

8. One vehicle is to be provided to each taluk legal service authority. Judicial

officers should not be at the mercy of the general public or advocates for such facilities as it may dilute judicial integrity.

9. Legal service authority has to supply all the circulars to all the taluk legal service

committees.

10. In order to conduct legal awareness camps effectively, it is to be conducted on working days and during working hours.

11. For effective implementation of legal awareness programmes and to provide

legal aid to needy persons, it requires one officer to each district. He has to look after the complete legal services including lok adalath programmes.

12. Court staff should not be deployed for this work. In T.Narasipura taluk court hall

typist was attending the legal service work. Hence, permanent and separate staff is required to all the legal services authorities. Monthly honorarium for the legal aid staff is to be increased to an extent of Rs.2,500/- month. Rural lok adalats should be established for providing facilities to the rural people at least once in a week at the hobli head quarters. This authority should give accreditation to non-governmental organizations and social action groups working in the field of legal literacy / legal awareness / legal aid programmes / para legal activities etc.

APPENDIX - TABLE -1

T.NARASIPURA TALUK LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY, MYSORE. Statement showing the Janatha Nyayalaya Camps organized during the period from

January 2005 to December 2005

No. of Cases Settled. Sl. No.

Year 2005

No of Janatha

Nyayalaya Sitting

Organized

LAC Bank MVC Cases relating to

Local Bodies &

Other Institutions

Matrimonial Cases

Other Civil Cases

Compound able

Crl.Cases

1. Jan.05 - - - - - - - 12. Feb.05 - - - - - - - 13. March.05 - - - - - - - 24. April.05 - - - - - - - -5. May.05 - - - - - - - -6. June.05 - - - - - - 3 157. July.05 - - - - - - 6 128. Aug.05 - - - - - - 3 269. Sept.05 - - - - - - 11 18

10. Oct.05 - - - - - - 5 1411. Nov. 05 - - - 1 - 1 6 1212. Dec.05 - - - - - - 14 18

TOTAL

-

- - 1 -

1 48 119

Contd.,…. APPENDIX - TABLE -1

Sl. No.

Year 2005

Cases under

N.I. Act

Other Crl.Cases

Maintenance Cases

Maintenance Revisions

Total Cases

No.of Pre-Litigation

cases settled 1. Jan.05 - - - - - -2. Feb.05 - - - - - -3. March.05 - - 1 - - -4. April.05 - - - - - -5. May.05 - - - - - -6. June.05 - - - - - -7. July.05 - - - - - -8. Aug.05 - - - - - -9. Sept.05 - - - - - -

10. Oct.05 - - - - - -11. Nov. 05 - - 1 - - -12. Dec.05 - - 1 - - -

TOTAL

- - 3 -

- -

APPENDIX - TABLE -2

MYSORE TALUK LEGAL SERVICES AUTHORITY, MYSORE.

Statement showing the Janatha Nyayalaya Camps organized during the period from January 2005 to December 2005

No. of Cases Settled.

Sl. No.

Year 2005

No of Janatha

Nyayalaya Sitting

Organized

LAC Bank MVC Cases relating to

Local Bodies &

Other Institutions

Matrimonial Cases

Other Civil Cases

Compound able

Crl.Cases

1. Jan.05 3 - - 9 - - 17 162. Feb.05 4 - - 13 - 4 16 123. March.05 3 - - 01 - 1 7 54. April.05 2 - - 5 - 10 15 35. May.05 1 - - 3 - - 2 36. June.05 4 - - 3 - 1 9 47. July.05 4 - - 3 - - 10 58. Aug.05 3 - - 7 - 1 14 39. Sept.05 4 - - 10 - - 17 2

10. Oct.05 3 - - 3 - 1 9 411. Nov. 05 3 - - 4 - 1 5 212. Dec.05 3 - - 3 - - 8 8

Cont.,…… APPENDIX - TABLE -2

Sl. No.

Year 2005

Cases under

N.I. Act

Other Crl.

Cases

Maintenance Cases

Maintenance Revisions

Total Cases

No. of Pre-Litigation

cases settled 1. Jan.05 - 34 1 - 77 -2. Feb.05 - 37 - - 82 163. March.05 - 46 - - 60 -4. April.05 - 35 - - 68 -5. May.05 - - - - 8 -6. June.05 - - - - 17 -7. July.05 4 - - - 22 -8. Aug.05 - - - - 25 28-Bank

cases9. Sept.05 - - - - 29 -

10. Oct.05 - - - - 17 -11. Nov. 05 - - - - 12 -12. Dec.05 - - - - 19 -

References

1. Governmnet of India, Report of the expert committee on Legal Aid – Justice to the people, May 1973.

2. Legal Aid Newsletter, a quarterly journal brought out by the committee for

implementing the Legal Aid schemes.

3. Legal Aid, by Sudir Krishna.

Government of Karnataka

A Research Study

District Planning Committees: An analysis of the Roles, Responsibilities, Performance and

Strengthening Measures – A Study of Mandya and Mysore DPCs

By

Ashok S.Sanganal, Faculty (Appropriate Technology),

Administrative Training Institute, Lalitha Mahal Road,

Mysore - 570011.

Government of Karnataka

CITIZEN’S CHARTERS – AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

By

H.P.Shiva Shankar Faculty (Public Administration)

Administrative Training Institute Lalitha Mahal Road,

MYSORE

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Government of Karnataka

ACTION RESEARCH REPORT ON SUBHASH PALEKAR’S

ZERO BUDGET NATURAL FARMING

By

R.Yogananda Babu Faculty (Agriculture)

Abdul Nazir Sab State Institute of Rural Development, Lalithamahal Road,

Mysore.

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Government of Karnataka

IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL SERVICES IN MYSORE AND T.NARASIPURA TALUK :

- AN ACTION RESEARCH

By M.Sreedevi, Faculty (Law)

Administrative Training Institute,

Lalithamahal Road, Mysore – 11.