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Implementation Gender Mainstreaming in Estonia Anu Laas, Katri Lamesoo Unit of Gender Studies, UT...
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Implementation Gender Mainstreaming in Estonia
Anu Laas, Katri Lamesoo
Unit of Gender Studies, UT
Masarykova Kolej, Prague
June 20, 2005
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 2
IntroductionContext: Promotion of gender equality • Equality machinery• Implementation • Knowledge and awareness raisingSurvey data• Civil servants: knowledge, interest, attitude• Interviews: three groups (local leader, national elitist,
executive)• Understanding of gender equality and GM in these three
groups
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 3
Key wordsRapidly changing societyNew terms, conceptsPost-communist, post-socialist, post-Soviet, former
state socialist, new democracyOld and new member states• Gender equality • Gender mainstreaming
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 4
Equality machinery
• Laws, institution
• Sex segregated data (will be a new regulation)
• Gender studies in two universities (teaching on BA level, research)
• Applied gender research (international projects)
• NGOs (Estonian Women’s Roundtable is a member of the EWL since 2004)
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 5
Gender Equality Act• In force since May 2004• Defines indirect and direct discrimination (also
men with family obligation can apply if…)• Defines sexual harassment• Applies on for relations at work • Evidence should be presented by complainant• One case was discussed in the Labour Inspectorate• No one case has brought to court
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 6
Implementation
• Maladministration (possible to complain to Chancellor of Justice)
• Lack of regulations in connection with Gender Equality Act
• Gender Equality Commissioner’s position opened in April 2005 (after one year of the act)
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 7
Gender Equality Commissioner• monitors compliance…• accepts applications…• provides opinions…• analyses the effect of…• makes proposals to the Gov…• advises and informs the Gov…• takes measures to promote gender equality
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 8
Government programmes
• Funded from international agencies and organisations 1994-2003
• Twinning project (Saxon-Anhalt and Estonia)Development of Administrative Capacity of National
Authorities in the Field of Gender Mainstreaming (2004-2005, Phare Twinning Project ES/03/IB/S(O/02
• Survey, ToT, training of 300 civil servants
Survey data
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 10
Public opinion about gender equality in Estonia, in 2002, %
25
10
9
34
23
19
25
23
28
8
26
30
8
19
14
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
It is important toassure a genderequality in law
I have metinequal treatment
of men andwomen
Equality betweenmen and womenis an important
problem inEstonia
Strongly agree Agree Hard to say Disagree Strongly disagree
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 11
Survey on GM awareness in 2004,n=1012 civil servants, 28% men
• civil servants have prejudices, quite stereotypical views • 75% argues that ‘there is something to do in the field of
gender equality’ • 92% has never participated in ‘a gender equality course’• 72% says that ‘gender is not an issue’ in their work• 60% says that ‘this topic is uninteresting for me’• only 16% is ready to participate in a special ‘gender course’,
the most of them expects a brief training ‘in a frame of other courses’
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 12
Perception of words (positive)• Justice – 89%
• Partnership - 81%
• Equality – 72%
• Equal rights – 71%
• Equality between women and men – 51%
• Female politician – 36%
• Feminism – 5%
• Quotas – 3%
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 13
Women in science
Professors
Professor extraordinaria
Associate professors Senior researchers Researcher
Teachers Senior teachers
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 14
Members of Academy of Science, in 2002
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 15
Typical local leader• Gender inequality is not a serious problem • Gender equality affects with sameness (women are not any
more women and men are not men)• Gender equality policy results with loosing politeness
(women are not any more let to enter the first etc)• GM is unknown• Status of legal framework poorly followed• To wait for a ‘natural’ and ‘spontaneous’ change
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 16
Typical national elitist• Gender equality policy requirement is imported (abroad,
UN, EU, Nordic Countries)• Gender inequality is not a problem (in Estonia, not serious
problem)• ‘I was never discriminated against’• ‘/---/ but there was …’ (discrimination)• ‘If a person really wants to do career, it is not a problem’• ‘I want to be a woman and I do not like effeminate men’
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 17
• GM mostly known as defined by the EU
• GM term is not the best in Estonian
• There is not good suggestion for better one
• A lot of things have been done
• It is important to be careful, and to be patient
• Not to displease opinion leaders, lobbying
Typical executive
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 18
Attitudes about gender roles (Estonian Social Survey data 2004, n=1987)
• Factor 1: Committed to family (15% out of all sample). There are no remarkable gender differences, among 15-24 old many supporters.
• Factor 2: Conservatives - Children to women and men to work (14% out of all sample). Among supporters more men than women, people among 26-55, 65+ are very much against this model.
• How old are decision-makers today? Conservative values and rigid render roles are supported
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 19
Rotated Factor Matrixa
.385
.641
.624
.359
.561
Woman should beprepared to cut downon paid work for sakeof family
Men should take asmuch responsibilityas women for homeand children
Men should havemore right to job thanwomen when jobs arescarce
Children in home,parents should staytogether even if don'tget along
A person's familyshould be mainpriority in life
1 2
Factor
Extraction Method: Principal Axis Factoring. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
Rotation converged in 3 iterations.a.
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 20
Conclusion
• Commitment needed
• Tolerance needed
• Value change needed
• Shared values needed
20.06.2005 Enlargement, Gender and Governance (EGG) 21
Unit of Gender Studies
Faculty of Social Sciences
Centre of Behavioural and Health Sciences
University of Tartu
78, Tiigi St.,
50410 TARTU
ESTONIA
e-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
www.zone.ee/sociology/est