Imperialism In Imperialism In Ireland, Canada, Ireland, Canada, New Zealand & New Zealand &

AustraliaAustralia-The domination, -The domination,

industrialization, rebellion and industrialization, rebellion and liberation of four British liberation of four British

colonies.colonies.

The colonization of New Zealand The colonization of New Zealand and Australia:and Australia:

New Zealand and Australia were New Zealand and Australia were discovered in the years of discovered in the years of 17691769 and and 17701770 respectively, both by the famed respectively, both by the famed British captain, James Cook.British captain, James Cook.

The indigenous peoples of New The indigenous peoples of New Zealand-known as the Zealand-known as the MaoriMaori- had - had been living there for nearly a been living there for nearly a millennia.millennia.

The British eventually established a The British eventually established a friendly and consistent relationship friendly and consistent relationship with the Maori after Cook’s encounter. with the Maori after Cook’s encounter. This, however did not last, as the This, however did not last, as the British were quick to push their British were quick to push their religion on the Maori and take their religion on the Maori and take their land away from themland away from them

In 1839, the British settlers in New In 1839, the British settlers in New Zealand motioned an appropriation of Zealand motioned an appropriation of the islands in their entirety in the form of the islands in their entirety in the form of a treaty, which was signed a year later.a treaty, which was signed a year later.

After negotiations, the Maori seemingly After negotiations, the Maori seemingly bowed their heads, They accepted British bowed their heads, They accepted British rule in exchange for recognition of their rule in exchange for recognition of their land rights. This however, did not last.land rights. This however, did not last.

The Maori did not accept these acts gracefully, The Maori did not accept these acts gracefully, they fought with British over control of their they fought with British over control of their land between 1845 and 1872, eventually land between 1845 and 1872, eventually being subdued by the foreign disease and being subdued by the foreign disease and advanced weaponry of the British.advanced weaponry of the British.

After some conflict in the early 1850’s, New After some conflict in the early 1850’s, New Zealand eventually became self-governing and Zealand eventually became self-governing and created parliamentary forms of government.created parliamentary forms of government.

In 1893, New Zealand became the first country In 1893, New Zealand became the first country to give voting rights to women-although only to give voting rights to women-although only to white women.to white women.

In the early 1900’s, New Zealand became an In the early 1900’s, New Zealand became an official dominion of the British Crown.official dominion of the British Crown.

Australia:Australia:

Upon finding Australia, Cook declared it to be Upon finding Australia, Cook declared it to be uninhabited. The uninhabited. The AboriginalsAboriginals, however, whom , however, whom are one of the longest surviving cultures in the are one of the longest surviving cultures in the world, were living there.world, were living there.

Britain began colonizing Australia in 1788, using Britain began colonizing Australia in 1788, using it as a it as a penal colony penal colony for convicted criminals to for convicted criminals to remedy to severe over population of prisons on remedy to severe over population of prisons on Britain.Britain.

After serving their sentence and being freed, After serving their sentence and being freed, prisoners could return home, or buy land and prisoners could return home, or buy land and settle there in Australiasettle there in Australia

The promise of vacant, spacious land The promise of vacant, spacious land attracted many British settlers who claimed attracted many British settlers who claimed land right along side the former felons and land right along side the former felons and convicts.convicts.

These new settlers began experimenting These new settlers began experimenting with breeding different verities and breeds of with breeding different verities and breeds of sheep, eventually resulting in an advanced sheep, eventually resulting in an advanced species which produced an extremely high species which produced an extremely high quality wool, proving to be a lucrative export.quality wool, proving to be a lucrative export.

The low prices of land coupled with the gold The low prices of land coupled with the gold rush in 1851 resulted in a substantial rush in 1851 resulted in a substantial increase of population far more rapid than increase of population far more rapid than that of New Zealand.that of New Zealand.

The Colonists of Australia wanted self The Colonists of Australia wanted self rule and succeeded in creating its own rule and succeeded in creating its own government at relatively the same government at relatively the same time as New Zealand. In 1901, the time as New Zealand. In 1901, the Australian colonies were united under Australian colonies were united under a federal constitution as the a federal constitution as the Commonwealth of Australia.Commonwealth of Australia.

Interesting Facts Involving Australia and Interesting Facts Involving Australia and New Zealand:New Zealand:

Upon discovering Upon discovering and mapping the east and mapping the east Australian coast, Australian coast, Cook named it New Cook named it New South Whales.South Whales.

A gold rush began A gold rush began in Australia in the in Australia in the early 1850s, and early 1850s, and the Eureka the Eureka Stockade rebellion Stockade rebellion against mining against mining license fees in 1854 license fees in 1854 was an early was an early expression of civil expression of civil disobedience. disobedience. The first human The first human

habitation of Australia is habitation of Australia is estimated to have estimated to have occurred between occurred between 42,000 and 48,000 42,000 and 48,000 years ago.years ago.

The first Europeans known The first Europeans known to have reached New to have reached New Zealand were led by Abel Zealand were led by Abel Janszoon Tasman, who Janszoon Tasman, who sailed up the west coasts of sailed up the west coasts of the South and North Islands the South and North Islands in 1642. in 1642.

Canada:Canada:

Canada was originally populated by native Canada was originally populated by native American Indians. The first attempt at European American Indians. The first attempt at European colonization was by France in the 1600’s and 1700’s colonization was by France in the 1600’s and 1700’s which was fairly peaceful. Fur Trappers and which was fairly peaceful. Fur Trappers and Missionaries who coexisted, even intermarried with Missionaries who coexisted, even intermarried with the natives.the natives.

After the French & Indian war, Britain took control of After the French & Indian war, Britain took control of Canada in 1763.Canada in 1763.

Over time, the British and Many more English Over time, the British and Many more English speaking colonists populated Canada, both sparsely speaking colonists populated Canada, both sparsely and densely populated in areas such as the Atlantic and densely populated in areas such as the Atlantic seaboard.seaboard.

It was not long before conflict stirred It was not long before conflict stirred between the remaining French and the between the remaining French and the newly settled English-speaking colonists. In newly settled English-speaking colonists. In this instance, the dispute was stirred over this instance, the dispute was stirred over differing religions.differing religions.

Both groups pressed Britain for a greater Both groups pressed Britain for a greater voice in governing their own affairs. Britain voice in governing their own affairs. Britain tried to remedy this problem through tried to remedy this problem through separation and equal division of the territory separation and equal division of the territory into two halves. Upper Canada for the into two halves. Upper Canada for the English and Lower Canada for the French.English and Lower Canada for the French.

Each province elected its own official Each province elected its own official assembly.assembly.

The separation had seemingly worked, and The separation had seemingly worked, and each individual group appeared content each individual group appeared content amongst themselves. However, in the early amongst themselves. However, in the early 1800’s, both colonies began demanding 1800’s, both colonies began demanding political and economic reforms.political and economic reforms.

The French flat out refused to remain under The French flat out refused to remain under British rule which only fueled the demands.British rule which only fueled the demands.

Rebellions began to break out in both Rebellions began to break out in both Lower and Upper Canada during the late Lower and Upper Canada during the late 1830’s which incurred investigations from 1830’s which incurred investigations from Britain. They sent a statesman-Lord Britain. They sent a statesman-Lord Durham-to inspect.Durham-to inspect.

In 1839, after a short while in the colonies, In 1839, after a short while in the colonies, Durham send back a report to parliament, urging Durham send back a report to parliament, urging them reunite Upper and Lower Canada as the them reunite Upper and Lower Canada as the Province of Canada. In doing so, Britain could Province of Canada. In doing so, Britain could slowly integrate the French into the stronger slowly integrate the French into the stronger English culture.English culture.

It was widely believed at this point that Canada It was widely believed at this point that Canada badly needed central government to better badly needed central government to better protect its interests and extensive territory.protect its interests and extensive territory.

In 1867, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick joined In 1867, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick joined the Province of Canada for the Dominion of the Province of Canada for the Dominion of Canada, effectively making Canada self-Canada, effectively making Canada self-governing in domestic affairs while still remaining governing in domestic affairs while still remaining part of the British Empire.part of the British Empire.

Canada began purchasing land and Canada began purchasing land and expanding westward under order of expanding westward under order of John MacDonald-Canada’s first prime John MacDonald-Canada’s first prime minister.minister.

They persuaded frontier territories to They persuaded frontier territories to join the union and aid their causejoin the union and aid their cause

By 1871, they had stretched all the By 1871, they had stretched all the way to the Pacific Ocean.way to the Pacific Ocean.

MacDonald began construction on a MacDonald began construction on a transcontinental railroad in 1885.transcontinental railroad in 1885.

Ireland:Ireland:

English Expansion into Ireland: 1100’sEnglish Expansion into Ireland: 1100’s

Pope granted control of Ireland to Pope granted control of Ireland to English KingEnglish King

England In the 1500’s and 1600’s limited England In the 1500’s and 1600’s limited rights of Catholics and favored the rights of Catholics and favored the Protestants and the English language.Protestants and the English language.

Catholics wanted to be emancipated, so Catholics wanted to be emancipated, so they passed an act in 1829 to do this. they passed an act in 1829 to do this.

► Ireland soon grew hungry for Ireland soon grew hungry for independence as they simultaneously independence as they simultaneously wanted home rule. wanted home rule.

►The British didn’t grant either suggestions.The British didn’t grant either suggestions.

► In conclusion, most Protestants lived in In conclusion, most Protestants lived in northern Ireland – Ulster.northern Ireland – Ulster.

►Soon Irish nationalists rebelled in Soon Irish nationalists rebelled in Dublin in 1916.Dublin in 1916.

►Nationalists formed an underground Nationalists formed an underground organization and declared themselves organization and declared themselves independent. independent.

►The IRA (Irish Republican Army) The IRA (Irish Republican Army) attacked British officials.attacked British officials.

►Britain divided in 1921 into north and Britain divided in 1921 into north and south. south.

1720

1920

1769 &17701769 &1770: : James Cook James Cook Claimed New Claimed New Zealand and Zealand and Australia as British Australia as British territory, territory, respectively.respectively.

17631763: Britain takes control of Canadian : Britain takes control of Canadian territory after beating France in the territory after beating France in the French & Indian War.French & Indian War.

17911791: British Parliament : British Parliament tries to resolve dispute tries to resolve dispute by creating Upper and by creating Upper and Lower CanadaLower Canada

18391839: MacDonald : MacDonald recommends the recommends the union of the two union of the two Canadas.Canadas.

18671867: Nova Scotia and New : Nova Scotia and New Brunswick joined the Province of Brunswick joined the Province of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada to form the Dominion of Canada.Canada.

18851885: Construction on the : Construction on the first transcontinental first transcontinental railroad is complete.railroad is complete.

18391839: The Maori : The Maori sign a treaty sign a treaty accepting British accepting British rule.rule.

17881788: British began : British began colonizing Australia.colonizing Australia.