IMPACT OF VISIBLE TRANSMITTANCE

ON THE OBJECT CLASSIFICATION THAT

CAN BE DISPLAYED IN THE MUSEUM

Urban Retrofitting: Building, Cities and Communities

in The Disruptive Era

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Desliana Putri Pratiwi 1, Rizki A. Mangkuto 1, Moch. Donny Koerniawan 1

Tommy Partogi Simamora 1

1 Institut Teknologi Bandung

deslianap0909@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEWPlace Your

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Introduction

• Museum is a place where there are exhibited objects on display, yet also a

preserved object that are sensitive to its ambient conditions, especially

light exposure [1].

• Museum in Indonesia in particular is a building that used to have an initial

function not as a museum like Museum Sejarah Jakarta which was

originally the Batavia city administration office

• The building design does not meet the criteria of museum that should be

fulfilled, primarily in terms of lighting. The use of natural daylight with a

good control strategy allows sustainable energy conservation [3].

• The museum has quite complex criteria. This is due to the presence of

exhibited objects or collections in museums that are as sensitive as

organic material.

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Figure 1. Picture of Museum Sejarah Jakarta

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Classification Material Description ExampleMax Illuminance

[lx]

Max Exposure

[lx.h/y]

R0 Not sensitive Stone, pure ceramic no limit no limit

R1 Slightly sensitivePainting on canvas,

woods200 600,000

R2 Sensitive Fur, leather 50 150,000

R3 Highly sensitive Colorants, silk 50 15,000

Table 1. Museum object classifications based on CIE 157:2004

• Indonesia is a country that is at or close to the equator so it has tropical climate. Countries in

tropical climates receive direct sunlight throughout the year.

• Most studies on lighting in museum spaces are conducted in non-tropical countries such as

North America, Europe and Australia, as well as in East Asia [9] and the Middle East [10, 11],

and have not been widely held in tropical.

• The visible transmittance (VT) of a glazing is considered to be investigated as variables

influence daylighting in the museum.

The maximum limit of illumination (lighting level) and annual light exposure that can be

received by each category of show objects are listed in Table 1 (CIE 157:2004) [5], as

well as a few material examples [6].

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Table 2. Daysim Simulation parameters

Figure 2. Front view of museum model

Parameter Description Used value

-ab ambient bounces 5

-ad ambient division 512

-as

ambient

sampling 256

-aa

ambient

accuracy 0.15

-ar

ambient

resolution 128

2.1 Modelling and Simulation

• The room is hypothetical case of a 12 m × 9 m × 4.5 m

using Daysim [13]. There is a glazing opening on west-side

wall with dimension of 4,5 m × 1,8 m or 20% WWR

• The metric used in this research is annual light exposure

(lx.h/y).

• The calculation surfaces or sensors of simulated light

exposure are on the inner walls.

• 11 variations of glazing visible transmittance (VT) are

simulated

2.2 Sensitivity AnalysisSensitivity analysis is done by

performing linear regression to obtain

Standard Regression Coefficient

(SRC). This value determines how

many standard deviations of dependent

variable will change with respect to the

uncertainty of the independent variable

[15].

𝑦1 = 𝛽0 + 𝛽1𝑥1 + 𝜖1

The SRC is denoted by β1.The SRC range between -1 to 1.

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Figure 3. Annual light exposure contours on east wall

Based on these results, it can be seen that the light exposure value is

increasing as the value of visible transmittance is increased. When the

visible transmittance is set to 0.25, the east wall has an average annual

light exposure of 268,789 lx.h/y, the 0.75 visible transmittance yield a result

of average exposure 698,437 lx.h/y. East wall contour in of 0.25; 0.30;

0.35; 0.40 (consecutively), indicating that the exhibited objects with the R1

(slightly sensitive) and RO (non-sensitive) classifications can be displayed

along the ideal line of sight for museum visitors at an altitude of 1.5 to 2 m

from the floor. The east wall can only be used to display non-sensitive

objects if the glazing visible transmittance is 0.45 to 0.75.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

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3.1 Annual Light Exposure

Figure 5. Annual light exposure contours on north wallFigure 4. Annual light exposure contours on south wall

Annual light exposure contours pattern of south wall is fairly identical to the pattern of

north wall.

Based on the annual illuminance

contours on the north and south

walls with visible transmittance

0.25, the exhibition objects with the

R1 and R0 classification can be

displayed in all areas of the ideal

line of human sight. Then, contours

with larger visible transmittance

shows that there is a yellowish area

which indicate that the area is

exposed to more daylight as the

visible transmittance value is also

increasing. The area far from the

window can still exhibit R1 objects

in the ideal line of human sight, until

visible transmittance of 0.60.

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0,9991

0,9994

0,998

South wall

North wall

East wall

SRC for Annual Light Exposure

Figure 6. SRC value for annual light exposure

The SRC values are all positive. It indicates that the higher visible

transmittance, the more the surface received light exposure. The SRC also

shows that visible transmittance is an important design parameter to be

considered to optimize daylight exposure in museum

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• The increasing number of glazing visible transmittance value would result a higher annual light

exposure on a surface.

• Simulation on the east wall indicates that that the exhibited objects with the R1 (slightly sensitive)

and RO (non-sensitive) classifications can be displayed along the ideal line of sight for museum

visitors at an altitude of 1.5 to 2 m from the floor if the visible transmittance of glazing is 0.25 – 0.40.

• The contour on the north wall patterns as if it is directly mirrored from the south wall contour. Both

contours form adjacent lines that surround an area close to the window.

• With glazing visible transmittance of 0.25, the south and north wall can exhibit objects with R1 and

R0 classification in all areas of the ideal line of human sight.

• The increase in visible transmittance of glazing does affect the contour pattern of annual light

exposure in a surface makes the pattern area with high annual light exposure get wider.

• The SRC prove that visible transmittance is an important design parameter to be considered to

optimize daylight exposure in museum.

REFERENCESPlace Your

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1. Heuken SJ. Tempat-tempat Bersejarah di Jakarta. Cipta Loka Caraka, 2015. ISBN 974-602-70395-7-5.

2. Dinas Kebudayaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. (2014). Koleksi Unggulan Museum Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penulis.

3. Entwistle, J. (1999). Designing with Light. London: Rotovision Press.

4. Beute, F. (2014). Powered by nature: the psychological benefits of natural views and daylight Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven DOI:

10.6100/IR780722.

5. CIE 157:2004. Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage, technical report, control of damage to museum objects by optical radiation, Vienna; 2004

6. Ajmat, Raul & Sandoval, Jose & Sema, F. & Odonell, Beatriz & Gor, Sergio & Alonso, H.. (2011). Lighting design in museums: Exhibition vs. preservation.

10.2495/STR110171.

7. Mohd Hamdan A. The influence of roof form and interior cross section on daylighting in the atrium spaces in Malaysia. Doctor of Philosophy, University of

Manchester. 1996.

8. Fadzil SFS, Sia S-J. Kontrol sinar matahari dan analisis distribusi siang hari: studi kasus KOMTAR. Bangunan dan Lingkungan. 2004; 39 (6): 713-7.

9. Kim, C-S., Chung, S-J. (2011). Daylighting simulation as an architectural design process in museums installed with toplights. Building and Environment,

46, 210-222.

10. Al-Sallal, K.A., AbouElhamd, A.R., Bin Dalmouk, M. (2018). UAE heritage buildings converted into museums: Evaluation of daylighting effectiveness and

potential risks on artifacts and visual comfort. Energy and Buildings, 176, 333-359.

11. Sharif-Askari, H., Abu-Hijleh, B. (2018). Review of museums’ indoor environment conditions studies and guidelines and their impact on the museums’

artifacts and energy consumption. Building and Environment, 143, 186-195.

12. Energy Performance Rating. Sunlight Transmittance. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/design/windows-doors-and-skylights/

13. Huang, Xianfeng & Wei, Shangyou & Zhu, Shangyu. (2020). Study on Daylighting Optimization in the Exhibition Halls of Museums for Chinese Calligraphy

and Painting Works. Energies. 13. 240. 10.3390/en13010240.

14. Reinhart, C-F., and Wienold, J. (2011). The daylight dashboard – A simulationbased design analysis for daylit space, Building and Environment, pp. 386-

396.

15. Larry D. Schroeder, David L. Sjoquist, Paula E. Stephan, “Understanding regression analysis, “Sage Publications, pp. 31-32, 1986.

Thank You

The 20th International Conference on

Sustainable Environment & Architecture

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