Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
-
Upload
pope-ayokunmi-ikushika -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
1/26
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
The change in the interaction form among people as a
result of improvements in technology has also further led to
the intellectual communication of ideas among scholars.
Scholars across the world now communicate ideas among
scholars. Scholars across the world now communicate ideas
among themselves even when their countries are not in the
best of diplomatic relationship. New ideas are discovered in
different fields almost on a daily basis.
The literature review provides an opportunity for
research to make clear findings from other scholars on a
particular area of study. Ohaja (2003 70- 71) comments on
how literature review should be done thus.
The researcher should present a discourse on his topic
with the help of these contributions from previous scholars
and writers. In fact, with the previous works. They should in
the lecture review, be painting pad for his own work.
The above assertion points how literature review should be
carried out and its importance in a study.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
2/26
Existing literature relevant to this study are those that
concern the impact of television on the urevers, the interplay
between television and religion and how television can be
used as a medium of building peace and harmony for all the
different religious groups to worship peacefully and leave in
peace with one another .
2.1 literatures Preview
Television as a modesty medium is famous for it influence on
the viewers. The invitational open university of Nigeria
(2008:151) observes that television delivery system include
the following
a. Broadcast
b. Cable television
c. wireless cable (muctichannel multipoint distribution
service, MMDS)
d. Direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
e. high-Definition television
f. web- delivering system- (interacting-combination of
internet and broadcast it makes it possible to receive both
television signals and the web both over a television set and
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
3/26
the web both over a television set and through a computer.
Television, some scholars argue has become a member of
the family. Dominick (2009:237) describes television, thus:
television is a universal medium. About 99 percent of thehomes in the United States have at least one working TV set.In fact, most homes have more than one. Although not gusteas portable as radices, miniature TV sets make it possible totake TV anywhere. Television has become a dominantmedium for news and entertainment for Americas.
The assertion above shows how important and how popular
television has become. Macbeth (1995) list the impact of
television in the area of sex roles, aduct creativity, leisure
activities child cognition, neding and aggression.
Sex Roles: television is a strongly sex- typed medium. Most
of the characters in plogrammes are male 975% by some
studies and few women are shown as employed (or at least
were then).
A duct creativity: To enable Macbeth measure aduct
creativity, a set of aducts were given two problems; the
Duncker candle problem and the nine Diet problem. For the
first time, the te-stee were given a vertical peace of
cardboard, a candle, a box of tacks and a book of matches
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
4/26
and asked to attach the candle to the cardboard so that it
can burn freely. The whole idea was for the researcher to
early establish how television impact on the creativity of
aducts. The ansmet was in the positive. Therefore, television
also has an impact on the creativity of aducts.
Leisure activities: Macbeth equally documented that
television has impact on the leisure time of the viewers. In
other words, people spend time watching television for
leisure.
Child Cognition: the researcher is of the view that child
cognition. The researcher is of the view that child cognition
is heavily influenced by television. Other areas of influence
are reading fluency and aggression.
Similarly, cyber college internet campus (1996 in a
publication on the social impact of television, is a window on
the word for news and information. Newspaper and indeed
the prin media provide a degree of separation from reality
but television graphically brings happenings light into living
rooms, complete with colour, sound time sequences and
even to some deynee, the associated feelings. Compare to
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
5/26
newspapers, television may be superficial when it comes to
reporting facts. However, good pictures can still be worth
1,000 words. Pictures can convey many things beyond facts
and statistics in democracies, television can be uses to
inform the elecharates about things they need to know to
make informed cherces at ballot box. When TV is responsible
programmed and viewed with a critical, educated ege, its
capable of working through the gloss and facades of people
and events giving us glimpses of the reality giving breath.
Television is capable of making us an ege witness to events
as they happen these events can regards from the hostale
invasion of a country to Monday Night football. In this
regard, TV breaks dew the barriers of distance and becomes
an intension of our senses. Bittner citing Mcluhan Observes
of sight.
ii. television provides escape and relation. Suffice it to say
television allows us to dominantly escape our problems and
experiences of other people. We can become awestruck with
the beauty of and grace of the arts, or caught up in the
frenzy and excitement of an athletic event. We can even
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
6/26
allow ourselves to be momentarily host in a beautiful fantasg
world. Thus our spirit can be lifted and sometimes even
hope and faith restored. All these are mode possible by
television.
Iii television introduces new ideas and information: before
the mass media, an important threat to health, a new media,
an improved ways of doing things could take months or even
years to become commonly known. Today, time is typically
cut down to a day or even a few hours included in this
category are new product and services that will make our life
easier or safer, new recipes, important safety procedures
and even instructions on home. Improvement and repair.
With television, are put in the centre of the market place of
ideas. We can compare these ideas, evaluate them and then
decide for our selves whether to accept or reject. These new
ideas can also threaten traditional beliefs and establish order
of doing things. Onabajo (2001:34) summaries the role of
television in a rations psyche thus:
In the developed world, television has been used to a largeextent in the areas of formal, non-formal and informal
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
7/26
education. Studies have shown that ideas imbibed fromtelevision are more permanent in the human mind thanother media. Political indoctrination, cultural innovation are
part of what television could be used to achieve.
Looking at the impact of television discussed so far, a
question arises, what exactly is the objective of television
programming?. This question is particularly relevant because
Tuning point or a programme has to be assessed within the
content of television programming. The National
Broadcasting commission (NBC) in it codes (2006:79) list the
following as the objectives of broadcast programming.
Social objectives
i The objectives are meant to cover the areas of education,
for people irrespective of their educational background.
Ii Television entertainment programmes should be designed
specifically for the enjoyment of the people. Such
programmes are primarily meant for mental recreation and
to arouse the feelings of the people emotionally.
Thus broadcast social objectives are primarily to
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
8/26
i promote social values and norms, civic and social
responsibilities.
Ii promote the acquisition or pursuit of knowledge.
Iii promote the physical, mental and social well being of the
people.
Iv foster the spirit of self discipline and self sacrifice.
V Encourage the prevention and development of human
values and respect for the dignity of man.
B Cultural Objectives
Broadcast programmes should aim at promoting cultural
awareness throughout the federation. Broadcast cultural
objectives should essentially cover the areas of aesthetics,
religion, ethics philosophy, language, history and arts. The
programmes could therefore be designed primarily to:
I seek, identify and preserve Nigerian culture and promote
the study of Nigerian history and language
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
9/26
Ii select critically, relevant foreign culture for the purpose of
enriching Nigerian culture.
Iii Develop and promote the appreciation of indigenous
aesthetic values
C Economic Objectives
In order to achieve the Nigerian economic goals, the nation
should be informed and motivation. The broadcast economic
objectives of programmes should primarily be
I to monitor trends and developments in production process
with a view to arousing creativity and in quisitveness in the
people. Foster the spirit of handwork and high productivity
with the view of raising the quality of life of the people.
Iii Encourage the production and consumption of local
products in order to achieve self sufficiency and self reliance.
Political Objectives
Broadcasting shall contribute to the development of national
unity and participatory democracy.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
10/26
Therefore, the political objectives of broadcasting shall be to:
I Create and promote political awareness amongst the
people in order to achieve a democratic society
Ii Inculcate in the people the spirit of tolerance of all shades
of opinion and
Iii promote social justice based on the responsibilities and
rights of the individual in society.
Technological Objectives.
The nations abundant natural and human resources shall be
exploited to the advantage of the people broadcasting shall
therefore:
I keep the people abreast of technological development
Ii promote and encourage the study of science and
technology
Ii Promote the spirit of self-reliance and angender the
development of indigenous technology
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
11/26
Iii promote a scientific and national attitude to like by
encouraging research.
Professional Objectives
Broadcasting as a specialized section of the media industry,
with its own mode of professionalism, demands a high level
of specialization and professional skills, some of which are as
set out by the code.
Broadcasting therefore is to ensure.
I the development of professionalism by recruitment and
training of personnel who at the point of entry into senior
cadue shall possess at least higher national diploma (HND)
or it equivalent in broadcast related fields.
Ii that only professional broadcaster with at least 15 years
cognate experience in broadcasting shall be made chief
operations officer of a broadcast station.
Iv that Nigerian talents and facilities shall be used as
possible in the production of programmes, including
advertisement.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
12/26
V that meaningful investment in research and development
and job security with appropriate remuneration is
guaranteed.
From the above explanation, it is obvious that television
programming has objectives to be met.
It is also important to classify television programmes to
include functions, promote and target audience.
Functional classification: Broadcast programmes may be
classified on the basis of the functions they fulfill. Hence
broadcast programmes with this functional category are
commonly referred as news programmes, entertainment,
and additional interpretation function/programme.
Ii target audience function. Programmes are also classified
on the basis of the kind of audience they are meant for,
hence under this category one will hear of womens
programme, childrens programme, religious programme,
farmers programme among others.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
13/26
Iii format clarification: by formats, we mean the shape,
arrangement and style of a broadcast message. Using the
criteria of format to clarify programmes, we may identify the
following as the basic conventional programme all over the
world. Newscast, news commentaries, editorials, discussion,
features, drammer musicals, sports, magazines programmes
among others.
Going by the above clarification, it is more obvious that
turning point which is a religious programme from African
Independent Television (AIT) falls under target audience
function.
In a study like this, it is only important top incorporate
findings by other researchers. Ohaja(2003) corroborates this
by noting that the review of literature for empirical studies
should includes findings from other researchers.
Souk Up(2002) in a study on media and religion
documented that the two are interwoven. To enable the
researcher arrived at a definite conclusion, three types of
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
14/26
religious programmes were asked for and felt to be needed
generally by most viewers. They were as follows:
i). Worship, or personal stories/witnessing: These are
progrmammes that show personal faith in action from a
committed subjective and involved point of view. They will
show how an individuals faith affected their lives, culture
and life in the widest sense.
ii). Informative or issue based: Across all groups was a real
and spontaneously expressed concern that there should be
more informative or issue based documentaries and
debates, presenting views from a variety of faith or belief
perspectives. In addition, respondents save a role for more
documentary style progmammes that show aspects of their
lives that share across the faith but which are played out
differently. Similarly, respondents history from a faith or
belief system point of view.
iii. Incorporation into mainstream genre, the researcher
documented further that there was a general feeling among
respondents that outside of religious broadcast, there was
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
15/26
for too little real reflection of how many people have a faith
and how much faith plays a part in their lines and everyday
decision making. The researcher equally documented that
there was some discussion of how moral tales, even religious
scripture could be dramatized in a contemporary selfing in
dramas or soaps particularly for children sense television
was particularly effective at harnessing interest and
communicating ideas.
Soukup (2002) documented further that must respondents
sect that they were poorly served by and that they would
have an appointee to watch a range of religious programmes
using their broader definition of religious programming,
which they seat could be challenging, give them an
opportunity to consider things and also to stretch
themselves. The researcher equally documented that the
viewers felt religious broadcasting should be protected by
regulation, especially as it provides a service to the
housebound. The national was that religious broadcasting
was received to have been so poor and audience so low that
there was therefore some need for protection. The problem
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
16/26
with this finding is that the researcher paid little or no
attention to view religious programmes through the
television can endive religious tolerance among people of
different faiths.
Another researcher Konkg (2007) in a study on religion
and television watching documented that religious
programmes form television influence the viewers. The
researcher reported that the division of chores between man
and women is not influence by what people believe but it is
by the amount o time they spending front of their television
set and that religion seems incapable to influence the
definition of the situation people find themselves in when
they are watching television. People is religious beliefs
according to the findings of the researcher do not influence
what they like to watch and do not prevent them from
domineering the others with whom they watch. However, the
missing link in this result is whether the religious
programmes people watch have direct influence on them so
as to influence them in tribe religious tolerance. The problem
with this finding is that the researcher did not clearly
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
17/26
establish the extent to which television religious
programmes.
In another study conducted by counterpoint research
(2005) revealed that television religious programmes have
influence on the viewers even in their political life. The study
revealed further that those who watch religious progrmmes
from television will more likely use religion as a way to
interpret and make political decisions.
The researcher paid little attention to the relationship
between exposure to television proggrmmme and it effects.
Similarly, the researcher did not clearly establish the extent
to which television religious programmes influence the
viewers. Meanwhile, communication scholars have observed
a strong relationship between the mass media and religions.
Prominent among such scholars is Asemah (2011). The
scholar notes that the mass media cannot be divorced from
religious institutions Asemah (2011:98). Religious institution
uses the media to carry out their activities so that members
of the public will know about their programmes.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
18/26
Summarizing the relationship between the media and
religious institutions, the writer puts:
We can say that the media and religious institutions areinterdependent .the media need religious institutionsbecause these religious intuitions like church, mosqueserve as sources of news. Religious institutions also
need the media because the only means through whichthey can reach out to a large audience is through the massmedia and not through interpersonal communication(Asemah hoo: 99).
The above assertion shows the relationship between
the mass media and religious institutions. This therefore
implies that the relationship between the mass media and
religious institutions is mutual.
Looking at the nature of this topic, a question might arise,
what is the importance of religious tolerance? What is the
importance if religious tolerance is the basis for peaceful co-
existence and meaningful development. The scholar notes
that religious tolerance celebrates the inherent worth and
dignity of all people and encourages meaning in life. It
fosters respect and appreciation of the difference between
us which may separate us at times but ultimately bind us
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
19/26
together as a unique collaboration of human beings. The
scholar sums up:
To line a life of religious tolerance is more than just agreeing
with the concept. It must be fully grasped and celebrated by
each individual to ensure maximum impact. We believe
stand up for what we think is just, speak our minds even if
our voices shake and remember that the appreciation for
religious diversity comes in the form of our actions as well as
our thought. Every word, every hand every embrace makes
a difference.
From the above assertion, it is obvious that religious
tolerance is directly linked to a countrys peaceful co-
existence. The peaceful atmosphere in any country is
equally directly linked to a countrys development
economically, publically and socially. For instance the
current bombings in some part of the country (Nigeria) by an
extreme Islamic sect known as book Haram would not have
occurred if there were a spirit of religious tolerance between
the two leading religious in Nigeria of Christianity and islam.
considering the importance of religious tolerance and the
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
20/26
role of the mass media theory, it is only expected that the
media through it programming will enhwnce religious
tolerance. The UNESCO reports as contained in MCBride etal
(1981:16-18) points out the function of the media to function
and information. Of particular interest here is the integrative
function. this function involves engaging communication to
burld bridges of mutual understanding between the existing
disparate and objective adjustment and adaptation to the
changing process in the society. Integrating the various
2.2.1 AIT in Brief
Africa independent television (AIT) is a private television
station owned by Raymond Dokpese. It was once of the few
private television station that was granted licence to operate
in 1992 following the deregulation of the broadcast media by
the president Babargida administration and the setting up of
the National Broadcasting commission (NBC) as a regulatory
body for the broadcast industry.
It has its headquarters in Abuja, the federal capital
territory and has stations in some points of the country.
2.22 Turning point programme in Brief.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
21/26
Turning point is a religious programme, produced and
anchored by a Nigerian, Victor Oladokun, turning point is a
weekly television magazine programme broadcast
throughout the continents of Africa, Europe and the
Caribbean and has been having airtime on terrestrial TV
stations like AIT, NTA, channels TV without any problem. it is
aired on AIT every Sunday by 11am.
2.3 conclusions
From the above review of related literature, it is obvious that
there exist a relationship between the mass media and
religious institutions. Television programmes have influence
on the attention to the extent to which television religious
programmes can influence the viewers. In the same way
most scholars did not clearly establish relationship between
exposure to television religious programmes and influence.
Moreso, the literature on the impact of turning point
especially in religious tolerance is scanty. This study will
therefore address these missing links.
2.4 theoretical frame work
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
22/26
In deciding on the theoretical basis for thus study, the
researcher put into consideration the fact that this study, the
researcher put into consideration the fact that this study is
two solds- the role of mass media and the effects of
television progammes. Based on that, two theories were
considered appropriate. They are cultivation theory and the
social world which conform to the stereotyped, distorted and
very selective view of reality as portaged in a systematic
way in television jiction and news. Mc Qual (2100:497) notes
that cultivation is said to differ from a direct stimulus-
response effect process mainly because of its gradual and
cumulative character MCQuali summarizsa.
In this theory of media effct, television provides many people
with a consistent and
Near-total symbolic environment that supplies norms for
conduct and belied about a wide range of real life situations.
The theory posits that heavly television viewers are
influenced by television programmes than light television
viewers.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
23/26
What this means is that the more people are exposed
to turning point programme, the more the likely hood of
them to embrace religious tolerance. Religious tolerance can
bring about peaceful co-existence. It is therefore the
responsibly of the mass media to promote religious
tolerance. This is where the social responsibility theory
comes in.
Social responsibility theory
This theory posits that the media has a role to play in the
society. In other words, the media has a deity to fulfill to the
society. Folarin (1998:27) observes that the chief duty of the
media operation with this theory is to raise conflict to the
plane of discussion, MCQuail (2000:172) observes that the
main tents of the theory incl+ude the following:
I the media have obligations to society and medial ownership
is a public trust.
Ii the media should be free but regulated ethies and
professional conduct
V under some circumstance, government may need to
intervene to safeguard the public trust.
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
24/26
Going by this theory therefore, the issue of ensuring
religious tolerance among people in the society becomes a
social responsibility for the media to fulfit. This obviously
informs the decision (AIT) to introduce turning point but
effective this programme has been in achieving desired goal
is what this study will investigate
-
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
25/26
REFERENCE
Asemah S.E (2011): Selected Mass Media themes. Jos: JosUniversity Press.
Bakame, S (2003) Basics of Brodcasting. Lagos: Palmspublications.
Domimick,T.R (2007) the dynamics of mass communication(20th) India MCGraw-Hill
Folarin, B (1998): Theories of mass communication. Anintroductory Text. Ibadan: striling Horden Publishers.
Koning R (2007) Religion and watching Retricved from dare.Kun.w/bitsream
Macbeth, T.W (1995) The impact of Television: A Natural
Experiment in three communities.www.world.std.com.retreved on 5 July, 2012.
McBride, S etal (1981): many vices, one world. ibadan:university press
MCQuail, P. (2000): Mass communication theory. London:
sage Publishers.
National Broadcasting commission (2006) forth Edition
.
http://www.world.std.com.retreved/http://www.world.std.com.retreved/ -
7/31/2019 Impact of Turning Point on AIT Nigeria
26/26
National Open University (2008) introduction to masscommunication
Ohaja, E.U (2003): Mass Communication Research andproject report writing Lagos; John letterman ltd
Onabajo, O. (2001) Broadcast management andprogramming. Lagos: Gabi concept Ltd. Travis, J (2001)
The importance of religious tolerance. Retriened fromwww. Find articles.com.
Religious progrmmes: A report of the key finding of aQualitative Research study conducted by counterpointResearch.
The social impact of Television (1996)www.cybercollege.com.retrieved on 5 July, 2012.
http://www.cybercollege.com.retrieved/http://www.cybercollege.com.retrieved/