Impact of Technology on MSME in Indore region

8/12/2019 Impact of Technology on MSME in Indore region

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VOLUME NO.4(2014),ISSUE NO.06 (JUNE) ISSN2231-5756

A Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed (Refereed/Juried) Open Access ntern!tion!l e-Journ!l - ncluded in the ntern!tion!l "eri!l Directories

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE, IT & MANAGEMENTA Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed (Refereed/Juried) Open Access ntern!tion!l e-Journ!l - ncluded in the ntern!tion!l "eri!l Directories

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ONTENTS

Sr.No.

TITLE & NAME OF THE AUTHOR (S) PageNo.

1 MARKET REACTIONS TOWARDS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ANNOUNCEMENTS

DR. SHANTANU MEHTA & RAJALAKSHMI VEL

1

2 IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON MSMEs IN INDORE REGION

PARUL SHARDA & DR. M. D. PANGA

5

3 COMPLIANCE OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON FIRM PERFORMANCE

AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS WITH DUMMY VARIA!LES

DR. PALLAVI KAPOORIA, DR. R. C. SHARMA & DR. DEEPAK KAUL

"

# CAUSE RELATED MARKETING AND ITS IMPACT ON !RAND PREFERENCES & !RAND

ATTACHMENT AMONG CUSTOMERS AT !HAVNAGAR CITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

P&G FMCG PRODUCTS

BHAVIK P PARMAR

13

5 $SACCOS% AFFAIRS IN ETHIOPIA A CASE STUDY IN MEKELLE CITY, TIGRAYKIDANU NERIE AREGAWI, DR. TESFATSIONSAHLUDESTA & HIWET KEBEDE AREGAWI

15

AN APPROACH TOWARDS EFFICIENT PREFERNCED DATA RETRIVAL !Y PRESORTING

SUNITA DWIVEDI & DR. ANIL RAJPUT

25

' PERCEIVED USEFULNESS, USER ACCEPTANCE OF E(!ANKING AND SUCCESSFUL

TRANSITION TO CASHLESS POLICY IN NIGERIA

CLEMENT IKENNA OKEKE

3)

* SENSITIVITY OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGE JUSTICE AS A PREDICTOR IN PRIVATE

SECTOR

UROOS FATIMA RIZVI & FASAHAT HUSAIN QAZI

3"

" PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT THROUGH PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE THE CASE OFATSC TEXTILE MANUFACTURING FIRM

AMARE MATEBU KASSA

#

1) A STUDY OF FACTORS RELATED TO SUCCESS & FAILURE OF ENTREPRENEURS IN SMALL

SCALE INDUSTRIES WITH IMPORTANCE ON THEIR LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING

DEEPAK KUMAR

51

11 MAJOR USES AND PREFERRED PAYMENT SYSTEMS IN NIGERIA APPLICATION OF WORD

OF MOUTH COMMUNICATION IN PROMOTING CASHLESS POLICY OF C!N

CLEMENT IKENNA OKEKE

53

12 CHALLENGES FACED !Y !ANKING INDUSTRY IN UAE REENGINEERING THE

OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCIESDR. BEENISH SHAMEEM

)

13 FACE DETECTION IN NIGHT VISION IMAGES AN APPLICATION OF !PDFHE

METHODOLOGY

ANURAG RAY & ASHIS PRADHAN

2

1# UNITED ARA! EMIRATES THE INTEGRATION OF !USINESS TECHNOLOGY AND

CORPORATE COMPETIVENESS

DR. BEENISH SHAMEEM

15 A STUDY OF RECRUITMENT PRACTICES FROM TRADITIONAL TO +(RECRUITMENT A

PARADIGM SHIFT

ABDUL GHANI FAIYYAZ

*

REUEST FOR FEED!ACK & DISCLAIMER '2


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HIEF PATRON

PROF- K- K- AGGARWAL,h!ir3!n% M!l!viy! '!tion!l nstitute of 6echnolo&y% J!ipur

(An n!""#"$ % N'"%n' I)*%+"'n$ & #- #n$ /- Mn!"+- % H#)'n R$!%#+$ D$0$%*)$n", G%0$+n)$n" % In'1

,h!ncellor% 7 R M!n&!l!3 8niversity% #ur&!on

,h!ncellor% 9in&!y!:s 8niversity% $!rid!b!d

$ounder ;ice-,h!ncellor (


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DR- SAM!HAVNA$!culty% 6M% Delhi

DR- MOHENDER KUMAR GUPTAAssoci!te Professor% P J 9 ' #overn3ent ,olle&e% $!rid!b!d

DR- SHIVAKUMAR DEENEAsst Professor% Dept of ,o33erce% "chool of Business "tudies% ,entr!l 8niversity of 7!rn!t!!% #ulb!r&!

ASSO IATE EDITORS

PROF- NAWA! ALI KHANDep!rt3ent of ,o33erce% Ali&!rh Musli3 8niversity% Ali&!rh% 8P

PROF- A!HAY !ANSAL.e!d% Dep!rt3ent of nfor3!tion 6echnolo&y% A3ity "chool of ?n&ineerin& 6echnolo&y% A3ity

8niversity% 'oid!

PROF- A- SURYANARAYANADep!rt3ent of Business M!n!&e3ent% Os3!ni! 8niversity% .yder!b!d

DR- SAM!HAV GARG$!culty% "hree R!3 nstitute of Business M!n!&e3ent% 8r5!ni

PROF- V- SELVAM""9% ;6 8niversity% ;ellore

DR- PARDEEP AHLAWATAssoci!te Professor% nstitute of M!n!&e3ent "tudies Rese!rch% M!h!rshi D!y!n!nd 8niversity% Roht!

DR- S- TA!ASSUM SULTANAAssoci!te Professor% Dep!rt3ent of Business M!n!&e3ent% M!trusri nstitute of P# "tudies% .yder!b!d

SURJEET SINGH

Asst Professor% Dep!rt3ent of ,o3puter "cience% # M ' (P#) ,olle&e% A3b!l! ,!ntt

TE HNI AL ADVISOR

AMITA$!culty% #overn3ent M "% Moh!li

FINAN IAL ADVISORS

DICKIN GOYALAdvoc!te 6!@ Adviser% P!nchul!

NEENAnvest3ent ,onsult!nt% ,h!3b!&h!t% "ol!n% .i3!ch!l Pr!desh

LEGAL AD VISORS

JITENDER S- CHAHALAdvoc!te% Pun5!b .!ry!n! .i&h ,ourt% ,h!ndi&!rh 86

CHANDER !HUSHAN SHARMAAdvoc!te ,onsult!nt% District ,ourts% 2!3un!n!&!r !t J!&!dhri

SUPERINTENDENTSURENDER KUMAR POONIA


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ALL FOR MANUS RIPTS

Ce invite unpublished novel% ori&in!l% e3piric!l !nd hi&h u!lity rese!rch wor pert!inin& to recent develop3ents pr!ctices in the !re!s of

,o3puter "cience Applic!tionsE ,o33erceE BusinessE $in!nceE M!retin&E .u3!n Resource M!n!&e3entE #ener!l M!n!&e3entE B!nin&E

?cono3icsE 6ouris3 Ad3inistr!tion M!n!&e3entE ?duc!tionE 9!wE 9ibr!ry nfor3!tion "cienceE Defence "tr!te&ic "tudiesE ?lectronic "cienceE

,orpor!te #overn!nceE ndustri!l Rel!tionsE !nd e3er&in& p!r!di&3s in !llied sub5ects lie Accountin&E Accountin& nfor3!tion "yste3sE Accountin&

6heory Pr!cticeE Auditin&E Beh!vior!l Accountin&E Beh!vior!l ?cono3icsE ,orpor!te $in!nceE ,ost Accountin&E ?cono3etricsE ?cono3ic

Develop3entE ?cono3ic .istoryE $in!nci!l nstitutions M!retsE $in!nci!l "ervicesE $isc!l PolicyE #overn3ent 'on Profit Accountin&E ndustri!l

Or&!ni!tionE ntern!tion!l ?cono3ics 6r!deE ntern!tion!l $in!nceE M!cro ?cono3icsE Micro ?cono3icsE Rur!l ?cono3icsE ,o-oper!tionE

De3o&r!phy4 Develop3ent Pl!nnin&E Develop3ent "tudiesE Applied ?cono3icsE Develop3ent ?cono3icsE Business ?cono3icsE Monet!ry PolicyE PublicPolicy ?cono3icsE Re!l ?st!teE Re&ion!l ?cono3icsE Politic!l "cienceE ,ontinuin& ?duc!tionE 9!bour Celf!reE PhilosophyE Psycholo&yE "ociolo&yE 6!@

Accountin&E Advertisin& Pro3otion M!n!&e3entE M!n!&e3ent nfor3!tion "yste3s (M")E Business 9!wE Public Responsibility ?thicsE

,o33unic!tionE Direct M!retin&E ?-,o33erceE #lob!l BusinessE .e!lth ,!re Ad3inistr!tionE 9!bour Rel!tions .u3!n Resource M!n!&e3entE

M!retin& Rese!rchE M!retin& 6heory Applic!tionsE 'on-Profit Or&!ni!tionsE Office Ad3inistr!tion/M!n!&e3entE Oper!tions Rese!rch/"t!tisticsE

Or&!ni!tion!l Beh!vior 6heoryE Or&!ni!tion!l Develop3entE Production/Oper!tionsE ntern!tion!l Rel!tionsE .u3!n Ri&hts DutiesE Public

Ad3inistr!tionE Popul!tion "tudiesE Purch!sin&/M!teri!ls M!n!&e3entE Ret!ilin&E "!les/"ellin&E "ervicesE "3!ll Business ?ntrepreneurshipE "tr!te&ic

M!n!&e3ent PolicyE 6echnolo&y/nnov!tionE 6ouris3 .ospit!lityE 6r!nsport!tion DistributionE Al&orith3sE Artifici!l ntelli&enceE ,o3pilers

6r!nsl!tionE ,o3puter Aided Desi&n (,AD)E ,o3puter Aided M!nuf!cturin&E ,o3puter #r!phicsE ,o3puter Or&!ni!tion ArchitectureE D!t!b!se

"tructures "yste3sE Discrete "tructuresE nternetE M!n!&e3ent nfor3!tion "yste3sE Modelin& "i3ul!tionE 'eur!l "yste3s/'eur!l 'etworsE

'u3eric!l An!lysis/"cientific ,o3putin&E Ob5ect Oriented Pro&r!33in&E Oper!tin& "yste3sE Pro&r!33in& 9!n&u!&esE RoboticsE "y3bolic $or3!l

9o&icE Ceb Desi&n !nd e3er&in& p!r!di&3s in !llied sub5ects

Anybody c!n sub3it the s./0 .of unpublished novelE ori&in!lE e3piric!l !nd hi&h u!lity 4+s+46 7.48/9:;s4


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1 KEYWORDSAbstr!ct 3ust be followed by ! list of eywords% sub5ect to the 3!@i3u3 of five 6hese should be !rr!n&ed in !lph!betic order sep!r!ted byco33!s !nd full stops !t the end

I MANUSCRIPTM!nuscript 3ust be in BRITISH ENLISHprep!red on ! st!nd!rd A+ sie !ORTR"IT SETTIN !"!ER t 3ust be prep!red on ! sin&le sp!ce !ndsin&le colu3n with 3!r&in set for top% botto3% left !nd ri&ht t should be typed in = point ,!libri $ont with p!&e nu3bers !t the botto3 !nd centre of every

p!&e t should be free fro3 &r!33!tic!l% spellin& !nd punctu!tion errors !nd 3ust be thorou&hly edited

K HEADINGSAll the he!din&s should be in ! * point ,!libri $ont 6hese 3ust be bold-f!ced% !li&ned left !nd fully c!pit!lised 9e!ve ! bl!n line before e!chhe!din&

= SU!(HEADINGSAll the sub-he!din&s should be in ! = point ,!libri $ont 6hese 3ust be bold-f!ced% !li&ned left !nd fully c!pit!lised

.B+ 06+ 0>=+/+ 9+:0+=.7 06+ 0>=+/ REFERENCES6he list of !ll references should be !lph!betic!lly !rr!n&ed 6he !uthor (s) should 3ention only the !ctu!lly utilised references in the prep!r!tion

of 3!nuscript !nd they !re supposed to follow H4B4 S0=+ ./ R+/+4+:*@@)% such !s !fter 7ohl (=K-0*0

JOURNAL AND OTHER ARTICLES

"che3enner% RC% .uber% J, !nd ,oo% R9 (*)4 L,usto3er ;!lue4 A ,o3p!r!tive "tudy of Rur!l !nd 8rb!n ,usto3ers%L 6hesis% 7urushetr! 8niversity% 7urushetr!ONLINE RESOURCES

Alw!ys indic!te the d!te th!t the source w!s !ccessed% !s online resources !re freuently upd!ted or re3ovedWE!SITES

#!r&% Bh!vet (>*)4 6ow!rds ! 'ew '!tur!l #!s Policy% Politic!l Ceely% ;iewed on J!nu!ry *% >*> http4//epwin/user/view!bstr!ct5sp


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MARKET REACTIONS TOWARDS CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ANNOUNCEMENTS

DR. SH"NT"NU MEHT"

DIRECTOR

ST. K"BIR INSTITUTE OF !ROFESSION"L STUDIES

"HMED"B"D

R"%"L"KSHMI &EL"SST. !ROFESSOR

ST. K"BIR INSTITUTE OF !ROFESSION"L STUDIES

"HMED"B"D

A!STRACTT2! !"#- '""$)*"! "% $3')n$ !2'+$ *+$ +$'"%n! "% ' +)4! '*"' $3*$n"#+$ 'nn%#n$)$n"! n "2$ In'n !"%5 )'+5$". W2$ *+$0%#! !"#$! )'5$

)*%+"'n" %n"+/#"%n! "% #+"2$+n6 %#+ #n$+!"'nn6 % "2$ 0'#'"%n $$"! % %+*%+'"$ n0$!")$n" $!%n!, "2$- % n%" !#66$!" 72- '*"' '%'"%n

$!%n! % !%)$ %)*'n$! '+$ '0%+'/- +$$0$ /- "2$ )'+5$", 72$+$'! !)'+ $!%n! % %"2$+ %)*'n$! '+$ !%#+'6$ /- "2$ )'+5$". T2$+$%+$ "2$

*$+"n$n" +$!$'+2 8#$!"%n ! "% $3')n$ "2$ 5$- $"$+)n'n"! % *%!"0$9n$6'"0$ '/n%+)' +$"#+n!. In "2! !"#- 7$ *%!"#'"$ n0$!")$n" %**%+"#n"$! /-

%#!$ +)! '+$ '!!$!!$ *%!"0$- (n+$'!$1 /- )'+5$" 'n "2%!$ /- 0$+!$ +)! '+$ '!!$!!$ n$6'"0$- /- "2$ )'+5$" ($+$'!$1 ++$!*$"0$ % "2$+

n#!"+- /'56+%#n. O#+ $)*+' +$!#"! '+$ %n!!"$n" 7"2 "2$!$ *+$"%n!. T2$ +$!#"! % %#+ !"#- !#**%+" %#+ %n:$"#+$ "2'" %#!$ +)! "$n "% 2'0$

/$""$+ n0$!")$n" %**%+"#n"$! "2'n 262- 0$+!$ +)!.

KEYWORDSnvest3ent opportunities% ?vent study% ,!pit!l ?@penditure% Abnor3!l returns

JEL CLASSIFICATION#+

INTRODUCTIONorpor!te 3!n!&ers !re re&ul!rly f!ced with three 3!5or policy decisions4 nvest3ent decisions% dividend (p!yout) decisions% !nd fin!ncin& decisions A

nu3ber of studies h!ve ri&orously e@!3ined the i3p!ct of !nnounce3ents of corpor!te fin!ncin& !nd dividend decisions on the 3!ret v!lue of fir3s

(M!sulis%


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CHARACTERISTICS OF INVESTMENT DECISIONS

7ester provided cl!ssific!tion for c!pit!l e@penditure decisions for pro5ect !ppr!is!l 6he followin& invest3ent c!te&ories e3er&e out of the cl!ssific!tion

provided

- ,ost reduction pro5ects

- Asset e@penditure pro5ects

- Product/3!ret diversific!tion pro5ects- Rese!rch !nd develop3ent pro5ects

All the !bove cl!ssific!tions of invest3ent decisions !re covered for the study

SAMPLE SELECTION PROCEDURE

D!t! on c!pit!l e@penditure !nnounce3ents !re collected fro3 '"? ndi! !nd ,!pit!line d!t!b!se for the period st!rtin& st

April >*0 to 0stDece3ber >*0

$or e!ch c!pit!l e@penditure news% !n !nnounce3ent d!te is identified niti!lly > co3p!nies were identified with c!pit!l e@penditure !nnounce3ents.owever% only co3p!nies 3eetin& the followin& criteri! were fin!lied !s s!3ples

i Announce3ents pertinent to c!pit!l spendin& decisions !re selected in the s!3ple 6hus !nnounce3ents of !cuisitions% tender offers% str!te&ic

!lli!nces !re e@cluded fro3 the s!3ple

ii Announce3ents 3ust cont!in infor3!tion !bout the !ppro@i3!te sie !nd the &ener!l use of funds

iii Announce3ents 3ust be 3!de in isol!tion of other !nnounce3ents (ie e!rnin&s% dividend% split% bonus etc) 6his reduces the effect of e@tr!neous

infor3!tion on stoc prices

iv $in!lly co3p!nies whose d!ily return d!t! for the period of the study 3ust be !v!il!ble fro3 nseindi!co3

6hese restrictions eli3in!te K s!3ples fro3 the initi!l d!t!b!se

METHODOLOGYMEASURING A!NORMAL RETURNS

6he study e3ploys the st!nd!rd event study 3ethodolo&y to 3e!sure !bnor3!l returns !round c!pit!l e@penditure !nnounce3ents 6he esti3!tion period is

fro3 -K to K d!ys prior to !nnounce3ent D!ily stoc return d!t! durin& the study period of 0* d!ys !re obt!ined fro3 nesindi!co3 9et R itdesi&n!te the stoc

return of fir3 i on d!y t 6hen the !bnor3!l return of fir3 i (AR it) durin& the event period is 3e!sured usin& the followin& for3ul!4

ARitN Rit ( iR3)CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ANNOUNCEMENTS

MAHINDRA AND MAHINDRA

Announce3ent D!te4 +/*0

Announce3ent Det!ils4 MM !nnounced **** ,rore in ne@t three ye!r with the purpose of l!unchin& new products A new pl!nt would be set up M!h!r!shtr!

for this purpose Of the *%*** crore c!pe@% Rs K%1** crore !re for !uto3otive !nd f!r3 euip3ent !nd !nother Rs >%1** crore invest3ent will be on &roup

co3p!nies

CAIRN INDIA

Announce3ent D!te4 0/K/>*0

Announce3ent Det!ils4 ,!irn ndi! h!s !nnounced ! c!pe@ of Rs I%*** crore or Q0 billion for findin& !nd producin& 3ore oil over the ne@t three ye!rs throu&h

the end of $2 >*I n R!5!sth!n !lone% the co3p!ny will be investin& over Rs 0%*** crore !nd drillin& over +1* wells co3prisin& ** e@plor!tion wells !nd over

01* develop3ent wells

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES

Announce3ent D!te4 I/*I/>*0

Announce3ent Det!ils4 Reli!nce industries !nnounced ! pl!nned c!pit!l outl!y of Rs%1*%*** crore over the ne@t three ye!rs% spre!d over its core business of

petroche3ic!ls !nd oil !s well !s the ret!il !nd teleco3 sectors 6he invest3ents sp!n oil !nd &!s e@plor!tion !nd production% refinin& !nd 3!retin&%petroche3ic!ls% ret!il !nd bro!db!nd !nd di&it!l services

NTPC

Announce3ent D!te4 K/**0

Announce3ent Det!ils4 '6P, h!s pl!nned c!pit!l e@penditure of over Rs>*%*** crore durin& the current fisc!l till M!rch 0% >*+ 6his would t!e its inst!lled

power &ener!tion c!p!city to over +%*** MC

POWER GRID CORPORATION

Announce3ent D!te4 1 *>1 -**> *> *0< ->0 *=I >01 -**0 -0*

> -**K -*I* > * -K= -*>I *0*

0 -*1I -I< -*II 0II **< +> *< *K* -*+1 *K>

+ -= -*0 -*> +> -*0* -*+* *0= ->1K * *==

1 *I1 > *>I +K+ *1I -*>* -*+I 00I -*0K *IK I00 -*+I >> *KI **1 -*> ++


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0

EMPIRICAL RESULTS6he !bove t!ble reports !bnor3!l returns surroundin& the c!pit!l e@penditure !nnounce3ents 3!de by ndi!n fir3s durin& the si@ 3onth period 6he s!3ple is

! 3i@ of fir3s to en!ble 3!ret re!ction of focused !nd diversified co3p!nies to be !n!lysed 6he investi&!tion period is one wee before !nd one wee !fter

the !nnounce3ent d!te $or four s!3ples of focused fir3s the 3!ret re!ction is positive !nd si&nific!nt for the d!y of the !nnounce3ent 6here is post

!nnounce3ent drift in one s!3ple $or diversified co3p!ny positive returns !re observed in the pre-!nnounce3ent period (-%-0%-+ -1 d!ys) 6his is consistent

with the previous liter!ture &iven by Cernfelt !nd Mont&o3ery ()

6!ble > shows th!t the ,AR v!lue for focused co3p!ny is ==I !nd is st!tistic!lly si&nific!nt !t the level 6he correspondin& ,AR v!lue for diversified

co3p!nies is -KK= !nd is st!tistic!lly si&nific!nt !t the * level 6he 3e!n difference test of ,AR between the two portfolios is st!tistic!lly si&nific!nt !t the 1

level (with ! t-st!tistic of K>) Ce observe th!t the we!lth effects of c!pit!l e@penditure decisions by focused co3p!nies !re 3ore f!vour!bly r!ted th!n those

by diversified co3p!nies 6he findin& of this study !lso supports hypotheses which !ssert th!t focused co3p!nies !re perceived to be 3ore liely to e3ph!sie

the 3!@i3i!tion of sh!reholder we!lth th!n diversified co3p!nies 6he findin&s of this investi&!tion !re !lso consistent with ! recent study by $erris% 7i3 !nd

7its!bunn!r!t (>**0) who found th!t diversified co3p!nies e@perience loss of sh!reholder we!lth bec!use of the tendency of 3!n!&ers to over-invest !nd

devi!te fro3 the we!lth 3!@i3i!tion principle

SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH$urther rese!rch c!n be e@tended to consider other ch!r!cteristics th!t 3!y reve!l the u!lity of the fir3s: invest3ent opportunities which deter3ines

positive/ne&!tive re!ctions

ANNEXURETA!LE 3

,!irn ndi! 9td 2 v!ri!ble T v!ri!ble

D!ys D!tes ,losin& Price "toc Return nde@ ,losin& nde@ Return ?@pected Return Abnor3!l ReturnsK 1-Jul-0 0*>I1 +**0+ I*0*= *II*< IK >00

I I-Jul-0 0*0> *0> >1 -*=1

1 K-Jul-0 >

+ =-Jul-0 0*0I1 >I==1 I*0=*1 *=*I *I0

0 < I*> -*+I>> -*>+ *K

> >>-Jul-0 0*IK -*+>> I*0= *0II< K -10-Jul-0 0* *101 I*KK= *>>>I * -*0+*+ 1 -**+*1 -*1>-M!y-0


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TA!LE 5

Power #rid 2 v!ri!ble T v!ri!ble

D!ys D!tes ,losin& Price "toc Return nde@ ,losin& nde@ Return ?@pected Return Abnor3!l Returns

K -"ep-0 =1 10K

I >-"ep-0 11 >= 1=+*11 -1 *K+K >*K

0 K-"ep-0 *11 -*+< 1=1*> *+1 -*+=*1 -**

> =-"ep-0 **+ -** 1= 1=K0=1 -*+K **

+ >I-"ep-0 1 *I -*0*>+ -*+*

1 >K-"ep-0 0 *1I< -*I= 1I=*+ > *=>1 1

0 >-"ep-0 0+>1 +*

> 0-"ep-0 +

I-"ep-0 +>*-"ep-0 +=0 *== I*> -1 *=0-"ep-0 +>= ->< 1==1K

1 >+-"ep-0 +1+1 0> 1=+1 *I+ **

I >1-"ep-0 +< >++ 1=K0=1 -*+K *1+00 I-"ep-0 +>1 *I *K1K **1

TA!LE 'Reli!nce 2 v!ri!ble T v!ri!ble

D!ys D!tes ,losin& Price "toc Return nde@ ,losin& nde@ Return ?@pected Return Abnor3!l Returns

K >=-M!y-0 =+0+ I >1 *0 *IK< +1

I >= *1K

1 0*-M!y-0 =0I= -*

+ 0-M!y-0 =*I0 -000 00 -++ -*+K1> ->=I

0 0-Jun-0 K=K< - -*1* -0K

> +-Jun-0 K=*> -0> 0> =* *=1*+ ->K

1-Jun-0 =*> >K1 >+1 -**< **KI= >I=

D-D!y (J;:(13 '"2 (1-)) 112-)5 )-31 )-2#1 (1-2#

K-Jun-0 K=0I -00 *I1 -*0I -**0++ -0*

> *-Jun-0 K=K *K=1 -0K -*++

+ >-Jun-0 K *I= >>K *

K K-Jun-0 =>111 >0 *=> -*K= -*>*I0 ++

REFERENCES ,hun& 9% 7oford 7J !nd 9ee ( $!3! ?$ !nd $rench 7R (


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1

IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON MSMEs IN INDORE REGION

!"RUL SH"RD"

RESE"RCH SCHOL"R

MEDI'C"!S INSTITUTE OF TECHNO'M"N"EMENT

INDORE

DR. M. D. !"N"DIRECTOR

MEDI'C"!S INSTITUTE OF TECHNO'M"N"EMENT

INDORE

A!STRACTT2$ M+%, S)' 'n M$#) !'$ $n"$+*+!$! (MSME!1 "%'- *'-n6 ' *0%"' +%$ n "2$ $%n%) 'n !%' $0$%*)$n" % In'n $%n%)-, %n"+/#"n6

"2+%#62 n#!"+' %#"*#"!, $)*%-)$n", $3*%+"!, n0$!")$n", nn%0'"%n! $". T2%#62 MSME !$"%+ n In' ! 262- 2$"$+%6$n$%#! n "$+)! % "2$ !;$ % "2$

$n"$+*+!$!, 0'+$"- % *+%#"!, 'n !$+0$!, 'n $0$! % "$2n%%6- 7"2 ' "%"' % ?@ n -$'+

=>>, 'n +'!$ "% @ n -$'+ =>. n "%'-4! $+' % In'n 6%/';'"%n MSME! '+$ 'n6 n$7 2'$n6$! 'n !%)$ '+$ !"+#66n6 2'+ "% !#+00$ #$ "% '5

% )%$+n;'"%n, n%n'0''/"- % !#"'/$ "$2n%%6-, n'/"- "% $n"- n$7 )'+5$"! $", "2$!$ !2%+"%)n6! 'n /$ 7%+5%#" "2+%#62 "$2n%%6-

)*+%0$)$n" 'n !5 $n2'n$)$n" 7"2 "2$ 2$* % In%+)'"%n "$2n%%6- (IT1 n+'!"+#"#+$. T2+%#62 "2! *'*$+ I 2'0$ '""$)*"$ "% n0$!"6'"$ "2$

+$'"%n!2* /$"7$$n MSME! %)*$""0$n$!! 'n In%+)'"%n T$2n%%6- n In%+$ +$6%n.

KEYWORDS,6 (nfor3!tion !nd co33unic!tion technolo&y)% Micro% "3!ll !nd 3ediu3 enterprises

INTRODUCTION"M?s h!ve been &lob!lly considered !s !n en&ine of econo3ic &rowth !nd !s ey instru3ents for pro3otin& euit!ble develop3ent 6he 3!5or

!dv!nt!&e of the sector is its e3ploy3ent potenti!l !t low c!pit!l cost 6he l!bor intensity of the M"M? sector is 3uch hi&her th!n th!t of l!r&e

enterprises n recent ye!rs% the M"M? sector h!s consistently re&istered hi&her &rowth r!te co3p!red with the over!ll industri!l sector Cith its !&ility

!nd dyn!3is3% the sector h!s shown !d3ir!ble innov!tiveness !nd !d!pt!bility to survive the recent econo3ic downturn !nd recession

MSME( D+B+=.9+:0 I:s0


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the technolo&y reuire3ents of Micro% "3!ll Mediu3 ?nterprises (M"M? -D) 6he pro5ect provides !n e@cellent opportunity to both the s3!ll enterprises As

well !s those institutions !nd units th!t h!ve technolo&ies for offer /s!le

6he sector not only pl!ys ! critic!l role in providin& e3ploy3ent opportunities !t co3p!r!tively lower c!pit!l cost th!n l!r&e industries but !lso helps in

industri!li!tion of rur!l !nd b!cw!rd !re!s% reducin& re&ion!l i3b!l!nces !nd !ssurin& 3ore euit!ble distribution of n!tion!l inco3e !nd we!lth M"M?s

co3ple3ent l!r&e industries !s ! !ncill!ry units !nd contribute enor3ously to the socioecono3ic develop3ent of the country

DEFINITION OF MSME?nterprises !re bro!dly cl!ssified in two c!te&ories4

i) M!nuf!cturin& !nd%

ii) 6hose en&!&ed in providin&/ renderin& of services

Both c!te&ories of enterprises !re then cl!ssified into Micro% "3!ll !nd Mediu3 sc!le enterprises b!sed on their invest3ents on pl!nts !nd 3!chineries ( for

3!nuf!cturin& enterprises ) or on euip3ents ( in c!se of enterprises providin& or renderin& services)6he present ceilin& on invest3ents to be cl!ssified !s

3icro% s3!ll or 3ediu3 enterprises is !s under4

TA!LE(1 CLASSIFICATION OF MSMES !ASED ON THE MSMED ACT 2))

C=ss


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=

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION6his study used ! s!3ple of ndore M"M?s to investi&!te the f!ctors influencin& the Adoption of their nfor3!tion 6echnolo&y Adoption Accordin& to e3piric!l

surveys% infor3!tion reuire3ent% intensity of co3petition% !nd support !nd incentives% sie !nd !&e influence the nfor3!tion 6echnolo&y Adoption 6his study

proves th!t there is ! rel!tionship between environ3ent!l f!ctors !nd the !doption of ,6 nfor3!tion 6echnolo&y Adoption incre!ses with incre!sin&

infor3!tion reuire3ents .i&hly co3petitive environ3ents drive enterprises to !dopt the 6 to !cuire first 3over !dv!nt!&es% or to !void bein& driven out of

3!rets M"M?s in hi&hly co3petitive industries h!ve no choice but to follow their co3petitors in !doptin& infor3!tion technolo&y #overn3ent "upport !nd

incentives fro3 the e@tern!l environ3ent !lso le!d enterprises to pursue nfor3!tion 6echnolo&y Adoption "ince the**>

. #upt! Anit! (>**I)% Undi!n ?@perience on Pro3otin& Business And 6echnolo&y ncub!tion $or 3proved ,o3petitiveness Of "3!ll And Mediu3-"iedndustries 6hrou&h 6echnolo&ic!l Develop3ents%

I Jessic! C!de (>*0) "3!ll ?nterprise $in!nce ,entre% $MR Journ!l of R!di@ ntern!tion!l ?duc!tion!l !nd Rese!rch ,onsortiu3K P!trici! R 6odd% R!5sheh!r (R!5) # J!v!l&i% (>**K) Lntern!tion!li!tion of "M?s in ndi!4 $osterin&

= R!y3ond% 9 (>**)Deter3in!nts of web site i3ple3ent!tion in s3!ll businesses nternet Rese!rch4 ?lectronic 'etworin& Applic!tions !nd Policy% Y(1)%

+-+>>Z

WE!SITE


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4 $ir3s h!vin& est!blished !n Audit ,o33ittee should reflect hi&her perfor3!nce th!n those who do not h!ve such co33ittees (A,)

.0 4 Represent!tion of ! ey e@ecutive director in !n !udit co33ittee will be !ssoci!ted with lower corpor!te perfor3!nce (7?D)

.+ 4 $ir3s h!vin& est!blished ! Re3uner!tion ,o33ittee should reflect hi&her perfor3!nce th!n those who do not h!ve such co33ittees (R,)

SAMPLE SELECTION$or the purpose of the present !n!lysis% 1 co3p!nies% listed on the '"?% were selected% fro3 !cross the v!rious sectors% on ! r!ndo3 b!sis A P!nel study w!s

!i3ed by obt!inin& the d!t! of the 1 co3p!nies selected over ! period of two fin!nci!l ye!rs (> $2) ie >**K->**= !nd >**=->**4 [0 \ * !nd positive

? (2it ] D+itN ) N [ [+N [.04 [+ \ * !nd positive

? (2it ] D1itN ) N [ [1

N [.+4 [1 \ * !nd positive

EMPIRICAL ANALYSISOPTIMUM COMPOSITION OF !OARD OF DIRECTORS $!OD%

D>it N % if there is !n opti3u3 co3position !nd N *% if otherwise

8nst!nd!rdied ,oefficients t "i&nific!nce level

[ "td ?rror [

(,onst!nt) >++


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6he hypothesis th!t Gthe opti3u3 represent!tion of bo!rd will le!d to better perfor3!nce: is re5ected 6he v!lue of [> is ve t i3plies th!t 3e!n perfor3!nce

with the opti3u3 bo!rd co3position is hi&her th!n the 3e!n perfor3!nce with its !bsence .owever% the v!lue of [ > is not st!tistic!lly si&nific!nt% therefore% it

3!y be concluded !t 1 level of si&nific!nce% th!t the difference between the 3e!n perfor3!nce due to !bsence/ presence of opti3u3 represent!tion is not

st!tistic!lly si&nific!nt

PRESENCE OF AN AUDIT COMMITTEE $ACOM%

8nst!nd!rdied ,oefficients t "i&nific!nce 9evel

[ "td ?rror [

(,onst!nt) I=>+

A,OM ->K>0> 0*00I -=Dependent ;!ri!ble4 P?R$

2it N I=K>0>)D0it

"? (0*00I)

t (-*=)

Me!n perfor3!nce with the presence of A,OM

? (2it]D0it N) N I=K>0>) N +I=0

Me!n perfor3!nce with the !bsence of A,OM

? (2it]D0it N*) N I= is ve t i3plies th!t 3e!n perfor3!nce

with the !bsence of !udit co33ittee is hi&her th!n the 3e!n perfor3!nce with presence of !udit co33ittee .owever% the v!lue of [ > is not st!tistic!lly

si&nific!nt% therefore% it 3!y be concluded !t 1 level of si&nific!nce% th!t the difference between the 3e!n perfor3!nce due to !bsence/ presence of !udit

co33ittee is not st!tistic!lly si&nific!nt

PRESENCE OF KEY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR IN AUDIT COMMITTEE $KED%

8nst!nd!rdied ,oefficients 6 "i&nific!nce 9evel

[ "td ?rror ^

(,onst!nt) 0=*+< = 0>+* **>

Dependent ;!ri!ble4 P?R$

2it N0=*0 I0+I ***

R,OM -=*>)% UBo!rd 6!s-rel!ted $!ultlines !nd $ir3 Perfor3!nce4 A Dec!de of ?vidence % ,orpor!te #overn!nce 4 An ntern!tion!l

Review% >*(+)% pp00K-01

> ,!dbury A (


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>

0 Jeffrey , (>*)% U,orpor!te #overn!nce !nd Audit 4 An ?3piric!l "tudy% ntern!tion!l Journ!l of #overn!nce% (>)

+ 7!poori! P% "h!r3! R , !nd 7!ul D (>*)% U,orpor!te #overn!nce !nd $ir3 Perfor3!nce 4 An ?3piric!l An!lysis with Du33y ;!ri!bles %M!n!&e3ent

Rese!rch Journ!lUPr!b!ndh!n 6!nii %;ol 1% pp>K- 0 (""' 'o4 *(I)% pp>0->+ (""'4 >>KK-=I*% MPA,6 $A,6OR (>*>) 4 *>K+)

I 7!poori! P% "h!r3! R ,% 7!ul D% "h!r3! ' (>*0)% U"o3e ,h!llen&es of ,orpor!te #overn!nce on Perfor3!nce4 An nnov!tive ?cono3etric An!lysis for"ust!in!bility of $ir3s % ,h 0% pp KI =1 in ?d R7 Mishr!% "hit!l Jhun5hunw!l! J 7ir!n3!i% U,orpor!te #overn!nce in ?3er&in& M!rets%

Bloo3sbury Publishers% 'ew Delhi ("B' 'o *)% A 9iter!ture Review of ,orpor!te #overn!nce% ntern!tion!l ,onference on ?-business% M!n!&e3ent !nd ?cono3ics P?DR % >1% A,"6Press% "in&!pore

= 9ishen&! 9 (>*)% U,orpor!te #overn!nce re!ction to declinin& fir3 perfor3!nce4 ?vidence fro3 '"?% J#% ()


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CAUSE RELATED MARKETING AND ITS IMPACT ON !RAND PREFERENCES & !RAND ATTACHMENT

AMONG CUSTOMERS AT !HAVNAGAR CITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO P&G FMCG PRODUCTS

BH"&IK ! !"RM"R

CO'ORDIN"TOR +B.B.".*

M. %. COLLEE OF COMMERCE

M. K. BH"&N""R UNI&ERSIT)

BH"&N""R

A!STRACTC'#!$ R$'"$ M'+5$"n6 (CRM1 2'! $)$+6$ '! ' "%* )'n'6$)$n" *+%+"- n "2$ '!" $'$ #$ "% "2$ 6+%7n6 +$';'"%n "2'" " %n$ % "2$ )%!" 0'#'/$

n"'n6/$ "%% "2'" +)! 2'0$ "% 6'n /$""$+ %+*%+'"$ )'6$ +%) In"$+n' '! 7$ '! E3"$+n' C#!"%)$+!. T2! *'*$+ $n"$! !%)$ % "2$ n#$n"' 7%+5 n

"2$ '+$' % C'#!$ +$'"$ )'+5$"n6 *+'"$! '++$ %#" /- P&G 'n "! )*'" %n %+*%+'"$ /+'n )'6$ % "2$ %)*'n-. T2$ )'n ') % "2$ *'*$+ ! "% n

%#" '#!'"- /$"7$$n '#!$ +$'"$ )'+5$"n6 *+'"$! 'n B+'n *+$$+$n$! '! 7$ '! /+'n '""'2)$n" 7"2 !*$' +$$+$n$ "% P&G FMCG *+%#"!. T2!

*'*$+ '!% $3*%+$ !%)$ *+'"$! #!$ /- P&G %+ C'#!$ +$'"$ )'+5$"n6 !#2 '! S25!2' A/2-'nP'2$6' In', B'2$6' In' /- An#*') K2$+ $".

R$'"%n!2* /$"7$$n '#!$ +$'"$ )'+5$"n6 'n "! )*'" %n #!"%)$+4! /+'n *+$$+$n$! & /+'n '""'2)$n" ! n %#" /- !$$"n6 >== !')*$! #!n6

%n0$n$n$ +'n%) !')*n6 +%) B2'0n'6'+ "- 'n '"' 2'! /$$n 'n'-;$ #!n6 %+$'"%n %$$n". T2$ )'n nn6! % "2$ +$!$'+2 n#$! "2'"

#!"%)$+ % *+$$+ /+'n % "2$ %)*'n- '! '#!$ +$'"$ )'+5$"n6 2'! +$'"$ *%!"0$ )*'". T2$ *'*$+ '!% %#"n$! !%)$ 6'*! "2'" $3!" n "2$ +$!$'+2 %

0'+'/$! 'n %+)#'"$! ' !$+$! % +$'"$ +$!$'+2 8#$!"%n!.

KEYWORDS

,!use Rel!ted M!retin&% Br!nd Preference !nd Br!nd Att!ch3ent% P#

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCAUSE(RELATED MARKETING

!use 3!retin& or c!use-rel!ted 3!retin& refers to ! type of 3!retin& involvin& the cooper!tive efforts of ! for profit business !nd ! non-profit

or&!ni!tion for 3utu!l benefit 6he ter3 is so3eti3es used 3ore bro!dly !nd &ener!lly to refer to !ny type of 3!retin& effort for soci!l !nd other

ch!rit!ble c!uses% includin& in-house 3!retin& efforts by non-profit or&!ni!tions ,!use 3!retin& differs fro3 corpor!te &ivin& (phil!nthropy)% !s the

l!tter &ener!lly involves ! specific don!tion th!t is t!@ deductible% while c!use 3!retin& is ! 3!retin& rel!tionship not necess!rily b!sed on ! don!tion

Althou&h ori&in!lly ! 3!retin& str!te&y th!t occurred offline% c!use 3!retin& h!s been conducted 3ore !nd 3ore throu&h online ch!nnels in the l!st dec!de

6his is due in p!rt to the incre!sin& percent!&e of households with internet connections As with other types of 3!retin& c!3p!i&ns% co3p!nies c!n lever!&e

online 3!retin& ch!nnels !lon& with other offline ch!nnels such !s print !nd 3edi! ("o3eti3es referred to !s inte&r!ted 3!retin&)

6he !dvent of online c!use 3!retin& h!s !llowed consu3ers% for e@!3ple% those who !re loy!lty pro&r!3 3e3bers% to t!e ! f!r 3ore !ctive role in c!use

3!retin& 6his is de3ocr!tied tr!ns!ction!l &ivin& t 3e!ns consu3ers% r!ther th!n co3p!nies% decide which c!uses to support !nd !dvoc!te for An e@!3ple

of how this wors could be ! co3p!ny !llowin& its loy!lty pro&r!3 3e3bers to convert unredee3ed rew!rds% such !s points or 3iles% into c!sh don!tions to

c!uses of the custo3ersX own choosin&% r!ther th!n h!ve the co3p!ny select the ch!rities An online pl!tfor3 is necess!ry to connect the custo3ers to ! l!r&e-

enou&h selection of ch!rities

!RAND PREFERENCE6he st!&e of br!nd loy!lty !t which ! buyer will select ! p!rticul!r br!nd but will choose ! co3petitorXs br!nd if the preferred br!nd is un!v!il!ble ,onsu3ers

usu!lly h!s so3e sort of br!nd preference with co3p!nies !s they 3!y h!ve h!d ! &ood history with ! p!rticul!r br!nd or their friends 3!y h!ve h!d ! reli!ble

history with one Me!sure of br!nd loy!lty in which ! consu3er will choose ! p!rticul!r br!nd in presence of co3petin& br!nds% but will !ccept substitutes if

th!t br!nd is not !v!il!ble

Br!nd preferences selective de3!nd for ! co3p!nyXs br!nd r!ther th!n ! productE the de&ree to which consu3ers prefer one br!nd over !nother n !n !tte3pt

to build br!nd preference !dvertisin&% the !dvertisin& 3ust persu!de ! t!r&et !udience to consider the !dv!nt!&es of ! br!nd% often by buildin& its reput!tion !s

! lon&-est!blished !nd trusted n!3e in the industry f the !dvertisin& is successful% the t!r&et custo3er will choose the br!nd over other br!nds in !ny c!te&ory

!RAND ATTACHMENT6he construct of Br!nd Att!ch3ent is conceptu!lied !s the e@tent to which the self is i3plic!ted with the Br!nd 6h!t is% does one consider the br!nd to be p!rt

of who they !re Ce de3onstr!te three pri3!ry results $irst% Br!nd Att!ch3ent better predicts co33it3ent !nd sep!r!tion distress th!n tr!dition!l !ttitude

!ppro!ches "econd Br!nd Att!ch3ent is better !ble to predict beh!viors th!t !re 3ore difficult to e@ecute% where!s !ttitudes better predict beh!viors th!t !re

e!sy to e@ecute 6hird% Br!nd Att!ch3ent 3edi!tes the influence of "!tisf!ction on ,o33it3ent B!sed upon this set of findin&s% we !r&ue for the i3port!nce ofBr!nd Att!ch3ent% especi!lly rel!tive to tr!dition!l !ttitude !nd s!tisf!ction perspectives

P&G PRACTICES FOR CAUSE RELATED MARKETINGChen you see veter!n !ctor Anup!3 7her in P# "hish! !dvertise3ent !ppe!lin& you to buy ! P# product so th!t poor vill!&e &irl ;idy! c!n &o to ! school%

you 3i&ht 3!de up your 3ind to buy P# products ne@t ti3e you visit the shelf "hish!% P# ndi!:s c!use 3!retin& initi!tive is runnin& successfully for the

l!st = ye!rs !lre!dy helped >=*%*** underprivile&ed children !ccess their ri&ht to educ!tion 6he pro&r!3 h!s built supported over +* schools !cross ndi!

!nd don!ted Rs >> ,rores in the l!st = ye!rs 8nder the sche3e% every ti3e ! consu3er buys P# products 6ide% Ariel% P!3pers% Chisper% Ol!y% ;ics% #illette

Or!l-B% .e!d "houlders% P!ntene or Dur!cell %P# don!tes ! p!rt of the s!le to '#O p!rtners who wors for better educ!tion to the underprivile&ed children

in ndi! Chen l!unched in >**0%"hish! &ot f!bulous response fro3 consu3er !nd s!les of "hish! l!belled products re!ched to >* 9!hs

,!use 3!retin& or ,!use Rel!ted M!retin&(,RM) is ! co33on 3!retin& str!te&y involvin& corpor!te houses !nd 'on-Profit or&!nis!tion for 3utu!l benefits

$or corpor!te% it is ! &ood w!y to !ttr!ct consu3ers !nd cre!tin& ! &ood br!nd i3!&e whilst !ddressin& soci!l issues ,!use Rel!ted M!retin& (,RM) c!n be !n

inte&r!l p!rt of the corpor!te soci!l responsibility str!te&y of !n or&!ni!tionU,!use Rel!ted M!retin& !dds !nother di3ension to the br!nd stren&th of !

br!nd t provides the e3otion!l !s well !s the r!tion!l en&!&e3ent of the consu3er with the br!nd t provides ! t!n&ible de3onstr!tion of the co3p!ny:s

corpor!te soci!l responsibility% its v!lues !nd its ethics ( "ue Adins% ntern!tion!l e@pert on ,RM% Business in the ,o33unity)6he ter3 ,!use rel!ted

3!retin& w!s first used by A3eric!n ?@press in its


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PIC- 1 & 2

RESEARCH O!JECTIVES 6o find out i3p!ct of c!use rel!ted 3!retin& pr!ctices on Br!nd preferences !nd Br!nd Att!ch3ent !3on& custo3ers of Bh!vn!&!r city (#u5!r!t) with

speci!l reference to P#

6o study c!use rel!ted 3!retin& pr!ctices by P# !nd its !w!reness !3on& custo3ers

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY6his rese!rch is ! descriptive in n!ture which !n!lye two v!ri!ble ie ,!use rel!ted 3!retin& (ndependent v!ri!ble) !nd Br!nd preferences Br!ndAtt!ch3ent (dependent v!ri!bles) by selectin& ** s!3ples fro3 Bh!vn!&!r city loc!ted in "!ur!shtr! re&ion of #u5!r!t usin& convenience r!ndo3 s!3plin&

D!t! h!ve been collected throu&h structured uestionn!ire usin& 1 point liert sc!le ,ollected d!t! h!ve been !n!lyed by co-rel!tion co-efficient

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSISTA!LE 1

S4-N. I0+9 S00 ,onsistent Accepted

0 6he br!nd re3inds 3e the thin&s th!t one h!s done for society *K1= ,onsistent Accepted

+ feel !s if were contributin& to society by purch!sin& P# br!nd *= ,onsistent Accepted

= 6he br!nd pl!ys !n i3port!nt role in 3y life *I0 ,onsistent Accepted

< will not switch to !nother br!nd if it is un!v!il!ble *=* en&!&e in physic!l !ction !nd beh!viors when use br!nds *11> ,onsistent Accepted

MAIN FINDINGS & INTERPRETATIONS Over!ll i3p!ct of !ll v!ri!bles considered for e@plorin& br!nd preferences !nd br!nd !tt!ch3ent due to c!use rel!ted 3!retin& shown positive v!lues

> ,usto3er rec!ll ,!use rel!ted 3!retin& c!3p!i&n when they &o for buyin& P# Br!nds0 ,usto3er of Bh!vn!&!r city is stron&ly !ssoci!ted with br!nds of P# due to its c!use rel!ted 3!retin& c!3p!i&n

+ Br!nd preferences for P # products !re stron&ly !ssoci!ted due to its c!use rel!ted 3!retin&

1 ,usto3ers !re 3ore loy!l tow!rds br!nds of P#

CONCLUSIONt is observed th!t there is stron& i3p!ct of c!use rel!ted 3!retin& on Br!nd preferences !nd Br!nd Att!ch3ent !s !ll ite3s involved in uestionn!ire result in

to positive co-rel!tion co-efficient ,!use rel!ted 3!retin& !lso helps custo3er to rec!ll br!nd e!sily !nd it builds up corpor!te br!nd i3!&e positioned !s !

soci!lly responsible co3p!ny

REFERENCES http4//,A8"?>*R?9A6?D>*MAR7?6'#>*>*>*'?C>*6OO9>*$OR>*MAR7?6?R">*>*>*M#ht3l

> http4//enwiipedi!or&/wii/,!useH3!retin&0 https4//3!retin&wh!rtonupennedu/3t&/!ssets/$ile/br!ndH!tt!ch3entsHpriesterpdf


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2-2- AFRICAN EMPIRICAL STUDIES

6he 3!5or thre!t to "A,,Os is the co3petition fro3 B!ns !nd M$s !s they 3!e efforts to incre!se outre!ch !3on& low !nd 3iddle inco3e clients in both

rur!l !nd urb!n !re!s !nd "A,,Os own co3pl!cency to 3!e the necess!ry ch!n&es to co3pete in ! liber!lied econo3y #r!h3 (>**K)

'&uyen (>**K) h!s !pplied probit 3odel to esti3!te credit pro&r!3 p!rticip!tion !nd 6obit 3odel to esti3!te lo!n !3ount received By sep!r!tin& the source of

lo!n% he e@pected th!t the deter3in!nts of credit p!rticip!tion would be different !s the eli&ible reuire3ents for borrowin& were different between sources

.e h!s specified credit pro&r!3 p!rticip!tion or the lo!n sie !s ! function of household ch!r!cteristics includin& &ender of household he!d% !&e of household

he!d% nu3ber of household 3e3bers% educ!tion level of household he!d% !&ricultur!l wor% v!lue of house !nd l!nd holdin& sieE !nd of co33une

ch!r!cteristics includin& dist!nce fro3 co33une to the ne!rest #overn3ent b!ns !nd dist!nce fro3 co33une to the ne!rest

'&uyen (>**K) findin&s were4 'u3ber of 3e3bers in ! household w!s found to h!ve ! l!r&e !nd si&nific!nt effect on credit p!rticip!tion% especi!lly fro3 for3!l

source $!r3 wor w!s !lso si&nific!nt .ousehold w!s 3ore liely to borrow if he!d of household w!s worin& in !&riculture or self-business

ndividu!ls: p!rticip!tion in recently for3ed '!tion!l A&ricultur!l Advisory "ervices f!r3ers: cooper!tives w!s uite low (I percent) co3p!red to involve3entin other for3s of !ssoci!tion!l life in rur!l 8&!nd! 6he deter3in!nts of p!rticip!tion in these &roups were e@!3ined ndividu!l ch!r!cteristics such !s !&e%

educ!tion% &ender !nd sie of l!nd ownership were found to be i3port!nt in deter3inin& !n individu!l:s choice to p!rticip!te in these &roups% !s w!s the level of

trust !n individu!l h!d in other 3e3bers of their co33unity (Ruth% 6!n&uy% Reno% >**=)

2-3- ETHIOPIAN EMPIRICAL STUDIES

6esf!ye (**I) found th!t the p!rticip!tion of wo3en !ccounts >*->1 percent in v!rious cooper!tive types in 6i&r!y re&ion And he concluded th!t thou&h wo3en

!re underrepresented in 3e3bership !nd le!dership% the condition is i3provin& fro3 ye!r to ye!r in the re&ion

Je3!l (>**=) reve!led th!t the prob!bility of p!rticip!tion !nd intensity of p!rticip!tion !ppe!r to be si&nific!ntly !nd positively influenced by educ!tion st!tus%

se@% nu3ber of p!id up sh!re c!pit!l% off-f!r3 inco3e% tot!l livestoc owned% !ccess to input credit% 3e3bership st!tus% !ccess to !ltern!tive 3!retin&

opportunities !nd 3e3bers: s!tisf!ction by Perceived role perfor3!nce of cooper!tivesE while the influence of 3e3bers: !&e% off-f!r3 inco3e !nd !ccess to!ltern!tive 3!ret h!d inverse rel!tionship !nd si&nific!nt to deter3ine p!rticip!tion Perceived role perfor3!nce of 3!n!&e3ent co33ittee% perception of

3e3bers: on tr!nsp!rency !nd !ccount!bility of 3!n!&e3ent co33ittee% tot!l e@penditure% on-f!r3 inco3e% tot!l !nnu!l inco3e% input purch!sed% perception

on input/output prices% fertility st!tus !nd f!r3 sie of the f!r3 household% 3e3bership dur!tion !nd f!3ily sie were not si&nific!ntly rel!ted to the dependent

v!ri!ble

Ale3! (>**=) reported th!t f!r3ers who !re rel!tively ne!rer to the cooper!tive office h!ve the ch!nce to p!rticip!te 3ore in the 3!retin& !ctivities of the

cooper!tives th!n f!r3ers who live f!r !w!y fro3 the cooper!tive office !nd h!ve been incre!sed their prob!bility to p!rticip!te in the !&ricultur!l input !nd

output 3!retin& cooper!tives .e h!s !lso concluded th!t f!r3er 3e3bers !t rel!tively dist!nt loc!tion h!ve less !ltern!tive 3!retin& !&ents !s co3p!red to

those who live ne!r the cooper!tive which !re influenced by other priv!te 3!retin& !&ents

6e!(>**=) e@pl!ined th!t !ccess to tr!inin& w!s positively !nd si&nific!ntly !t one percent prob!bility level rel!ted to the 3e3bers: s!vin&s 3!&nitude in

R8"A,,Os (Rur!l "!vin& !nd ,redit ,ooper!tives) 6his i3plies th!t 3e3bers who h!ve p!rticip!ted in R8"A,,Os tr!inin& pro&r!3s h!ve incre!sed the !3ount

of s!vin& in "A,,Os .e !lso reve!led th!t the educ!tion!l level of the Ofl! !nd Al!3!t!Cored! R8"A,,Os 3e3bers is found st!tistic!lly insi&nific!nt to

deter3ined s!vin& beh!vior of 3e3bers 6he 3ost i3port!nt re!son th!t educ!tion!l level of respondents is not si&nific!nt w!s due to educ!ted !nd

uneduc!ted respondent:s s!vin&s w!s si3il!r

6e! (>**=) !lso e@pl!ined th!t the results of O9" line!r re&ression described th!t !&e of the 3e3ber is si&nific!nt !t less th!n one percent !nd ne&!tively rel!te

with s!vin&s 3!&nitude of 3e3bers of R8"A,,Os As !&e of respondent incre!se by one ye!r% the s!vin&s 3!&nitude of 3e3bers of R8"A,,Os declined by>++ birr% by considerin& th!t other v!ri!bles !re const!nt

n !ddition% 6e! (>**=) e@pl!ined th!t dist!nce of the respondent:s residence fro3 R8"A,,Os office w!s !ssoci!ted with s!vin&s 3!&nitude of 3e3bers

ne&!tively !nd si&nific!ntly !t one percent prob!bility level Dist!nce to rur!l s!vin&s !nd credit cooper!tive societies: office ne&!tively influences the s!vin&s

3!&nitude of 3e3bers of the societies As the dist!nce of R8"A,,Os incre!se or decre!se by ! unit of ilo3eter fro3 the residence of 3e3bers% the s!vin&

!3ount of the 3e3ber:s decre!ses or incre!ses by KI1K birr% other v!ri!bles were const!nt

Je3!l (>**=) described th!t the &roup st!tistics showed th!t there w!s ! si&nific!nt difference in tot!l !nnu!l inco3e of house hold between 3e3bers who !re

p!rticip!tin& !nd p!ssive in p!rticip!tion in the cooper!tives !ff!irs !t less th!n one percent prob!bility level Je3!l (>**=) h!s !lso concluded th!t there w!s !

positive rel!tionship between tot!l !nnu!l inco3e !nd !ctive p!rticip!tion in the cooper!tives !ff!irs !s less th!n percent prob!bility level 7irub (>**=) found

th!t there w!s no ! si&nific!nt rel!tionship between p!rticip!tion !nd !&e of cooper!tive 3e3bers% !nd there is positive rel!tionship between educ!tion!l level

!nd !ctive p!rticip!tin& of 3e3bers

Ah3ed (>*) reve!led th!t f!3ily sie of 3e3bers influences 3e3bers: p!rticip!tion of Rur!l "!vin& !nd ,redit ,ooper!tives (R8"A,,O)% ne&!tively !nd

si&nific!ntly !t one percent level of si&nific!nce 6his i3plies th!t ! unit incre!se in ter3s of f!3ily sie of 3e3ber of R8""A,,Os le!ds to ! decre!se of

p!rticip!tion of 3e3ber in R8"A,,Os

Moreover% Ah3ed (>*)% in his study !bout the ch!r!cteristics of R8"A,,Os respondents by their p!rticip!tion &roups reported th!t those 3e3bers who h!ve

l!r&e f!3ily sie h!ve not !ctively p!rticip!ted in the !ff!irs of their cooper!tives .e reve!led th!t these respondents were founded to be p!ssive 3e3bers in

&ener!l !sse3bly 3eetin&sE business pl!n develop3ent% election process% e@ercisin& le!dership !nd decision 3!in& of R8"A,,Os Ah3ed (>*) !lso concluded

th!t !&e !nd !ltern!tive credit !ccess h!d ne&!tive influence while %se@ %bein& ! 3!le %educ!tion!l level !ccess to lo!n fro3 "A,,Os %!nd 3e3ber ship

situ!tion(by self-interest of 3e3bers) h!d positive influence on p!rticip!tion of 3e3bers in s!vin& !nd credit cooper!tives

f f!3ily sie is 3uch l!r&e% households c!nnot s!ve 3uch !3ount of 3oney th!n h!vin& s3!ll f!3ily sie (7ifle% >*>) $!3ily sie is !lso ! 3!5or c!use of fewer

s!vin& 6his result is consistent with Burney !nd 7h!n (*>)

6he !&e of the 3e3ber w!s ne&!tively !ssoci!ted with s!vin&s As !&e of the household incre!ses by ye!r it will result in ! decline in household s!vin&s by

100K Birr t is e@pected th!t% s!vin&s by the youn& 3e3ber would be di3inishin& with !&e !s they &row tow!rds !nd beyond retire3ent !&e 6his shows th!t

the 3e3bers lessen their s!vin&s% !s they &row old (7ifle% >*>) 6his confir3s with the life cycle hypothesis of s!vin&s% which cl!i3s th!t ! person would be

e@pected to s!ve up to ! point !nd then st!rt stop s!vin& !s he &rows old ,onsistent with sever!l e3piric!l studies Reh3!n (>**) !nd Robinson (>**)% this

findin& su&&ested th!t !&e of the household is ne&!tively rel!ted to household s!vin&s (7ifle% >*>) ,ooper!tive 3e3ber de3o&r!phic fe!tures such !s

educ!tion!l st!tus do h!ve positive effect in the household s!vin&s but the results of the study show th!t this v!ri!ble is ne&!tively correl!ted with the

dependent v!ri!ble 6he r!tion!le behind such type of rel!tionship 3!y be their preference tow!rds educ!tion of their children ?lite household he!ds would

lie to spend 3ore on their childrenXs educ!tion !nd wish to provide hi&her studies n this w!y% they spend 3ore !nd s!ve less One 3ore ye!r of educ!tion is

!tt!ined by he!d of household% will reduce s!vin&s by 0**+K Birr per ye!r (7ifle% >*>) 6he interpret!tion is in line with the liter!ture (Burney 7h!n% *>)

n su33!ry% the !bove e3piric!l evidences h!ve identified I f!ctors th!t !ffect "A,,Os 3e3bers: p!rticip!tion !s !&e of the 3e3berE se@ of the 3e3bersE

educ!tion level of the 3e3bersEf!3ily sieEtot!l 3onthly inco3e in birrE tot!l 3onthly consu3ption e@penditureE!ccess of 3e3bers to lo!n fro3 "A,,OsE!ccess


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usin& the scientific for3ul! &iven by 2e3!ne (*0)

Proportion!l nu3bers of s!3ple respondents weredeter3ined !s follows4

?@!3ple4 >1IS1= N * (respondents fro3 'ets!net-)

1*K

5-#- DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES AND SOURCES

As st!ted e!rlier% in order to !chieve the !fore3entioned ob5ectives% the study used both u!ntit!tive !nd u!lit!tive !ppro!ch !nd the source of d!t! w!s only

pri3!ry 6o collect the d!t!% three d!t! enu3er!tors were tr!ined !nd oriented by the rese!rcher how to collect the d!t! After tr!inin& !nd orient!tion h!ve

been &iven to the d!t! enu3er!tors% the d!t! w!s collected by the3 throu&h >** close ended uestionn!ires !nd I1 se3i-structured interviews with the3e3bers of the s!vin& !nd credit cooper!tives of the study !re! under the supervision of the rese!rcher

5-5- METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

6he 6obit 3odel w!s used to !n!lye the pri3!ry d!t! collected6he 6obit 3odel w!s specified !s follows4

2i N T >T> 0T0 +T+ 1T1 ITI KTK =T= 0T0 +T+ 1T1e

ChereE2i N Me3bers: P!rticip!tion !nd intensity of their p!rticip!tion in s!vin& !nd credit cooper!tivesE N ,onst!ntE `iN;ector of unnown p!r!3etersE TN

A&eE T>N "e@E T0N ?D8,E T+N $Ma?E T1N 6MME TIN 6M,'E TKN D"E T =N A,6RE TN noE N yes) Bein& UN 'e&!tive

< A,A96 Access to !ltern!tive service providers Du33y(>N noE N yes) Bein& UN'e&!tive

* M "6' Me3bership "itu!tion Discrete Bein& UN'e&!tive

PM6AM#6 Perception of Me3bers: on 6r!nsp!rency !nd Account!bility the 3!n!&e3ent of "A,,O Du33y(>N noE N yes) Bein& UN 'e&!tive

> PM"M#6 Perception of 3e3bers: "!tisf!ction by the 3!n!&e3ent of "A,,O Discrete Bein& UN 'e&!tive

0 6R'# 6r!inin& under&one to 3e3bers in rel!tion to s!vin& !nd credit cooper!tives Du33y(>N noE N yes) Bein& UN 'e&!tive

+ M "APM Me3ber:s s!vin& Per 3onth ,ontinuous 'e&!tive

1 D86' Dur!tion of 3e3bership ,ontinuous 'e&!tive

Prior to runnin& the 6obit 3odel% the hypothesied e@pl!n!tory v!ri!bles were checed for the e@istence of 3ulticolline!rity !nd heterosed!sticity proble3s

Accordin&ly% the continuous !nd discrete e@pl!n!tory v!ri!bles were tested for 3ulticolline!rity !nd e@cept occup!tion of 3e3bers th!t h!s been o3itted due

to this proble3E there w!s no 3ulticolline!rity proble3 !3on& others (ie% ;$ W *)E "i3il!rly% coefficients of contin&ency w!s co3puted to chec if thecontin&ency coefficient (,,) is &re!ter th!n *K1% which shows th!t there is very hi&h de&ree of !ssoci!tion between the u!lit!tive v!ri!bles (#u5!r!ti% (1+>)(ie%

chi>() N>*0E Prob chi

> N *1+>)% which is &re!ter th!n th!t of the si&nific!nce level of 1 6herefore% this result indic!ted th!t there is no heterosed!sticity

proble3 !nd there is eu!l v!ri!nce !3on& the error ter3s 6herefore% the 3odel is properly specified !nd well fitted for further !n!lysis

6he followin& three !n!lyses were 3!de by usin& the 6obit 3odel4

1- T6+ 6:@+ >I >I1 M!yhiwet ?3ployees 0* >< 1< 1 1 *

I C!lt! ?3ployees I* 01 < =0 < 1 +

= ?3beb! 6r!ders >0 = > 1*K 0< >I >I1


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1 Develter% P% Pollet% (>**11. C%%*$+'"0$ 'n '+ "+'$ B'56+%#n *'*$+ %))!!%n$ /- "2$ %))""$$ %+ "2$ *+%)%"%n 'n '0'n$)$n" %

%%*$+'"0$! (COPAC1 %+ COPAC %*$n %+#) %n '+ "+'$ %%*$+'"0$!.Berlin (#er3!ny)4 9euven% .;A

I Dou&herty% C (+0% pp4 1>=

> #r!y% 6% ,h!rles% A 7(I .!nsen% M% Ju!n% B( >**>) 6he i3p!ct of trust on cooper!tive 3e3bership retention% Perfor3!nce !nd% s!tisf!ction4 An e@plor!tory studyIn"$+n'"%n' F%% 'n A6+/#!n$!! M'n'6$)$n" R$0$7 ()% +-1K .endrise% C% Bi53!n% R (>**>) 6he e3er&ence of new &rowers !ssoci!tions4 S$!$$"%n 0$+!#! %#n"$+0'n6 *%7$+ E#+%*$'n R$0$7 %A6+#"#+' E%n%)!, (>)% >11->I= .enry% A% ?llen% # (>**1)A"""#$! "%7'+! 'n !'"!'"%n 7"2 +$" #n%n! Albert!4 ,!n!di!n A&ricultur!l ?cono3ics Associ!tion

>*>) D$"$+)n'n"! % !'0n6 /$2'0%+ % %%*$+'"0$! )$)/$+!4S#+0$- E0$n$ +%) T6+'- R$6%n, E"2%*'.

0+ 7irub% A(>**=) M$)/$+!4 *'+"*'"%n n A7'/$. A M!ster 6hesis% Multi-Purpose $!r3ers: ,ooper!tive 8nion !nd Affili!tes Meelle 8niversity%

?thiopi!

01 9yndon% '% Moorthy% A% "elv!duri (>*) N'"0$ #n$+!"'nn6 % *'+"*'"%n 'n $)*%7$+)$n" n %))#n"- $0$%*)$n".

Jsoc"ci4KI+0I+=D,4*0=++/5ssp>*I+0I+=

0I M!&hsoudi% A% J!h!nsh!hi% A (>****I) O+6'n;'"%n' ";$n!2* /$2'0%+ I"! n'"#+$, 'n"$$$n"!, 'n %n!$8#$n$. 9e@in&ton4 6hous!nd OA% "!&e Public!tions

+1 Osterber&% Jerer (>**)% =-**I) S"#- % $$"0$ '"%+! %n !#$!! % *%#"+-'+) %%*$+'"0$! n P+%0n$ % I!'2'n I+'n.

1 R!w!l(1->K% 'ew ae!l!nd

1= "ebh!tu% 6(>*) Deter3in!nts of s!vin& beh!vior of cooper!tive 3e3bers.J%#+n' % R$!$'+2 n E%n%)! 'n In"$+n'"%n' Fn'n$ (JREIF1,(1)% 1*-

1=

1**)A !#+0$- % "2$ '"0"$! 'n *$+%+)'n$ % *%#"+- '6+#"#+' C%%*$+'"0$! %T$2+'n P+%0n$,olle&e of A&riculture% sf!h!n 8niversity

of 6echnolo&y% r!n

I "hihi% M (>**


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I+ 6e!% # (>**=) H%#!$2% !'0n6! /$2'0%+ 'n $"$+)n'n"! % !'0n6! n +#+' SACCO!. Meelle 8niversity

I1 6esf!ye% 9 (


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AN APPROACH TOWARDS EFFICIENT PREFERNCED DATA RETRIVAL !Y PRESORTING

SUNIT" DWI&EDI

SR. "SST. !ROFESSOR

M"KH"NL"L CH"TUR&EDI N"TION"L UNI&ERSIT) OF %OUR"N"LISM

BHO!"L

DR. "NIL R"%!UT!ROFESSOR

DE!"RTMENT OF M"THEM"TICS ( COM!UTER SCIENCE

CH"NDR" SHEKH"R "-"D O&ERNMENT !.. NOD"L COLLEE

SEHORE

A!STRACTS5-n$ 8#$+- *+%$!!n6 2'! /$%)$ 'n )*%+"'n" !!#$ n '"'/'!$ +$!$'+2. T2$ *%*#'+"- % "2$ !5-n$ %*$+'"%+ ! )'n- #$ "% "! '**'/"- %+ $!%n

)'5n6 '**'"%n!. In !#2 '**'"%n!, "2$ '"'/'!$ "#*$! '+$ +$*+$!$n"$ '! ' !$" % )#")$n!%n' '"' *%n"! 'n "2$ !5-n$ !$" %n"'n! "2%!$ *%n"!

"2'" '+$ "2$ /$!" "+'$%! /$"7$$n "2$ $+$n" )$n!%n!. E0'#'"n6 !5-n$!, $3!"n6 "$2n8#$! *+)'+- %#! %n !5-n$ '6%+"2)! "% *+%#$ !5-n$

'"$+ %)*$"$ !'n % '"'!$" 72$+$ $'2 "#*$ ! %)*'+$ 7"2 $0$+- "#*$ %+ S5-n$ !$$"%n. T2! "$2n8#$! '$! !$+%#! )"'"%n!, n')$- (>1 D$!%n

)'5n6 '!"! '"$+ %)*$"$ '"'!$" !'n, 'n ("2'" ! 72-1 (1 S5-n$ 'n %n- /$ %)*#"$ '"$+ $3$#"%n % %"2$+ +$'"%n' %*$+'"%+. D$0$%*$ )$"2%

PRESORT TO GET SKYLINE (PGS1 n"+%#$ '! 'n $3"$n!%n "% $3!"n6 B%5 N$!"$ L%%* (BNL1 )$"2% /- )*+%0$ +$!*%n!$ ")$ n 'n!7$+n6 !5-n$. W$ ')

%n$ ' "#*$ ! n#$ n !5-n$ 'n'"$ !" n% !#/!$8#$n" "#*$ 'n %)n'"$ " 2$n$ ! n%" +$8#+$ "% %)*'+$ 7"2 "#*$! %%7n6 ".

KEYWORDS"yline Vuery% Multidi3ension!l D!t!% Rel!tion!l Oper!tor% Decision M!in& Applic!tions

INTRODUCTIONyline ueries !re ! specific% yet relev!nt% e@!3ple of preference ueries !nd h!ve been reco&nied !s ! useful !nd pr!ctic!l w!y to 3!e d!t!b!se

syste3s 3ore fle@ible in supportin& user reuire3ents 6his h!s 3otiv!ted the develop3ent of 3!ny !l&orith3s for the efficient syline ev!lu!tion on

l!r&e D!t!sets

"yline oper!tor% returns ! set of tuples not do3in!ted by !ny other tuples% h!s widely been !pplied in preference ueries in rel!tion!l d!t!b!ses "yline h!s !

history before introduced in d!t!b!se% !s 3!@i3!l vector or p!reto oper!tor >%=%


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processed !nd it is written to the te3por!ry file !s it is not do3in!ted by !ny d!t! points in the window After th!t% !ll other d!t! points !re processed !nd

disc!rded due to e!ch of the3 is do3in!ted by one of p=% p0% !nd p "et O N kE C N kE 6e3p N k//niti!li!tion

0 while ?O$( presot )//9oop

+ p N ne@t( presot )1 is"yline N true

I for e!ch CK if p //Do3in!nce test in window= free(p)E


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VOLUME NO.4(2014),ISSUE NO.06 (JUNE)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAA Monthly Double-Blind Peer Reviewed (Refe

FIGUR

FI

CONCLUSION

"yline oper!tor offers ! &ood st!rt to provide preferen!s i3prove3ents on B'9 B'9 differ with our develop

3ethod oper!te on sorted d!t! set n P#" 3!n!&e3e

w!it for !ll the input to be re!d

Ce believe with perfor3!nce test th!t our !l&orith3 is

*

*(>

*(+

*(I

*(=

)

)(>

)(+

0p!&e

EO+1;0** P!&e


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$r!ud (*)

nsufficiency of ch!nnels (


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technolo&y or innov!tion 6his is ! 3!5or ch!llen&e f!cin& ,B'% b!ns !nd sundry or&!ni!tions th!t produce service !nd !pply e-b!nin& tools !nd f!cilities 6o

do this effectively% they should !ppreci!te !nd !ppropri!tely focus on the desired c!te&ories of !dopters4 innov!tors% e!rly !dopters% e!rly 3!5ority% l!te

3!5ority% !nd l!&&!rds (Ro&ers )

t is !lso i3port!nt th!t the 3!in ele3ents influencin& the spre!d of ! new ide!4 the innov!tion% co33unic!tion ch!nnels% ti3e% !nd ! soci!l syste3 !re

identified !nd t!r&eted Accordin& to Ro&ers () ndividu!ls p!ss throu&h 1 st!&es of !cceptin& ! new innov!tion4 these !re nowled&e% persu!sion% decision%

i3ple3ent!tion% !nd confir3!tion f the innov!tion is !dopted% it spre!ds vi! v!rious co33unic!tion ch!nnels Durin& co33unic!tion% the ide! is r!rely

ev!lu!ted fro3 ! scientific st!ndpointE r!ther% sub5ective perceptions of the innov!tion influence diffusion llustr!tin& how !n innov!tion re!ches critic!l 3!ss%

Ro&ers () outlines sever!l str!te&ies in order to help !n innov!tion re!ch this st!&e "tr!te&ies to propel diffusion include4 when !n innov!tion is !dopted by

! hi&hly respected individu!l within ! soci!l networ% cre!tin& !n instinctive desire for ! specific innov!tion Another str!te&y is in5ectin& !n innov!tion into !

&roup of individu!ls who would re!dily use s!id technolo&y% !nd provide positive re!ctions !nd benefits for e!rly !dopters of !n innov!tion

Ro&ers () defines sever!l intrinsic ch!r!cteristics of innov!tions th!t influence !n individu!l:s decision to !dopt or re5ect !n innov!tion 6hese includerel!tive !dv!nt!&e% co3p!tibility% co3ple@ity or si3plicity% tri!l!bility !nd observ!bility

$or ! new technolo&y% Peres% Muller !nd M!h!5!n (>**) su&&est th!t nnov!tion diffusion is Lthe process of the 3!ret penetr!tion of new products !nd

services th!t is driven by soci!l inquences% which include !ll interdependencies !3on& consu3ers th!t !ffect v!rious 3!ret pl!yers with or without their e@plicit

nowled&eL

?vel!nd (**)% in their boo D6"' 2'/"'"! S"$7'+n6 "$2n%%6- %+ %))#n"$!% t!l

of technolo&y stew!rds4 people with sufficient underst!ndin& of the technolo&y !v!il!ble !nd the technolo&ic!l needs of ! co33unity to stew!rd the co33unity

throu&h the technolo&y !doption process

$or the underst!ndin& of the b!sis for !ccept!nce !nd use of e-b!nin& pl!tfor3s% the 3ost !dv!nced !nd widely used 3odel is 6echnolo&y Accept!nce Model

(6AM)6o speci!lly !ddress the ch!llen&e of !ccept!nce !nd use of technolo&y D!vis (


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Depicted in $i&ure % 6AM hypothesies th!t ! person:s !ccept!nce of ! technolo&y is deter3ined by his/her volunt!rily intentions to use th!t technolo&y 6he

intention% in turn% is deter3ined by the person:s !ttitude tow!rd the use of th!t technolo&y !nd his/ her perception concernin& its usefulness Attitudes !re

for3ed fro3 the beliefs ! person holds !bout the use of the technolo&y 6he first di3ensions of the !ttitude !re P8 !nd P?O8

6he li3it!tions of 6AM h!ve been well docu3ented by 9e&ris% n&h!3 !nd ,ollerette (>**0) Most of the studies involved students t would h!ve been better if

the studies were conducted in ! business environ3ent

"econdly the types of !pplic!tions studied h!ve !lso been uestioned Chile 3ost of the studies e@!3ined the introduction of office !uto3!tion softw!re or

syste3s develop3ent they felt th!t the studies would h!ve benefited fro3 e@!3inin& the introduction of business process !pplic!tions

6hey !lso reported th!t since 3ost of the studies did not 3e!sure syste3 use% 6AM !ctu!lly 3e!sured the v!ri!nce in self-reported use 6hey concluded th!t

self-reported use should !t best serve !s ! rel!tive indic!tor

9e&ris% in&h!3 !nd collerette (>**0) concluded th!t 6AM h!s proven to be ! useful theoretic!l 3odel in helpin& to underst!nd !nd e@pl!in use beh!vior in

infor3!tion syste3 i3ple3ent!tion t h!s been tested in 3!ny e3piric!l rese!rches !nd the tools used with the 3odel h!ve proven to be of u!lity !nd to yieldst!tistic!lly reli!ble results

"pecific!lly% 6AM h!s fully 3edi!ted the effects of syste3 ch!r!cteristics on use beh!vior

t predicts intention to use well

P8 predicts intentions to use where!s P?O8 is second!ry !nd !cts throu&h P8

P8 !nd not e!se of use is ! deter3in!nt of predicted future use

P8 is ! 3ore i3port!nt f!ctor th!n e!se of use in deter3inin& syste3 use

3-) NEEDIMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY6he reviewed liter!ture h!s &iven !n indic!tion !s to the i3p!ct th!t e b!nin& will h!ve on consu3ers% businesses% b!ns !nd e-p!y3ent co3p!nies%

&overn3ent !nd the econo3y if it is entrenched !s the do3in!nt p!y3ent syste3 A vi!ble e-p!y3ent pl!tfor3 will 3!e for fin!nci!l inclusion% 3!instre!3in&

of 'i&eri!n econo3y into the &lob!l fin!nci!l syste3% &re!ter econo3ic !ctivity !nd prosperity for !ll p!rticip!nts% incre!sed t!@ revenue to &overn3ent%

incre!sed s!les revenue to businesses% reduced &overn3ent !nd businesses revenue le!!&es% reduced 3oney l!underin& !nd tr!nsp!rent fin!nci!l tr!nsfers

le!din& to reduction in corruption in the society% 3ore e3ploy3ent cre!tion% lower infl!tion r!tes% &re!ter lendin& to productive businesses% s!fer society on

!ccount of need to c!rry c!sh% se!3less fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions !3on& 3!ny other benefits

"pecific!lly% the study will !rticul!te 3e!sures !nd str!te&ies for enh!ncin& the perceived usefulness of e-b!nin& !3on& 'i&eri!ns !nd 3!e the3 betterpredisposed to !cceptin& !nd usin& e-p!y3ent options !nd ulti3!tely !chievin& ! hi&h success r!te of the ,B' c!shless policy in 'i&eri!

#-) STATEMENT OF THE PRO!LEM6he efforts of ,B' to !chieve r!pid tr!nsition fro3 c!sh-b!sed to electronic-b!sed tr!ns!ctions in 'i&eri! !re infor3ed by the &re!t benefits th!t will !ccrue to

the econo3y bec!use of the est!blished rel!tionship between !n effective p!y3ent syste3 !nd level of econo3ic !ctivity !nd n!tion!l develop3ent As noted

by $in!nci!l Deriv!tives ,o3p!ny 9i3ited (>*>) ! well-functionin& p!y3ent syste3 is i3port!nt to boost the efficiency of the fin!nci!l syste3% i3prove

consu3er confidence !nd f!cilit!te econo3ic inter!ctions !nd tr!de in both &oods !nd services 6hus the i3p!ct of develop3ents in electronic p!y3ent syste3s

le!ds to ! virtuous econo3ic cycle ori&in!tin& fro3 consu3ers% th!ns to hi&her !v!il!bility of credit !nd incre!sed efficiency in tr!ns!ctions% !nd fro3

3erch!nts th!t find the3selves with ! l!r&er pool of consu3ers !nd better &u!r!nteed p!y3ents 6his incre!se in efficiencies is found to positively i3p!ct on

#DP !nd tr!de

6he c!shless policy co33enced in 9!&os on April % >*> !nd July % >*0 in the $eder!l ,!pit!l 6erritory (Abu5!)% Abi!% An!3br!% 7!no% O&un !nd Rivers "t!tes

!nd will be e@tended to !ll st!tes of the feder!tion subseuently 6he r!tion!le for the ph!sed i3ple3ent!tion of the policy is to le!rn fro3 initi!l efforts !nd

3odify the 3od!lities !s !ppropri!te before bein& rolled out n!tion!lly 6his is ! best pr!ctice !nd well intentioned !ppro!ch bec!use of the 3!&nitude of the

intervention !nd the need to ensure its re!son!ble successful i3ple3ent!tion t is in further!nce of the lo&ic of ensurin& th!t this i3port!nt n!tion!l

intervention is successful th!t this study is bein& c!rried out t !i3s to identify !ltern!tive !nd co3ple3ent!ry str!te&ies !nd 3e!sures th!t will support thei3ple3ent!tion of ,B' c!shless policy b!sed on theoretic!l underst!ndin& of the worin&s of 6echnolo&y Accept!nce Model (6AM) !nd Ro&ers:s Diffusion

6heory

5-) O!JECTIVES6he &ener!l ob5ective of the study is to 3e!sure the perceived usefulness of e-b!nin& usin& the five f!ctors of i3!&e% volunt!riness% result de3onstr!bility% 5ob

relev!nce !nd output u!lity !s ! b!sis for e@pl!inin& the r!te of !ccept!nce !nd use of e-b!nin& services in 'i&eri! 6he specific ob5ectives of the study

include4

dentify the i3port!nt f!ctors by which e-b!nin& users !ppr!ise fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctionsE

Articul!te the pro3otion i3plic!tions of the f!ctors th!t influence users of e-b!nin& servicesE

Deter3ine the ch!r!cteristics of e-b!nin& !nd its 'i&eri!n users th!t !re !3en!ble to encour!&in& 3ore 'i&eri!ns to !ccept !nd use e-b!nin& pl!tfor3s

3ore !nd c!sh b!sed tr!ns!ctions lessE !nd

Proffer 3e!sures !nd str!te&ies by which ,B' will persu!de 3ore 'i&eri!ns other th!n throu&h co3pulsion% to !ccept !nd use e-b!nin& pl!tfor3s !s the

preferred p!y3ent options

6o !chieve the &ener!l !nd specific ob5ectives of the study% the followin& uestions were posed for the study4

s e-b!nin& enh!ncin& the st!tus of users in the society (i3!&e 3e!sure)

s the use of e-b!nin& essenti!lly 3!nd!tory in 'i&eri! (volunt!riness)

Are the results/benefits of e-b!nin& cle!rly de3onstr!ble in 'i&eri! (result de3onstr!bility)

Are e-b!nin& services relev!nt to the 5ob perfor3!nce !nd/or productivity of users in 'i&eri! (5ob relev!nce)

Are e-b!nin& services helpin& users in 'i&eri! to perfor3 their fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions well (output u!lity)

5-1 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY6o properly define the d!t! needs of the study% the followin& hypotheses were for3ul!ted !nd will be tested for !ccept!nce !nd/or re5ection4

.o4 use of e-b!nin& does not reduce the incidences of fr!ud in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.o>4 e-b!nin& does not &ive users &re!ter control over their fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.o04 e-b!nin& does not en!ble users to !cco3plish fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore uicly

.o+4 e-b!nin& does not reduce the cost/b!n ch!r&es of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.o14 use of e-b!nin& does not incre!se the convenience of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.oI4 use of e-b!nin& does not reduce the need of users to c!rry c!sh

.oK4 e-b!nin& does not !llow the 3ini3i!tion of 3ist!es/errors in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions .o=4 use of e-b!nin& does not 3!e fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore reli!ble

.o


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-) RESEARCH METHODOLOGY$or the testin& of for3ul!ted hypotheses !nd !nswerin& of rese!rch uestions we relied on uestionn!ire !s the instru3ent for d!t! collection A tot!l of three

hundred uestionn!ires were !d3inistered on !v!il!ble !nd willin& ele3ents of the study popul!tion usin& convenience s!3plin& 3ethod 6he study popul!tion

co3prised custo3ers of b!ns in 'i&eri! who h!ve been e@posed to e-b!nin& B!sed on the consider!tions of convenience !nd !ccessibility !nd represent!tives

of 'i&eri!n 3ulticultur!l !nd socio-econo3ic society% we selected the respondents fro3 four or&!ni!tions-two public institutions !nd two priv!te or&!ni!tions

6he public institutions were ?nu&u "t!te 8niversity of "cience !nd 6echnolo&y (?"86) business school% ?nu&u !nd n!tion!l Open 8niversity of 'i&eri!% 9!&os n

the two educ!tion!l institutions% we concentr!ted on the !c!de3ic st!ff !nd post&r!du!te students of e@ecutive MBA% MPA% M", .u3!n Resource

M!n!&e3ent !nd Business Ad3inistr!tion Ce chose this cl!ss of respondents bec!use of their 3!turity !nd hi&h lielihood of e@posure to e-b!nin& oper!tions

the students were in !ll prob!bility on full ti3e e3ploy3ent even !s they study All str!t! of 'i&eri!n society-&ender% 3!rit!l st!tus% tribe% reli&ion etc were

!lso represented in these institutions

6he priv!te institutions chosen were M!y !nd B!er Plc !nd 'ochis Oil "ervicin& ,o3p!ny !ll in 9!&os Chile M!y !nd B!er Plc represented ! hi&hly re&!rded

3ultin!tion!l co3p!ny uoted in the 'i&eri!n stoc e@ch!n&e% 'ochis Oil "ervicin& ,o3p!ny represented !n or&!nied s3!ll sc!le enterprise

8sin& ! "!3ple sie of three hundred% the distribution !3on& the four or&!ni!tions w!s one hundred e!ch for ?"86 Business "chool !nd '!tion!l Open

8niversity of 'i&eri!% ei&hty for M!y !nd B!er !nd twenty for 'ochis

6he uestionn!ire covered uestions on the five 3e!sures of Perceived 8sefulness (P8) in 6echnolo&y Accept!nce Model (6AM) !nd the indic!tors of the

3e!sures 6he 3e!sures were 3!&e% Result De3onstr!bility% Output Vu!lity% ;olunt!riness !nd Job Relev!nce $or the f!ct th!t we w!nted to est!blish the

!ttitude of respondents to the 3e!sures !s bein& either positive or ne&!tive only they were reuired to respond to the uestions !sed in ! 9iert "c!le for3!t

of stron&ly !&ree% !&ree% dis!&ree !nd stron&ly dis!&ree% with stron&ly !&ree !nd !&ree constitutin& !&ree3ent !nd positive !ttitude !nd dis!&ree !nd stron&ly

dis!&ree constitutin& dis!&ree3ent !nd ne&!tive !ttitude to the 3e!sures ev!lu!ted 6he other uestions !sed sou&ht to est!blish the profile of the

respondents !nd their st!tus !s b!n custo3ers with e@perience of e-b!nin& pl!tfor3s in 'i&eri!

6he initi!l dr!ft of the uestionn!ire w!s sub5ected to reli!bility !nd v!lidity tests vi! peer review !nd pre-test on s3!ll ele3ents of the study popul!tions B!sed

on these v!lidity testin& initi!tives the dr!ft w!s 3odified with redund!nt uestions re3oved% !3bi&uous ones rec!st !nd new ones included fillin& identified

&!ps At the end we were !ble to confir3 th!t the uestionn!ire !s ! 3e!surin& instru3ent w!s c!p!ble of &ener!tin& !ll the d!t! needed to test for3ul!ted

hypotheses !nd !nswer !ll rese!rch uestions

6he uestionn!ire w!s !d3inistered si3ult!neously in the four institutions within K d!ys in June >*0 by fully briefed !nd tr!ined consult!nts

'-) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION'-1 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

D!t! w!s collected throu&h uestionn!ire sent to e-b!nin& users 6hree hundred copies of the uestionn!ire were !d3inistered 6wo hundred !nd thirty four

copies of the uestionn!ire were returned !nd used% &ivin& ! response r!te of K=

6he profile of respondents is c!ptured on t!ble K(see !ppendi@) 6he respondents !re hi&hly educ!ted with 1*=1 bein& 3!sters !nd PhD de&ree holders !nd

only *+0 bein& "",? holders 6he 3!5or !&e br!cet of respondents w!s 0*-+* ye!rs !nd the le!st w!s 1*-I* ye!rs with 0=1 1KI0 fe3!le Chile I+10 of the respondents !re 3!rried% 0*0+ !re sin&le !nd >= is divorced 6he 3!5or inco3e br!cet of respondents w!s

'M-'0M per !nnu3 with the le!st bein& '0M !nd !bove with K worin& in the public sector !nd

++= in the priv!te sector Cith of respondents oper!tin& !ccounts with 'i&eri!n b!ns% I0 3!int!in individu!l !ccounts !nd 0I 3!int!inin&

5oint !ccount Chile


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Ce note fro3 t!ble K0 th!t 1< respondents !&reed th!t e-b!nin& reduced the incidence of fr!ud in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions for the3 $or &re!ter control over

fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions% >1 respondents !&reed th!t e-b!nin& &ives it to the3 On !cco3plishin& fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore uicly% >0> respondents !&reed

th!t e-b!nin& does it for the3 1K respondents !lso !&reed th!t e-b!nin& !pplic!tions reduce the cost of their fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions $or convenience !nd the

need to c!rry c!sh% >00 respondents !&reed th!t e-b!nin& incre!ses !nd reduces the3 respectively Chile for >I respondents !&reed th!t e-b!nin& is very helpful in their fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

'-2 TEST OF HYPOTHESES

6he * hypotheses for3ul!ted for the study were tested !t 0+ e-b!nin& users 6he

for3ul! used for st!tistics is4

aN@-np/np (-p)ChereTNrespondents supportin& .o

'Ns!3pled sie

PNprob!bility for .o !ccept!nce

ANlevel of si&nific!nce (* *1)

Decision rule4 re5ect .o !nd !ccept hi when the co3puted v!lue is &re!ter th!n the !bsolute a **1 !nd !ccept .o when the co3puted a is less th!n the

!bsolute v!lue of a**1

'-2-1- HYPOTHESIS ONE

.o4 use of e-b!nin& does not reduce the incidence of fr!ud in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.i4 use of e-b!nin& reduces the incidence of fr!ud in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis one4

TN K1% 'N >0+% PN 1* (*1)

aN K1->0+(*1)/KI1N-1+=) f!lls outside the !ccept!nce re&ion of - I+% we re5ect .o !nd conclude th!t e-b!nin& &ives users &re!ter control

over their fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

'-2-3HYPOTHESIS THREE

.o04 e-b!nin& does not en!ble users to !cco3plish fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore uicly

.04 e-b!nin& en!bles users to !cco3plish fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore uicly

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis three4

TN>% 'N>0+% PN*1

aN >-K/KI1N-1*0

#iven th!t the co3puted v!lue of a (-1*0) f!lls outside the !ccept!nce re&ion of - I+% we re5ect .o !nd conclude th!t e-b!nin& en!bles users to !cco3plish

fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore uicly'-2-#HYPOTHESIS FOUR

.o+4 e-b!nin& does not reduce the cost/b!n ch!r&es of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.i+4 e-b!nin& reduces the cost/b!n ch!r&es of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis four4

TNKK% 'N>0+% PN*1

aNKK-K/KI1N-1>0

#iven th!t the co3puted v!lue of a (-1>0) f!lls outside the !ccept!nce re&ion of - I+% we re5ect .o !nd conclude th!t e-b!nin& reduces the cost/b!n

ch!r&es of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

'-2-5HYPOTHESIS FIVE

.o14 use of e-b!nin& does not incre!se the convenience of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.i14 use of e-b!nin& incre!ses the convenience of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis five4

TN% 'N>0+% PN*1

aN -K/KI1N-1I

#iven th!t the co3puted v!lue of a (-1I) f!lls outside the !ccept!nce re&ion of - I+% we re5ect .o !nd conclude th!t use of e-b!nin& incre!ses theconvenience of fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

'-2-HYPOTHESIS SIX

.oI4 use of e-b!nin& does not reduce the need of users to c!rry c!sh

.iI4 use of e-b!nin& reduces the need of users to c!rry c!sh

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis si@4

TN% 'N>0+% PN*1

aN -K/KI1N-1I

#iven th!t the co3puted v!lue of a (-1I) f!lls outside the !ccept!nce re&ion of - I+% we re5ect .o !nd conclude th!t use of e-b!nin& reduces the need of

users to c!rry c!sh

'-2-'HYPOTHESIS SEVEN

.oK4 e-b!nin& does not !llow the 3ini3i!tion of 3ist!es/errors in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

.iK4 e-b!nin& !llows the 3ini3i!tion of 3ist!es/errors in fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis seven4

TN++% 'N>0+% PN*1

aN ++-K/KI1N-


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.i=4 use of e-b!nin& 3!es fin!nci!l tr!ns!ctions 3ore reli!ble

Ce note the followin& v!lues fro3 !n!lyed d!t! for hypothesis ei&ht4

TN1*% 'N>0+% PN*1

aN 1*-K/KI1N-=KI

#iven th!t the co3puted v!lue of a (-=KI) f!lls outside the !ccept!nce re&ion of - I+% we re5ect .o !nd conclude th!t use of e-b!nin& 3!es fin!nci!l

tr!ns!ctions 3ore reli!ble

'-2-"HYPOTHESIS NINE

.o

Rese!rch uestion one

s e-b!nin& enh!ncin& the st!tus of users in the society (i3!&e 3e!sure)Refer to t!ble K> !nd note th!t +< (I0I=) respondents considered the use of e-b!nin& to be enh!ncin& their st!tus in the society Ce conclude therefore

th!t 3!5ority of e-b!nin& users believe th!t it is enh!ncin& their st!tus in the society 6his i3plies th!t use of e-b!nin& c!n h!ve ! b!ndw!&am

Impact of Technology on MSME in Indore region

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