Impact of natural and biogenic emissions on Air Quality Gabriele Curci [email protected] ...

Impact of natural and biogenic emissions on

Air Quality

Gabriele [email protected]

http://www.lisa.univ-paris12.fr/

NatAir Workshop, Brussels 26 June 2007

M. Beekmann1, R. Vautard2

1 LISA, 2 LSCE

NATAIR ProjectApril 18, 2023 Gabriele Curci, LISA 2

SummarySummary

• Overview of CHIMERE model• Resume of biogenic emissions from NatAir

and anthropogenic EMEP emissions• Simulation results (summer)

– Impact on ozone• Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC)• Comparison with ground measurements

– Impact on PM• SOA from Terpenes• Dust• Spores, bacteria (PBAP)


CChimerehimere Chemistry-Transport ModelChemistry-Transport Model

Chimere0.5°x0.5°

• advection & turbulence• gas & aerosol chemistry• wet & dry deposition

METEO

MM5 48x48 km2

• ERA-40 forcing• grid FDDA• USGS landuse• MRF PBL• Grell cumulus scheme• Reisner2 microphysics• Noah LSM

GLOBAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

(monthly climatology)

• Gas : LMDz-INCA• Aerosol : GOCART

EMISSIONS

• Anthrogenic : EMEP CO,NH3, NOx, NMVOC, PM, SOx

• Biogenic : NatAir NMVOC, NO, PM

http://euler.lmd.polytechnique.fr/chimere/[Schmidt et al., Atmo. Env., 2001]

Chemical mechanism MELCHIOR

• 80 species, 300 reactions

• BVOC : isoprene [Paulson and Seinfeld, 1992], α-pinene [Stockwell et al., 1997]


NatAir Biogenic Emissions DatabaseNatAir Biogenic Emissions Database

• Main objective: estimation of fraction of atmospheric pollutants over Europe which can be attributed to natural/biogenic emissions (“incompressible part of air quality”)

• Development of state-of-the-art biogenic emission inventory: 10 km resolution on the European domain

• All emissions regridded on the 0.5°x0.5° grid of Chimere model and rewritten in netCDF format

• Sources included:– Biogenic VOCs: isoprene, speciated terpenes and others– NO from soils– Forest fires– Wind blown dust– Lightning– Spores, bacteria– Animals– Wetlands– Sea salt and DMS– Volcanoes– Geological seapages

http://natair.ier.uni-stuttgart.de/


VOC Emissions year 2000 (1/2)VOC Emissions year 2000 (1/2)

Biogenic VOC emissions (ISOPRENE+TERPENES) are about 60% of anthropogenic VOC emissions on annul basis at continental scale

BVOC > AVOC emissions in Spain and Greece

[Mg]



NatAir

Simpson et al., 1999

emissions into Chimere

[Derognat et al., 2003]

ISOPRENE Σ TERPENESChanges against

previous estimates


NONOxx Emissions Emissions

[Mg]

Biogenic NO emissions are about 2% of anthropogenic NOx

emissions on annual basis at continental scale

May contribute up to 20-25% in some parts of Spain and France


PMPM1010 Emissions Emissions

[Mg]

65% PM2.5 0% PM2.5

15% PM2.5 45% PM2.5


CChimerehimere SimulationSimulation

Simulation ID Description

CTRL No Biogenic Emissions

ALL2 CTRL + NatAir BVOC

ISO2 CTRL + NatAir ISOPRENE

TER2 CTRL + NatAir TERPENES

DST2 CTRL + NatAir DUST

PBAP CTRL + NatAir PBAP

All simulations in summer (Jun-Aug), base year 2000


BVOC impact on OZONE (1/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (1/6)

Average daily ozone maximum summer 2000 (JJA)

Average increase INLAND adding BVOC: 2.0 ppbv (1.0/3.5 ppbv N/S of 47°N)



Animation of hourly contribution of BVOC to surface ozone, starting from zero BVOC emissions.

Ozone is produced mainly inland and near NOx sources (>20 ppbv locally)

Ozone builds up over the sea, because of its longer lifetime in the marine boundary layer.

After 3 days Mediterranean basin is filled up with additional O3 from BVOC



Additional O3 from BVOC

Inland: 60% ISOPRENE and 40% TERPENES

Offshore: 50% ISOPRENE and 50% TERPENES


BVOC impact on OZONE (4/6)BVOC impact on OZONE (4/6)Seasonal cycle



HEAT-WAVES!

+2.2 ppbv +2.0 ppbv

+2.5 ppbv +2.8 ppbv


BVOC impact on OZONE, year 2010 (6/6)BVOC impact on OZONE, year 2010 (6/6)

YEAR 2000

[ppbv]

YEAR 2010

Reduced impact over western Europe, increased in Turkey

Change driven by change of NOx emissions


Robustness of OZONE results (1/2)Robustness of OZONE results (1/2)

[ppbv]

NatAir BVOC emissions “Simpson99” BVOC emissions

Inventories differs in the range of -100 to +200%

Calculated impact on ozone differs in the range -3 (UK) to 8 (Portugal) ppbv, tipically less than ±2 ppbv


Robustness of OZONE results (2/2)Robustness of OZONE results (2/2)

Reference simulation


Comparison with OZONE measurements (1/2)Comparison with OZONE measurements (1/2)

[ppbv]

NO BVOCWith BVOC

O3 hourly measurements from EMEP and AirBase archives

Adding BVOC the O3 underestimation of the model is generally attenuated

Observations


Extreme Event July-August 2003Extreme Event July-August 2003

Large episodic contribution from BVOC emissions to ozone throughout the Mediterranean basin

Up to 100 µg/m3 in one extreme case in Spain!

Observations from EMEP and AirBase databases

!


Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic emissionsemissions

ITALY

No BVOC

With NatAir BVOC


Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic Air quality standards w/ and w/o biogenic emissionsemissions

SPAIN

No BVOC

With NatAir BVOC


Impact of SOA from TERPENES on PM10Impact of SOA from TERPENES on PM10

Terpenes contribute most of Secondary Organic Aerosol on continental scale

In Spain SOA up to 9 µg/m3, in Greece up to 4 µg/m3

In Southern France, Italy and Eastern Europe 1 µg/m3


Impact of DUST on PM10Impact of DUST on PM10

[µg/m3]

(1) Chimere dust (2) NatAir dust “Sahara” distr.*

(3) NatAir dust Chimere distr.

Model PM>10 10<PM<2.5 PM<2.5

1 50 45 5

2 76 24 0

3 50 45 5

Assumed Size Distribution (%)

* From Alfaro et al. 1998, 2001


Impact of PBAP on PM10Impact of PBAP on PM10

PBAP maximum impact on PM10 is 2%

PBAP emissions almost uniformly distributed over the continent and 85% between 2.5 and 10 µm


ConclusionsConclusions

• This is the first long-term interannual assessment of BVOC impact on ozone at European scale after Simpson 95

• The BVOC impact on average ozone daily maximum in summer is ~2.5 ppbv

• The emphasis on the Mediterranean basin (~5 ppbv) and Portugal (15 ppbv) is greater than previous estimates, and smaller north of Mediterranean

• Use of biogenic BVOC emissions is necessary to explain extreme summer ozone episodes (e.g. 2003 heat-waves)

• The associated uncertainty of the average BVOC impact on O3 is estimated in 50%

• Impact of SOA from terpenes on PM10 is significant, expecially on the Iberian peninsula

• Impact of dust on PM10 is also very important at several locations


OutlookOutlook

• A detailed SOA scheme will be applied in combination with speciated terpene emissions from NatAir

• Specific simulations in combination with PM10 observations at interesting places will be used to “tune” the size distribution of dust emissions

• Other emissions from NatAir will be implemented into the Chimere model

EXTRA SLIDESEXTRA SLIDES



[Mg]

Only 13% (0.76 Tg) in

reactive HCHO and CH3CHO


Comparison with OZONE measurements (2/2)Comparison with OZONE measurements (2/2)

Sim. ID April July September

RMS[ppbv]

CTRL 7.6 (4.4-11.4) 12.6 (6.5-20.2) 7.9 (5.1-11.6)

ALL1 7.4 (4.4- 11.0) 10.6 (5.7-16.5) 7.8 (5.0-11.5)

ALL2 7.5 (4.4-11.3) 10.8 (6.0-17.1) 7.8 (5.0-11.7)

Bias[ppbv]

CTRL -1.4 (-8.3-5.0) -7.6 (-17.1-0.7) 0.0 (-7.5-6.1)

ALL1 -0.8 (-7.7-5.7) -4.1 (-13.3-4.3) 1.4 (-5.9-7.1)

ALL2 -1.2 (-8.2-5.4) -4.2 (-13.4-3.9) 0.6 (-6.9-6.6)

Correlation

CTRL 0.58 (0.33-0.82) 0.78 (0.58-0.93) 0.52 (0.25-0.77)

ALL1 0.61 (0.34-0.84) 0.80 (0.60-0.93) 0.55 (0.28-0.80)

ALL2 0.59 (0.33-0.82) 0.79 (0.61-0.93) 0.53 (0.27-0.80)

Impact of natural and biogenic emissions on Air Quality Gabriele Curci [email protected] ...

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