Impact of License Extension on Radionuclide

Buildup Assumptions

Ken SejkoraEntergy Nuclear Northeast – Pilgrim Station

Presented at the 18th Annual RETS-REMP WorkshopCharlotte, NC / 23-25 June 2008

Reason for Concern Regulatory Guide 1.109 accounts for

buildup of radioactivity for the following exposure pathways: Waterborne Nuclides in Shoreline Deposits Waterborne Nuclides in Irrigated Foods Deposition of Airborne Nuclides on Ground

Plane Deposition of Airborne Nuclides on Soil and

Crops… forage, produce, vegetables, milk, meat

Reason for Concern (continued)

Regulatory Guide 1.109 assumes buildup period (tb) of 15 years “…approximate midpoint of facility operating

life…” per Equations A-4 and C-1 Many facilities have operated for well

beyond 15 years, and many are pursuing license extension for an additional 20 years of operation… total span of up to 60 years

Reason for Concern (continued)

What is the impact on dose calculations of assuming buildup during entire duration of 40-year license?

What is the impact on dose calculations of assuming 20 years of additional operation?

Buildup Equation Used in RG-1.109 equations 3, 4, A-4, A-6,

A-7, A-8, A-13, C-1, and C-5 General form of equation:

i

bi t

)exp(1

Where: λi = nuclide decay constant, yr -1

tb = buildup period, yr

Buildup Factor by Nuclide

NuclideHalf-life

years Lambda

Buildup Factor by Buildup Period

15-yr 40-yr 60-yr

Mn-54 0.856 8.10E-01 1.24E+00 1.24E+00 1.24E+00

Fe-59 0.122 5.67E+00 1.76E-01 1.76E-01 1.76E-01

Co-60 5.271 1.32E-01 6.55E+00 7.56E+00 7.60E+00

Zn-65 0.669 1.04E+00 9.65E-01 9.65E-01 9.65E-01

Sr-90 28.600 2.42E-02 1.26E+01 2.56E+01 3.16E+01

I-131 0.022 3.15E+01 3.18E-02 3.18E-02 3.18E-02

Cs-134 2.062 3.36E-01 2.96E+00 2.97E+00 2.97E+00

Cs-137 30.170 2.30E-02 1.27E+01 2.62E+01 3.26E+01

Buildup Factor Ratio by Nuclide

Nuclide

Ratio to 15-yr Buildup Factor

15-yr 40-yr 60-yr

Mn-54 1.00 1.00 1.00

Fe-59 1.00 1.00 1.00

Co-60 1.00 1.16 1.16

Zn-65 1.00 1.00 1.00

Sr-90 1.00 2.04 2.51

I-131 1.00 1.00 1.00

Cs-134 1.00 1.01 1.01

Cs-137 1.00 2.06 2.57

Clarification of Buildup Equation for Vegetation Pathways

i

bivI

Eiv

Ei

P

tBf

Y

tr ie

)]exp(1[)]exp(1[

Equation for Buildup in Vegetation:

External Surface Contamination

Term… Short-term weathering

Internal Plant-Soil Uptake Term…

Long-term metabolism

Affects equations for irrigated crops, produce, vegetables, and forage (which in turn affects milk and meat)

Vegetation: External Contamination Term

Eiv

Ei

Y

tr e

)]exp(1[

Where:

r = fraction of deposited activity retained on leaf/plant surface

λEi = weathering removal rate constant, 14-day half-life & nuclide half-life

te = exposure time to deposition fallout; forage = 30d, crops = 60d

Yv = vegetation yield; forage =0.7 kg/m2, crops = 2 kg/m2

The external contamination term from deposition fallout typically accounts for 75 to 100% of the total radionuclide activity in and on vegetation. Not dependent on duration of buildup period.

Vegetation: Internal Plant-Soil Uptake Term

i

bivI

P

tBf i

)]exp(1[

Where:

fI = fraction of year forage/crops are growing or irrigated (“exposed”)

Biv = soil-to-plant uptake factor for nuclide i

P = effective “surface” soil density, 240 kg/m2

The metabolic uptake term from soil typically accounts for less than 10% of the total radionuclide activity in and on forage (cow-milk pathway), and less than 20% in the crop pathway.

Forage Concentration Terms

NuclideDeposition

Term

Uptake Term

15-yr 40-yr 60-yr

Mn-54 1.04E+02 1.31E+00 1.31E+00 1.31E+00

Fe-59 9.04E+01 4.25E-03 4.25E-03 4.25E-03

Co-60 1.07E+02 2.25E+00 2.60E+00 2.61E+00

Zn-65 1.04E+02 1.41E+01 1.41E+01 1.41E+01

Sr-90 1.07E+02 7.80E+00 1.59E+01 1.96E+01

I-131 2.48E+02 2.32E-02 2.32E-02 2.32E-02

Cs-134 1.06E+02 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00

Cs-137 1.07E+02 4.63E+00 9.55E+00 1.19E+01

Forage ConcentrationBuildup Factor Ratio by Nuclide

Nuclide

Ratio to 15-yr Buildup Factor

15-yr 40-yr 60-yr

Mn-54 1.00 1.00 1.00

Fe-59 1.00 1.00 1.00

Co-60 1.00 1.00 1.00

Zn-65 1.00 1.00 1.00

Sr-90 1.00 1.07 1.10

I-131 1.00 1.00 1.00

Cs-134 1.00 1.00 1.00

Cs-137 1.00 1.04 1.06

Crop Concentration Terms

NuclideDeposition

Term

Uptake Term

15-yr 40-yr 60-yr

Mn-54 4.43E+01 1.31E+00 1.31E+00 1.31E+00

Fe-59 3.61E+01 4.25E-03 4.25E-03 4.25E-03

Co-60 4.57E+01 2.25E+00 2.60E+00 2.61E+00

Zn-65 4.39E+01 1.41E+01 1.41E+01 1.41E+01

Sr-90 4.59E+01 7.80E+00 1.59E+01 1.96E+01

I-131 8.84E+01 2.32E-02 2.32E-02 2.32E-02

Cs-134 4.53E+01 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00

Cs-137 4.59E+01 4.63E+00 9.55E+00 1.19E+01

Crop ConcentrationBuildup Factor Ratio by Nuclide

Nuclide

Ratio to 15-yr Buildup Factor

15-yr 40-yr 60-yr

Mn-54 1.00 1.00 1.00

Fe-59 1.00 1.00 1.00

Co-60 1.00 1.01 1.01

Zn-65 1.00 1.00 1.00

Sr-90 1.00 1.15 1.22

I-131 1.00 1.00 1.00

Cs-134 1.00 1.00 1.00

Cs-137 1.00 1.10 1.14

Summary Extended buildup period has negligible

impact on ingestion pathway concentrations and doses from irrigated crops, produce, vegetables, milk, and meat… less than 25% increase for worst-case nuclide (Sr-90) for 60-year buildup period; most nuclides exhibit <1% increase

Summary (continued) Ground plane or sediment exposure can be

affected up to 2-times the 15-year assumption, but these exposure pathways typically contribute less than 0.05% of the total dose

Buildup equations assume uniform release rates (Ci/yr) over duration of buildup period. Current and future release rates are likely much lower than those when plants began operation

Conclusion Increased buildup time posed by license

extension carries negligible impact for affecting effluent dose calculations.

There is no need to modify RG-1.109 equations or buildup assumptions to account for additional buildup from additional years of operation.