Impact of Hot-Potato Routing Changes in IP Networks
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Transcript of Impact of Hot-Potato Routing Changes in IP Networks
IMPACT OF HOT-POTATO ROUTING CHANGES IN IP NETWORKS
Authors Renata Teixeira , Aman Shaikh and Jennifer
Rexford(AT&T), Tim Griffin(Intel)
http://www-cse.ucsd.edu/~teixeira
Presenter : Farrukh Shahzad
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Internet Routing Architecture
UCSDSprint
AT&T Verio
AOL
interdomain routing (BGP)
intradomain routing (OSPF,IS-IS) Changes in one AS may impact traffic
and routing in other ASes
User
Web Server
End-to-end performance depends on all ASes
along the path
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Distance-vector &Link state routing
Distance vector routing It involves two factors: the distance or metric, of a
destination, and the vector, or direction to take to get there.
Routing information is only exchanged between directly connected neighbors.
A router knows from which neighbor a route was learned, but it does not know where that neighbor learned the route
A router can't see beyond its own neighbors. This aspect of distance vector routing is sometimes referred to as "routing by rumor."
Measures like split horizon and poison reverse are employed to avoid routing loops.
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Link-state routing In contrast, requires that all routers know about the
paths reachable by all other routers in the network. Link-state information is flooded throughout the link-
state domain (an area in OSPF ) to ensure all routers possess a synchronized copy of the area's link-state database.
From this common database, each router constructs its own relative shortest-path tree, with itself as the root, for all known routes.
BGP is DV routing protocol OSPF is LS Routing Protocol
Distance-vector &Link state routing
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A router combines the BGP and IGP information to construct a forwarding table.
BGP exchanges route advertisements with neighboring domains, and propagate reachability information within AS.
IGP protocol, such as OSPF, computes shortest paths based on configurable link weights.
The interaction between IGP and BGP Hot potato routing.
Interaction between IGP and BGP
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Hot-Potato Routing
San Francisco
Dallas
New York
Hot-potato routing = route to closest egress point when there is more than one route to destination
ISP network
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dstmultiple connections to the same peer
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Hot-Potato Routing Change
San Francisco
Dallas
New York
ISP network
dst
9 10- failure- planned maintenance- traffic engineering
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Routes to thousands of destinations switch
exit point!!!Consequences:Transient forwarding instabilityTraffic shift Inter-domain routing changes
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Approach In Paper
Understanding impact in real networks How often hot-potato changes happen? How many destinations do they affect? What are the convergence delays?
Main contributions Methodology for measuring hot-potato
changes Characterization on AT&T’s IP
backbone
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Challenges for Identifying Hot-Potato Changes
Cannot collect data from all routers OSPF: flooding gives complete view of topology BGP: multi-hop sessions to several vantage points
A single event may cause multiple messages Group related routing messages in time
Router implementation affects message timing(PDelay) Real Time & Controlled experiments of router in the
lab Many BGP updates caused by external events
Classify BGP routing changes by possible causes
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Measurement Methodology
Replay routing decisions from vantage point A and B to identify hot-potato changes
AT&T backbone
BGP monitor
BGP updates
OSPF MonitorOSPF
messages
AB
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Measurement Methodology
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Sections Details
Section III- A: presents the measurement infrastructure used to collect BGP updates and OSPF LSAs.
Section III-B : describe how to compute the distance vector from the OSPF LSAs in.
Section III-C : explains the classification of BGP routing changes in terms of the possible causes. This sets the stage for the discussion in next section.
Section III-D : How to associate BGP routing changes with related distance changes that occur close in time
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Measurement Infrastructure
iBGP session allows the monitor to see changes in the “egress point” of BGP routes.
The BGP monitor also dumps a snapshot of its routes four times a day to provide an initial view of the best route for each prefix for each vantage point, For later classify the type of BGP change as discussed in Section III-C
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Classifying BGP Rt Changes
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The large volume of BGP updates shows exploration of multiple alternate routes when a router switches from one best path to another .
IGP distance changes cause a router inside the AS to switch from one stable route to another with a different egress point.
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BGP Reaction Time to Distance Changes
(i) Rerun the IGP shortest-path computation(ii) Apply the BGP decision process to select the best route(iii) Send update messages to BGP neighbors for the routes that have changed.
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Transfer Delay for Multiple Prefixes
1-The LSA is flooded throughout the network and each routercomputes new distances. For example, A and B compute new distances of 21 and 11, respectively.
2- After their scan timers elapse, and rerun the BGP decisionprocess. If runs first, selects the egress point with a distance of 20, since this is smaller than 21. Sometime afterwards, A selects egress point C.
3- B sends the new route (with egress point E ) to A, A and selects egress point with a distance of 19.
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Temporal and Spatial Variability(distance changes effect)
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Hot-Potato Variation Across Prefixes
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IMPLICATIONS OF HOT POTATOES
Performance Degradation Routing and Traffic Shifts Slow Forwarding-Plane Convergence
Measurement Inaccuracies Active Probes of the Forwarding Plane External Analysis of BGP Updates
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Conclusion
Hot-potato routing plays an important role in BGP routing changes, and that BGP updates
can lag 60 seconds (or more!) behind the related IGP events
The frequency and impact of hot-potato routing depends on the topology and configuration of the network under study
routing is usually a major contributor to large traffic variations. In particular, hot-potato routing changes are responsible for the largest shifts in the traffic matrix
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…conclusion
Setting IGP link weights without accounting for possible changes in the egress points can lead to routing configurations that cause unnecessary congestion.
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Thanks