The International Plant Protection Convention

Impact of Globalization on Plant Health and the IPPC Strategies

Dr. Jingyuan XIA, IPPC Secretary April 2018, Paris, France

What is Globalization? • Interaction and integration among the people,

companies, and governments • Driven by international

trade and investment and aided by information technology

• Affects environment, culture, political systems, economic development and human physical well-being in societies around the world.

http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/trade/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/trade/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/investment/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/technology/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/environment/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/culture/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/development/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/health/http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/health/

Outline 1. Challenges and Benefits of

Globalization 2. Dual Impacts of Globalization 3. IPPC Strategic Directions 4. Conclusion Remarks

1. Challenges and Benefits of Globalization: Movement of agricultural goods (1)

• From 2000-2012, the value of global agricultural exports nearly tripled, while agricultural exports increased by about 60 percent in volume terms

• By effect of demographic growth and changes in diets and incomes, demand for food is likely to grow by 70% until 2050

• The share of raw commodities in the total value of agricultural exports increased substantially in LDCs in 2009-2012, which should continue to increase

• Agriculture trade brings risks, as the threat from plant pests increases along with the increase in trade by transmitting plant pests from one country to another

◆ Imports of Agricultural Goods

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◆ Exports of Agricultural Goods

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Global exports (World) of agricultural products

1. Challenges and Benefits of Globalization: Movement of people (2)

• Today, the number of people living outside their country of birth is larger than at any other time in history, such as the number of people living outside their countries of origin has risen from 120 million in 1990 to an estimated 215 million in 2012

• International migrants would now constitute the world's fifth most populous country if they all lived in the same place” (UNFPA)

• WHO reports that globalization appears to be causing changes in the ecological, biological and social conditions that shape the burden of infectious diseases in certain populations, and at the same time when people move they often bring along a local product which may already be infested with a plant pest

◆ Movement of Tourists

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China - Tourism receipts

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World - Tourism receipts

1. Challenges and Benefits of Globalization: Movement of plant pests (3)

No. regulated pests increased 1-2 per annually in China

1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s

• Increased risk of pest movements due to increased trade

• Increased risk of pest spread due to increased tourists

• Increased risk of peat incidence due to the Climate Change

Chart1

70年代

80年代

90年代

新世纪以来

北部

1

2

9

25

Sheet1

70年代80年代90年代新世纪以来

东部0000

西部30.638.634.631.6

北部12925

2. Dual Effects of Globalization: on Food security (1)

• Globalization could positively promote FS by enchaining trade but negatively increased risk of plant pest movement

→ Food crops attacked by over 1,000 species of plant pests

→ Crop losses estimated 10–16% of global harvest annually resulting from damage of plant pests, with economic losses of US$ 220 billion, and over 40% of the world’s food supply

→ Yield losses are recovered by 10-30% or even 50% from effective IPM

2. Dual Effects of Globalization: on Environmental protection (2)

• Globalization could negatively impact the environment by Spread of plant pests, more environmental pollution, and exhaustion of natural resources:

→ Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is one of the most invasive alien aquatic plant pests in the world, and this pest is invading Madagascar, which was previously the rice fields

2. Dual Effects of Globalization: on Safe trade (3)

• Globalization positively promote the international trade, while negatively cause devastating effects of invasive alien species: → Facilitation of safe trade by promoting harmonized scientifically based phytosanitary measures

http://www.globalization101.org/category/issues-in-depth/

0

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Num

ber o

f con

tain

ers (

mill

ions

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TEU

)

Total container fleet (TEU)Ocean-borne containers (TEU)Land-based containers (TEU)

◆ Number of containers (TEU) in use (1979 – 2017) in NZ

Drewry Maritime Research (2015): data presented by E. Brockerhoff (New Zealand) during CPM-11 (2016)

Taxon Exterior

Interior (empty or

full) Refrige-

ration unit

Unknown location (in or on

container) Total

Plants 113 102 515 466 1304 71%

Insects and arachnids 41 106 1 122 366 20%

Molluscs 70 4 20 100 6%

Other 12 8 2 19 58 3%

Grand Total 236 220 518 627 1828

USDA AQAS PestID database presented by E. Brockerhoff from NZ during CPM-11 (2016)

◆ Frequency of contaminating pests ‘at large’ with sea containers arriving in the USA (2010-2015)

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: Specificities of the IPPC

• Mission: the IPPC, established in 1952, is an international inter-governmental plant health agreement to protect the world's plant resources from pests

• Mandate: the IPPC is the only International body for setting and implementing International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs)

• Role: the IPPC, together with CODEX and OIE, is recognized as one of “Three Sisters” by the WTO-SPS Agreement in agriculture standards

◆ IPPC community • NPPOs: 183 National

Plant Protection Organizations

• RPPOs: 10 Regional Plant Protection Organizations (RPPOs), namely APPPC, CFHSA, CAN, COSAVE, EPPO, IAPSC, NAPPO, OIRSA, PPPO, NEPPO

• Five IPPC Annual Themes towards 2020: 2016—Plant Health and Food Security 2017—Plant Health and Trade facilitation 2018—Plant Health and Environmental Protection

2019—Plant Health and Capacity Development

2020—International Year of Plant Health (IYPH 2020)

• Strategic framework for 2020-2030 in process

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: Strategic guidance (1)

You are mostly welcome to support and participate

CPM 2015

FAO 2017

CPM/FAO 2016

UN 2018

IYPH 2020

● Overall goal of IYPH 2020: To raise awareness of the importance and impacts of plant health in addressing issues of global importance, including hunger, poverty, threats to the environment and economic development

● Towards IYPH 2020 as follows:

◆ IYPH 2020: Milestone of the IPPC

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: Standards harmonization (2)

• Major activities: Topic pprioritization, Expert input, Technical consultation, and Standard adoption

• Main outcomes: 94 Standards adopted in 1993-2017 (41 ISPMs, 22 Diagnostic Protocols and 31 Phytosanitary Treatments)

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Number of adopted CPMRecommendations in a yearNumber of adopted IPPC standards(incl. attachments) in a year

6 7

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36

9 5

Adopted standards grouped by categories

Commodity

Concept

Diagnostics

Import / Export

Pest Management

Pest Status

PRA

• Implemented all projects on PCE in 114 countries in 1999-2016;, and organized 84 IPPC Regional Workshops in 2003-2016 with 2097 participants from 153 countries

PCE in 114 Countries 84 IPPC RW, 2097 participants, 153 countries

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: Capacity development (3)

• Developed the IPPC ePhyto hub and the generic ePhyto national system (GeNS), with testing and demonstration of the ePhyto system initialized

• Established the IPPC Sea Containers Task Force (SCTF), with its first meeting held in Shanghai, China

• Initialized the IPPC work on eCommerce

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: Trade facilitation (4)

• Provide the legislation and policy advice

• Provide the platform for information sharing, such as Phytosanitary Resources page

• Provide the ttechnical assistance as well as project development and management

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: Emergency response (5)

www.phytosanitary.info

http://www.phytosanitary.info/http://www.phytosanitary.info/

◆ Emergency Regulated Pests

Category No. Organizations for examples Technical-related 16 Food and Agriculture Organizations (FAO)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

Phytosanitary Measures Research Group (PMRG) Trade-related 14 World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of

Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (WTO-SPS)

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

World Customs Organization (WCO) Environment-related

5

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

Ozone (United Nations Environment Program) Resource-related 2 European Commission (EC)

Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF) Others 1 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Total: 38 IPPC cooperation with 38 organizations

3. IPPC Strategic Directions: International cooperation (6)

4. Conclusion Remarks ● Globalization is good and bad,

and without preparation and resources the bad will outweigh the good

●The IPPC develops and helps implement the tools that can support the good while resisting the bad aspects of globalization

● Without a good communications framework the good is at risk, and the bad will flourish

IPPC Theme for 2018: Plant Health and Environmental Protection

Thank you

Diapositive numéro 1What is Globalization?Diapositive numéro 3 1. Challenges and Benefits of Globalization: �Movement of agricultural goods (1)◆ Imports of Agricultural Goods◆ Exports of Agricultural Goods 1. Challenges and Benefits of Globalization: �Movement of people (2)◆ Movement of TouristsDiapositive numéro 92. Dual Effects of Globalization:�on Food security (1)2. Dual Effects of Globalization:�on Environmental protection (2)2. Dual Effects of Globalization:�on Safe trade (3)Diapositive numéro 13Diapositive numéro 143. IPPC Strategic Directions: � Specificities of the IPPC Diapositive numéro 163. IPPC Strategic Directions: � Strategic guidance (1) Diapositive numéro 18Diapositive numéro 19Diapositive numéro 20Diapositive numéro 21Diapositive numéro 22Diapositive numéro 23Diapositive numéro 244. Conclusion RemarksDiapositive numéro 26