IMMUNOLOGY BASIC IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOPATHOLOGY Éva Rajnavölgyi Department of Immunology.
Immunology The Three Lines of Defense Vaccination Too Much or Too Little.
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Transcript of Immunology The Three Lines of Defense Vaccination Too Much or Too Little.
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Immunology
The Three Lines of DefenseVaccinationToo Much or Too Little
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Eukaryotic Cells, Bacteria, and Viruses, our lions tigers and bears
Figure 9.2
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens are disease causing organisms. The types are: Bacteria
Characteristics: Prokaryotic Single celled Use of variety of resources for growth and reproduction Produce toxins and enzymes that break down normal
homeostasis Infections:
Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc.
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogen: Viruses
Extremely small Living? Modes of entry Diseases: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis,
rabies, colds, flu, warts, chicken pox, some cancers
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogen: Prions
Infectious proteins Folding problems of normal brain proteins Resist cooking, freezing, drying Diseases: bovine spongiform encephalitis
(BSE), Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens:
Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells Candidiasis, athletes food,
Parasitic worms/protozoa cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food Giardia, vaginitis, Leishmaniasis
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector
Infectious Disease:
Example malaria
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Malaria example
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern
New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Determination of Health Risk
Transmissibility: how easily passed from person to person
Mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal–oral, body fluids
Virulence: how much damage caused by infection
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Lymphatic System: Functions
Functions: Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive
system Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Lymphatic System: Components
Components: Lymph: protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic
vessels Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph by filtering out material Spleen: cleanses blood, removes dying red blood cells,
helps fight infection Thymus: secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to cause T
lymphocytes to mature Tonsils: protect throat
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The Lymph system and circulation
Remember this.
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The 3 lines of defense Of the Human Body…
Surface barriers to invasion (section 9.3) Physical
Skin, Resident bacteria, Chemical
Lysozymes
Non specific responses (Table 9.1)
Phagocytosis (Cells), Complement(Proteins), Inflammation, fever
Specific responses (section 9.5) Immunity
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1st line of defence
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Physical and Chemical Barriers
Sect 9.3 keeping pathogens out
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Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense
Table 9.1
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The Inflammatory Response
Figure 9.7
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Nonspecific Defenses: Second Line
Phagocytosis: by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
Inflammatory response: Signs: redness, warmth, swelling, pain Process: tissue damage leads to release of histamine,
blood vessels dilate, complement marks bacteria, phagocytic cells arrive and remove invading microorganisms
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The Inflammatory Response
Figure 9.7
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Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense
Figure 9.6b
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Lines of Defense: Second Line
Natural killer cells: lymphocytes Complement system: group of plasma
proteins Fever: increases host cell defenses and
metabolic activity
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The immune Components of Blood (soluble proteins)
Interferon: Helps cells not yet infected by a virus, prevents spreading
Complement Set of 20 different proteins that bind to and attack
foreign substances and set off a series of reactions
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Interferon, with its last dying breath an infected cell sends out a warning.
“Interferon”
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Complement system
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The Third Line of Defense has:
Specificity Memory
2 types Antibody mediated Cell mediated
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Antibody Structure
Figure 9.11
Variableregions
Constantregions
Antigen
Antigen- binding
site
Heavy chain
Lightchain
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The immune components of blood (cells) (Agranulocytes)
Macrophage (monocytes)
B cells (lymphocytes)
T cells (lymphocyte)
Engulf pathogens present antigens
present antigens, produce antibodies, memory and plasma
determine if immune response should occur
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Definitions
Self- when a cell contains surface proteins that the immune system recognizes as belonging to the body
Nonself- markers from substances other than self that cause an immune response
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Define: will go over look up
Antigen Pathogen Antibody Macrophage MHC APC
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Immune specificity and memory
The body responds to a specific antigen It takes a long time for the body to find a B
cell that produces the specific antigen Memory cells enable the body to respond to
an antigen quicker the second time around
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Two Types of Specific defense
Antibody-mediated immune responses Mostly against free antigen in body fluids Memory B cells transform into plasma cells and
produce antibodies that clear the antigen Cell-mediated immune responses
Where cells (cytotoxic T cell) destroy other cells (cancer)
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Clonal Selection: helper, cytotoxic T cells
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Make a cartoon on the board. Of an APC
Bio 130 Human Biology
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APC
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Antibodies are produced against specific antigens
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The Immune System Mounts Antibody-Mediated Responses and Cell-Mediated Responses
Cytotoxic T cells mount a cell-mediated immune response to destroy antigen-bearing cells
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Immunological memory allows for a more rapid response on subsequent exposure
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Allergies are a result of immunological memory
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Another picture of clonal selection
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Too much immunity
Allergies
Rheumatoid Arthritis
systemic lupus
transplant rej.
The immune system over responds, mainly IgE
Antibodies to IgG deteriorates synovial membrane
Antibodies to DNA gives a whole host of responses
Body rejects what is needed yet is foreign materials
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Too little response
AIDS
SCID
Anaphylaxis
T cells become infected with HIV
lack B and T cells at birth
a systemic release of basophils and their histamine
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Vaccination
When the body is introduced to an antigen that will not cause disease Active immunity- you catch the disease and get
over it. Active artificial- your get vaccinated with a killed or part
of a pathogen. Passive immunity- mothers milk provides
resistance.
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Bio 130 Human Biology
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Bio 130 Human Biology
What do the cells of the immune response do?
B Cells T Cells Mast Cells Macrophage
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Bio 130 Human Biology
A person has HIV tainted blood spilled on them, will they automatically get AIDS?
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Bio 130 Human Biology
How Do Vaccines work?
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Why don’t all tissue transplants work?
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Define Clonal Selection
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Xolair and IGE, Xolair will reduce the amount of IgE Define IgG and IgE Taking shots Doing this. The Allergy Cascade
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Certain bacteria produce toxins that cause disease
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
bacterial toxins beneficial bacteria antibiotics antibiotic resistance
Viruses can damage the host cell as they leave the cell after replication or when incorporated into the cell’s chromosomes
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Protozoans cause disease by producing toxins and enzymes
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells
Parasitic worms cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are Disease-Causing Organisms
Prions cause disease by causing normal proteins to become misfolded and form
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector
Infectious Disease
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Examples of mondern-day Plagues
Genital warts
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
hepatitis
Influenza
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Lyme disease
hantavirus
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern
New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern
Epidemiologists track diseases
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons
Anthrax is caused by a bacterium that forms resistant spores
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons
Smallpox is caused by a highly contagious virus
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons
Botulinum toxin is a potent poison
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Bio 130 Human Biology
The CDC
Tracks diseases and epidemics Tries to prevent disease and epidemics
Pandemics
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Bio 130 Human Biology
Story Time
Hunt for a vaccine against Cavities Saving and storing cord blood A possible cure for your cancer