Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
-
Upload
dr-atif-hassan-khirelsied -
Category
Documents
-
view
232 -
download
0
Transcript of Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
1/34
Immunochemistry (1)
Atif Hassan Khirelsied. c. . c. . . oc em stry
Faculty of Medicine
International University of Africa
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
2/34
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. To recognize the significance of the immune system in
combating infection and disease.
2. To distin uish between the innate non-s ecific and
adaptive (specific) immune systems.
.infection/disease (killing pathogens).
4. To identify the humoral and cellular components of
innate immunit .
5. To describe general characteristics of the specific
.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
3/34
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
6. To compare and contrast primary and secondary antibody
responses.
7. To discuss the general properties of all immunoglobulins.
. .
9. To relate immunoglobulin structure with function.
. o e ne mmunog o u n ypervar a e an rameworregions.
11. To define immunoglobulin classes and subclasses, types
and subt es .
12. To describe the structures and properties of immunoglobulin
.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
4/34
The immune s stem
Weareconstantlyexposedtoinfectiousagents.
Theimmunesystemenablesustoresistinfections
and maintain homeostasis.
e ec spa ogensan s ngu s es em rom
ourownnormalcellsandtissues.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
5/34
Th imm n m
Isacomp exnetwor o
organs,tissues,
cells
and
mo ecu esw ic protect
bodiesagainstinvading
microorganismsand
theirtoxins
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
6/34
The functions of the immune system
1. Defenseagainstinvadingpathogens(virusesandbacteria)
2. Removalof'wornout'cells(e.g.,oldRBCs)andtissue
debris
e. .
fromin ur
or
disease
3. Identificationanddestructionofabnormalormutantcells
(primarydefense
against
cancer)
4. Rejectionof'foreign'cells(e.g.,organtransplant)
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
7/34
The immune s stem
Theimmunesystemiscomposedoftwomajor
su v s ons:
1. Innate ornons ecificimmunes stem
2. Adaptiveorspecificimmunesystem
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
8/34
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
9/34
The disorders of the immune s stem
1. Inappropriateresponses:
Allergies
responseto
normally
harmless
substances
u o mmune seases r euma o ar r s, ypediabetesmellitusandlupuserythematous).
2. Immunodeficiencydiseases:
Acquiredduetoinfection(HIV).
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
10/34
The com onents of the immune s stem
1. Innate
natural
bod
makeu
ha oc tic cells
. ,
lymphocytes,TandBcells(onlyinvertebrates)
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
11/34
The innate immune res onse
Innateimmunity
consists
of
systems
that
are
ready
forimmediateactivationpriortoattackbya
pathogen.
,
invasion.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
12/34
The innate immune res onse
Theinnate
system
includes:
Physicalbarriers
Andcellularbarriers.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
13/34
The innate immune res onse
Thephysicalbarriers
Skin. Mucosalmembranes.
Thechemical
barriers
LowpH
Specializedsolublemolecules
Thebiologicalbarriers
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
14/34
The h sical barriers
n,mec an ca arr er, s neo e ense.
Coughingandsneezingmechanicallyejectpathogens.
Flushingactionoftearsandurinealsoexpelspathogens.
Mucusservestotrapandexpelmicroorganisms
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
15/34
The chemical barriers
es nan resp ratorytractsecreteant m cro a
peptides such
as
the
defensins
Enzymessuchaslysozyme andphospholipase A in
sa va, ears,an reas m area soan ac er a .
n es omac , c an pro eases serveas e enses
againstpathogens.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
16/34
The biolo ical barriers
IntheUGTand GITtracts,commensal floraserveas
o og ca arr ers ycompe ngw pa ogen c
bacteriafornutrientsandb chan in the H.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
17/34
Organ or tissue Innate mechanism protecting skin/epithelium
Skin Antimicrobial peptides, fatty acids in sebum
Mouth and upper Enzymes, anti-micorbial peptides, and
fluids towards stomach
Stomach Low pH, digestive enzymes, anti-micorbial
peptides, and flow towards intestine.
Small intestine Digestive enzymes, anti-micorbial peptides,and flow towards large intestine
Large intestine Normal intestinal flora compete with invadingmicrobes, fluid/feces expelled from rectum.
Airways and Cilia sweeps mucus outward, coughing,lungs sneezing expel mucus, macrophages in alveoli
of lungs
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
18/34
The cellular components of the innate
1. Phagocytes(monocytes,macrophages,
.
2. Naturalkiller(NK)cells.
3. Dendritic cells.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
19/34
Phagocytosis
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
20/34
Phagocytosis
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
21/34
The major function of the innate immune
. ecru men o mmunece s os eso n ec onandinflammation.
2. Complementcascadeactivation.
3. Identificationandremovalofforeignsubstances.
4. Anti en resentation activationof
the
ada tive
immunesystem).
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
22/34
The characteristics of the innate immune
1. Nonspecific.
2. Rapid
. .
4. Differentiationbetweenselfandnonself.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
23/34
The adaptive immune response
Consistsofhighlyspecialized,systemiccellsand
processes a e m na epa ogensan ox ns
Triggeredwhenapathogenevadestheinnate
immunesystemandgeneratesathresholdlevelof
antigen.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
24/34
The characteristics of the adaptive immune
Acquired immunity.
Specific (tailormade
)immunity.
Relativelyslow.
.
Hasmemory
(quicker
and
more
efficient
in
the
2nd
.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
25/34
The major function of the adaptive immune
presenceofself,duringtheprocessofantigen
maximallyeliminate
specific
pathogens
or
pathogen
eliminateapathogeninsubsequentinfections.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
26/34
The memory of the adaptive immune
e exposure oan gengenera espr mary mmune
response afteralatent
period
of
about
1week.
Thesubsequent
exposures
to
the
same
antigen
generatesecondaryimmuneresponseswhich
.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
27/34
The memor of the ada tive immune res onse
I G i h j ib d i h d i
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
28/34
IgG is the major antibody in the secondary immuneres onse
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
29/34
Com arisonoftheimmuneres onses
Innate AdaptiveNonspecific Antigenspecific
Immediateresponse Lagging
response
Hasno
memor Has
memor
Foundinallformsoflife Foundonlyinvertebrates
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
30/34
Comparison of the innate and adaptive immunity.
Response time Minutes/hours Days
Specificity Specific for molecules and
molecular patterns
Highly specific, discriminate
minor differences in moleculars ruc ures
Diversity A limited number of germlineencoded receptors
Highly diverse, very largenumber of receptors arising bygene c recom na on
Memory responses None Persistent memory
Self/nonselfdiscrimination
Perfect, no microbe specificpatterns in host
Very good, occasional failure ofdiscrimination
o u e components any ant m cro a pept esand proteins
nt o es
macrophages, neutrophils)
NK cells, dendritic cells
presenting cells
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
31/34
Immunological definitions and terminology
Antigen immunogen
Definedasforei nsubstancesthatbindtos ecific
immunereceptorsandelicitanimmuneresponse.
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
32/34
Immunological definitions and terminology
Smallmolecules
which
fail
to
provide
epitopes for
BorTcellbythemselves(theyneedacarrier
knownas
adjuvant).
A ti id lti l it ( ti i
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
33/34
An antigen provides multiple epitopes (antigenic
Copyright 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
-
8/3/2019 Immunochemistry (1) Kordofan
34/34
Dinitrophenyl