Immigration & Urbanizationsammonsush.weebly.com/.../immigration__urbanization_2012_revise… ·...
Transcript of Immigration & Urbanizationsammonsush.weebly.com/.../immigration__urbanization_2012_revise… ·...
SSUSH 12
• SSUSH12 The student will analyze important
consequences of American industrial growth.
• a. Describe Ellis Island, the change in immigrants’ origins to
southern and eastern Europe and the impact of this change on
urban America.
• b. Identify the American Federation of Labor and Samuel Gompers.
• c. Describe the growth of the western population and its impact on
Native Americans with reference to Sitting Bull and Wounded Knee.
• d. Describe the 1894 Pullman strike as an example of industrial
unrest.
Immigration & Urbanization
• Immigration from
Europe, Asia, Mexico,
and the Caribbean
forces cities
to confront problems
of being overcrowded.
European Immigrants
• 1870–1920, about 20 million Europeans arrive in U.S.
• Many flee religious persecution: Jews driven from Russia
• Population growth results in lack of farmland, industrial jobs
• Reform movements influence young who seek independent lives
Life in the New Land!
Ellis Island
• Ellis Island—chief U.S. immigration station, in New York Harbor
• Immigrants given physical exam by doctor
• Inspector checks documents to see if meets legal requirements
• 1892–1924, about 17 million immigrants processed
Ellis Island Tour
• http://teacher.scholastic.c
om/activities/immigration/t
our/stop1.htm
Life in the New Land!
Angel Island
• Angel Island—
immigrant processing
station in San
Francisco Bay
• Immigrants endure
harsh questioning,
long detention for
admission
The Challenges of Urbanization
The rapid growth of cities force people to contend
with problems of housing, transportation, water,
and sanitation.
Urban Opportunities!
Immigrants Settle in Cities
• Industrialization leads to urbanization, or growth of cities
• Most immigrants settle in cities; get cheap housing, factory jobs
• Americanization movement—assimilate people into main culture
• Schools, voluntary groups teach citizenship skills
- English, American history, cooking, etiquette
• Ethnic communities provide social support
Urban Problems!
Housing • Working-class families
live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses
• Later, row houses built for single families
• Immigrants take over row houses, 2–3 families per house
• Tenements—multifamily urban dwellings, are overcrowded, unsanitary
Urban Problems
Transportation
• Mass transit—move
large numbers of
people along fixed
routes
• By 20th century,
transit systems link
city to suburbs
Urban Problems!
Water
• 1860s cities have
inadequate or no
piped water, indoor
plumbing rare
• Filtration introduced
1870s, chlorination in
1908 Winston Churchill’s Chamber Pot
Urban Problems
Sanitation
• Streets: manure, open gutters, factory smoke, poor trash collection
• Contractors hired to sweep streets, collect garbage, clean outhouses
- often do not do job properly
• By 1900, cities develop sewer lines, create sanitation departments
Urban Problems!
Crime
• As population grows,
thieves flourish
• Early police forces too
small to be effective
=
Urban Problems!
Fire
• Fire hazards: limited water, wood houses, candles, kerosene heaters
• Ex. Great Chicago Fire
• Most firefighters volunteers, not always available
Problems
• Factories - were dimly lit, dirty, and unsafe
– Six-day workweeks, 12-hour days, no
vacation or sick-leave, no unemployment,
no reimbursement for injuries.
– Sweatshops were formed found in tenements
and offered almost the same conditions as the
factories.
Solutions
What did labor unions advocate?
– An 8-hour work-day and equal pay for
equal work for both men and women.
– Combining unions to add to numbers.
Solutions
– Samuel Gompers
– Started Cigar Makers
Union at 13
– Combined several unions
to form American
Federation of Labor Union
– President of AFL
Solutions
• Purpose of AFL
– Negotiated between labor
and management
– Reached written
agreements on wages,
hours, and working
conditions
– Strike
– Fought for a 50 hour work
week