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IMMIGRATION IN THE UK
They’re Taking our Jobs!
Mariel B
oat Experim
ent
1.5 milli
on A8 w
orkers
between M
ay 2004 and
September 2
009; in
2007, roughly half o
f all
immigra
nts were
A8
Virtually
no impact
on native w
ages, desp
ite
“downgra
ding”
A8 imm
igrants
60% less
likely
to get b
enefits or
tax c
redits
than nativ
es, and are
58% less
likely
to liv
e in so
cial h
ousing
http://
www.youtu
be.com
/watch
?v=eEPh_K
lTyII
The A8
Employment rate
s for A
8:
95% for m
en, 80% fo
r women
“Fru
stratio
n” afte
r communist
rule;
access
ion provided easie
r acc
ess
“Disa
rmingly posit
ive” ste
reoty
pe: are
‘keen, y
oung, white
people takin
g whate
ver work
is on offer a
nd going to ch
urch
every Sunday’
(Kohn, 2
007)
High unemploym
ent rate
at first
, but a
fter t
wo years
it
match
es or f
alls sh
ort of t
hat of n
atives
In the 3
rd quarter o
f 2009, u
nemploym
ent for n
ative
workers
was 7.8%, 1
2% for w
orkers
from
India,
Pakis
tan and B
angladesh, a
nd just
5% for E
ast
European w
orkers
2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/20090
50
100
150
200
250
National Allocations Numbers Granted to Polish Nationals
Pola
ndIn
dia
Slov
akia
Fran
ce
Roman
ia
Pakist
an
Aust
ralia
Italy
Lith
uani
a
Niger
ia0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
National Insurance number allocations
Employment
Jan-2001
Jan-2002
Jan-2003
Jan-2004
Jan-2005
Jan-2006
Jan-2007
Jan-2008
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
LondonUK
Immigration and Networks
“Migra
tion is
a phenomenon
roote
d in th
e decision-
making of n
etwork
s”
Immigra
tion is
a phenomenon that
affects all l
evels of s
ociety, fr
om
individual neighborh
oods to th
e global
economy
Social c
apital: i
ntangible, in
herent i
n the re
lationsh
ips
between th
e dyads of n
etwork
members
Inform
ation of (
real o
r pote
ntial)
linka
ges to
socio
econom
ically
importa
nt oth
ers (so
urces o
f socia
l
contro
l, fam
ily su
pport, or b
enefits)
Network
mem
bers use
socia
l capita
l to cr
eate eth
nic
niches o
r cluste
rs of jo
bs and re
sidentia
l space
s of
persons w
ho share
ethnic
identifiers
or oth
er com
mon
traits
Hub and Spoke Networks
Hub-spoke
relatio
nship is
governed by th
e network
’s
cultu
re of r
ecipro
city
Hub: vete
ran m
igrant w
ho colle
cts
informatio
n on how to im
migrate
and
uses i
t to help newco
mers get i
nto th
e
country
, find jo
bs, gain le
gal sta
tus,
etc. and m
anages the netw
ork’s
socia
l capita
l
Spokes:
new migra
nts whom
the hub ass
ists
Spoke
Spoke Spoke
Spoke
RESETTLEMENT
INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
A Single Immigrant Hub-and-Spoke Module
Number of immigrants in a given location reaches a certain threshold
Cost and risks of migration decrease
Increased probability of new immigration to that location
So What?
The more
employed conta
cts
an immigra
nt has,
the m
ore
likely he/sh
e is to
be/become
employed
Both th
e quantity and quality
of an
immigra
nt’s netw
ork have dire
ct
resu
lts on th
eir eco
nomic su
ccess
Basically
…th
e more
thoro
ughly inte
grate
d an immigra
nt is
to th
eir netw
ork, t
he more
likely
they are
to be
economica
lly, s
ocially
, and psy
chologica
lly su
ccess
ful
Form
alizing im
migrant n
etwork
s that u
sually
already e
xist
organica
lly (a
nd incre
asing th
eir tra
nspare
ncy) c
ould be
beneficial fo
r every
one
People to Thank
Sumption, M
adeleine, and
Somerville
Will.
"The U
K." Equality
and Human R
ights Commiss
ion.
(2009):
1-54. P
rint.
Gordon, Ia
n, Tony T
ravers,
and Chris
tine
White
head. Unite
d Kingdom. London's
Place
in the U
K Economy:
2008-09. L
ondon: City
of
London, 2
009. Prin
t.
Bashi, V
ilna. S
urviva
l of t
he Knitt
ed. (Sta
nford: S
tanford
Unive
rsity
Press
, 2007).
Theguardian.co
.uk
“Do as t
he Neighbors
Do: The Im
pact of S
ocial N
etwork
s on Im
migrant
Employment,”
Fredrik
Anderss
on et al. I
nstitu
te fo
r the Stu
dy of L
abor,
September 2
009.
“Socia
l Capita
l or S
ocial C
losure
? Immigra
nt Netw
orks i
n the La
bor Marke
t,”
Roger Waldinger. L
ewis Cente
r for R
egional Polic
y Stu
dies, August
1997.
Hanson, G
ordon H
oward. T
he Economic
Logic
of Illegal Im
migratio
n.
(Council
on Fore
ign Relations,
2007).