IMMIGRANTS & URBANIZATION - Weebly · 2019. 3. 1. · Why did immigrants come here? Escape...
Transcript of IMMIGRANTS & URBANIZATION - Weebly · 2019. 3. 1. · Why did immigrants come here? Escape...
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IMMIGRANTS &
URBANIZATION
Chapter 7
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THE NEW IMMIGRANTSSection 1
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Where did the immigrants come
from?
B/w 1870 & 1920, about 20 million Europeans immigrated to the U.S.
Many from eastern & southern Europe.
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Why did immigrants come here?
Escape religious persecution
Improve their economic situation
Experience greater freedom in the U.S.
Most European immigrants arrived on the East Coast.
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Smaller # of immigrants came
from Asia
Arrived on the West Coast
About 200,000 Chinese came b/w 1851 & 1883.
Many Chinese helped build the 1st transcontinental railroad.
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Several thousand Japanese immigrants came when the U.S.
annexed Hawaii in 1898.
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FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA…
From 1880 to 1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived from Jamaica,
Cuba, Puerto Rico, & other islands.
Many left b/c jobs were scarce.
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MEXICANS COME TO U.S. TOO Some became U.S. citizens when the nation acquired Mexican territory in
1848 as a result of the Mexican War.
About 1 million Mexicans arrived b/w 1910 to 1930 to escape turmoil in
their country.
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ELLIS ISLAND Most European immigrants to the U.S. arrived in New York.
Had to pass through immigration station located on Ellis Island in Hew York
Harbor
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PASSING INSPECTION… Officials at Ellis Island decided whether the immigrants could enter the
country.
If had serious health problems or a contagious disease was sent home
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INSPECTION STATIONS
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ANGEL ISLAND
Immigration station for the Asian immigrants arriving on the West Coast.
Located in San Francisco.
Inspection process more difficult than on Ellis Island.
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Many immigrants settled in
communities w/other
immigrants from same
country.They also formed organizations to help each other.
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IMMIGRATION RESTRICTIONS
America called a MELTING POT…. Fact that many cultures & races had
blended .
But, many immigrants refused to give up their culture….
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Some Americans didn’t like so many
immigrants living in the U.S.
NATIVISM- Obvious preference for native-born Americans.
Nativism gave rise to anti-immigrant groups. Also led to a demand for
immigration restrictions.
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CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT
1882
Chinese immigrants worked for low wages.
Labor groups pressured politicians to restrict Asian immigration.
Banned all but a few Chinese immigrants.
Not lifted until 1943.
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GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT:
In San Francisco, all Chinese, Japanese, & Korean
children placed in special Asian schools….led to anti-
American riots in Japan.
In exchange for President Roosevelt persuading San
Francisco officials to stop separation policy, Japan agreed
to limit emigration to U.S.
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CHALLENGES OF
URBANIZATION
Section 2
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URBANIZATION
Urbanization is the rapid growth of cities.
Many immigrants settled in cities in the early 1900’s.
Settled mostly in Northeast & Midwest cities to find jobs in the factories &
businesses.
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By 1910, immigrants made
up over half of the
populations of 18 major
American cities.
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AMERICANIZATION MOVEMENT
Way for immigrants to learn about U.S.
Schools taught them English, American history & government…helped them
become citizens.
"Many Peoples, One Nation"
--slogan of the Committee for Immigrants in America, 1915
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OTHERS ALSO MOVED TO CITIES… Farmers who lost their jobs to machines.
African American farmers from the South…B/w 1890 & 1910, about
200,000 moved to cities in the North.
Called the “Great Migration”
Black Population Trends
1890s 1960s
Southern 90.3% 10%
Rural 90% 5%
Northern 9.7% 90%
Urban 10% 95%
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URBAN PROBLEMS…
Shortage in housing.
New types of housing so people could live in a small amount of space.
1)Row house – Single family dwelling that shared side walls w/other houses.
2)Tenement – Multifamily urban houses often overcrowded & unsanitary.
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MASS TRANSIT
Cities developed mass transit – transportation systems designed to move
large # of people along fixed routes.
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SANITATION PROBLEMS:
Cities had hard time supplying safe drinking water.
People threw garbage out their windows.
Sewage flowed in streets.
By 1900, many cities built sewers & created sanitation departments.
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Crime & Fire also
problems.
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REFORMERS HELP THE POOR: Social Gospel movement…Early reform program. Leaders preached that
people reached salvation by helping the poor.
They established Settlement Houses.
Located in slums. Help & friendship for poor & immigrants.
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JANE ADDAMS Many settlement houses run by women.
Jane Addams was well-known social reformer.
Established the HULL HOUSE in Chicago
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POLITICS IN THE GILDED
AGESection 3
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POLITICAL MACHINES During late 1800’s, many cities run by a Political machine.
This was an organized group, headed by a city boss, that controlled
activities of a political party in a city.
Offered services to voters & businesses in exchange for political or
financial support.
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Many Political Bosses
were Corrupt…
HOW?
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GRAFT Many Bosses got rich through GRAFT-the illegal use of political influence
for personal gain.
To win elections, some filled the list of eligible voters w/names of dogs,
children, & the dead.
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KICKBACKS
Workers on city construction projects would charge a higher price & then
“kick back” part of the fee to the bosses.
Bosses also taking bribes from businesses in return for allowing illegal or
unsafe activities.
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BOSS TWEED
& TAMMANY HALL
William Marcy Tweed, a.k.a. “Boss Tweed”, one of the most powerful
political bosses.
Became head of Tammany Hall, New York City’s most powerful
Democratic machine.
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TWEED RING
Group of corrupt politicians led by Boss Tweed.
A political cartoonist, made fun of Tweed in newspapers.
Authorities broke up the Tweed Ring in 1871….Tweed & many of his
followers sentenced to prison.
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CIVIL SERVICE VS. PATRONAGE
Patronage- Giving of government jobs to people of the same party who
had helped a candidate get elected.
Civil Service- Government jobs.
Reformers called for a merit system. Civil service jobs would go to the
most qualified, regardless of political views.
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PRESIDENT HAYES President Rutherford B. Hayes attempted to reform civil service.
Some members of Republican party objected.
Hayes decided not to run for reelection in 1880
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REPUBLICAN PARTY DIVIDED
Stalwarts opposed changed in patronage system.
Reformers supported changing the system.
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Republican Party settles on
James A. Garfield, an
independent candidate.
James A. Garfield
Twentieth President 1881
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President Garfield
Assassinated!!!
Garfield turned out to have ties to reformers…. Shortly
after election, he was shot by a Stalwart!
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It took more than 2 months for
President Garfield to die.
V.P. Chester A. Arthur succeeded
Garfield. He turned reformer when
he became president.
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PENDLETON CIVIL SERVICE ACT OF
1883 Created a civil service commission to give government jobs based on
merit, not politics….Helped to reform civil service.
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Business Buys Influence
Politicians no longer had jobs to offer. Had trouble seeking $ from
supporters. Many turned to wealthy business leaders for support.
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TARIFFS
Tariff is a tax placed on goods coming into or going out of a country.
Most Americans believed tariffs were necessary to protect U.S. industries
from foreign competition.
Tariffs did cause prices to rise.
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For 12 years, Tariffs were a
key issue in presidential
elections.
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President Grover Cleveland
Democratic president who tried, but failed to reduce tariffs.
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President Benjamin Harrison
1890 Republican who was supported by big business.
Signed the MCKINLEY TARIFF ACT into law.
Tariffs were raised to their highest level ever.
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Cleveland defeats Harrison in
1892 to become President
again!
He was unsuccessful in reducing tariffs.
Personal:
• First Lady: Frances Cleveland, Wife
• Wife's Maiden Name: Frances Folsom Cleveland
• Number of Children: 5
• Education Level: No College
• Religion: Presbyterian
• Profession: Clerk, Teacher, Lawyer
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COMING NEXT….
LIFE at the Turn of the 20th Century!!
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