iïmdokh iy m¾K ixfYdaê; ixilrKh - Inmedio · 2020. 4. 17. · WmfoaYkh ^c¾ukfha n¾,kak.rfha...

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c¾uksfha bkaóäfhda idu WmfoaYkh ^Inmedio Peace Consult&" frdnÜ fndIa mokfï ^Robert

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Inmedio hkq.egqï i|yd úi÷ï ixj¾Okh lsÍu iy ueÈy;a ùu u.ska l%shdj,Ska fjkia lsÍu"

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i|yd ikao¾N.; úIh ud,djla ilia lsÍu'

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miqj foaYSh ixjdo wdo¾Yj;a f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu fukau wud;HdxYfha Èia;%sla uÜgfï

taldnoaO ks,OdÍka msßilf.a wdo¾Yu;a mqyqKqjla o ,nd fok ,È' bkaóäfhda úiska

fufyhjk ,o mqyqKqlrejka mqyqKq lsÍfï mqyqKqjg iyNd.S jQ fcHIaG mqyqKqlrejka úiska

fuu mqyqKqj isÿ lrk ,È'

tfukau fuu mqyqKqfõ id¾:l;ajh u;" Y%S ,dxlsl wjYH;d iy ikao¾Nh imqrd,Su i|yd

ilia lrk ,o ixjdo ixl,amhla u; mokïj úIh ud,djlao ilia lrk ,os'

kshuq wjêfha w;aoelSï ms<sìUq lrk fuu mqyqKq w;afmd;" m%dfoaYSh m%cdjkays ixjdo

meje;aùug wud;HdxYfha m%dfoaYSh myiqlï imhkakka iy cd;sl taldnoaO;d ks,OdÍka

ikakoaO lsÍu i|yd isxy, yd fou< NdIdj,ska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,efí'

fuu w;afmd; ixjdo i|yd iïm;la iy ud¾f.damfoaYkhla f,i fiajh lrkq we;s njg wms

wjOdrKh lsÍug leue;af;uq' th Wmka f.hsu ñhefokakla fkdfõ' Y%S ,xld m%cdjkaf.a

h:d¾:hkag iß,k mßÈ ÿrolakd njlska fukau ks¾udKYS,S;ajhlska hq;=j Ndú; lrk f,i

wms mßYS,lhskaf.ka b,a,d isáuq'

mYapd;a hqO ixj¾Okfha ;SrKd;aul wjia:djl§ Y%S ,xldjg iydh oelaùu iïnkaOfhka

f¾kafnda ßfidaiia wdh;kh" bkaóäfhda idu WmfoaYkh iy fndIa moku fj; ;u m%Yxidj

m%ldY fldg isáhs'

ue‚la fukaäia"

úOdhl wOHlaI"

f¾kafnda ßfid¾iia wdh;kh'

vi



wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a m‚jqvh

cd;sl NdId wOHdmk yd mqyqKq wdh;kh

jir 30l wNHka;r isú,a hqoaOhlg miq j¾;udkfha" Y%S ,dxlsl ck;dj w;r iduh" ixys¢hdj

iy cd;sh f.dv ke.Sfï wjYH;djla we;s nj wm ish¨ fokdyg m%;HlaI ù we;s lreKls' fï

i|yd ksfIaOkSh iduh ;yjqre lsÍuo" idOkSh iduh lrd ;srir mshjr ;eîuo w;HjYH fõ'

yqfolau hqoaOh iy ysxikh fkdmej;Su ksfIaOkSh iduhhs' fuu ;;ajh ;yjqre lsÍfuka

isÿjkafka" th wdh;k.; lsÍu u.ska idOkSh iduhg mokula jeàuhs'

2016 jif¾ ziudc ixj¾Ok ix.uhZ úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,o ziduh" ixys¢hdj iy iduh

f.dvke.SuZ kue;s iïuka;%Kfha§ chfoaj Whkaf.dv uy;d mjd fmkajd § we;af;a"

ksfIaOkSh iduh ia:dms; lsÍfï iy idOkSh iduh f.dvke.Su wdrïN lsÍfï l¾;jH"

ixys¢hdj iy iduh f.dvke.Su hk b,lalo f;areï .ekSug;a" ixhqla;j .%yKh

lr .ekSug;a wdOdr jk m%;sm;a;s i|yd wjYH jkakd jQ mq¿,a ixl,amuh rduqj ks¾Kh

lrkq ,nk njhs'

wfkHdkH ffjrh iy wúYajdih úiska wfkHdkH in|;d md,kh l< §¾>ia: isú,a hqo

iuhl§ ì| jegqKq iudc iïnkaO;d h<s f.dv ke.Su i|yd .egqulg ueÈ jQ iudchlg

ixys¢hdj wjYH fõ' cd;sl taldnoaO;d" rdcH NdId" iudc m%.;s iy yskaÿ wd.ñl lghq;=

wud;HdxYh hgf;a l%shd;aul jk wdh;khla f,ig NdIdj u.ska ixys¢hdj we;s lsÍu

tkï" .egqï md¾Yj" m%cdj iy ck;dj talrdYS lsÍu" cd;sl NdId wOHdmk iy mqyqKq

wdh;kfha ld,Sk j.lSula nj yÕsñ'

ta wkqj" ueÈy;aùu u.ska .egqï i|yd úi÷ï bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%ufõo ixj¾Okh lr iudc.;

lsÍfï wdh;khla jk c¾uksfha msysá inmedio idu WmfoaYkh u.ska ixjdo Tiafia ixys¢hdj

j¾Okh lsÍfï mqyqKq jevigkla f¾kafnda ßfida¾iia ,xld mqoa.,sl iud.fï taldnoaO

iyfhda.fhka cd;sl taldnoaO;d" rdcH NdId" iudc m%.;s iy yskaÿ wd.ñl lghq;= wud;HdxYh

yryd wm wdh;kh iïnkaO lr.ksñka miq.sh jif¾ fkdjeïn¾ udifha meje;aúKs' tu

jevigyk i|yd ms<sfh< lrk ,o fuu w;afmdf;ys isxy, iy fou< mßj¾;k fï

wdldrfhka wud;HxYh hgf;a fiajfha kshq;= by; mqyqKqj,;a cd;sl taldnoaO;d

iïnkaëldrl ks,OdÍka w;g m;alsÍu cd;sl ixys¢hdj f.dvke.Sfï jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i

ye¢kaúh yel'

m%id;a wd¾' fyar;a" wOHlaI ckrd,a"

cd;sl NdId wOHdmk yd mqyqKq wdh;kh

2019-10-10

vii

mgqk

1.ye¢kaùu.......................................................................................................................................... 1

1'1 w;afmd; ms<sn|j..................................................................................................................... 1

1'2 sha:re úYajdih f.dvke.Sfï l%shdj,sh ................................................................................. 2

1'3 sha:re ixjdo lKavdhï........................................................................................................... 3

1'3'1 sha:re ixjdo lKavdhfï uq,drïNh............................................................................... 3

1'4 mqyqKqlrejka i|yd jk fmdÿ ks¾foaY .................................................................................. 10

1'4'1 m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §fï§ mqyqKqlrejd oeßh hq;= wdl,amh ms<sn| jpkhla..................... 12

2' sha:re ixjdo myiqlï imhkakka iy ueÈy;alrejka i|yd jk Èk 3l mqyqKq jevigyk....... 13

2'1 m<uq Èk jevigyk................................................................................................................ 13

2'1'1 wdpdr lsÍu" myiqlï imhkakka iy lKavdhfï wruqKq y÷kajd§u ........................... 13

2'1'2 iyNd.sjk msßi iska ;uka y÷kajdfokq ,eîu.............................................................. 15

2'2 fojk Èk jevigyk............................................................................................................. 16

2'2'1 fmdl=rl u,a( úfNaokhjQ .egqul§ fmdÿ mokula fidhd .ekSu…............................... 16

2'2'2 id¾:l;ajfha l;d jgh…............................................................................................. 20

2'2'3 ueÈy;aùu iy ixjdoh l=ula i|ydo@ úIu .egqï pl%h" m%pKav;ajh iy lïmkh...... 21

2'2'4 l%shdldrlu( zTõZ iy zke;Z .egqu................................................................................. 24

2'2'5 uQ,sl m%Yak y÷kajd§u……............................................................................................ 26

2'2'6 l%shdldrlu( uQ,sl m%Yak ………..................................................................................... 27

2'2'7 fnda;,a l%Svdj y÷kajd§fï wNHdih............................................................................. 28

2'2'8 l%shdldrlu( f;j;djla ijka§u$l%shdldÍ ijka§fï ...................................................... 30

2'2'9 jgyd .ekSfï pl%h........................................................................................................ 33

2'2'10 l%shdldrlu( idrdxYlrKh iy Ndjd¾:lrKh .......................................................... 34

2'2'11 w;S; fõokdldÍ u;l ................................................................................................. 38

2'3 f;jeks Èk jevigyk……………................................................................................ 44

2'3'1 ysumrh( ienE isÿùula ms<sn| l%shdldrlu( c, lrdu .egqu.......................................... 44

2'3'2 sha:re ixjdo - y÷kajd§u.............................................................................................. 50

2'3'3 ixjdo l%shdldrlu i|yd jk uQ,sl kS;s........................................................................ 52

2'3'4 .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKh....................................................................................... 54

2'3'5 N+ñld rx.kh............................................................................................................... 56

2'3'6 mqyqKqj we.hSu ....................................................................................................................... 57


© bkaóäfhda n¾,ska | ueÈy;alrejka iy sha:re ixjdo myiqlrejka i|yd jk mqyqKq w;afmd; 1

1' ye¢kaùu

1'1 w;afmd; ms<sn|j

ixjdo myiqlrKfha sha:re keu;s m%fõYh fkamd, iudch ;=< mq¿,aj m%p,s; lsÍfï yelshdj

we;s lsßu i|yd fuu w;afmd; ixj¾Okh lrkq ,en ;sfí' by; m%fõY l%uh Ndú; lrñka

myiqlï imhkakka yd ueÈy;alrejka mqyqKq lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fkamd, mqyqKqlrejka

i|yd fuh ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;' flfia fj;;a" fuu w;afmd; fkamd, ikao¾Nhg

muKla iSud fkdfõ' úúO ck iudchkays we;s jk .egqïldÍ ;;ajhkaj,§ iduldó úi÷ï

lrd <Õd ùug iy m%;sikaOdk ls%hdj,shg lemùfuka iyfhda.h ,nd fokakd jQ f,dj úúO

m%foaYj, cSj;a jk mqoa.,hska yg fuu w;afmd; wkqn,hla jk nj wms úYajdi lrkafkuq'

w;S;fha uq,a nei .;a úúO ckjd¾.sl" idudðl iy wd.ñl miqìï fyda ia;S%‐mqreI Ndjh w;r

yg .;a wukdmlï iy wúYajdihka wju lsÍug" fuh b;d iq¿ mßudKfhka fyda odhl jkafka

kï wms uy;a fia i;=gq jkafkuq'

fuys b,lalh fohdldr fjhs( m<uqjekak" fuu mqyqKqjg iyNd.s jkakkag ixjdo

lKavdhïj,g myiqlï ie,iSug yelsùu ^ixjdo ms<sn| sha:re kue;s m%fõYhg wkqj&

fojekak" Tjqkag mjq,a" wi,ajeishka iy m%cdj iïnkaO lreKq-ldrKdj,§ ueÈy;aùï isÿ l<

yels ùu'

sha:re myiqlï imhkakka" mqyqKqj i|yd jeo.;a m%;sfmdaIK iy woyia ,nd ÿka w;r tajd

ixialD;sl ikao¾Nhg yd tÈfkod h:d¾:hg wkq.; ùug WmldÍ úh' §¾>ld,Sk iyfhda.S;dj

w;r;=r" wmf.a fmr mqyqKqlrefjda wm yd tlaj jev lghq;= lrk i.fhda fukau ld¾h lsÍfï§

wm yg wkqn,hla jkafkda njg m;a jQy' Tjqkaf.a ^iy wmf.a& Ôú; l;d iy fjk;a w;aoelSï

wm yd yqjudre lr .ekSu u.ska f.dvk.d .kakd ,o .eUqre in|;dj iïnkaOfhka wms Tjqka

yg fnfyúka lD;{ fjuq' ;jo 2015 iy 2016 hk j¾Ihkays§ jHdmD;sh iu-wOHlaIKh l<

ziduh Wfoid ixialD;shZ wdh;kfhys r*dt,a j¾ðka (Raphael Virgin)" wdrïNl wjOdkh

,nd ÿka iaúiag¾,ka; ixj¾Ok iyfhda.s;dfõ t,sin;a f*dka lem,¾ (Elisabeth von

Capeller)" 2014-2015 ys jHdmD;sh msysgqjd th iïnkaëlrKh l< GIZ Nepal iy Pro Public"

NdIK mßj¾;lhka jYfhka fiajh ,nd ÿka ìN+IKa áïiskd (Bibushan Timsina)" iy

Êfhda;aYd fYa%IaGd (Jyothsha Shresta)" WmfoaYlhska iy jHdmD;s l<uKdlrejka" zisú,a idu

fiajhZ wdh;kfhka meñ‚ wdh;ksl i.hsk a" l;auKavqys c¾udkq ;dkdm;s ld¾hd,h iy

ifa/zivik" tfukau fuu w;afmd; rpkfha§ iy ixialrKfha§ ,o iyfhda.h fjkqfjka

,eßiaid l=kaia (Larissa Kunze)" uysud rdha (Mahima Rai) iy ,S f*da¾ì.a (Lea Forbig) fj;

o wmf.a ia;=;sh mqo lsÍug leue;af;uq'



zbkaóäfhdaZ fjí wvúh (www.inmedio-peace-consult.org)" ziduh Wfoid ixialD;shZ ys fjí

wvúh (www.culture-for-peaceorg) iy fkamd, sha:re uOHia:dk u.ska Tng zsha:re jHdmD;sh

yd iïnkaO flá Ñ;%mghla keröfï wjia:dj Wod lr .; yel" tfukau f¾äfhda l;dx.

tl;=jla" Wmf,aLk iy ,sms o mßYS,kh l< yel'

1.2 sha:re úYajdih f.dvke.Sfï l%shdj,sh

mqyqKq ieish i|yd wm f;dard.;a m%fõYh" lKavdhu iuÕ taldnoaO l%shdj,shlska miqld,Skj

fjkia lrk ,o tfukau" jeäÿr ixj¾Okh lrk ,oaola jk w;r" th 1990 w. Nd.fha

hqf.dia,úhdkq hqO wj;ekajQjka iuÕ tlaj l%shd lsÍfï§ wm úiska ,nd .kakd ,o w;aoelSï

u; mokï úh (Wuestehube 2007)' th" BY%dh, ufkdaúoHd{fhl= jk vEka-nd¾-Tka (Dan

Bar-On) úiska uQ,slj fydf,dfldiaÜys Èú .,jd.;a wh iy kdis hqO wmrdOlrejkaf.a <uhska

w;r ixjdo wdrïN lrk ,o w;r miqj BY%dh,a yd m,ia;Sk lKavdhï w;r (Bar-On-Kassem

2004) fukau rejkavdfõ iudc Ñls;ail lKavdhï w;ro ixjdo we;s lrk ,os (Richters 2010)'

háfm< woyi( iduQysl ysxidjka iy lïms; w;aoelSï yd .Kqfokq lrkq ,nk úg" fõokdldÍ

u;lhka" ÿlaLodhl w;aoelSï ^hqoaOh yd iïnkaO&" jHikhkag f.dÿrejQjkaf.a l;d wdÈh

zwfkla md¾Yjfha idudðlhska bÈßfha yqjudre lr fkd.kakd ;dla" w;S; in|lïj, uQ,sl

ixj¾Okhla iy i;H m%;sikaOdkhla isÿ fkdjkq we;' l;d lSfï§" tys we;s wjHdc;ajh iy

wikakkaf.a m%;spdrj, wjHdc;ajh w;aolsk úg ukfia fjkila yd iuyr úfgl

oDIaáfldaKfha jqjo fjkila isÿ úh yel' hym;a wkd.;hla Wfoid l%shd lsÍfï§" kj

úYajdih iy iQodku f.dv ke.Sfï moku fuhhs'

ziudj §u iy wu;l lsÍuZ idudkH oekqug yiqjk lreKla jqjo" tu m%fõYh fkamd,fha

ie,lsh hq;= foaYmd,lhska ixLHdjla úiska tu jljdkqfõ ^2012 jika; iD;+fõ& idlÉPdjg

Ndckh lrk ,È' idu$ixjdo isoaëkays§" iduh fj; we;s leue;a; fndfyda úg m%ldY lrk

,o uq;a wúYajdih ms<sn| .eg¿j úi|kq ,en fkdue;' ;u ;ryj iy ÿl ms<sn| yeÕSï m%ldY

lsÍug ñksiqka Èßu;a lrkakdjQ fmdÿ m%ñ;Skag .e<fmk z.egqu yrydZ l%shd;aul ùfï

ixialD;shla wdishdfõ fkd;snq‚' újD;j w;S;h iuÕ .Kqfokq lsÍu" u.yeÍ hdu fuys

m%;sM,h jkq we;' flfia fj;;a" fuu jHdmD;sh u.ska wfmalaId fkdl< fjk;a úfYaI

w;aoelSïo <Õd fldg f.k we;' fcdaka fmda,a f,v/la (John Paul Lederach) 2015 j¾Ifha

.eñ wújdyl ldka;djka w;r zl;d lSfï m%fõYhlaZ Ndú; lrk ,o MSBK jHdmD;shg

(Mahila Shaki Kendra Nepal) -fkamd, ldka;d ñ;=ß uOHia:dkh& fhduq fõ' —'''fuys§ ieñhka

wysñ jQ ldka;dfjda" igkaldó mlaIj, úúO me;sj,ska meñ‚ úreoaO md¾Yj ksfhdackh



lrkakdjQ ldka;djka flfrys ielfhka yd fldamfhka miq jQy' úreoaO md¾Yjfha

ldka;djkaf.a l;d weiQ mu‚ka Tjqkaf.a ;ry uqiq yeÕSï idfmalaIj iukh úh' uQ,slju

Tjqkg fjkajQ lKavdhï jYfhka isàug wjYH jQ kuq;a l;dj,g ijka ÿka iekska Tjqka w;r

ñ;%;ajh j¾Okh úh yels nj ldka;dfjda jgyd .;ay'˜ ta yd iudkj" fyáuf,da (Heteymalo)

iydhl jevigyk" fkamd,fha w;=reoyka jQjkaf.a mjq,a i|yd jk ICRS ys ufkda-iudc

iydhl jevigyk úiska fidhd .kakd ,o mßÈ" Tjqkaf.a fõokdnr l;d yqjudre lr .ekSu"

w.;shg m;ajQjkaf.a mjq,a úiska uy;a fia m%Yxidjg ,la lrk ,È'

1'3 sha:re ixjdo lKavdhï

1'3'1 sha:re ixjdo lKavdhfï uq,drïNh

jhi wjqreÿ fod<yla olajd msßi iy kj m%cd idudðlfhda" ieisjdr 05 isg 10 olajd yuqjq w;r

wju jYfhka myiqlï imhkakka fofofkl= úiska ieis fufyh jkq ,enQy' úYajdih f.dv

ke.Sug yd ;u m%cdj ;=< .egqï ksrdlrKh lsÍu i|yd .%du ixj¾Ok lñgqj, fiajh lrk

,o igkalrejka ukdj h<s iudc.; lsÍug odhl ùu" fuys wruqKhs' Tjqka m%n, jQ úYajdih

f.dv ke.Sfï l%shdj,shlg uqyqK fok w;r th id¾:lj isÿ jqjfyd;a ukdj ie,iqï l<

m%cdj taldnoaO lsÍfï l%shdj,shlg uqyqK fokq we;' úYajdih f.dvke.Sfï uQ,sl l%shdj,shlska

miqj yd j¾;udk ;;ajh ms<sn| taldnoaO ;lafiarejlska wk;=rej" fõokdldÍ yeÕSï yqjudre

lr .ekSu ^idudkHfhka l,yldÍ ld, jljdkqj,& fuys m%fõYfha yrh fõ ^fnod.;a

l:dkaor u.ska&' fuh fndfyda ÿrg m%cdj ;=< iudc-iduh fukau .egqï je<ela ùu yd

ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh lrkq ,nk yjq,a l%shdldß;ajhka i|yd uÕ újr lrhs' ^—yjq,a j.lSu

lrd - sha:re˜& fuu fjkfia háfm< kHdh kï oDIaáfldaK fjki" iy úYajdih f.dvke.Su

l=vd lKavdhï wdY%h fldgf.k isÿ ùug bv we;s nj iy th jrla isÿjk isÿùula fkdjk

njhs' lKavdhï idudðlhskaf.a wdl,amuh fjki" yjq,a l%shdldÍ;ajh fukau Tjqkaf.a

idudkH wka;¾l%shd iuia; m%cdjg n,mdkq we;'1 lKavdhï l%shdj,sh wksjd¾hfhkau kuHYS,S

fõ' flfia fj;;a" fuys wvx.= iuyr mshjr idudkH jk w;r fndfyda úg Ndú;fha mj;shs(

1' tlsfkld y÷kd.ekSu$;;ajh ms<sn| taldnoaO ;lafiarej'

2' yjq,a .egqï úYaf,aIKh iy wfkldf.a ;;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka uQ,slj úYajdih

f.dv ke.Su'

3' fõokdnr u;l fnod .ekSu'

1 foaYiSudj, fjfik ck;djg zm%jD;a;s me;srùfïZ fuu l%shdj,sh i|yd jvd l%uj;a iyfhda.hla wjYH nj

miqj wm úiska fidhd .kakd ,È' Wod( l,dj iy udOH mokï jQ l%shdldrlï yryd¦ ^Zwkd.; n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy wNsfhda.Z n,kak&



4' iïm;a fidhd .ekSu( Okd;aul <ud úh u;lhka

5' yjq,a l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu'

lKavdhï w;r úYajdih j¾Okh lsÍfï l%shdj,sfha§ úfYaIfhka imhk ,o my; lreKq

jeo.;a fõ(

‐ ysgmq igkalrejka iy .egqï oDIaÀfldaK úYaf,aIK (Conflict Perspective Analisys –

CPA) l%uh Ndú; lrkq ,nk mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska w;r .eg qï ms<sn| taldnoaO

úYaf,aIKh'

‐ le/,a, mej;s ld,fha isg fõokdldÍ l;d yd w;aoelSï yqjudre lr .ekSu'

tneúka fuu lreKq jvd;a iúia;rd;aulj idlÉPd flfrkq we;'2

1' tlsfkld y÷kd.ekSu$;;ajh ms<sn| taldnoaO ;lafiarej

ieish isxÿjlska" lúhlska fyda pdß;%hlska yd myiqlï imhkakd ms<sn| idudkH f;dr;=rlska

fukau m%fõYh iy wruqK bÈßm;a lsÍfuka wdrïN fõ' flfia fj;;a" iyNd.sjkakka ms<sn|

y÷kajd §u iy idudkH ;lafiarej" iïuqL idlÉPd l%ufõoh f;dard .ekSu u.ska iïnkaO

flf¾' fï i|yd iydNd.sjkafkda" ysgmq igkalrejd iy §¾>ld,Sk fkajdislfhl= f,i hq.,

jYfhka lKavdhï .; fj;s' bkamiq zud´jd§ ysgmq igka lrejkaf.a h<s taldnoaO lsÍfï

ld¾hh i|yd n,mEfõ l=ulao iy tys§ Woa.; jQ wmyiq;d fudkjdo@Z hk m%Yakh u.ska

tlsfkldj iïuqL idlÉPdjlg ,la lrk f,i b,a,d isák ,§' fuu l%shdldrlfuka miqj

Tjqkg kej; úYd, lKavdhu yd tl;=jk f,i;a" iïuqL idlÉPdfõ§ ñ;=rd ;ukag mejiQ

foh jd¾;d lrk f,i;a okajk ,È' fï wdldrhg fifuka-fifuka tlsfkld fj; <Õd ùug

iy ;u oelau ;=< uQ,sl fjkialula we;sjk wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍug Tjqkg wjia:dj ,nd

fohs'

2' .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKh iy zysu mrhZ(Iceberg) kue;s rEmlh

fuu mshjfrys wruqK jkafka" lKavdhï folla w;r uQ,sl .egqula wfkHdkH jYfhka

tlsfkld flfrys iylïmkh j¾Okh jk wdlrhg úYaf,aIKh lsÍug ie,eiaùuhs' fï

mshjr flfrys l%ufõo oDIaáfldaKhlska neÆ l," ish¨ fokdu oekqj;a .egqï oDIaáfldaK

úYaf,aIKfha (Conflict Perspective Analysis – CPA) tk zysu mrZ wdlD;sh iy ziylïmk

,ehsia;=jZ (Empathy-List) m%fhdackj;a fuj,ï f,i ye¢kaúh yel' ta ulaksido h;a" tajd

iylïmkh iy oelau fjkia lsÍug bjy,a jk neúks (Splinter/Wuestehube et al. 2013, 2015;

2 iúia;rd;aul l%ufõohla iys; úia;rhla i|yd Wuestehube/Splinter 2019 n,kak'



Walter 2013), isoaê wOHhkhla y÷kajd ÿka miq" mer‚ iy kj ^ysgmq igkalrejka& m%cd

idudðlhska w;r úfYaI .egqï iïnkaO w;aoelSu" Wod( zc, lrdu .egquZ ^my; i|yka mßÈ&(

uq,a lKavdhug iucd;Sh lKavdhï follg fn§" iyNd.Sjkakkag ;ud" wfkld ^wfkla

lKavdhu ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk mqoa.,fhla& hehs is;d ^bx.%SiS NdIdfõ i|yka jk mßÈ

zwfkldf.a im;a;=jg neiZ (step into the other’s shoes) Tyqf.a$wehf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;=" yeÕSï

iy NS;sldjka m%ldY lrkakg okajd isák ,§' nqoaê-l,ïnkh u.ska (Brainstorming) yqfola

W;a;u mqreI oDIaáfldaKfhka woyia m%ldY lsÍug Èßu;a lrkq ,eîh' tkï" kj m%cdj ;uka

mer‚ m%cdj hehs is;d" —mer‚ m%cdj jk wmsg yefÕkjd "''' ^wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd'''$wms

ìfhka miq fjkjd'''&˜ jeks m%ldY lsÍu iy th wfkHdkH jYfhka isÿ lsÍuhs' fï w;r;=r

myiqlï imhkafkda tu m%ldY ,ehsia;= .; lr;s' bkamiqj" l=vd lKavdhï taldnoaOù

tlsfkldg ;ukaf.a ,ehsia;=j bÈßm;a lrhs' wjika m%;sfmdaIK jgfha§" iqmßlaIdldÍ úreoaO

md¾Yjfha wjYH;d (Needs)" NS;sld (Fears) yd yeÕSï (Imotions) fndfyda msßilg

iïmQ¾Kfhkau kj w;aoelSula nj idudkHfhka wjOdrKh fõ' fuh ó<Õ mshjrg miqìu

ilia lrkq ,nk úYajdih iy wjfndaOh f.dvke.Sfï hï ikaêia:dkhla ks¾udKh lrhs'

3' fõokdldÍ u;l yqjudre lr .ekSu$l;d lSu

óg fmr i|yka l< wdldrhg" myiqlï ie,iSfï" úYajdih f.dvke.Sfï" iqjm;a lsÍfï fukau

m%;sikaOdkh i|yd iQodkï ùfï ;SrKd;aul mshjrla f,i" úfYaIfhkau l,yldÍ iufha

fõokdldÍ u;l ;ks-;ksj l;d jYfhka yqjudre lr .ekSu fj; wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq fõ'

fuys§ lKavdhï l%shdj,sfha ksjerÈ ld,h ;SrKh lsÍu ienúkau ;SrKd;aul fõ' ta i|yd

hï ;rul úYajikSh uÜgula wjYH fõ" tfy;a fï i|yd wkjYH f,i ld,h ñvx.= lsÍu

wjYH fkdfõ' lKavdhï idudðlhka yg hï ;rul újD;Ndjhla yd wfkldf.a l;djg

ijka§fï leue;a;la we;s nj fmfkkakg ;sfío hkak myiqlï imhkakd úiska ;lafiare

lrkq ,eîu wjYH fõ' úfYaIfhkau" l;dj wikakka l;djg wh;a isÿùfï wmrdOlrejka fõ

kï" iajNdjfhkau ;ks mqoa.,hska jYfhka wfkld ;u l;dj iuÉp,hg ,la lrdú hhs

mjikakd ìfhka miqfõ' fï i|yd myiqlï imhkakkag úYajdih f.dvke.Sfï uQ,sl

l%shdldrlï yryd ys;lr jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh lsÍug isÿfõ' tfukau" —ish¨u fokdf.a

l;dj,g ndOdjlska iy Wiq¿-úiq¿ lsÍulska f;drj wms ish¨ fokdu ijka fok njg iy;sl

fjuq'˜ jeks uQ,sl kS;s-Í;s (Ground Rules) u.ska wdrlaIs; jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍug o isÿfõ'

fndfyduhla m%fõYhkag fjkia jQ wdrlska" yels iEu wjia:djl§u mska;+r iuÕ l%shdldrlï

lsÍu wjYH fõ" tkï ;u isÿùu$l;dj yqjudre lr .ekSu Ñ;% we£ulska wdrïN l<hq;= nj

Tjqkg okajd isáh hq;=h' lïmk WmfoaYkh ;=< fuh idudkH ixisoaêhla jk uq;a fonia

wjuj Ndú; fõ' fndfyda úg fuys wdrïNfha§ hï meg,s,s iy.; ;;ajhla we;s jqjo" th

fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fõ' m<uqfjkau" iyNd.sjkakkag wjOdkfhka miqùu i|yd l;dj jvd



úÑ;%j iy meyeÈ,sj bÈßm;a jk mska;+rhla iydh fõ' fojkqj" we;a; jYfhkau wka whf.a

l;dj,g m%;spdr olajkjdg jvd" mska;+rhla iuÕ Tfí l;dj jvd myiqfjka bÈßm;a l<

yels fõ' f;jkqj" l;d 6-7lg wdikak m%udKhlg ijka ÿka miq mska;+rhla iuÕ ;j;a

l;djlg È.ska-È.g ijka §u jvd myiq fõ' isõfjkqj" Ñ;%hla we£u hkq hï;dla ÿrlg l;dj

ixfla;d;aulj ndysr f,daalhg m%ldY lsÍu fõ' fuhska mqoa.,hd ;=< fõokdldÍ u;lh yd

jeä udkisl mr;rhla ks¾udKh lrhs' fuu l%uh" l;dj hgm;a lr .ekSug jvd l;dj

fkdiÕjd bÈßm;a lsÍfï m<uq mshjr fõ'

u.fmkaùfï m%Yakh( —wfkla lKavdhu ^ud´jd§ igkalrejka$isú,a jeishka& ms<sn| Tfí

oelau fukau .egqu$l,yldÍ ;;ajh yd iïnkaO úYajdihka yev.iajkakg Tn fyda Tfí

mjq, ;=< fyda isÿ jQfha l=ulao@ lreKdlr tla úfYaI isÿùula ms<sn| is;d tu isÿùu

ixfla;j;a lrkq ,nk Ñ;%hla w¢kak'˜3 idudkHfhka mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska ;uka$;ukaf.a

ñ;%hd fyda mjq,a idudðlhska" udfjdajd§ka fyda cd;sl yuqodj ksid f.dÿre njg m;ajQfha

flfiao hkak m%ldY lrdú'4 ;u wdorŒhhka >d;kh jkq ÿgq wdldrh" ysgmq igkalrejka

;uka tu ;;ajhg m;a jQ wdldrh" jHdc fpdaokd bÈßm;a lrñka ;uka udfjdajd§ka hhs isr

.; l< wdldrh iy miqj Tjqka ienEjgu udfjdajd§ka njg m;a jQ wdldrh" ials¾ñYia

(Skirmishes) ys ;ukaf.a Ôú; flf¾ ìfhka miq jQ wdldrh" ;ukag ;=jd, isÿ jQ wdldrh" ;u

ifydaorhkaf.a Èú .,jd .ekSug lghq;= l< wdldrh iy iuyrúfgl tys§ Tjqkaj wysñ jQ

wdldrh wdÈh ms<sn| l;d bÈßm;a lrdú' i;H fldñIka iNdjkays ks, kvq úNd." .did ;Srh

^rejkavdj& fyda úkaÈ; jrolre ueÈy;aùu fuka fkdj" fujeks ixjdoj,§ ;ks jerÈlrejka

zTjqkaf.aZ úkaÈ;hska yd .efgkafka ke;' flfia fj;;a" idudkHfhka" ysxikhg ,lajQjka

Ñ;a;fõ.h fya;=fjka wfkla lKavdhfï ´kEu idudðlfhl= jrolrejkaf.a ksfhdað;fhl=

f,i i,lhs' wNsfhda.d;aul jqjo" fuu l%shdj,sh i;=j thg wdfõ‚l iqjm;a lsÍfï l%uhla

;sfí'

iEu wfhl=gu ;ukaf.a l;dj iy Ñ;%h bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj ,efí' l:lhd ;u Ñ;%h

msßi ueÈka ;nd l;dj bÈßm;a lrhs' fuys§ tla wfhl=g ñks;a;= 05-30l ld,hla ysñfõ' hï

mqoa.,fhl= fndfydu fláfhka l;dj bÈßm;a lrhs kï" myiqlï imhkakd th ;j ÿrg;a

úia;rd;aulj bÈßm;a lsÍug Èßu;a lrhs' Tjqyq tfia l;dfõ miqìu iy yeÕSï .fõIKh

lrkq ,nk m%Yak wiñka" l;dj fj; wjOdkh ,nd fo;s' WodyrKhla jYfhka Ñ;%fha

wka;¾.; úfYaI lreKq iïnkaOfhka fyda wod< isÿùu ;udg oekqKq wdldrh ms<sn| fyda

3 fuh Ñ;% ;rÕhla fkdjk nj;a" <ud Ñ;%hla f,i bÈßm;aùu m%udKj;a nj;a fuys§ myiqlï imhkakd úiska

wjOdrKh lrkq ,efí' fkdtfia kï iyNd.sjkakka ;ukag ksis mßÈ Ñ;%h we|.; .els fkdjkq we;ehs ìh jkq we;'

4 m%Odk lKavdhu iuÕ wm wNHdifha ksr; jk úg" fndfyda mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska ;uka Rcqj udfjdajd§ igkalrejkag uqyqK fokjdg jvd rdcH wdrlaIl yuqodjg f.dÿre jQ wdldrh m%ldY fldg isáfhah' wm tu wNHdifhau kej; udi 06lg miqj ksr; jQ miq úfYaIfhkau Tjqkaf.ka fndfyda fokd udfjdajd§ka wmrdOlrejka nj yÕsñka l;d bÈßm;a l<y' Tjqka w;r úYajdih j¾Okh ù we;s nj fmkakqï lsÍula f,ig wms fuu fjki olskafkuq'



m%Yak lrkq ,nhs' fuys§ myiqlï imhkafkda l:lhdf.a yeÕSï fufia m%ldY lr;s( —tfykï"

ta wjia:dfõ Tn Tfí Ôú;h .ek we;a;gu nh fjkak we;s fkao@˜ fufia m%Yak lsÍu u.ska

Tjqka w;r we;s wjfndaOh m%o¾Ykh fõ' fï wdldrhg Tjqyq wfkla iyNd.sjkakkag

wfkldf.a yeÕSïj,g jeo.;alula ,nd fok wdldrh fmkajñka N+ñld rx.khl fhfo;s'

fndfyda úg" iyNd.sjkafkda tla isÿùulska ;u l;dj wdrïN fldg" miqj ;u iïmQ¾K Ôú;

l;dj úia;r lr;s' iuyr úfgl l:lhd" ;uka uqyqK ÿka isÿùï rdYshla w;rg ueÈù §¾>

úia;r lsÍul ksr; fjhs' hïfyhlska iyNd.sjkakd yeÕSï w;r w;rux ù we;s njla oefkhs

kï" myiqlï imhkakd j¾;udkhg wod< lreKq wkdjrKh lrkq ,nk m%Yak wihs' ^Wod(

fï jk úg .u kej; f.dvk.d ;sfío@˜" —ksoyia ùug fmr Tn wjqreÿ lShla isr.;j

isáfhao@˜" —ta mqoa.,hd fï Èkj, lrkafka fudkjdo@˜&5 l:lhd l;dj wjika l< miq" th

w.h lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' —fndfydu ia;=;shsæ˜ hk ir, m%ldYfhka w.h lsÍu wdrïN

lsÍu wm úiska ksfoaY lrkq ,efí' myiqlï imhkakd iEu l;djla i|ydu b;d ixfõ§ njlska

fukau idkqlïms; njlska woyia oelaùu isÿ lrhs' wk;=rej Tyq ixfõ§j iy idkqlïms;j

l;dj i|yd woyia oelaùug wfkla iyNd.sjkakkaj Èßu;a lrhs' fuys§ ijkafokakkaf.ka

fndfyda fokd l÷¿ i,ñka b;d ixfõ§ jk nj oel .; yels fõ' wm úiska Täiaid (Odessa,

Ukraine) ys l;d lSfï ieishla fufyhjkq ,nk úg" iyNd.sjkafkla fufia ;u woyia m%ldY

lf<ah( —tlg tlaj l÷¿ i,kafka flfiaoehs wms fuys§ bf.k .;a;d'˜ fuh zidkqlïms;

yqjudre jghZ (Compassionate Sharing Round)f,i kï flf¾'

5 mqk¾-lïmk iy w;S;dj¾ck isÿ fõ hhs fuys§ hï ìhla cks; fõ' mQ¾K mqyqKqj ,;a ufkdÑls;ailjrfhl=

muKla lïmkhg m;a úh yels ñksiqka iuÕ .Kqfokq l< hq;= njg hfula fujka wjia:djl jdo l< yel' myiqlï imhkakd ixfõ§ l< hq;= njg;a" w;S;dj¾ck iuÕ lghq;= lrkafka flfiaoehs oek isá hq;= njg;a wms fuys§ tlÕ jkafkuq' tu w;S;dj¾ck fujeks l%shdldrlï w;r ;=r isÿfj;ehs wm tlÕ jkafka ke;' w;S;dj¾ckh iïnkaO jeo.;a lreKla kï" th wod< mqoa.,hdg md,kh l< fkdyel" tfukau tjeks isÿùï ffoksl Ôú;fha mjd ´kEu fj,djl isÿúh yel' mqoa.,fhl= ys;du;d ´kElñkau l;dj bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%shdldrlu ;=< hï isÿùula wdj¾ckh lsÍug ;SrKh lsÍu" w;S;dj¾ckhla úh fkdyel' tjeks isÿùï ´kEu wjia:djl isÿúh yels ksid jD;a;slhka fkdjk wh Tjqka iuÕ .Kqfokq lsÍu fkdje<laúh yelalls' fuys§ by< iqÿiqlï fkd,;a jD;a;slhska lsysmfofkl= flfrys muKla wjOdkh fhduq lrkjdg jvd fndfyda fokd ixfõ§ ùu wjYH fõ'



iïm;a u; mokï jQ m%;sjHqy.; ùu

myiqlï imhkakd úiska lrkq ,nk iïm;a u; mokï jQ m%;sjHqy.; ùu" ñksiqkaf.a

wirKNdjh kue;s yeÕSu ch.%yKh lsÍug w;HjYH Wmldrhls' myiqlï imhkakd"

l:lhd úiska wod< isÿùu l<ukdlrKh lr .;a wdldrh iy th ord .;a wdldrh

ms<sn| wjOdrKh lrhs' ^Tyqf.a$wef.a wNHka;r iïm;a&'

WodyrK(

;uka l=vdl, mdr whsfka ;nk ,o fndaïnhlska ;u ifydaor-ifydaorhska Ôú;laIhg

m;a jQ wdldrh ms<sn| tla ldka;djla l;djla bÈßm;a lrñka isák w;r wef.a oEia

l÷,ska msÍ hhs' weh l;dj wjika lrk úg" myiqlï imhkakd —Tng fï isÿùu iy

bka we;s jQ ÿl ord .ekSug iydh jQfha l=ulao@˜ hkak wihs' tys§ kEoEhska wehg Wojq

l< wdldrh weh úiska meyeÈ,s lrkq ,eîh' myiqlï imhkakd isÿùu idrdxYlrKh

lrhs' tfukau w;aoelSu Odkd;aulj kej; m%ldY ldrhs( —wo jk úg" Tfíu w;aoelSu

u.ska tjeks isÿùulg uqyqK ÿka wfhl=g wjYH foa fudkjdo hkak Tn y÷kdf.k

;sfnkjd' Tn ta ms<sn| úfYaI{fhla' fndfyda fihska ÿlg m;a" fYdaldl+,

mqoa.,fhl=g iydh olajkafka flfiaoehs Tn oeka wmg myod fokak'˜

;u Ôú;h iïmQ¾Kfhkau wk;=reodhl ;;ajhlg weojegqKq wjia:djla ms<sn|

l;djla bÈßm;a l< mqoa.,fhl=f.ka myiqlï imhkakd fuu m%Yakh wikq ,ndú( —

ta Nhdkl wjia:dfõ§ Tn wk;=r l<ukdlrKh lr .;af;a flfiao@˜ l:lhd

ms<s;=re f,i ,nd fokafka l,n, fkdù" b;d ikaiqkaj wjOdkfhka wk;=r fj;

m%;spdr oelajQ njhs' myiqlï imhkakd( —tjeks Nhdkl wjia:djl mjd ikaiqkaj"

wjOdkfhka miq ùug yels ùu ms<sn| Tng wm ia;=;sjka; úh hq;=hs' Tng tu

isÿùfuka .e,úh yels jqKd'˜ l:lhd ;uka iïmQ¾Kfhka wirK" úkaÈ; mqoa.,fhl=

f,i fkdoel" jHikhlska .e<ùu ms‚i hula l< mqoa.,fhl= f,i ;udj olshs kï

by; m%ldYfha háfm< udkisl Wml,amkh (Underlying Psycological Assumption)

thhs' myiqlï imhkakd fï wdldrfhkao hula thg tl;= l< yel( —Tn Ôú;h

fírd .ekSu iïnkaOfhka uu i;=gq jk w;r Tng wo Èkfha wm yd fufia yuqúh

yels jQfha ta ksidfjks'˜ tu m%ldYh kej;;a j¾;udkh yd iïnkaO fõ'



ish¨fokd ;u l;dj bÈßm;a fldg wjika jQ miq" idkqlïms; yqjudre jgh we;=<;a jk fia

myiqlï imhkakd l%shdldrlu ms<sn| flá úuiSula isÿ lrhs( —Tfí u;l yqjudre lr .ekSug

fmr iy miq ;;ajhka oeka Tng oefkkafka flfiao@˜ tu m%fõYfha ;d¾lsl nj iy tys

n,mEu ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lrkq ,nk idudkH m%ldY lsysmhla my; mßÈ fõ(

ug ÿlla iy fõokdjla oekqKd'

ug ÿlla tlal hd¿fjda iy uu wdorh lrk wh u;la jqKd'

l;dj lshkafk fldfyduo lshk WNf;dafldaálfh uu ysáfh'

uf.a hd¿fjda tlal l;dj fnod .kak ;rï yhshla ug ;snqfKa keye'

hd¿fjda uf.a l;djg iuÉp,a lrhs lsh, ug nhla ;snqKd'

l;dj lshkak l,ska ÿflka bkafka uu ú;rhs lsh, ys;mq yeÕSu fjkia jqKd'

l;dj lshk l%shdj,sh;a tlal ug ;snqKq fõokdldÍ yeÕSu l%ufhka wvq jqKd'

l;dj wks;a wh fyd¢ka wyoa§ uf.a fõokdj wvqfj,d" ys;g n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla wdjd'

uu fï l;dj fjk flfkl=g lshmq m<fjks j;dj fïlhs' uq,ska ug yqiau ysr

fjkjd jf.a oekqKd' oeka ug f,dl= ieye,a jla oefkkjd'

yeu flkdgu iudk fõokdjla ;shk nj ug f;areKd'

hqoaOfha wks;a md¾Yjhg;a fï yeÕSuu ;sfnk nj ug oekqKd'

uq,ska wms ys;=fõ" udOHfõ§ka iy udkj ysñlï l%shdldÍka we;a; fndre lr,d lshkj

lsh,' kuq;a fufyÈ wms f.dvla .re lrk ''''''''''''''''''''''' uy;d w÷k .kak ,enqKd'

.egqfï n,mEu f.dvla l,a hklka ;sínd' u;=msáka wmsg fï ksid we;s jqK fõokdj

olskak neß jqKd'

yeuflfklau thd,f. Ôú;j, ú|j,d ;sfnkjd" fõokdldÍ-ÿlauqiq-i;=gq

w;aoelSïj,g uqyqK §, ;sfnkjd' fï w;aoelSï ta jf.a wjia:dj, ñksiaiq úÈyg

bÈßhg hkak wmsj Èßu;a lrkjd'

fï wNHdih" wmyiq;d tlal .Kqfokq lrkak wmsg Yla;sh fokjd'

wkd.; mrïmrdfõ iduh .ek fï l%shdj,sh wmsj iú{d‚l lrkjd'

4' iïm;a .fõIKh ( Okd;aul <udúh u;l

fõokdldÍ u;lhka iqkaor fohla iuÕ iei£ug iy lKavdhu ;=< iïnkaO;d-l%shdj,sh

Yla;su;a lsÍug" <ud úfha Okd;aul u;lhka mÍlaId lsÍu hym;afõ' fuh ks;ru

ish,a,kagu fmdÿ jk oE we;s njg yeÕSula we;s lrhs( foaYmd,k úYajdi wdÈfhys úúO

fjkialï ;sìh§;a" wms ish¨ fokdu hï wjia:djl orejkaj isáfhuq' idudkHfhka fuu

;SlaIK nqoaêh flfkl=f.a orejka iy wkd.;h fj; foudmshkaf.a /ljrKh ms<sn|

wdfõ.hla we;s lrhs'



sha:re myiqlï imhkakka idudkHfhka YdÍßl oekqj;aNdjh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka

,sys,a lsÍfï jHdhduhlska fuu l%shdj,sh wdrïN lrhs' túg Tjqka iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka b,a,d

isákafka Tjqkaf.a <ud ld,h ms<sn| u;lhka yryd z.uka lrkakZ iy l=vd ld,fha § Tjqkag

fyd| iy iqrlaIs; njla oekqKq ia:dkhl k;r jk f,ihs' Tjqkaf.a uq¿ Ôú;hu fuf;la ÿla

ú¢ñka isáho" ^wju jYfhka& tla m%S;su;a fudfyd;la ;sìh hq;=h' m%S;su;a <ud ld,h ms<sn|

fuu l:d fnod .ekSu idudkHfhka fndfyda fihska iskyj we;s lrkakla fjhs" ukao fuu

l:d" wdorh yd /ljrKh fyda úys¿ isÿùï iïnkaOfhka jk ksidfjks'

5' iuQy l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu

fuu Okd;aul Yla;sh u; mokïj" ixjdo lKavdhï úiska m%cdjg Wmldr jk taldnoaO

l%shdldrlï ixúOdkh lsÍfï ie,iqï ilia lsÍu iy ixjdo lKavdhï ;=< f.dvk.d we;s

úYajdih jHdma; lsÍu oeka fndfyda úg wfmalaId l< yelsh' fuu l%shdldrlï taldnoaO

ieureïj,ska" m%cd há;, myiqlï fyda l%Svd biõ u; tlg jev lsÍu wdÈfhka iukaú; úh

yelsh'

1'4 mqyqKqlrejka i|yd jk fmdÿ ks¾foaY

jvd fyd| ^id¾:l& mqyqKqjla" iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ^ysi" yoj; iy oE;a& nqoaêh" yoj; iy

l%shdYS,s;ajh wdl¾IKh lr .kshs' iyNd.sjkakka jeä-jeäfhka l%shdldÍj mqyqKqj yd

iïnkaO jk úg" jeä-jeäfhka Tjqyq bf.k .ks;s' ñks;a;= 20-30 muK flfkl=g ijka §ug

muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu wmyiq ksid mqyqKqlrejka ;u m%ldYkhka fláfhka bÈßm;a

lsÍu jvd;a fhda.H fõ' tneúka" Tfí l;dfõ §¾> nj mÍlaId lr ne,Sug w;a Trf,daiqjla

Ndú;d lrkakæ

mqyqKqj i|yd úúO l%u ;SrKh lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' iEu wfhl=gu ;ukag wkkH jQ l;d

lsÍfï ú,dihla iy y~la ;sfnk neúka" mqyqKqlrejkaf.a lKavdhfï idudðlhska l;dj

w;r;=r tlsfkld ;u jdrhka ,nd .ekSu iqÿiq fõ' iEu mqyqKq Èkhlau úúO bf.kqï iy

b.ekakqï l%uj, ixfhdackhla úh hq;=h'

tjeks úúO l%u lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ(

l%shdldÍ nj$Woafhda.h we;s lsÍfï l%shdldrlï ^ish¨ fokd okakd .S;hla fyda

l%Svdjla&

ikaiqka ùfï l%shdldrlï-kej; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd Wod( 20 olajd .Kka lsÍu"

l=vd lKavdhï&

y÷kajd§fï wNHdi - úfYaIs; ud;Dld i|yd f;audjkag wkql+,j ilia lsÍu' ^Wod(

oDIaáfldaK fjkialï y÷kd .ekSug zñksid-óhdZ l%shdldrlu&



m%dfhda.sl wNHdi" N+ñld rx.k iy W;af;acl - iyNd.sjkafkda fï yryd wdo¾Y"

ixjdo ;dlaI‚l l%u iy ikaksfõok l=i,;d mqyqKq lr;s'

fhojqï - ñks;a;= 20-30 fkdblaujQ kj ud;Dld$wdo¾Y y÷kajd§u' ^.egqï ms<sn| úIu

pl%h" ^ysxidj iy lïmkh&

ksrEmK ^Wod( ueÈy;a ùfï ksrEmK& mqyqKqlre l< fohla mqyqKjkakka wkqlrKh

lsÍu' ^ueÈy;aùfï ksrEmK&

wka;¾ l%shdldÍ foaYk ^Wod( fmd,a ms<sn| WodyrK&

isoaê wOHhk - Tn W.;a oE ienE isoaëka i|yd Ndú; lrkak" WodyrKhla jYfhka

iyNd.sjkakkaf.a w;aoelSï' ^c, lrdu .egqu&

sha:re l;dkaor lSu - ijka§ug iy ;u Ôú; w;aoelSï m%ldY lsÍug myiqlï imhkq

,efí'

mqkrdj¾;kh

Yío mqjre - iEu 3-4 jeks mqyqKq Èkhlau wjidkfha" iyNd.sjk msßi ;udf.a mqoa.,sl

w;aoelSu mqyqKqlrejka yd fnod .ks;s' ^ñks;a;= 05&

iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.au bf.k .ekSfï rgdj fjkia nj mqyqKqlrefjda oks;s'

1' ijka§fuka bf.k .ekSu ^lreKq igyka lsÍfuka fyda fkdlsÍfuka&

2' mqyqKqlrejdf.a l%shd ksÍlaIKh lrñka bf.k .ekSu'

3' mqyqKq fjñka bf.k .ekSu'

4' ;=,H lKavdhïys b.ekaùfuka fyda ud;Dld hgf;a bÈßm;a lsÍfuka bf.k .ekSu'

wxl 3 iy 4 wfkla l%u folg jvd M,odhS fõ' fuys§ mqyqKqlrejka wka;¾ l%shdldÍ" m%dfhda.sl

l%u fj; wjOdkh ,nd Èh hq;= fõ' fï i|yd mqyqKqfõ§ ^jerÈ isÿùfï§ ta iïnkaOj ìh

fkdù lghq;= lsÍug& jvd hym;a mßirhla wjYH fõ' fuys§ m%ldYs; iEu úfõpkhlau

f.!rjkSh úh hq;= w;r wfkla iyNd.sjkakka lsis úfgl;a fy,d fkdoelSug mqyqKqlrejka

ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'

1.4.1 m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §fï§ mqyqKqlrejd oeßh hq;= wdl,amh ms<sn| jpkhla

Tnf.a mqyqKqjkakka yg ;ks mqoa.,hska jYfhka m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §u w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ'

WodyrKhla jYfhka" ueÈy;aùfï N+ñld rx.khl§ ;ks m%;sfmdaIK ,nd fkdfokafka kï

Tjqkg ;u yelshd j¾Okh lr .ekSug bv m%ia;dj fkd,efí' Tfí m%;sfmdaIKh ;=< ms<s.ekSu

iy iún, .ekaùu wvx.= úh hq;= nj u;lfha ;nd .; hq;=h' tneúka Tn mqyqKqjkakka

ksÍlaIKh lsÍfï§ igyka lr .ekSï isÿ lsÍu WÑ; fõ' m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §fï§" wdl,am"



mqyqKqjkakd úiska id¾:lj isÿ lrk ,o l%shd iy ueÈy;aùï u;=lr oelaùug lghq;= lrkak'

mqyqKqjk mqoa.,hd ó<Õ j;dfõ jvd fyd¢ka bÈßm;a l< hq;= foa yd iïnkaO úfõpkd;aul

lreKq yels;dla ksYaÑ;j i|yka lr ixlaIsma;j m%ldY lrkak' iyNd.sjkakka iún, .ekaùu

yd Tjqkag iajdëkj l%shd lsÍug iydh ùu" mqyqKqlrefjl= jYfhka Tfí ld¾hNdrh nj u;l

;nd .kak'

hful= jer§ï yryd fyd|u foa bf.k .kakd njg idjoH lreKla wjdikdjka; f,i b;d

jHdma;j m%p,s; ù we;' Tn jerÈj,ska bf.k .kafka" Tfí uqyqK jid fkdf.k tajd l<

yels kï iy B<Õ j;dfõ fjkia wdldrhlska l< hq;= foa ms<sn| ksYaÑ; woyia Tn j¾Okh

lrkafka kï mu‚' hï mqoa.,fhl= fyda fjk;a wh ksjerÈj yd b;d fyd¢ka isÿ lrkq ,en

we;s foa úYaf,aIKh lr wjOdrKh lrk úg hfula fyd¢ka bf.k .kshs' fuh ;j ÿrg;a

isÿ lsÍug jeä ffO¾hhla Tng wjYH kï wfkla whf.ka fyd| WodyrK ,nd .kak'



2' yqjudre ixjdo myiqlï imhkakka iy ueÈy;alrejka i|yd jk Èk 3l mqyqKq jevigyk

2'1 m<uq Èk jevigyk

Èkfha b,lalh(

iyNd.sjk msßig wh;ajkakka tlsfkld y÷kd.kakd w;r myiqlï imhkakkaf.a lKavdhuo

y÷kd.kshs' tfukau" fï iuÕ úYajdiodhS mßirhla iy ryiHNdjh i|yd miqìulao

ks¾udKh flf¾'

fõ,dj wNHdih ld,h

15:00 - 15:30 f;a mdkh ñks;a;= 30

15:30 - 16:30 wdpdr lsÍu" myiqlï imhkakka iy wruqKq y÷kajd§u ñks;a;= 60

16:30 - 18:00 iyNd.sjk msßi ;ukaj y÷kajd§u ñks;a;= 90

18:00 - 18:15 Woafhda.d;aul l%shdldrlu ñks;a;= 15

18:15 - 18:45 jevuqMfõ Í;Ska ñks;a;= 30

18:45 -19:00 iïuka;%K ld,igyk bÈßm;a lsÍu ñks;a;= 15

19:00 rd;%S wdydrh

2'1'1 wdpdr lsÍu" myiqlï imhkakka iy lKavdhfï wruqKq y÷kajd§u

iyNd.sjk msßi jevigyk mj;ajkq ,nk ia:dkhg meñŒu iy jevigykg iyNd.sùug

lemùu iïnkaOfhka Tjqkaj w.h lrkak( —Tn ish¨ fokd fuu ia:dkhg meñŒu

iïnkaOfhka wms b;d i;=gg m;afjuq' ueÈy;aùu iy ixjdo i|yd myiqlï iemhSug bf.k

.ekSfuka" Tng m%cdj ;=< iudodkh iy wjfndaOh we;s lr .ekSug iydh úh yels hhs wms

is;kafkuq'˜

Tfí miqìu iy Tn ms<sn| úia;r fukau fuu l¾;jH i|yd Tnj Èßu;a jQ wdldrh ms<sn|

fláfhka úia;r lrkak' mqyqKq lKavdhuo ixjdo lKavdhula neúka" Tn ixjdo l|jqrlg

iyNd.S ù we;s njo i|yka lrkak' Tn tu mqyqKq l|jqfrka ,nd .;a oE u;=lr olajkak'

ulaksido h;a th iyNd.sjkakkaf.a oelaug wkqj jvd;a jeo.;a jk neúks' WodyrKhla

jYfhka( —m%cdjkays olakg ,efnk m%Yak iy md¾Yj folla w;r wúYajdih ms<sn| wms

idldÉPd lf<uq' wm újO w;aoelSï" pß; iajNdjhka" úúO iudc-miqìï" jd¾.sl lKavdhï

iy úúO jhia ldKav ksfhdackh lrkakd jQ .eyeKq-msßñ jqjo" wmf.a wfkla md¾Yjh ms<sn|

fndfyda oE W.;af;uq' wms tlaj iskdiqfKuq" tmuKla fkdj fõokdldÍ u;l ms<sn| l;d

lf<uq' th wmg tlsfkld jvd fyd¢ka jgyd .ekSug iydh úh' tlsfkld iuÕ w;aoelSï



yqjudre lr .ekSu" w;S; fõokdldÍ u;lhka Tiafia uq,a nei .;a fõokdj ord .ekSug

WmldÍ úh'˜6

myiqlï imhkakka úiska lKavdhï b,lalh my; i|yka wdldrhg bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí(

—myiqlï imhkafkl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug iy sha:re ixjdo lKavdhï fufyh ùug Tn ;=<

yelshdjla we;s lsÍu fuu mqyqKqfõ wruqK fõ' fuh tlsfkld iuÕ idufhka Ôj;a ùug

m%cdjkag iydh fõ' idufhka Ôj;aùug kï" wmg tlsfkld y÷kd .ekSug isÿ fõ' wfkla

md¾Yjfha l%shdldß;ajh" is;=ï-me;=ï fyda Tjqka óg fmr l<-lS oE fj; wmf.a leue;a;la

fkd;snqKo" wm Tjqkaf.a wNsfma%rKhka" wjYH;d iy ÿla fõokd mjd f;areï .ekSug W;aidy

l< hq;=hs' ixjdo lKavdhu u.ska wfkHdkH wjfndaOh" úYajdih Yla;su;a lsÍug fukau"

wmf.a iïnkaO;djkays .eg¿ iy.; lreKq bf.k .ekSug iy fufkys lsÍug o wm yg

wjYH fõ' Tfí wNHka;rfha iduldó jd;djrKhla fkdue;sj m%cdj ;=< iduh we;s lsÍu

fldfy;au l< fkdyelalls' tlsfkld f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lsÍfuka" wfkldf.a uÜgfuka

is;d-n,d lghq;= lsÍfuka iy wmf.a Ôú;j, ÿlauqiq l;d wfkld iuÕ yqjudre lr .ekSfuka

mjd wmg wm ;=< idudldó jd;djrKhla ks¾udKh lr .; yel' fuh Tng id¾:l myiqlï

imhkafkl= njg m;aùug iydh jkq we;'˜7

my; jdlH myiqlï imhkakka meye§ug m;a lsÍu i|yd jk fhdackd iuqÉÑhls(

iyNd.sjkakka fj; mqyqKqfõ b,lalhka iy tys ikao¾Nh bÈßm;a lrkak( —fuu mqyqKqj Èk

my ne.ska jQ fldgia follska iukaú; fõ' Tn w;ßka fndfyda fokd" zixjdohZ iïnkaOfhka

óg by; l|jqre y;rl§ w;aoelSï ,nd f.k we;' fuu mqyqKqfõ§ tu w;aoelSu

mqkrdj¾;khg iy ;j ÿrg;a mq¿,a lr .ekSug wfmalaId lruq" tfukau ueÈy;aùul§ Tng

myiqlï ie,ish yelafla flfiaoehs hk lreK fj;o kej; wjOdkh fhduq lruq' tneúka"

fuu mqyqKqj .egqï iïnkaOfhka myiqlï i,ikakkaf.a yd ueÈy;alrejkaf.a l=i,;d fukau

wdl,am mqyqKq lrkq ,nk jevigykla fõ'˜

Tng ldâ m;a u; úúO f;audj,ska hq;a ud;Dld ,shd oelaúh yel(

6 m<uq sha:re mqyqKqjg iyNd.s jQ tla mqoa.,fhl= úiska ,nd ÿka m%;sfmdaIKhls'

.egqul§

ueÈy;a ùu

ixjdo w;aoelSu

.eUqre lrkak

iajhx-ms<sìUqj

.egqï

úYaf,aIKh

yqjudre ixjdohla

mj;ajkafka

flfiao@

fkdikaiqka ;;a;ajhkays§ ñksiqkag úi÷ï fidhd .ekSug

iydh jkak'

myiqlï

imhkakkaf.a

wdl,am



2'1'2' iyNd.sjk msßi úiska ;uka y÷kajd fokq ,eìSu'

;ukaj fláfhka y÷kajd fok fuka myiqlï imhkafkda iyNd.Sjkakkaf.ka b,a,d isá;s"

Wod( ku" .u$k.rh" fm!oa.,sl iy$fyda jD;a;Suh miqìu'

;ukaj b;d ir,j y÷kajd§ug iyNd.sjkakkag bv fkdfokak' ^Wod( ;uka wiqka f.k isák

wkqms<sfj, wkqj&' wkqms<sfj, fkdi<ld yßkak' th tldldÍnj u. yrjhs'

j¾K ldâ m;a u; m%Yak ,shd fmdaiagr u; /|ùfï l%shdldrlug th WmldÍ fõ'

iEu iyNd.sjkafkl=gu ldâ m;a ^tl j¾Khlska tl ne.ska& 05la ,nd fokak" tfukau m%uqL

mo( Ndú; lrñka tajdg ms<s;=re iemhSug Tjqkg Wmfoia fokak' tla wfhl=g miq wfkld jk

fia" ;udg ,nd ÿka ldâ m;a fmdaiagrfha r|jñka th bÈßm;a lsÍug iyNd.sjkakkag bv

yßkak ^túg lKavdhfï wfkla idudðlfhda wiqkaf.k thg ijkafo;s'&

…

ku .u$k.rh fm!oa.,sl

f;dr;=re$miqìu

fuys meñKSug fm<Ujqfha

l=ulao@

XY kue;s mqoa.,hd

…

…

Wmfoia rduqj

fuh flá jghla f,i fufyhùu jeo.;a fõ' Tn

th l,a-fõ,d we;sj .Kkh l< hq;=h( iEu

iyNd.sjkafkl=u úkdä 03la l;d l< hq;= fõ'

iyNd.sjkakka 20f.ka ieÿï ,;a lKavdhula

i|yd fuu y÷kajd§fï jghg ñks;a;= 60lg jeä

ld,hla jeh fõ'



2'2 fojk Èk jevigyk

Èkfha b,lalh(

ueÈy;aùu iy ixjdoh wjYH jkafka l=ula ksido hkak iyNd.sjkakka úiska wjfndaO lr

.kq ,efí'

fõ,dj wNHdih ld,h

09.00 - 09.15 miq úmru ñks;a;= 15

09.15 - 10.15 fmdl=rl u,a ñks;a;= 60

10.15 - 10.30 f;a úfõlh ñks;a;= 15

10:30 - 11:30 id¾:l;ajfha l;d jgh ñks;a;= 60

11.30 - 12.30 ueÈy;aùu iy ixjdoh l=ula i|ydo@

.egqï ms<sn| úIu pl%h" ysxikh iy lïmkh

ñks;a;= 60

12.30 - 13.30 Èjd wdydrh i|yd úfõlh ñks;a;= 60

13.30 - 14.15 wNHdih( .egqu Tõ fyda ke; ñks;a;= 45

14.15 - 15.15 uQ,sl m%Yak -l%shdldrlu ñks;a;= 60

15.15 - 16.00 l%shdldrlu ( f;j;djla ijka§u$l%shdlÍ ijka§u ñks;a;= 45

16.00 - 16.30 f;a úfõlh ñks;a;= 15

16.30 - 17.00 jgyd .ekSfï pl%h ñks;a;= 45

17.00 - 17.30 úfõl ld,h ñks;a;= 30

17.30 - 19.30 w;S; fõokdldÍ u;l ñks;a;= 120

19.30 - 20.00 Ndjkdj ñks;a;= 30

20.00 rd;S% wdydrh iy ojfia ksudj

2'2'1 fmdl=rl u,a( úfNaokhjQ .egqul§ fmdÿ mokula fidhd .ekSu

flá úia;rh

zfmdl=rl u,aZ l%shdldrlu .egqï md¾Yjhka mqÿuhg m;a lrñka" úi÷ï fiùfï l%shdj,shg

mK fmdjhs' fuu l%ufõoh iyNd.sjkakd w.h lsÍu" i;=g iy ydkslr .egqïj,§ Yla;sh

fidhd .kakd fmdÿ uQ,dY%hka fj; fhduq lrjk w;ru Tjqkaf.a Ôú;j, fmdÿ wx. yryd

.egqï md¾Yjhka w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dv k.hs'

rduqj

by; l%shdj,sh ñks;a;= 30-40 ld,hla mqrd Èfjhs' m<uq wÈhr ^nqoaêl,ïnkh& ñks;a;= 15-25

lska hqla; fõ' fojk wÈhr ^w.h lsÍfï fmdÿ uQ,dY%hla fidhd .ekSu'& i|yd .; jk ld,h



ñks;a;= 05ls' wjidkfha ueÈy;alrejd iyNd.sjkakka iuÕ l=vd lKavdhï idlÉPdjla

mj;ajhs'

fõ,dj

ñks;a;= 60

;dlaI‚l l%u

fmdaiagr iy mdgl+re

fhÿï wjia:d

úúO Ôjk iy ck jd¾.sl miqìï ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk iyNd.sjkakka iuÕ ixjdo

l%shdj,shl ueÈy;aùula isÿlrk w;rjdrfha tys m<uq ieisfha§ fuu l%ufõoh Ndú;d lrkq

,efí' m<uq /iaùu i|yd iyNd.sjkakka meñfKkafka RKd;aul wfmalaId rdYshla iy .eg¿

rdYshla we;sjhs' ;u md¾Yjhka tlsfkl fjka lrk ,o .eg¿ ms<sn| Tjqyq is;k w;r

ueÈy;aùu$ixjdo l%shdj,sh yryd ;uka fj; iduh <Õdùu ms<sn|j u| jQ n,dfmdfrd;a;=jlska

miqfjhs' iyNd.sjk msßi fm%alaIlhska bÈrsfha ;u NS;sldjka iïnkaOfhka woyia m%ldY lsÍu

.egqu W;aikak ùug fya;= fj;ehs ìhfj;s'

zfmdl=rl u,aZ wNHdih tlsfkldf.a oDIaáfldaK fjkia lsÍug iydh jk l%shdldrluls'

iyNd.sjkakka .eg¿ lrd ;u wjOdkh fhduq lrkq fjkqjg fuu l%uh yryd Tjqka ;=<

Okd;aul fjkialï we;s lsÍug ;=vq fok iïm;a fidhd .kS' ^fmdÿ& Okd;aul ÈYdjka lrd

wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfuka iy úYajikSh in|;d f.dvke.Sfuka ixjdohla wdrïN l< yel'

fmdÿ we.hSfï m%Njhka wjOdkfhka fidhd ne,Su" kj .egqïldÍ bÈß o¾Ykhka i|yd ixfõ§

;;ajhka ks¾udKh lrhs'

wÈhr 01( mqÿu lrjk iq¿ m%Yakh bÈßm;a lsÍu

ueÈy;alrejd wiqkaf.k iyNd.sjkakka fj; ;u

Wkakkÿj Èiafjk wdldrhg YßSr úkHdih ilid

.ekSfuka wk;=rej Tyq$weh fufia m%ldY lrhs—

m<uqfjka" Tn ish¨ fokdf.ka widudkH m%Yakhla ug

weiSug wjYHhs' fï m%foaYfha Tn ish¨fokd Ôj;a ùug

leu;s$wdvïnr jk ldrKd fudkjdo@˜ wk;=rej tu

m%Yakh igyka lrk ,o fmdaiagrhla Tjqkag m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

by; m%Yak lsÍfuka wk;=rej iyNd.sjkakka w;r we;sjk ksyeçhdj ueÈy;alrejd b;d

bjiSfuka" ikaiqka Ndjhlska yd Wkakkÿfjka ms<s.; hq;=h' iyNd.sjkakka w;r .egqfï

W;aikak Ndjh jeäjk ;rug ksy~;djo È.= úh yel' fndfyda úg fï wjia:dfõ §

iyNd.sjkakka ksy~j ìu n,d isákjd úhyel' kuq;a ksy~ nj m%sh fkdlrk we;eï

iyNd.sjkafkla fufõf,a ;u y~ wjÈ lrkq we;snjg Tng iy;sl ;eìh yelshs' fuys§

bÕsh( m<uq iy fojk m%Yak w;r iyNd.sjkakkag tlsfkld yd tlÕ úh yels lreKq ;=kla ueÈy;alreg bÈßm;a l< yel' fuu ;;ajh iyNd.sjkakkag ;u .eg¿ w;r hï tlÕ;djla we;s lr .ekSfï Okd;aul rduqjla ks¾udKh lrhs'



m<uqfjka lrkq ,nk m%ldYhka fndfydaúg fkdjeo.;a úh yel' ksoiqkla f,ig —udf.a ksji

msysá m<df;a ,iaik .Õla ;sfnkjd'˜ iyNd.sjkakkaf.a fujeks iEu m%ldYhlau

ueÈy;alrejd úiska l=vd m%udKfha ^ÿr isg lshùug wmyiq& w;a wl=ßka fmdaiagrfha igyka

lrkq ,nhs'

idudkHfhka ms<s;=re 2-3la w;r lrkq ,nk Woafhda.ho kj l%shdldrulska

ish¨ iyNd.sjkakka l%shdldÍ jk nj oelsh yelsfjhs' iyNd.sjkakka úiska m%ldY lrkq ,nk

woyia iudk fukau m%udKh blaujd .sho ta ish,a, igyka lr .ekSug ueÈy;alrejd

ldre‚l úh hq;=h' fuys§ fndfydaúg .egqï md¾Yjhkaf.a ienE wre; úfYaI jpk Ndú;fhka

ieÕù hhs' fojeks ueÈy;alrejl=g iyNd.sjkakkaf.a woyia ,shd oelaùug iydh oelaúh yel'

fï l%shdldrlfï§ uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï yryd wmeyeÈ,s ms<s;=re iy fpdaokdlsÍï uÕ yrjd .;

yels w;r fï iïnkaOfhka WodiSk iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka n, lsÍulska f;drj" l%shdldru i|yd

odhl;ajhla ,nd .ekSug úuid isáh yel'

wÈhr 02( fmdÿ we.hSu .fõIKh lsÍu yd ;yjqre lsÍu

fuys§ m%ldY lrkq ,enQ fndfyda woyia iïnkaOfhka ;ud i;=gq jk nj ueÈy;alrejd lshd

isák w;r fmdaiagrh fj; meñK tys igykalr we;s woyia lshjkfuka iyNd.sjkakka f.ka

b,a,d isáhs —ish¨ woyia igykalr we;af;a m%udKfhka l=vd wl=ßka jk neúka Tn ish¨ fokd

iómhg meñK tajd lshjkak˜ hhs ueÈy;alrejd m%ldY lrñka iEu iyNd.sjkafkl= ygu ^,d

meye;s& mdg l+rla fokq ,nk w;r Tyq$weh ;udg

meyeÈ,s

jeo.;a

w¿;a fyda yÈisfha hula u;lhg kÕk

woyia j¾K .kajhs

fï w;rjdrfha ueÈy;alrejd b;d flá ixjdo i|yd bv i,id foñka - —fuh Tng jeo.;a

jk nj ud oekf.k isáfha keye'˜ —fmdaiagrfha we£ ;sfnk j¾K rgd zfmdl=rl u,aZjf.hs

fuhska úúO iïm;a" jl% f,i w.h lsÍï iy fmdÿ iïu;hka fukau pdß;% jeo.;a iy jákd

ksid tajd wdrlId l< hq;= nj mila lr fokq ,nhs' iuyr úfgl wfkla md¾Yjh i|yd jk

w.h lsÍu j¾Okh úhyel' fuys§ Okd;aul kj oDIaáfldaKhka iïnkaOfhka

iyNd.sjkafkda mqÿuhg m;afj;s' ;ukaf.a iy wfkl=;a whf.a jákdlï iu nj Tjqyq jgyd

.ks;s' by; j¾K lsÍu u.ska ckjd¾.sl" wd.ñl fyda foaYmd,ksl fmdÿ ;;ajhka ^iïm;a&

y÷kd .; yelsshs'



wÈhr 03( ixl%dka;sh

ish¨ iyNd.sjkakka wiqka.kakd w;r ueÈy;alrejd —fuys§ Tn oek-y÷kd.;a w¿;a foa

fudkjdo@˜ iy —wkfmalaIs; foa fudkjdo@˜ úuihs' idlÉPdfõ ud;Dld iïnkaëlrKh lrkq

,nk l=vd mßudKfha we.hSï l%shdj,shla fuu wÈhf¾§ wkq.ukh flf¾' fndfyda ÿrg .egqu

yd iïnkaO .eg¿ jl%j fyda Rcqj l%shdldrlu w;rjdrfha m%ldY lrkq ,efí' ueÈy;alrejd

fï wjia:dfõ§ —Tõ" kuq;a'''˜ jeks jdlH iys; m%ldYkhkag ijka Èhhq;= fõ' thska .egqu yd

iïnkaO .eg¿ wkdjrKh fõ'

WodyrK(

fuu l%uh uOHu wm%sldfõ ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï folla yd iïnkaO m%pKavldÍ .egqul§

fuu l%uh Ndú; lrk ,oaols' fuh iEu udi 6$7lg jrla isÿ jQ l=vd mßudK m%pKav;ajhka

isÿjk jir .Kkla ;siafia mej;s .egquls' fuys§ iduh ia:dmkh lsÍfï wruq‚ka ixjdo

jevuq¿jla meje;aùug bkaóäfhda WmfoaYlhkag werhqï ,eìKs' kdhlhska fuu l%uh yd

ms<s;=re iïnkaOfhka mqÿuhg m;aúh

udf.a uq;=kañ;a;kaf.a N+ñfha Ôj;a ùu ug wdvïnrhg lreKls'

'''''' ug wmf.a ireidr fmd<fõ j.d lsÍug yelshs'

iqkaor;u l÷ we;af;a wfma rfÜ'

wfma isjqmd i;a;= Yla;su;a f,i j¾Okh fj;s'

ms<s;=re j¾K .ekaùfï§" idudkHfhka iyNd.s jkakka tlsfkld yd l;d lrk w;r fmdÿ

we.hSu yd fmdÿ iïm;a iïnkaOfhka l,n,hg;a mqÿuhg;a m;a fõ' iskyùu;a md¾Yj‐f¾Ld

yryd" Woa.; ù we;s l=vd .eg¿ i|yd fmdÿ N+ñhla fidhd .ekSu;a" ixjdoh Wfoid mokula

fyda úYajdih we;s lrjhs'



2'2'2 id¾:l;ajfha l;d jgh

l=ula i|ydo@

ueÈy;alrejka jYfhka ;u jg msgdfjys iduh Wfoid lemùug ;ukag Odß;djla we;s nj

iyNd.sjkafkda wjfndaO lr .ks;s'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 60

øjH(

äuhs fld, (Flipchart) udl¾ mEka" ldâ'

flfiao@

l:lhka iy ijkafok msßi i|yd id¾:l;ajfha l;d 20la fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu fjfyi

lr úh yels neúka" lKavdhï ^iyNd.sjkakka 10 ne.ska jk& follg fjkaùu iqÿiq fõ'

mshjr 01( myiqlï imhkakka úiska my; i|yka m%Yak fmdaiagr u; ,shkq ,efí(

m%cdj ;=< ysgmq igkalrejka kej; iudc.; lsÍfï iqug l%shdj,shlg ud odhl jQfha

flfiao@ ^Tn ysgmq igkalrejl= fyda" tfia;a ke;skï mer‚ m%cd idudðfhl= fyda

fõjd'&

.egqula l<ukdlrKh lr idudldój úi|d .ekSu ud úiska lrkq ,enqfõ flfiao@

udf.a m%cdj ;=< iduh iy ixys|shdj Wfoid ud odhl jQfha flfiao@

mshjr 02( myiqlï imhkakd iyNd.sjk msßfika úuihs( —lreKdlr fïjdhska tla m%Yakhla

f;dardf.k" ta ms<sn| is;kak' miqj ;u id¾:l;ajfha l;dj ksrEmKh lrkq ,nk ixfla;hla

l=vd ldâ m;l we|" lKavdhu bÈßfha l;dj bÈßm;a lrkak'˜

;ks mqoa., Okd;aul ch.%yK; idrdxYlrKh iy u;= lr oelaùu mqyqKqlrejdf.a j.lSu fõ'

ÿlanr l;djla fkdtfia kï l;dfjys ie,lsh hq;= idOkSh ;;ajhla olakg fkd,enqKo wod<

mqoa.,hd úiska i|yka lrk ,o Okd;aul odhl;ajhka ms<sn| wjOdkh §ug Tng isÿ fõ'

Wod( XZ mqoa.,hd iuÕ ÿIalr ;;ajhkays §" Tn ikaksfõokh l<ukdlrKh l<d ud ÿgqjd'

th" ueÈy;alrefjl= jYfhka Tng wjYH jeo.;a wNHka;r wdl,amhla'˜

fuu wNHdih u.ska iyNd.sjkakkaf.a Odß;dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nk w;r

mqoa., wd;au úYajdih fukau lKavdhfï iú{dksl njo fmdaIKh lrkq ,efí'



2'2'3 ueÈy;aùu iy ixjdoh l=ula i|ydo@ úIu .egqï pl%h" m%pKav;ajh iy lïmkh

l=ula i|ydo@

lsisÿ ueÈy;aùula isÿ fkdjk úg lïmkh iy m%pKav;ajh th úiskau kej; wkd.;

lïmkhlg ;=vq fok wdldrh kso¾Ykh lsÍug'

ld,h(

ñks;a;= 60

øjH(

fmdaiagr" fmr ,shk ,o j¾K ldâ m;a'

flfiao@

mshjr 01(.egqï ms<sn| úIu pl%h mshjfrka-mshjr bÈßm;a lrkak' l;d lrk w;r;=r j¾K

ldâ m;a fmdaiagrh u; r|jkak' fuh ks,a meye;s ldâ m;aj,ska wdrïN lrkak ^.egqïldÍ

wjia:djkays olakg ,efnk m%ldYk úê iy tajd u.ska tlsfkld n,mEug ,lajk wdldrh

meyeÈ,s lrkq ,nk ldâ m;a&' .egqï pl%h meyeÈ,s lsÍu iïmQ¾K fldg úúO jQ m%ldYk úê"

B;, i,l=Kq u.ska iïnkaO lrkak ^r;= udl¾ mEkla wdOdrfhka&' ly meye;s ldâ m;aj,ska

wk;=rej iqÿ meye;s ldâ m;a iy wjidkfha fld< meye;s ldâ m;a fmdaiagrh u; tl ne.ska

r|jk w;r th meyeÈ,s lrkak' tla j¾Khlg wod< ldâ m;la /|ùfuka wk;=rej ta

iïnkaOfhka .eg¿ ;sfíoehs úuiSu iqÿiq fõ'

ks,a meye;s ldâm;a

—w.;sh˜ hk woshfrka wdrïN lrkak( udkjhdf.a meje;afï iyc nqoaêfha fldgila f,i"

yels blaukska fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= ms<sn| woyila ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu oelaúh yel' Wod'

hï mqoa.,fhl= Nhdkl fyda hym;a iajNdjhlska hqla;o hkak úksYaph lsÍu i|yd' ñksiqka

wfkla mqoa.,hd iuÕ iïnkaO ùfuka miqj mjd ;jÿrg;a ;u w.;Ska w;a fkdyer ;uka

i;Hh hehs is;k úg .eg¿ mek k.shs' wkHhka ms<sn| mQ¾j ks.ukj,g t<öug újD;

fkdùu" .egqïj,g ;=vq Èh yelsh'

w.;Ska yg mqoa.,hd ;=<" wfkla lKavdhug tfrysj ffjrh fyda ìh we;s l< yelsh' fuh

miqj m%pKav .egqïj,g mjd ;=vq fohs' n,mEug ,lajQ mqoa.,hdf.a m%pKav;ajh ms<sn| w;aoelSï

lïmkhlg ;=vq Èh yelsh' fuh wd;au wNsudkh fkdue;sùu iy wirKNdjfha yeÕSula iuÕ

w;aje,a ne| .kshs' fï ;;ajh u; ;j ÿrg;a" wkawh ms<sn| jvd iel lsÍug;a wúYajdi lsrsug;a

fya;= fjhs' fuu úYajdifha u|lu miqj wfkldf.a ;;ajhg t<U Tyqf.a$wehf.a bÈß o¾Ykh

f;areï .ekSug we;s leue;a; yd yelshdj ÿ¾j, lrhs' fuh udkislj f;areï .ekSug we;s

leue;a; wjysr lrk w;r w.;sh fmdaIKh lrk tla idOlhls' iduQysl laI;sh (Collective

u;l ;nd .kak( l%shdldrlug fmr Tfí m%uqL mo j¾K ldâ m;a wOdrfhka iQodkïlr lr .ekSug isÿ fõ'



Trauma) we;s jkafka iudcfha mq¿,a fldgiaj,g n,mdk m%pKav;ajh fya;=fjks' th ;ks

mqoa.,hl=g nyq lïmk n,mEu we;s lrhs' lKavdhfï ;ks idudðlhka w;r ;rul wd;au

wNsudkhla we;" kuq;a ta iuÕu" iEu flfkl=u w;aú| we;s ÿlaÅ; yd lïmk iy.; isÿùï

ms<sn| l;d lsÍug ;ykula we;' flfia fj;;a" fuu wNHka;r wkdrlaIs; Ndjh ´kEu

ndysr mqoa.,fhl=g tfrysj oro~q njla iy by< wdl,amhla jYfhla m%ldY fõ'

ly ldâm;a

fïjd lïmk iïnkaO frda. ,laIK fõ'

iqÿ ldâm;a

fïjd ks,a ldâm;a kso¾Ykh lsÍug ñksiqkag mejish yels Wmqgd oelaùï fyda úúO ;;ajhka

fõ' iyNd.Sjkakka úiska wu;r woyia lsysmhla bÈßm;a lrkq ,enqjfyd;a Tng iEu úgu

fmdaiagrhg ;j;a Wmqgd oelaùï$ia:dk$WodyrK tla l< yelsh'

yß; ldâm;a

.egqï ms<sn| úIu pl%h fkdkj;ajd mj;ajdf.k hkakdjQ tla idOlhla u; ld¾h lsÍug

fuh Ndú; l< yelsh' ueÈy;aùfï Wmdh ud¾." tajdg wh;a idOlh wdikakfha ;sìh hq;=h'

iuyrla ^Wod( ueÈy;aùu& ld¾h idOl lsysmhla u; l%shd lrhs ^úYajdih f.dvkÕd .ekSu iy

wfkldf.a bÈß o¾Ykh ms<sn| wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍu& ;jo wod< ks,a ldâm;a fol w;rg

iïnkaO l< yelsh'

mshjr 02( fuu wdlD;sh ms<sn| jeä úia;r idlÉPd lsÍfï wjYH;djhla we;ehs Tng yefÕa

kï" iyNd.s jkakkag lKavdhï 3la jYfhka ^;uka ,. isák wh iuÕ& úkdä 10 la idlÉPd

lsÍug bv fokak' miqj" tla-tla lKavdhfuka Tjqkag lKavdhu iuÕ fnod .ekSug wjYH

lsishï m%Yakhla fyda fjk;a hula b;sßj ;sfío@ hkak úuikak'



ljqrej;a wmg weyqïlka fokafka

keye

ysxikh

;ks mqoa., lïmkh

wd;au-wNsudkh fkdue;s ùu$;uka

;=< úYajdih fkdue;s ùu

wfkla wh úYajdi lsÍug fkdyels ùu

wfkld f;areï .ekSug iy wka whf.a bÈß

o¾Ykh fjkia lsÍug fkdyels ùu$wlue;s

ùu

w.;sh

ffjrh$ìh

iduQysl lïmkh

;ks mqoa., lïmk

WmfoaYkh

.eUqre ixjdo" i;H

iy m%;sikaOdk fldñiu

wdÈh

wd;au wNsudkh fmdaIKh lrkq

,nk l%shdldrlï

l%shdldÍ idudðlfhl= ùug iydh

ùu

taldnoaO pdß;% yd ieuÍï

taldnoaO l,d lghq;=" idu udOH"

l%Svd

ueÈy;aùu m%cdj ;=<

ch.%dyS wdl,am fmdaIKh lsÍu

ú>gkh úYajdi

w;S;dj¾ck

md,khlska f;drj

wdl%uK iy udkisl wjmSvkh

yÈisfhawe;sùu

wfma fõokdj ms<s.kafka keye

wms ú;rhs f.dÿre fj,d bkafka

sha:re lKavdhï

^mqk¾& lïmkfha wjê

frda. ,laIK Wmqgd .ekSï$;;ajhka ueÈy;aùfï Wmdhud¾.$fuj,ï



2'2'4 l%shdldrlu zTõZiyzke;Z .egqu

l=ula i|ydo@

.egqfï ixlS¾K;ajh ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd' ñksiqka yg .egqï ms<sn|

wd;aóh wjfndaOhla we;s nj thska fmkakqï lrhs' wfkla wh ish,a, yß hehs mjik úg

iuyr mqoa.,hska oekgu;a .egqïj,ska mSvdjg m;aj we;s nj ms<s.ekSu myiqlï imhkafkl=

fyda ueÈy;alrefjl= i|yd jeo.;a fõ' .egqfï uq,a ld,Sk fyda my< W;aikak wjêhl§ mjd

.egqul§ ixfõokfhka l%shd lsÍug iyNd.sjkakka n, .ekaùu i|yd'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 40'

øjH(

zTõZ iy zke;Z jpk ,shk ,o ldâm;a" .ï fÜma'

flfiao@

mshjr 01( ldurfha" m%;súreoaO ì;a;s $ mqgq foll w,jk ,o zTõZ iy zke;Z i|yka ldâm;a

u.ska bÕshla ,nd fokak' lKavdhug ksoyfia .uka l< yels jk mßÈ m%udKj;a bv

m%udKhla ;sìh hq;=h'

mshjr 02( iyNd.sjkakkag Tn úúO ;;ajhka úia;r lrk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak' tajd" zTõZ"

fuh .egqula fõ fyda zke;Z" fuh .egqula fkdfõ hkqfjka ;SrKh l< hq;= tajd fõ' Tjqka

;u u;h fmkajkafka zTõZ foig fyda zke;Z foig iómj isàfukah' Tjqkaf.a u;h m%ldY

lsÍu i|yd zTõZ fyda zke;Z hkafkka ´kEu ÿrla f;dard .; yelsh'

mshjr 03( l%shd mámdáh kso¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd" —wo ld,.=Kh fyd|hs hehs mjikak'

iyNd.sjkakka tu m%ldYhg tlÕo" keoao hkak wkqj ia:dk .; úh hq;=h' zTõZ kï" zTõZ

wi< isgf.k iuyreka yg fufia mejish yel' —Tõ fyd|hs" ulaksido h;a wo ysre mdhd we;s

Èkhla'˜ zke;Z wi< isgf.k isák ;j;a whg fufia mejish yelsh( —zke;Z" ld,.=Kh hym;a

ke;" ukao th b;d úh<s neúka .ia-je,a ue<ú,d˜' iuyre" ueo isgf.k fufia mejish yel

—th fyd|o fõ" krlo fõ" ukaoh;a'''˜

mshjr 04 (my; oelafjk wjia:d bÈßm;a lrkak(

1' ñ;=rka fofofkla Èkm;d ;rÕhla mj;aj;s' Tjqka fofokdf.ka tla wfhla iEu úgu ch

.kshs'

2' .Õla wi< we;s bvula th Ndú;d fkdlrk tla lKavdhulg wh;a fõ' kshÕhla ;j;a

lKavdhulg tu m%foaYhg ixl%uKh ùug iy bvu Ndú;d lsÍug bv m%ia;dj i,ihs'



3' ;u Èh‚h bf.kSug leu;s jqjo fouõmshkag wjYH jkafka weh újdy lr §ughs' weh

újdy ùug ;SrKh lrhs' újdyh .ek b;d lK.dgqjk w;r weh bf.k .kakd wef.a

ñ;=ßhkag B¾IHd lrhs'

4' kdh hEulska miq tla .ulg m%;sixialrKh i|yd uQ,H wdOdr ,efí' wi,ajeis .ïudkhg

t;rï ydkshla isÿ ù fkdue; ^m<uq .u fuka 80]la fkdjk w;r 20]la muKla fõ&

tneúka lsisÿ wdOdrhla fkd,efí'

5' ;j;a WodyrK .ek is;kak iy Tfí iyNd.sjkakkaf.a h:d¾:hka yd tla ùug W;aidy

lrkakæ

iEu wjia:djlgu miqj iyNd.sjkakka zTõZ iy zke;Z w;r úúO ia:dkj, ia:dk.; ù we;s

whqre olakg ,efnhs'

iuyr iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka ^ish¨ fokdf.ka fkdfõ& úuikak( —Tn fu;ek isgf.k

isákafka wehs@˜ fyda —Tn fï ia:dkh f;dard .;af;a wehs@˜ túg wfkl=;a iyNd.sjkafkda

meyeÈ,s lsÍug ijka fo;s' mqyqKqlre f,i Tng wdo¾Yj;a pß;hla f,i l%shd l<yel' fuhska

woyia lrkafka Tn Tjqkaf.a m%ldYh w¾: ksrEmKh lr tu ia:djrh msgqmi we;s meyeÈ,s

lsÍu f.kyer olajk njhs' fuu wNHdih ;=< iEu m%ldYhlau$ia:djrhlau w.h lrkq ,efí'

úksYaph lsÍula ke;æ —Tng kï th yßhg'''˜" —Tfí oDIaáfldaKh'''˜" —Tng jeo.;a'''˜ hkqfjka

mejiSfï§ fïjd mqoa., yeÕSï nj wjOdrKh lrkak'

mshjr 05( iyNd.sjkakkaf.a is;=ú,s iy ksÍlaIK úuiSfuka wNHdih we.hSug ,la lrkak'

we.hSfï§ y÷kd.; hq;= wx.(

;;ajhla w¾: ksrEmKh lsÍu ms<sn| úYaùh i;Hhla fkdue;'

ñksiqka ;;ajhka fjkia f,i jgyd .kS'

;;ajh ms<sn| úúO jQ u;hka ish,a,u iïnkaOfhka .eg¿jla ke;'

tuksid" Tn hï ;;ajhla .egqula f,i jgyd .kafkao keoao hkak wd;aóh fõ'

Tfí iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka Tjqkaf.a u;h úuiSfuka miq .egqu ms<sn| —ienE˜ w¾: oelaùu Tn

bÈßm;alrk njg Tjqkaf.a yeÕSu j<lajd .kak' úúO w¾: oelaùï mej;sh yels nj meyeÈ,s

lrkak' úúO oDIaáfldaK kS;Hdkql+,h' .egqï i|yd úúO ks¾Kdhl tl;= lrk f,i Tng

iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka b,a,d isáh yelsh" tuÕska .egqula hkq l=ulao hkak wjfndaO lr

.ekSfï§ úúO udkhka fj; Tjqkaj ;j ÿrg;a ixfõ§ l< yelsh'

tu udkhka úh yelafla( -

- wNHka;r .egqï fyda wka wh iuÕ .egqï'

- wfkla mqoa.,hd$lKavdhu ßoùu'

- fjk;a mqoa.,fhl=$lKavdhula fya;=fjka ;ud ÿ¾j, ù we;s njla oefka'



- m%pKavldÍ fyda wúysxidjd§ .egqu'

- udkisl$YdÍßl ysxikh'

- th .egqula f,i i,lkafka tla mlaIhla mu‚'

mqyqKqlrejka iyNd.sjkakkag meyeÈ,s lrhs( tla md¾Yjhla muKla wfkla mqoa.,hd flfrys

,hdkaú; fkdjqko" ueÈy;alrejka mjikafka —fuh .egqul îchla njhs' th .egqul

wdrïNh úh yelsh" ke;fyd;a th B<Õ ñks;a;=fõ§ myiqfjkA úi|d .; yelsh hkakhs'

ueÈy;alrejka jYfhka wms úNj .egqïj, l=vd îc flfrys mjd ixfõ§ ùug W;aidy lruq'

2'2'5 uQ,sl m%Yak - y÷kajd§u

uQ,sl m%Yak igyka lr we;s fmdaiagrh fmkajñka tajd lshjkak' fï wdldrhg meyeÈ,s lrkak-

—óg fmr l%shdldrlfuys wms uQ,sl m%Yak Ndú; lf<uq' tajd yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld

wdÈh fj; ixp,kh ùu i|yd jk ;Srkd;aul l%uhla fõ' ;jo" my; lafIa;% wOHhkfha ud

úiska tu m%Yak Ndú; lsÍug kshñ;h' tys l%shdldß;ajh flfiaoehs ksÍlaIKh lrkak'˜

ug wjYHhs ug wjYH keye

Tng fuh wjYH wehs@

Tng fuh fu;rï jeo.;a wehs@

th ,eîfuka Tng we;s jk hym; l=ula jkq weoao@

Tng fuh wkjYH wehs@

Tng fuh fu;rï jeo.;a fkdjkafka wehs@

th ,eîfuka Tng we;s jk whym; l=ula jkq weoao@



2'2'6 l%shdldrlu-uQ,sl m%Yak

l=ula i|ydo@

wNHka;ÍlrKh jk mßÈ uQ,sl m%Yak mqreÿ-mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd'

fõ,dj (

ñks;a;= 60

øjH(

uQ,sl m%Yak igyka lrk ,o fmdaiagr

flfiao@

mshjr 01(

iyNd.sjkakka ;sfofkl=f.ka ieÿï,;a lKavdhï ks¾udKh lrkak' lKavdhfï

;sfokdf.ka fofofkla myiqlï imhkakka jk w;r wfkla mqoa.,hd isÿùug iïnkaO

wfhla fõ' Tyq$weh .egqu fj; fhduq lrjk ;udf.a ia:djrhka m%ldY lrñka l%shdldrlu

wdrïN lrhs' túg myiqlï imhkakd úúO uQ,sl m%Yak wiñka tu ia:djrhka tkï yeÕSï"

n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld wkdjrKh lr .kshs' Tjqyq tu l%shdj,sfha úkdä 15la muK

kshef,;s' miqj tla myiqlï imhkafkla N+ñld rx.khl fhfok w;r wfkla weh kej;

l%shdldrlu wdrïN lr;s'

mshjr 02(

f;jeks jgfha§ ^tfia fkdue;s kï fuh lKavdhu i|yd jvd myiq hehs Tn is;kjd kï&"

Tjqyq fmr l%shdldrlu ixfYdaOk iys;j kej; isÿ lrdú' tys§ myiqlï imhkakka fofofkla



isák w;r l;dj lshk wfhla isá;s' l;dj lshkakd ;ud úiska w;aolsk ,o ienE .egqula

ms<sn| tu .egqug iïnkaO jQ md¾Yjhla jYfhka m%ldY lrhs' túg myiqlï imhkakd uQ,sl

m%Yak wihs' fuys b,lalh kï" l;dj lshkakdj myiqlï imhkakd úiska jgyd .;a njg

ta;a;= .ekaùug Tyqf.a$wef.a ia:djrh miqmi we;s yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld

wkdjrKh lr .ekSuhs' fuh Tyqg$wehg ;u .egqu m%;HlaIKh lr .ekSug WmldÍ fõ'

2'2'7 fnda;,a l%Svdj y÷kajd§fï wNHdih(

l=ula i|ydo@

l%shdYS,S ijka§fï wjYH;djh ir, ienE Ôú; WodyrKhla f,i oDYHudk lsÍug'

ikaksfõokh fl;rï ixlS¾Ko hkak iyNd.sjkakkag fmkajkak' kej; mÍlaIdlr n,d

meyeÈ,s lsÍula b,a,d isàfï wjYH;dj we;snj fmkajkak ^ish,a, ;d¾lsl yd meyeÈ,s hehs

Tn is;=j;a&'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 45

øjH(

iEu iyNd.s jkafkl= i|ydu my; øjH 05 ,nd fokak'

^ysia ma,diaála fnda;,hla" w,afmfk;s 02la" .Efrdmamqjla" udl¾ mEkla" yd*a YSÜ fld<hla"

.ï fÜma 30cm la muK&

flfiao@

mshjr 01(

mqgq hq., ldurh mqrd ia:dk.; lrkak' mqgq tlsfklg msgqmig jk fia ;eìh hq;=h'

iyNd.sjkakkag jdä ùug mjikak' wjidkfha Tng tlsfkldg msgqmi yrjd ^mqoa.,hd A

iy B mqoa.,hd& jdä ù isák iyNd.sjkakkaf.a hq., oel .; yel'

mshjr 02(

iEu iyNd.sjkakl=gu tla øjH lÜg,hla ,ndfokak

^Wod( ysia ma,diaála fnda;,hla" w,afmfk;s 02 la"

.Efrdmamqjla" udl¾ mEkla" yd*a YSÜ fld<hla" .ï fÜma

30cmla muK'''&' iEu hq.,hl=u" tla l%Svlfhl= A f,i;a

iy wfkla l%Svlhd B f,i;a kï lrkak' Tjqka tlsfkld foi fyda wfkld lrkafka l=ulao

hkak foi fkdne,sh hq;=h" kuq;a meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd ijka § m%Yak weiSu muKla isÿ l<

hq;=hs' th ÿr l:k ikaksfõokh yd iudkfõ'

jeo.;a( Tn fuu wNHdih l,a ;shd iQodkï l< hq;=h" Wod' fmrÈk wjYH øjH tl;= lrkakæ

wjOdkh( Tjqka wiqka .;a ú.iu" iyNd.sjkakka yd;ami yeÍ fkdhd hq;=h" Tjqkg tlsfkld Y%jKh l< yels uq;a oelsh fkdyelæ



A ;udg ,enqKq øjHfhka uQ¾;s ks¾udKhla lsÍug wdrïN lrk w;r ta iuÕu A mshjfrka

mshjr B g ;ud lrk foa ksYaÑ;j meyeÈ,s lrhs' wNHdifha mrud¾:h jkafka A lrkafka

l=ulao hkak fkdoek B úiska A yd iudk uQ¾;s ks¾udKhla lsÍuhs' Byg ta ms<sn| meyeÈ,s

lsÍu u; iïmQ¾Kfhkau r|d mej;sh hq;= fjhs'

mshjr 03(

l%shdldrlu wjika jQ ú.i Tjqyq th ixikaokh lr;s'

Tn Tjqkag l %shdldrlug fmr m%ldY fkdl< hq;= foa( idudkHfhka m%udKj;a ;rï ksYaÑ;

úia;r lsÍï fya;=fjka Tjqka iïmQ¾Kfhkau fjkia foaj,a lrhs' WodyrKhla f,i" Tjqka

mjikafka —fnda;,h jgd fÜma T;d˜ hkqfjks' tla iyNd.sjkafkla th fnda;,fha my<

fldgi jgd T;d we;s w;r wfkla ;eke;a;d th by< fldgi jgd T;d we;'

mshjr 03(

ish¨u iyNd.sjkakka kej; ljhlg f.k hkak' ls%hdldrlfï m%;sfmdaIKh ms<sn|

úuikak( —fuu wNHdifhka Tn bf.k .kafka l=ulao@˜ —Tfí ienE Ôú;fha iudk fohla

Tn fuhska w;a úkaodo@˜ —fmdÿfõ ikaksfõokh iïnkaOfhka thska Tng lshkafka l=ulao@˜

^zl=ula i|ydo@ fldgi n,kak& fuu idlÉPdj m%Yakj,g fhduqúh hq;=h'



2'2'8 l%shdldrlu f;j;djla ijka§u$l%shdldÍ ijka§fï

l=ula i|ydo@

ueÈy;aùul§ ijka§fï we;s jeo.;alu ixfõokh lsÍug iy l%shdldrS ijka§fï§

iyNd.sjkakkaf.a l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug" YdÍßl úkahdihkays jeo.;alu jgyd

.ekSug" ikaksfõokfha§ bjy,a jk wNskhka iy uqyqfKa bßhõ jgyd .ekSug'

ld,h(

úkdä 45

flfiao@

mshjr 01(

iyNd.sjkakka ;sfokd ne.ska lKavdhï .; ùug i,iajkak' bka tla wfhla l;dj lshkakd

fõ" fojekakd wikakd fõ' wikakdg l;d lsÍu ;ykï jk w;r Tyqg$wehg ;u m%ldYk

i|yd wx. p,k" wNskhka iy wkqlrKhka muKla Ndú; l< yels fõ' f;jekakd ksÍlaIlhd

jk w;r Tyq$weh mfilska wiqka f.k isáhs' fuu l%shdldrlfuys jg ;=kla ^wfhl=g úkdä

03la muK& l%shd;aul fõ'

mshjr 02(

fuys§ l;dj lshkakd" wikakd fjkqfjka ^;uka .ek wdvïnr jk hula wka;¾.; jk&

fm!oa.,sl l;djla f;dard .kshs' m<uq jgfha" wikakd ;ukag tu l;djg ijka§ug wjYH

nj fmkajhs' kuq;a ta YdÍßl úkHdi u.ska mu‚' fuys§ fuu l%shdldrlu ksÍlaIKh lrkakd

wikakdf.a wx. p,k wOHhkh lrhs'

mshjr 03(

fojeks jgfha§" l;dj lshkakd fjk;a l;djla ^;ud wdfõ.hg m;a l<& lshhs' wikakd thg

b;d wjOdkfhka yd uOHia:j ijkaÈh hq;= fõ' ksÍlaIlhd fuys§ kej; wikakdf.a

ksÍlaIK;u wjOdkhg .kshs'

mshjr 04(

wjidk jgfha§" l;dj lshkakd ;u m<uq yd fojk l;dj kej; lshk úg wikakd thg b;d

l%shdldÍj ijkafohs' wikakd l;dj lshkakdg wjYH mßÈ th m%ldY lsÍug iyfhda.h oelaúh

hq;= nj f;areï .kakd w;r l;dj lSu i|yd Tyqj$wehj ffO¾hu;a l< hq;= nj wjYH njo

f;areï .kshs'



mshjr 05(

lKavdhï w;aoelSu we.hSug ,la lsÍu" fuu mshjf¾§ isÿ lrkq ,efí' m<uqfjkau"

ksÍlaIlhkag ;u ksÍlaIK bÈßm;a lsÍug bv yer miqj wfkla msßig tu w;aoelSu ;ukag

oekqK wdldrh úia;r lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd fohs' miqj l%shdldÍ ijka§fï n,mEu idlÉPd

lrhs'

mshjr 06(

wjidkhæ

fuys§ iyNd.sjQ mqoa.,hska iuÕ W.;a mdvï idldÉPd flfrk w;r my; lreKq wjOdrKh

lsÍu jeo.;a fõ"

1' ueÈy;alrejka yd ixjdo myiqlï imhkakka yg wfkld úiska m%ldY lrkq ,nk oE fj;

l%shdldÍj ijka§u i|yd iQodkï ùug isÿ fõ' Tjqkg fuh ;u mQ¾K YdÍßl úkHdi"

fomd¾Yjfha ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha§ weig-wei iïnkaOh (Eye Contact)" wka;¾ yeÕSï

wdÈh iys;j lsÍug isÿ fõ' fuh wfkldg ienúkau jvd újD;j jeo.;a woyia m%ldY

lsÍug m%fhdackj;a fõ'

2' wúksYaÑ; nj ksid yeÕSulska f;drj fï i|yd ijkaÈh hq;= nj fndfyda fokdf.a woyihs'

flfia fj;;a" yeÕSï fkdue;s uqyqKl fmkqu l;dj lshkakdf.a is; ;=< m%;slafIams;

yeÕSula cks; lrhs'



mshjr 07(

iyNd.Sjkakkayg l%shdldÍj wjjdo ,nd fokak'

WodyrK lsysmhla my; mßÈ fõ"

ls%hdldÍ ijka§u i|yd wjjdo

fuh w;sYhskau wdl,am ms<sn| l%shdldrluls¦ ienúkau Wkkaÿ jkak¦ l%shdldÍj ijkafok njg ujdmEula l< fkdyel'

úksYaphlska f;drj l;d lrkakdf.a yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sldjka f;areï .kak'

újD; YdÍßl bßhõjla fmkajkak" iqÿiq wNskhka lrkak'

iqÿiq m%udKhlg weig-wei iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd.kak'

l,d;=rlska jdÑl iyfhda.hla olajkak(

o ;ud fj; wod< m‚jqvh ,enqKq j.( —yaï'''˜" —wdya'''˜" —´ya'''˜

o iyfhda.h iy ffO¾hh okjk m%ldYk( —lshkak˜" —B<Õg fudlo jqfKa@˜" —Tõ" ug f;afrkjd'˜" —;j;a ta .ek lshkak leu;so@˜ wd§ jYfhka'

o ms<s.;a nj m%ldY lsÍu( —ug f;afrkjd'˜" —tfyuo'''˜" —yß'''˜'

kuq;a'''

Tnf.a l=;=y,h ixis|jk m%Yak lsÍïj,ska j<lskak'

l;dfõ ish¨ jeo.;a lreKq wkdjrKh lsÍug" l;dj lshkakd ;=< ^;uka& wikakd flf¾ úYajdihla f.dv kef.k fia lghq;= lrkak'



2'2'9 jgyd .ekSfï pl%h (Circle of Understanding)

\

fuh wmf.a jgyd .ekSfï pl%hhs' ueÈy;alrejka f,i wm úiska iEu ueÈy;aùfï ixjdohl§u

kej;-kej; lrkq ,nk oE fuu.ska kso¾Ykh flf¾' tu.ska ueÈy;aùfï uQ,sl fldgia

ms<sn| idlÉPdjg Ndckh fõ'

.egqï md¾Yjhl hï m%ldYhla iuÕ ish¨ foa wdrïN fõ' hï úfgl tla md¾Yjhla

fkdkj;ajd l;d lrk úg" iqÿiq fj,djla n,d ueÈy;alrejd l:lhdg ixfõokd;aulj ndOd

lrhs' fuu wjia:dfõ§" l:lhd lshñka isá foh Tyqf.a$wef.a u;lhg fkdtk nj f;areï

.kakd ueÈy;alrejd —Tn lshñka isá foa uu fláfhka lshkako@ thska uu Tnj ksjerÈj

f;areï .;a;d oehs ug ;yjqre jkq we;'˜ hkqfjka l:lhd wu;hs'

miqj" ueÈy;alrejd l:lhdf.a m%ldYh idrdxYlrKh lrk w;r l:lhd u;= l< lreKq

Ndjd¾:lrKh lrhs (Paraphrasing)' idrdxYlrKh hkq" Tyq$weh úiska ,nd fok ,o fmdÿ

m‚jqvh kej; m%ldY lsÍuhs' fuys§ idrdxYh uq,a m%ldYhg jvd ieflúka bÈßm;a úh hq;=hs'

l:lhd u;= l< lreKq Ndjd¾:lrKh lsÍu hkq uq,a m%ldYfha wvx.= jk lreKq wdlD;s .;

lsÍuhs' WodyrKhla f,i" —Tng fuys§ lreKq 03la jeo.;a fõ" m<uqj'''" fojkqj'''" f;jkqj'''˜

fyda —tla w;lska" Tn''' w;r wfkla w;ska" Tn'''˜

......

......

.

idrdxYlrKh

yeÕSï ms<s.ekSu

uQ,sl m%Yak



bka wk;=rej" ueÈy;alrejd l:lhdf.a yeÕSï ms<s.ekSug úúO l%u Ndú; lrhs' WodyrKhla

f,i Tjqkaj kï lsÍfuka ^—ug yefÕk wdldrhg Tn ;ryska iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqkaj o

isákafka@˜ fyda —fuhska f;areï hkafka Tn fndfydu wdvïnrhlska miqjk njhs' th

we;a;o@˜& fuu Wml%uh zms<sìUq lsÍuZ (Mirroring) f,i ye¢kafõ' ta ms<sn|j fjk;a mqyqKq

Èkhlg wod< úia;rhl§ jeä ÿr wOHhkh l< yel'

;j;a yeÕSï .fõIKh lsÍu i|yd" tfukau ;j;a n,dfmdfrd;a;=" NS;sld y÷kd .ekSu i|yd

uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï (Grounding Questions) isÿ l< hq;= fõ ^Wod( —th Tng t;rï jeo.;a wehs@˜&'

uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï ms<sn| oekgu;a fojeks Èkfha mqyqKqjla ,nd we;s fyhska" wms idrdxYlrKh

iy l:lhd u;= l< lreKq Ndjd¾:lrKh lsÍu foig wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

2'2'10 l%shdldrlu( idrdxYlrKh iy Ndjd¾:lrKh

l=ula i|ydo@

idrdxYlrKh iy Ndjd¾:lrKh mqyqKq ùu i|yd'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 45

øjH (

äuhs fld, (Flipchart)

flfiao@

mshjr 01( yeÈkaùu idrdxY.; lrñka WodyrK ,shd olajkak'

iEu úgu my; jdlHj,ska wdrïN lrkak(

—Tn lshk oshg ud Tn f;areï .;a;d ksjerÈhs th yrso@

—ud is;k wdldrhg ug f;arefKa Tng oekqKd''' ud Tn f;areï .;a;d ksjerÈo@˜

—ug yef.k wdldrhg''' th ksjerÈo@˜

—ug weiqK wdldrhg" Tn lSfõ'''@˜

—Tng th jeo.;a$wmyiq$;ryd .kajkafka'''@˜

—Tn u;= l< lreK''' th ksjerÈo@˜

—ug weiqKq wdldrhg Tn lshkafka'''@˜

iEu úgu m%Yakhla idrdxYhla" f,i bosrsm;a lrkak' túg l:lhdg Tn yd tlÕ ùug fyda

tlÕ fkdùug yelshs' fuys§ yqfola ;u woyia idrdxY.;j w¾: l:kh lsÍu fkdl< hq;=

fõ'



mshjr 02( u; fNaod;aul ud;Dld lsysmhla bÈßm;a lrkak' my; oelafjkafka WodyrK

lsysmhls' wjYH kï ;j;a ud;Dld fm< .eiaúh yel'

mshjr 03( iyNd.sjkakkag lKavdhï follg fn§ by; oelajQjd jeks u; fNaohg ;=vq fok

ud;Dldjla ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍug Wmfoia fokak' Tjqkaf.a ixjdoh tla;rd úfYaI l%uhla

wkq.ukh l< hq;= fõ(

1' A úiska m%ldYhla lrkq ,nhs'

2' B ;ud thska jgyd .;a foh Ndjd¾:lrKh iy idrdxYlrKh lrhs' th ksjerÈ oehs wihs'

3' tys§ A úiska ,nd fok ,o ms<s;=r —Tõ˜ kï" Bg ;udf.a ia:djrfha kj m%ldYhlaa bÈßm;a

lsÍug bv ,efí'

A úiska ,nd fok ,o ms<s;=r —ke;˜ kï" Tyq$weh B yd iïmQ¾Kfhka tlÕ fkdjkafka

l=uk ldrKd iïnkaOfhka oehs meyeÈ,s lrhs' fuu m%ldYh B úiska ksjerÈj idrdxYlrKh

l< miq muKla" Tyqf.a$wef.a ;¾lh bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:dj Wod fõ'

4' wk;=rej A úiska B l< m%ldYfhka jgyd.;a oE Ndjd¾:lrKh iy idrdxYlrKh lsÍu

isÿ lrhs' miqj th ksjerÈ oehs úuihs' ms<s;=r —Tõ˜ kï Tyq$weh ;u ;¾lh iuÕ ixjdoh

bÈßhg f.k hhs' hï fyhlska ms<s;=r —ke;˜ fyda —tfyuu fkdfõ˜ kï" B ;u m%ldYh

ud;Dld

fkamd,h wkd.ñl " fkdtfia kï yskaÿ rdcHhla úh hq;=o@

fkamd,h bkaÈhdj fyda Ökh iuÕ jvd;a ióm iïnkaO;d meje;aúh hq;=o@

r: Odjkh i|yd i,lkq ,nk wju iqÿiqlu SLC úh hq;=o@ ke;so@

wdka;SlrKh (Marginalized) jQ iy wmr.dó (Backward) m%cdjka i|yd /lshd iy$fyda YsIH;aj fjka lsÍfï fldagdjla rch i;=j ;sìh hq;=o@ ke;so@

ikakoaO fmd,sia n,ldhka yg w;awvx.=jg .ekSfï whs;sh ;sìh hq;=o@ ke;so@

wud;HOQrhka fynùu i|yd fkamd, foaYmd,k{hskag Ydia;%Sh iqÿiqlï ;sìh hq;=o@ ke;so@

fkamd, foaYmd,k{hskag úY%dñl jhila ;sìh hq;=o@ ke;so@

w;a;fkdau;sl f,i foam< úkdY lsrsu iy fkdikaiqkaldÍ yeisÍï i|yd rch úiska o~qjï ,nd Èh hq;=o@ ke;so@

fkamd,h úiska ck;djg nrm;, wmrdO i|yd urK o~qju ,nd Èh hq;=o@ ke;so@



úia;r lrhs' B úiska ;udf.a ;¾lh iïmQ¾Kfhkau jgyd .kq ,enQ nj yÕsk ;dla" Ayg

th idrdxYlrKh lsÍug isÿ fõ' Ayg fjk;a ;¾lhla iuÕ ixjdoh bÈßhg f.k hEug

wjia:dj ,efnkafka bka miqjh' túg kej; B ;ud jgyd .;a foh idrdxYlrKh lrhs'''

fï wdldrhg úkdä 10la by; l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjkak' tys§ mqyqKqlrejka lKavdhï

úiska by; Wmfoia ms<smÈkjdoehs ksÍlaIKh l<hq;=h'

mshjr 04( hq., jYfhka by; l%shdldrlu wjika jQ miq ish,a,kaf.kau my; m%Yakh wikak(

—l%shdldrlfï§ ks;r isÿ l< idrdxYlrKh Tfí ixjdohg n,mEfõ flfiao@˜" —Tfí oekSu

tu l%shdldrlu ksid fjkia jQfha flfiao@˜" —idfmalaIj óg by; isÿ lrk ,o wfkl=;a

idldÉPdjkaf.ka th fjkia jkafka flfiao@˜



WodyrK f,ig iyNd.s jQjka fufia m%ldY lrdú(

wd;;sh wvq jQ nj"

wfkld úiska ;udj fyd¢ka jgyd .;a njla ;udg oekqKq nj"

Tjqka ;u ia:djrhka fj; wjOdkh fhduq l< nj"

wfkHdkH f.!rjh wdrlaId jQ nj"

ikaksfõokh ukao.dó jQ nj wdÈh'

idudkH idlÉPdjla i|yd fuu l%uh taldldÍ úh yel' kuq;a u;fNaod;aul wjia:djl§ iy

ueÈy;aùul§ id¾:l;ajh Wfoid fuu l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍu wjYH fõ' tneúka" úúO

md¾Yjhka iy tajdfhys idudðlhka w;r wfkHdkH úYajdih f.dvke.Su i|yd"

ueÈy;alrefjda ksrka;rfhkau md¾Yjlrejka orK woyia Tjqka w;r idrdxYlrKh lr;s'

miqld,Skj ueÈy;a jk wjia:dj, muKla" wfkHdkH wjfndaOh mÍlaId lÍu i|yd" Tjqyq

^ueÈy;alrefjda& md¾Yjlrejkaj tlsfkld idrdxYlrKh lsÍug fhduq lrhs'

igyka weiqßka olajk we.hSï o¾Ylh fï wdldr fõ'



2'2'11 w;S; fõokdldÍ u;l

l=ula i|ydo@

udkj iïnkaO;d yd .eg¿ ms<sn| l;d lsÍu u.ska wjfndaOh yd úYajdih f.dvke.Su"

úYajdih j¾Okh lsÍu" wmf.a udkj iïnkaO;djka ys .eg¿ldÍ wxY ms<sn| bf.k .ekSu

iy tajd fufkys lsÍu" tlsfkld iuÕ wkqlïmdj fnod .ekSu i|yd'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 90 ¬x ^fuu wNHdihg ndOd fkdlrkak" kuq;a wjYH kï ld,h §¾> lr .kak&

øjH(

meiag,a" iyNd.sjkafkl= i|yd mekai, ne.ska" Ñ;%h we£u i|yd A4 lvodis fld,hla'

flfiao@

iyNd.sjkakka 6-7 ne.ska jk lKavdhï ks¾udKh lr" mqyqKq lrejka 2-3la lKavdhulg

tla wfhl= ne.ska tlsfklg fjka jQ ldur ;=kl ls%hdldrlfuys ksr; fjhs' l%shdldrlu

i|yd kshñ; ld,h" wjYH;dj wkqj §¾> lsÍug isÿ jqjfyd;a thg iyNd.sjkakka tlÕ

jkafka oehs úuikak'

mshjr 02( l%shdldrlu úia;r lrkak( —ysxidldÍ ikao¾Nhkays fndfyda ñksiaiq hï jHikhkag

f.dÿrejQfjda njg m;afj;s' fndfyda ñksiaiq tlu wjia:dfõ§ úkaÈ;hd iy wmrdOlre njg o

m;a fj;s' idudkHfhka fuys§ tlsfkld iïmQ¾Kfhka jgyd .; yels jkafka" Tng

wfkldf.a miqìu iïnkaOfhka okafka kï mu‚' wod< mqoa.,hd úiska w;aú¢kq ,enQ foa

l=ulaoehs Tng jegySula we;a kï muKla Tng tu mqoa.,hd w;S;fha yeisÍ we;s wdldrh yd

j¾;udkfha yeisfrk wdldrh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yel' wo wms ish¨ fokd Tn;a

Tfí mjqf,a wh;a l,yldÍ ld,j,§ fyda Bg fmr mjd w;a ú¢kq ,enQ ish,q isÿùï iïnkaO

l;dj,g ijka fokafka fï ksidfjks' l,yldÍ wjia:djl ke;skï hqOuh wjia:djl Tn

fyda Tfí mjq, uqyqK ÿka fõokdldÍ kuq;a Tng jeo.;a hehs isf;k tla isÿùula foig

wjOdkh fhduq lr tu isÿùfï tla wjia:djla Ñ;%hg kÕkak' Tng fuys mqÿu iy.; njla

oefkkq we;' —ug Ñ;% w¢kak neye'˜ hhs Tn isf;kq we;' kuq;a lK.dgq fkdjkak' fuh Ñ;%

;rÕhla fkdfõ' Tfí Ñ;%h ksjerÈ úh hq;= ke;" Tn úiska w¢kq ,nk Ñ;%h l;dj;a iuÕ

meyeÈ,s jkq we;' l;djg ijkafok w;r;=r ta fj;" wikakdf.a wjOdkh ;jÿrg;a r|jd

;nd .ekSu" Ñ;%h we£fï wruqKhs'

tuksid lvodis fld,hla f.k l%shdldrlu wdrïN lrkak'''˜

mshjr03( Ñ;%h w¢k w;r jdrfha ñks;a;= 15la muK iyNd.sjkakkaj ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

ish¨ fokd ;ukaf.a Ñ;%h we£fï ld¾hh wjika lrk ;=re Tjqkg tlsfkld iuÕ l;d

fkdlr isàug Wmfoia fokak' th tlsfkldf.a Ñ;a; tald.%;djg ndOd lrkq we;' iuyr



iyNd.sjkakka wd;;shg m;ajk nj;a" iqÿue,s ù we;s nj;a" iuyfrl=g oyäh oud we;s nj;a

fuys§ Tng ksÍlaIKh jkq we;' fuu l%shdldrlu ksid Woafõ.lr ;;ajhg m;aù we;s

iuyfrla th iukh lr .ekSfï Wmdhla f,i by; i|yka wdldrhg mSvkhg m;a jQ

iyNd.sjkafkl=g Wiq¿-úiq¿ lsÍugo fm<ôh yel'

mshjr 04( Ñ;%h we£u wjika jQ miq iyNd.sjkakkag jD;a;dldrj wiqka .kak f,i;a" ;udg

miqmiska Ñ;%h ;nd .kak f,i;a Wmfoia fokak' fuys§ l;dj bÈßm;a lrk mqoa.,hd ;u

Ñ;%h lKavdhu ueÈka ;nd th meyeÈ,s lrñka ;ukaf.a w;aoelSu m%ldY lrhs'

l%shdldrlu wdrïN lsÍug fmr my; i|yka uQ,sl kS;s ms<sn| wjOdrKh lrkak(

fuu l;dj" tys w¾:l:kh iy yeÕSï l;dj lshkakd yd iïnkaO fõ' tkï" hful=g

l:lhdg oekqK foa" oekqKd fyda fkdoeKqkd fyda ta ms<sn| ;elSula wjYH fkdfõ' Tyq$weh

úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o l;djg wfkld leu;s jQjd fyda ke;d fyda ta ms<sn| ie,lsh hq;=

fkdfõ' tjeks yeÕSï m%Yak lrkq ,nk fujka woyia oelaùïj, lsisÿ M, m%fhdackhla ke;-

—Thdg ta fõ,dfõ nh fkdù bkak ;sífí'˜ hfula Tyq$weh ìhg m;a jQ nj mjihs kï wm

l< hq;af;a m<uqj th ;j;a lreKla f,i ms<s.ekSuhs' miqj wfhl=g ìh oekSu iïnkaOfhka

lghq;= l< hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| is;d ne,sh yel' kuq;a m<uqj wmg yeÕSu y÷kdf.k th

ms<s.ekSug isÿ fõ'

yqjudre lr.kq ,nk l;d ryis.; jk w;r" lKavdhfu wjirfhka f;drj tajd

ms<sn| lKavdhfuka msg idldÉPd fkdlsÍug iyNd.sjkakka tlÕ úh hq;=h'

Ñ;%fha whs;sh th w¢kakd i;= fõ' Tjqkg tajd ;u ksfjia fj; /f.k hd yel'

fjk;a whf.a Ñ;% u; we£fuka je<lSugo iyNd.sjkakkag Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;=

fõ'

meyeÈ,s lr.ekSï i|yd Tng m%Yak weish yel" kuq;a l;dj m%Yak fkdl< hq;= fõ"

tfukau th úfõpkh lsÍu iqÿiq fkdfõ'

hï lKavdhï idudðlfhl= úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o l;djla Tn úYajdi

fkdlrkafka kï" ta ms<sn|j ieish wjidk jQ miq mqo.s,slj myiqlrejdg lshkak'

mqoa.,sl l;djla yqjudre lr .ekSfï wjia:djla lKavdhug ,eîu jákd

wjia:djls' tneúka wju jYfhka lKavdhï idudðlhska l;dj bÈßm;a lrkakd

fj; ;u zia;=;shZ m%ldY l< hq;= fõ'

hfula wdfõ.lr woyila fyda ydiH iïnkaO woyila m<lrhs kï myiqlï

imhkakd thg jydu ueÈy;a úh hq;=h'

l;dj bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wfhl=g ñks;a;= 05;a-30;aa w;r ld,hla wjYH fõ' hï mqoa.,fhl=

fndfydu fláfhka l;dj bÈßm;a lrhs kï" l:lhd u;= l< lreKq kej;-kej; oelaùfuka

(Mirroring) yd l;dfõ miqìu yd ta yd iïnkaO ienE yeÕSï foig Tyq$weh fufyhjk



ixfõ§ m%Yak weiSfuka Tyqf.ka ;j ÿrg;a úia;r ,nd .; yel' fuys§ Tng Ñ;%fha wka;¾.;

jk oE ms<sn|jo m%Yak l< yel' tu mqoa.,hdg wod< isÿùu oekqfKa flfiaoehs úuiSuo iqÿiq

fõ' fkdtfia kï" l;dj bÈßm;a lrkakd yg oekqK foa ms<sn| ;ud is;k foa Tyqg$wehg

m%ldY l< yel' Wod( —tfykï" ta fj,dfõ Tn f.dvla nhfjkak we;s fkao@˜ ^wod< mqoa.,hd

ms<s;=r ksYaÑ;j mjik f;la /£ isákak'& th Tyq$weh flf¾ we;s Tnf.a wjfndaOh

Tyqg$wehg m%o¾Ykh lrdú' iyNd.sjkakd yeÕSï w;r w;rux jqjfyd;a" j¾;udkh yd

iïnkaO i;H lreKq úuiSfuka ta ;;ajh j<lajd .; yel' ^Wod( —fï fjoaÈ .u kej; f.dv

k.d wjidkhso@˜" —Tn ksoyia jQfha jir lShlska miqo@˜" orefjda Ôj;aj isá;a kï —Tfí

Èh‚hf.a$mq;%hdf.a ku l=ulao@ Tyq oeka lrkafka fudkjdo@˜&

mshjr 40( idkqlïms; yqjudrej

hfula ;u l;dj bÈßm;a l< miq Tyq$weh fmr<d m%;spdrhla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk w;r th

lKavdhu ;=< wfkla idudðlhskag újD; ùug iy tlsfkld w;r úYajdih f.dvke.Sug

fya;= fõ' tneúka zidkqlïms; yqjudrejZ hkq wikakd

úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o l;dj ;udg oekqK wldrh

l:lhd fj; m%o¾Ykh lrkq ,eîuhs' kuq;a th

idkqlïms; yqjudrejla úh hq;= nj fuys§ wjOdrKh l<

hq;= fõ' tkï fuys§ RKd;aul yd úfõpkd;aul m%;sl%shd i|yd bv ,nd fkdÈh hq;= njhs'

fuhg úu¾Ykd;aul m%Yak o we;=<;a fõ' fujeks m%Yak fndfyda úg wúYajdih okjk yeÕSï

wjÈ lrhs' l;dj lshkakd fndfyda úg ;u w;aoelSu fjk;a mqoa.,hska bÈßfha m<uq j;djg

bÈßm;a lrkjd úh yels nj u;lfha ;nd .; hq;=h' fuys§ myiqlï imhkafkda lKavdhï

idudðlhskag wdo¾Yhla fia ;u fiajh imh;s' tkï hula meyeÈ,s lrkjdg jvd Tjqyq

;ukaf.au l%shdl,dmh ;=<ska wfkla mqoa.,hskaj idkqlïms; yqudrejla flf¾ Èßu;a lr;s'

fuu l%shdldrlu i|yd myiqlï imhkakd úiska wod< l;dj iïnkaOfhka hï Okd;aul

m%;spdrhla olajkq ,eîu w;sYhska jeo.;a fõ' tfukau ta u.ska fõokdldÍ u;hla" wkd.;h

l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSug iydh jk w;aoelSula njg mßj¾;kh lr .ekSug odhl;ajhla

,efí'

wod< isÿùug m%pKav;ajh" ukSureï" ¥IK" ysxidj wdÈh we;=<;a fõ kï" ienúkau tys

Okd;aul hula fkdue;s nj m%;HlaIh' kuq;a l;dj lshkakd tu jHikfhka YdÍßlj iy

udkislu .e<ùu l<ukdlrKh lr .;a wdldrh fj; wjOdkh fhduq l<fyd;a" krl

w;aoelSulska jqjo Tng hï mdvula fidhd .; yels jkq we;' Wod( wkd.;h Wfoid iïm;la

f,i oelsh yels Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i'

WodyrK(

1' ;uka l=vdl, mdr whsfka ;nk ,o fndaïnhlska ;u ifydaor-ifydaorhska Ôú;laIhg m;a

jQ wdldrh ms<sn| tla ldka;djla l;djla bÈßm;a lrñka isák w;r wef.a oEia l÷,ska msÍ

úfõpkd;aul woyia yd úu¾Ykd;aul m%Yak i|yd

wjir fkd,efí æ



hhs' weh l;dj wjika lrk úg" myiqlï imhkakd wihs( —Tng fï isÿùu iy bka we;s

jQ ÿl ord .ekSug iydh jQfha l=ulao@˜ tys§ kEoEhska wehg WojQ l< wdldrh weh úiska

meyeÈ,s lrkq ,eîh' myiqlï imhkakd isÿùu idrdxYlrKh lrhs tfukau w;aoelSu

Odkd;aulj kej; m%ldY ldrhs( —wo jk úg" Tfíu w;aoelSu u.ska tjeks isÿùulg uqyqK

ÿka wfhl=g wjYH foa fudkjdo hkak Tn y÷kdf.k ;sfnkjd' Tn ta ms<sn| úfYaI{fhla'

fndfyda fihska ÿlg m;a" fYdaldl+, mqoa.,fhl=g iydh olajkafka flfiaoehs Tn oeka wmg

myod fokak'˜

2' ;u Ôú;h iïmQ¾Kfhkau wk;=reodhl ;;ajhlg weojegqKq wjia:djla ms<sn| l;djla

bÈßm;a l< mqoa.,fhl=f.ka myiqlï imhkakd fuu m%Yakh wikq ,ndú( —ta Nhdkl

wjia:dfõ§ Tn wk;=r l<ukdlrKh lr .;af;a flfiao@˜ l:lhd ms<s;=re f,i ,nd

fokafka weh l,n, fkdù" b;d ikaiqkaj wjOdkfhka wk;=r fj; m%;spdr olajQ njhs'

myiqlï imhkakd( —tjeks Nhdkl wjia:djl mjd ikaiqkaj" wjOdkfhka miq ùug yels ùu

ms<sn| Tng wm ia;=;sjka; úh hq;=hs' Tng tu isÿùfuka .e,úh yels jqKd'˜ l:lhd ;uka

iïmQ¾Kfhka wirK" úkaÈ; mqoa.,fhl= f,i fkdoel" jHikhlska .e<ùu ms‚i hula l<

mqoa.,fhl= f,i ;udj olshs kï by; m%ldYfha háfm< udkisl Wml,amkh thhs'

myiqlrejdg fï wdldrfhkao hula thg tl;= l< yel( —Tn Ôú;h fnrd .ekSu

iïnkaOfhka uu i;=gq jk w;r Tng wo Èkfha wm yd fufia yuqúh yels jQfha ta ksidfjks'˜

tu m%ldYh kej;;a j¾;udkh yd iïnkaO fõ'

l:d lSfï ieish i|yd jk Wmfoia rduqj(

ixfõoS nj m%ldY lrkak' Wod( —Tn

we;a;gu ÿflka fjkak ´k'''˜

kej; lSu( —Tn lshkafka'''˜

jeä úia;r tl;= lsÍu(

^idrdxYlrKh yryd } jeäÿr l;d

lsÍug Èßu;a lrkak'&

Rcqj jeä úia;r wik m%Yak uÕ

yßkak'

p¾hdjka uÕ yßkak'

l;d lSu w;rjdrfha úpdrd;aul

fkdjkak'

— kE" kuq;a'''˜



mshjr 05( *a,EIa ,hsÜ jgh

iEu flfkl=u Tyqf.a $ wehf.a l;dj fnod.;a miq" laI‚l wdj¾ckhla isÿlrkak(

iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka fufia úuikak( —fï fj,dfõ Tfí yeÕSu l=ulao@ Tfí u;lhka fnod

.ekSug fmr Tfí yeÕSu l=ulao@ oeka Tfí yeÕSu l=ulao@ *a,EIa ,hsÜ jgh úYajdih

f.dvkÕd .ekSug;a" l;dkaor fnod .ekSfï l=¿m. iajNdjh hï wjidkhla lrd /f.k

taug;a" kej; j¾;udk mßirhg m%úIaG ùug iQodkïj isàug;a WmldÍ fõ' msßfiys tlsfkld

w;r hï wukdmhla ;sfío hkak iy l%shdldrlfuka iyNd.sjkakka m%fhdack ,nd we;af;a

flfiao hkak mÍlaId lsÍugo th WmldÍ fõ' l%shdldrlu ;udg lsisfia;au m%fhdackhla

ke;ehs hful=g yeÕ=Ko tu mqoa.,hd úiska wka wh thska m%fhdack ,enqfõ flfiaoehs weiSuo

Tyqg hï n,mEula we;s lrjk iq¿h' wms fuu mrdj¾;k jgh —*a,EIa ,hsÜ˜ f,i y÷kajkafka

iEu flfkl=u Tyqg$wehg yefÕk wdldrhg laI‚lj biau;= lrk neúks'

*a,EIa ,hsÜ m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re WodyrK lsysmhla fï wdldr fõ(

—Tfí l;dj fnod .ekSug fmr Tfí yeÕSu l=ulao@˜

fõokdjla yd ÿlla oekqKd'

lsÜgq wh ug u;la jqKd'

l;dj lshkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j uu WNf;dafldaálhl isáfhñ'

uf.a iïmQ¾K l;dj uf.a ñ;=rka w;r fnod .ekSug ug ffO¾hh Wmojd .ekSug isÿ

jqKd'

uf.a l;djg ñ;=rka iuÉp,a lrhs hk ìhla we;s jqKd '

óg fmr" ug oekqfKa fõokdfjka isák tlu mqoa.,hd uu njh - oeka th fjkia'

—Tfí l;dj fnod .kakd w;r;=f¾ iy bka miqj Tng oekqfka flfiao@˜

fõokdldÍ yeÕSula we;s jQ kuq;a l%ufhka l;kaor lSfï l%shdj,sh wmf.a fõokdldÍ

;;a;ajh ,sys,a l<d'

l÷¿ lvd jegqKq w;r ug ÿlla we;s jqKd'

wka wh uf.a l;djg idjOdkj weyqïlka fok úg" th uf.a fõokdj iukh lr

n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla wjÈ l<d'

uf.a yeÕSï m%ldY lsÍug ug wjia:djla ,efnk úg ieye,a njla oekqKd'

ish,a,kagu iudkj fõokdjla we;s nj f;areï .;a;d'

ish¨ mqoa.,hkag ffO¾hh" ìh" fldamh" fõokdj" kskaodj" ySk udkh" ìh" isky" l÷¿"

fõokdj iy msmdih we;s nj yeÕS .shd'



hqoaOfha úreoaO md¾Yjhg o fï ish¨ yeÕSï we;s nj yeÕ=Kd'

wka whf.a l:dj weiSfï iy tajd f;areï .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh jqKd '

.egqfï n,mEu È.= l,a mej;=K w;r u;=msáka wmg fõokdj fmkqfKa ke;'

iEu mqoa.,fhl=gu ;u Ôú;fha ú|úSï" fõokd iy ÿla-i;=gq wjia:dj,g uqyqK §ug

isÿfõ' tjeks ;;ajhla ;=< jqjo ñksfil= f,i bÈßhg hd hq;= njg th wmg ffO¾hhla

,nd fohs'

ÿIalr;djkag tfrysj igka lsÍug th Yla;sh ,nd fohs'

wkd.; mrïmrdfõ iduh lrd hk ú{dKh j¾Okh lsÍug th WmldÍ úh'

w;S; fõokdjka yd ÿIalr;d wu;l lr Okd;aul is;=ú,s j¾Okh lr .ekSug th

wmg WmldÍ jqKd'



2'3 f;jeks Èk jevigyk

ojfia b,lalh (

iyNd.sjkakka ;u ikao¾Nfha isg ienE wjia:djla i|yd ixfõok l=i,;d Ndú; lrhs'

Tjqyq ueÈy;aùfï m<uq wÈhr l%shd;aul lrhs'

2'3'1 ysu mrh( ienE isÿùula ms<sn| l%shdldrlu( c, lrdu .egqu'

l=ula i|ydo@

iyNd.sjkafkda yeÕSï" NS;sld iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= .fõIKh lsÍu i|yd uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï

(Grounding Questions) Ndú; lrk wdldrh bf.k .ks;ss' .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKfha

(CPA) ixfõok ,ehsia;=j (Empathy List) wkqj l%shd lsÍug Tjqyq bf.k .kSú' tfukau" Tjqyq

ueÈy;a ùfï ;¾lkh iy th zc, lrdu .egquZ kue;s ienE isÿùulg wkqj wkqj¾;kh lr

.kakd wdldrh bf.k .kSú'

fõ,dj (

ñks;a;= 120

øjH(

ysu mrhla wdldrhg ks¾udKh lrk ,o fmdaiag¾'

fuys ysu mr tlsfklg wdikakfha msysghs' tajdfhys uqÿka m%foaY c, ;,hg by<ska msysgd

we;' uQ,sl m%Yak i|yka fuu fmdaiagr ish¨ fokdg oel n,d .; yel'

fõ,dj l%shdldrlu ld,h

08.45 -09.00 miq úmru ñks;a;= 15

09.00-11.00 ysu mrh( ienE isÿùula ms<sn| l%shdldrlu( c, k, .egqu ñks;a;= 120

11.00 -11.15 f;a úfõlh ñks;a;= 15

11.15 -12.00 ixjdo l%shdldrlu i|yd jk uQ,sl kS;s ñks;a;= 45

12.00 -13.00 Èjd wdydrh i|yd úfõlh ñks;a;= 30

13.00 -14. 00 .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKh ñks;a;= 60

14.00 -15.30 N+ñld rx.kh ñks;a;= 90

15.30 -16.00 mqyqKqj we.hSu ñks;a;= 60

16.30 - jevuqMfõ ksudj



flfiao@

mshjr 01( isÿùu bÈßm;a fldg tys ;;ajhka

ysu mrfha uqÿkaj, ,shd olajkak' ysu mrfha

uqÿka muKla fmfkk mßÈ fmdaiagrfha my<

fldgi by<g kjkak' iyNd.sjkakka yg ysu

mrfha my< fldgia n,d .; fkdyels úh

hq;=hs'

mshjr 02 (meyeÈ,s lrkak

—fuu mska;+rh foi n,kak' Tng l÷ folla oel .; yels fõ' Tn ish¨ fokd fï mska;+rfha

wdldrhg ;u-;ukaf.a ia:djrhkaf.a ^l÷ uqÿkaj,& isg wfkla wh ^wfkla l÷ uqÿka& foig

lE .iñka isá;s' thska fmkS hkafka lE .ik lsisÿ md¾Yjhlg tlsfkld yuq ùug wjia:djla

fkd,efnk njhs' tfiau" b,a,Sï w;r lsisÿ iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s w;r we;af;a úYd,

mr;rhla muKla njhs'

tla m%cdjl tlg Ôj;a jk lKavdhï foll ia:djrhka foi n,kak' kj m%cd idudðlfhda

^ysgmq igkalrejk a& mer‚ m%cd idudðlhskaf.a c, lrdu ;uka yd fnod .kakd f,i b,a,d

isáhs' kuq;a mer‚ m%cd idudðlfhda th m%;slafIam lr;s'˜

c, lrdu-isÿùu( 1996 wdrïN jQ fkamd, hqoaOh jir 10la mej;s w;r mq¿,a idu .súiqula iuÕ

2006 § wjika úh' hqoaOh wjidk jQ miq ysgmq udfjdajd§ yuqod igkalrejkag fiiq m%cdjkaf.ka

fjkaj yqol,djQ l÷ nEjqïj, msysgd ;snQ yuqod l|jqrej, mÈxÑ ùug isÿúh' 2011 jk úg ysgmq

igkalrejka" m%cdj yd kej; iudc.; lsÍfï wruq‚ka zhdj;ald,Sk lsÍfï iy kej;

ixúOdkh lsÍfï l%shdj,shZ wdrïy úh' l|jqrej, jdih l< jir 06 ;=< m%cdj iy ysgmq

hq., ysu mr wdo¾Yh" mqyqKqfõ yhjeks Èkfha y÷kajd §ug kshñ; .egqï oDIaáfldaK

úYaf,aIKfha (Conflict Perspective Analysis

– CPA) moku fõ' .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKfha§ yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld ixfõok ,ehsia;=j f,i igyka lrkq ,efí'



igkalrejka w;r hï iïnkaOhla mej;sfhah' flfia fj;;a" wka;¾cd;sl ;,fha rx.k

Ys,amSyq tjl ;;ajh mq¿,a f,i jgyd .;a w;r l|jqrej,g wdikakj msysgd ;snQ m%foaY iy

m%cdjka Wfoid há;, myiqlï yd úÿ,sn,h wdY%s; jHdmD;s i|yd iyfhda.h oelajQy' yuqod

l|jqre wfydais lsÍu;a iuÕ yuqodjg we;=<;a fkdùug yd m%cdjka ;=< mÈxÑ ùug ;SrKh l<

ysgmq igkalrejka jQ f.dúhkag uQ,H §ukdjla msßkeñKs' fï wdldrhg ysgmq igkalrejkaf.a

kej; mÈxÑ ùu yryd fndfyda m%cdjka mq¿,a úh' iuyr úfgl" fuu ;;ajh .egqï iy jerÈ

jegySï we;s lsÍugo fya;= úh' tfukau" kj m%cd idudðlfhda fkamd, ksoyi ;ld jir 10

mqrd l< igk fjkqfjka ;uka fj; hï ms<s.ekSula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQy'

fkamd, ikao¾Nh ;=<" fndfydaúg ish¨ iyNd.sjkakka fujeks .egqïj, miqìu wvq-jeä

jYfhka oek .kq we;'

ia:djrhka

mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska

‐c, lrdu yeÿfõ wms" tajd wfmaæ

‐wms oekg;a ÿla ú¢kjdæ

- Thd,g i,a,s ;sfhkjd" fjku lrdu yod .kak'

kj m%cd idudðlhka

-Thd,d wmg ia;=;sjka; fjkak ´kæ

-Thd,g úÿ,sh iy mdrj,a ,enqfKa wms ksidæ

-m%cdjkaj, f.dvla j;=r wmf;a hkjdæ



mshjr 03( oeka fmdiagrh È. yer" meyeÈ,s lrkak - fuys Tng l÷ fuka Èiajkafka ysu mr

fõ' fuys§ Tng u;=msg c, ;,fhka hg md¾Yj foflys yeÕSï" NS;sld iy n,dfmdfrd;a;=

y÷kd.; yelsh' ueÈy;a ùfï l%shdj,sh wdlaála id.rfha pdßldjla n÷ fõ' Tng l÷ YsLr

tlg hd l< fkdyel' kuq;a iíueÍkhl isg" lsñ§ Tng c, ;,fhka hg msysá oE .fõIKh

l< yel' tys§ Tng ;ukaf.a ysu mrfha iy wfkla md¾Yjhg wh;a ysu mrfha fndfyda

wkfmalaIs; oE oel .kakg ,efíú' tmuKla fkdj" fuu ysu mrhka fol w;r lsishï

iïnkaOhla jqjo y÷kd.; yels jkq we;' Tn c, ;,fhka hg msysá oE .fõIKh lsÍfuka

wk;=rej" c,h u;=msgg meñ‚ miq kj úi÷ï lrd fhduq ùu myiq jkq we;'

kefjka ^ia:djrfha uÜgu& Wux ud¾.hg ^reÑl;ajfha uÜgu& neiSug kï Tng bksu.la

wjYH fõ' ueÈy;alrejd úiska uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï u.ska fuu bksu. Tng imhkq ,efí' ;u

ia:djrhka w;ayer yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld ms<sn| l;d lsÍug isÿ jQ úg"

idudkHfhka .egqïldÍ md¾Yj ta fj; ue,slula yd ìhla olaj;s' kuq;a fuys§ Tjqkg uQ,sl

m%Yak lsÍï (Grounding Questions) uy;a rel=,la fõ'



mshjr 04( mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjkakka kj iy mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska jYfhka lKavdhï

follg fnokak' mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska muKla isák lKavdhï ke;skï" Tjqkaj lKavdhï

j,g fnod fjka lsÍfï§ wdikak;u iïnkaO;dj fj; wjOdkh §ug lghq;= lrkak'

mshjr 05( by; mshjfrka miq iyNd.sjkakka ysia fmdaiagr w;e;sj lKavdhï jYfhka fjka-

fjka jQ ia:dkj,g ^yels kï fjka jQ ldurj,g& hEug i,iajkak' Tjqyq my; i|yka

wdldrhg fmdaiag¾ wdY%fhka fuu l%shdldrlfuys ksr; jkq we;'



lKavdhu 1( kj m%cd idudðlhska f,i wmg yefÕkjd''' n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla ;sfnkjd'''

ìh oefkkjd''' iïnkaOfhka'

lKavdhu 2( mer‚ m%cd idudðlhska f,i wmg yefÕkjd''' n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla

;sfnkjd''' ìh oefkkjd''' iïnkaOfhka'

iEu mqyqKqlrefjl=u tl-tlla jQ l=vd lKavdhïj,g by; l%shdldrlfuys ksr; ùug iydh

jkq we;' WodyrKhla f,i lKavdhu 1 i|yd fï wdldr jQ meyeÈ,s lsÍula l< yel- —wms

oeka tla md¾Yjhl yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld iïnkaOfhka .fõIKh lruq' ó<Õ

úkdä 25 we;=<; ;ud kj m%cd idudðlhska hhs Wml,amkh lrkak' wms kj m%cd idudðlhska

fuka Tjqkaf.a yeÕSï ms<sn|j l;d lruq' wms ish¨ fokd oeka kj m%cd idudðlhskaæ wm

lKavdhfï idudðlhskaf.a yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld ;jÿrg;a .fõIKh lsÍug

tlsfkldf.ka uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï (Grounding Question) lrkak' ud ixfõok ,ehsia;=fõ

(Empathi List) tajd igyka lrkjd' b;ska" kj m%cd idudðlfhl= jYfhka Tng we;s

n,dfmdfrd;a;=j l=ulao@˜

lKavdhu fuu l%shdldrlug ue,slula olajkjd kï" fojeks lKavdhuo fï fõ,dfõ wfkla

md¾Yjfha tkï Tn ish¨ fokdf.a yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld ms<sn| l;sld lrñka

isák nj Tjqkg okajd isáh yel'

fuys§ iuia; lKavdhu fmdaiagrh jgd isgf.k l%shdldrlfuys ksr; jkq we;' mqyqKqlrejka

fofofkla fmdaiagrh wi< isg iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka uQ,sl m%Yak wikq we;' —kj m%cd

idudðlfhl= f,i Tng''' fu;rï jeo.;a jk afka l=ula ksido@˜ iyNd.sjkakka zTjqkaZ hk

jpkhg jvd zuuZ iy zwmsZ hk jpk Ndú;d lrkafka oehs fuys§ wjOdkfhka isáh hq;= fõ'

lsisfjla úiska ;u ia:djrhka" b,a,Sï iy ysñlï ms<sn| hï m%ldYhla lrkq ,nk ´kEu

úfgl uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï isÿ lsÍug iyNd.sjkakka ffO¾hu;a lsÍu iqÿiq fõ' fuys§

mqyqKqlrefjda yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld muKla m%Odk jpk f,i& fmdaiagrfha igyka

lrkq we;'



;u ixfõok ,ehsia;=j i|yd by; wdldrhg woyia tl;= lr .ekSu i|yd úkdä 25la ,nd

fokak'

mshjr 06( bkamiq Tjqyq kej; m%Odk mqyqKqjg tlafj;s' tla lKavdhulska mqoa.,hska 2-3la

w;r m%udKhlaj;a ;u yeÕSï ^fmdaiagrfha igyka lr we;s&" —wm‘ ffY,sfha msysgd lshj;s'

Tjqkag ;j ÿrg;a yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld fï i|yd tl;= l< yel' tfia fkdue;s

kï mqyqKqlrejdg iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka jeäÿrg;a uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï isÿl< yel'

mshjr 07( lKavdhï folu ;u bÈßm;a lsÍï wfkla lKavdhu bÈßfha lsÍfuka wk;=rej"

iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka fufia úuikak- —wfkla lKavdhfï ixfõok ,ehsia;=j (Empathy List)

bÈm;a lsÍu Tng oekqfKa flfiao@˜ wfkla lKavdhu Tn jgyd.;a nj Tng oekqfKa l=uk

wjia:dfõ§o@ Tjqka úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o úfYaIfhka Tng ióm lreKq fudkjdo@ Tfí

yoj;g iómj Tjqka lreKq bÈßm;a l< nj Tng oekqfKa fld;ekl§o@˜

fï w;r jdrfha jvd;a .e<fmk lreKq §ma;su;a meyehlska i,l=Kq lrkak'

mshjr 08( wk;=rej" Tjqkaf.a yeÕSï" NS;sld iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= ii|kak' idudHfhka"

lKavdhï w;r ixfõok ,ehsia;=j, fndfyda idudk;d oel.; yel' tjeks iudk;d meyeÈ,s

j¾Khlskao úreoaO reÑl;ajhka fjk;a j¾Khlskao i,l=Kq lrkak'

meyeÈ,slrkak( —ia:djrhka m%;súreoaO yd m%;sikaOdkh l< fkdyels nj fmkqKo"

tlsfkldf.a yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy NS;sld ms<sn| .eUqßka úuid ne¨jfyd;a" fmkShkafka

fuu md¾Yjhkag iudk NS;sld fyda n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s njhs' tjeks ;;ajhka" jgyd .ekSfï

Wmfoia rduqj

iyNd.sjkakka W;a;u mqreI oDIaáfldaKfhka ^uu$wms& ms<s;=re ,nd fokjdoehs

wjOdkfhka isáh hq;= fõ' Tjqka ;u N+ñldfjka msg mksk iEu úfglu kej; ta fj;

fhduq lsÍug W;aidy lrkak- —fyd|hs" kj m%cd idudðlfhl= jYfhka Tn'''˜

my; i|yka jdlH Ndú; lrñka l;d lsÍu fkdl< hq;= fõ(

—kj m%cd idudðlhskag''' oefka'˜ fuh N+ñld rx.khla (Role-Play) fkdjk uq;a" wfkla

md¾Yjfha wNHka;r ;;ajhka" yeÕSï iy Tjqka ienúkau m%ldY lrk woyia .fõIKh

lrkq ,nk wjia:djla fõ' ;jo fuh wfkla md¾Yjfha yoj; wNHka;rfha r|jdf.k we;s

kuq;a msg;g m%ldY fkdlrk woyia yd iïnkaO fõ'

meyeÈ,s lrkak( fuu wjia:dfõ§" mriamr úfrdaë yeÕSï iy woyiaj,g o wjia:dj ,nd

foa' WodyrKhla jYfhka tlu wjia:dfõ§ Tng ÿl iy i;=g hk yeÕSï my< úh yel'



fya;= f,i ye¢kaúh yel' ta ulaksidoh;a" yeÕSug ;=vq fokq ,nk fm%arlh fndfyda fihska

fjkia jqjo ;ukag oefkk oE fomd¾Yjhu okakd neúks' u;=msgg fjkaj Èiajk ysumr

tlsfkl yuqjk wjia:dj fuhhs'

mshjr 9( mqyqKqlrefjda by; wNHdih we.hSulska wk;=rej ksud lr;s' túg iyNd.sjkakka

fufia wduka;%Kh l< yel" —Tn fuf;la isÿ l< ls%hdldrlu oDIaáfldaK fjkia lsÍu f,ig

ye¢kaúh yel' fuh ueÈy;aùfï ld¾hfha§ isÿ lrkq ,nk m%Odk ls%hdj,shla jk w;r tys§

Tfí ia:djrhka fj;ska bj;aù" wfkla md¾Yjfha yeisÍu iy b,a,Sï i|yd wNsfm%aKhka fukau

fya;= .fõIKh lrkq ,efí'

2'3'2 sha:re ixjdo - y÷kajd§u

mshjr 01(

iïuka;%Kfha zixjdohZ iïnkaO fldgi wdrïN jk

nj myiqlï imhkakd meyeÈ,s lrhs'

—wo wms zixjdohZ kue;s ud;Dldfjka wdrïN lruq'

Tn ish¨ fokd w;ßka fndfyda fofkla oekgu;a

ixjdo l|jqrej,§ sha:re l;d lSfï wx.hg iyNd.s ù

;sfnk nj wms ish¨ fokd oksuq' ta flfia fj;;a"

my; ldrKd ;=k fya;= fldgf.k wms tu sha:re

ixjdo l%shdldrlfuys kej; ksr; fjuq - m<uq ldrKh" wm ish¨ fokd zfõokdldÍ u;lZ

kue;s l%shdldrlug kej;-kej; iyNd.s ùu ;=<ska" tlsfkldf.a l;d tlsfklg fjkia nj

wjfndaOfldg f.k isákafkuq' tfukau" l%shdldrlfuka l%shdldrlug tys w;aoelSu .eUqre

jk nj iy fõokdldÍ u;lh bÈßm;a lsÍfuka miqj ,efnk iykh jeä jk nj wjfndaO

lrf.k isákafkuq' fojeks ldrKh" l;dj, we;s úúO;ajh iy myiqlï imhkafkl=

jYfhka jvd ixfõ§ wdldrhlska myiqlï iemhSu lrkq ,nk wjia:dj, mqoa.,hska Bg

wkql+,j ;ukaf.a l;dj m%ldY lrk wdldrh wm úiska oek .; hq;= fõ' ;=kajekak" fuu

l%shdldrlu kej;-kej; isÿ lrk úg myiqlï imhkafkl= jYfhka wmf.a yeÕSï iy

wdl,am Tngu ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõ' fufõf,a isg wm úiska Tn" sha:re ixjdo lKavdhulg

wh;a idudðlfhl= hhs Wml,amkh lrkq ,efí' kuq;a ieish wjidkfha" fuu l%shdldrlu

ms<sn| miq úmrula flf¾" túg by; l%shdldrlu Tngu m%;sks¾udKh lr .; yel'˜

Myiqlï imhkakkaf.a wjOdkhg(

sha:re ixjdo l|jqre i|yd oekgu;a iyNd.s ù we;s myiqlï imhkakka i|yd fuu l%shdldrlu mqkrdj¾;khla fõ' fyd| myiqlï imhkafkl= njg m;aùug iydh jk neúka mqkrdj¾;kh Tjqkag wjYH fõ'



mshjr - 2( sha:re ixjdo lKavdhula i|yd wdo¾Y y÷kajd §u'

Tn idudkHfhka ixjdo lKavdhula wdrïN lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak(

—udkj iïnkaO;d iy .eg¿ ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍfï§ wmf.a sha:re ikao¾Nh ;=<" zixjdohZ"

wjfndaOh iy úYajdih we;s lrhs' yqjudre ixjdo lKavdhï iuÕ úYajdih j¾Okh lsÍug

fukau m%cdjkays udkj ne£ï yd iïnkaO .eg¿ iy.; wxY ms<sn| bf.k .ekSug iy ta

ms<sn| fufkys lsÍug hï odhl;ajhla we;s lsÍug wms W;aidy lrkafkuq' Tfí wNHka;rh

iduldó fkdfõ kï" m%cdj ;=< Tng iduldó mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu b;d wmyiq fõ"

yqfolau th l< fkdyels fõ' tlsfkld f;areï .ekSug W;aidy lsÍfuka iy wmf.a Ôú;j,

ÿlauqiq l;d yqjudre lr .ekSfuka" wm yg mqoa., wNHka;rfha iduldó jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh

lr .; yel' fï ish¨ foa i|yd" wmf.a lKavdhu ;=< wdrlaIs; iy úYajikSh mßirhla

f.dvke.S ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd hï ld,hla wjYH jkafka fï ksidfjks' wm wjg

hym;a udkisl mßirhla f.dvk.d .ekSu i|yd hï-hï wNHdi y÷kajd §ug o wms fï yryd

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafkuq'

—hful=j f;areï .ekSu hkq Tyq$weh úiska lrkq ,nk oE yd tlÕ ùu fkdfõ' hful=j

f;areï .ekSu hkq Tyqf.a$wef.a ÿl-i;=g fnod .ekSu fukau yoj;ska hful= yd ikaksfõokh

lsÍu iy hful=g yoj;ska ijka§u fõ'˜ hkak fuys§ Tng wjOdrKh lsÍug wmg wjYH fõ'

2'3'3 ixjdo l%shdldrlu i|yd jk uQ,sl kS;s

l=ula i|ydo@

lKavdhu ;=< iqrlaIs; mßirhla f.dvke.S we;aoehs ksYaÑ; lr .ekSu i|yd' fuys§ ixfõ§

m%Yak yd lghq;= lrkafka flfia oehs hï ud¾f.damfoaYkhla ,nd §u jeo.;a fõ'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 45

øjH(

äuhs fld, (Flipchart) udl¾ mEka

flfiao@

mshjr 01( m<uqfjkau" iïuka;%Kfha yqjudre ixjdo wx.h y÷kajd fokq ,nk w;sYh

fm!oa.,sl wNHdifhka wdrïN lsÍug fmr myiqlï imhkakd úiska iyNd.sjkakka yg my;

kS;s ms<sme§ug lemfjk f,i okajd isáhs' lreKdlr tu kS;s ms<sme§fï ;d¾lsl nj fï

wdldrhg meyeÈ,s lrkak( —fuu kS;s ms<sme§u u.ska iyNd.sjkakkag újD;j" wjxlj woyia

m%ldY l< yels tfukau tlsfkld úYajdi l< yels iqrlaIs; jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍu



wfmalaId flf¾' mqyqKqjg wh;a ixjdo fldgfia§ fuu kS;s ms<smÈkq ,nk w;r tajd y÷kajd

fokq ,nkafka sha:re ixjdo lKavdhfï wdrïNl ieisfha§ h'˜

my; i|yka kS;s tlska tl wOHhkh lrkak' fuys§ iyNd.sjkakka yg m%Yak lsÍfï yelshdj

we;s nj u;l ;nd .kakæ iEu wfhl=u úiska kS;s jgyd .kq ,nk ;dla" m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re

foñka kS;s myod §ug lghq;= lrkak' meyeÈ,s lsÍfï§ hula u.yeÍ we;a oehs iel yer oek

.kak' óg wu;r lreKq tl;= lsÍug wjYH kï tajdo igyka lrkak' wu;r tl;= lsÍï

iuia; ieish mqrd isÿ l< yel' iEu wfhlau bÈßm;a lrk ,o kS;s yd iEySulg m;a fõ kï"

Tjqkg tajd ms<smÈkakg bv yßkak'



uQ,sl kS;s (Ground Rules)

tlsfkldg wjOdkfhka yd f.!rjfhka ijka§ug iyNd.sjkakka

tlÕ úh hq;=hs'

hfula ;u l;dj m%ldY lrk úg thg ndOd fkdl<hq;=hs'

tlsfkldg f.!rj l< hq;= w;r tlsfkldf.a yeÕSï" n,dfmdfrd;a;=

iy NS;sldjka jgyd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=hs'

f;areï .ekSu hkq tlÕ ùu fkdfõ" mqoa.,fhl= lrk fyda is;k

fyda hula yd Tn tlÕ fkdjqKo Tng tu mqoa.,hdf.a yeÕSï jgyd

.ekSug W;aidy l< yel'

hfula ;j;a iyNd.sjkafkl=f.a oafõIhg ,la jk nj myiqlï

imhkakdg oefkhs kï tu l%shdjg ndOd lsÍfï whs;sh myiqlï

imhkakdg we;'

l;dfõ§ bÈßm;ajk fm!oa.,sl lreKq lKavdhfuka msg; ndysr

mßirhg /f.k fkdhEug iyNd.sjkakka tlÕ úh hq;=hs'

iEu lKavdhï /iaùulgu iyNd.sjkakka meñ‚h hq;=hs'

tys§ iEu lKavdhï /iaùulu tlu iyNd.sjkakka msßila /ia úh

hq;=hs'

iEu lKavdhï /iaùï jdrhl§u tlu myiqlï imhkafkl=

myiqlï imhhs'

hï lKavdhï idudðlfhl= yg fm!oa.,sl ixjdohlg myiqlï

imhkakd yuqùug wjYH kï" /iaùfuka miq Tyq$weh ta fjkqfjka

/£ isáhs'

lemùu( hï iyNd.sjkafkl= yg lKavdhfuka bj;a ùug wjYHhs

kï" Tyq$weh ;j;a j;djla lKavdhu fj; iuq.ekSu i|yd meñ‚h

hq;=hs'



2'3'4 .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKh (CPA)

l=ula i|ydo@

isoaê wOHhkhla úYaf,aIKh lrñka" m%dfhda.slj .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIK l=i,;d

j¾Okh lr .ekSug iyNd.sjkakkag iydh ùu i|yd'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 60

øjH(

äuhs fld, (Flipchart)" udl¾ mEka" (Pin Boards)" r|jk (pins)

flfiao@

mshjr 01( ysumr (Iceberg) l%shdldrlu i|yd wod< ixfõok ,ehsia;=j (Empathy List)

wdj¾ckh lsÍu' ^ug''' yefÕkjd$n,dfmdfrd;a;=jla ;sfnkjd$ìhla oefkkjd - ;=kajeks

Èkh n,kak&

—wms Tng jvd;a úia;rd;aulj bÈßm;a fkdlrk fï ixfõok ,ehsia;= jvd mq¿,a úYaf,aIKhl

yrh fõ'

.egqï úYaf,aIK oDIaáfldaKfha mshjr y;r y÷kajd §u(

1' md¾Yjhka iy md¾Yjlrejka y÷kd .ekSu'

2' ;u ia:djrhka iïnkaOfhka tla-tla md¾Yjfhka lreKq yd m%ldY ,nd .ekSu'

3' .egqug iïnkaO jQ tla-tla md¾Yjfha reÑl;ajhka" wjYH;d iy NS;sld y÷kd .ekSu'

4' fomd¾Yjhgu i;=gqodhl úi÷ï fj; <Õd úh yels úl,am úia;drKh lsÍu i|yd fmdÿ

reÑ wreÑl;ajhka" fjkialï iy tlsfkld w;r wjfndaOh iudk jk wjia:d y÷kd

.ekSu'

mshjr - 2( lKavdhï fol w;r fyda .%du ixj¾Ok lñgq ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk ;ks mqoa.,hska

w;r fyda ienE .egqula i|yd md¾Yjhka le|jkak' fuys§ tlS isoaê wOHhkhla (Case Study)

i|yd tlÕ úh hq;=h'

mshjr - 3( isoaêh" .egqï oDIaáfldaK úYaf,aIKfha by; i|yka mshjr y;r u; úYaf,aIKh

lrkak' iudk lKavdhï folla ks¾udKh lrkak' iEu lKavdhulau úiska .egqu ;=< ;uka

orK ia:djrhka iuÕ tla .egqï md¾Yjhla ksfhdackh lrkq ,efí'

1' md¾Yjhka iy md¾Yjlrejka y÷kd .ekSu'



2' md¾Yjhka úiska lrkq ,nk lreKq yd m%ldY ^ia:djrhka" isoaêh u;=msg iajNdjh&

,ehsia;=.; lsÍu'

3' iEu md¾Yjhlu NS;sld" yeÕSï iy n,dfmdfrd;a;= y÷kd .kak' ^isoaêfha wka;¾ iajNdjh&

fuys§ m%Yak ms<sìUq fkdjk fia wod< md¾Yjhka úiska ;u oelau bÈßm;a lrkq ,enqjd fia

my; wdldrhg jdlH ks¾udKh l< hq;=hs'

—ug$wmg oefkkjd'''" —uu$wms n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjkjd'''' —ug$wmg nhhs'''˜

4' uQ,sl m%Yak lsÍï (Grounding Questions) u.ska .egqï md¾Yjhkaf.a fmdÿ reÑreÑl;ajhka"

fjkialï iy tlsfkld w;r wjfndaOh iudk jk wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu'

md¾Yjhkaf.a iudk yd tlsfklg mriamr reÑl;ajhka fudkjdo@ tlsfkld w;r wjfndaOh

iudk jk wjia:d fukau úúO jQ uQ,hkaf.ka bÈßm;a jk iudk yeÕSï" wjYH;d ^wdYdjka&"

NS;sld fudkjdo@ WodyrKhla jYfhka lsisu .egqï md¾Yjhla ;uka iuÉp,hg ,la jkjdg

wlue;s jk w;r wfkla md¾Yjh úiska ;uka iuÉp,hg ,la lrkq ,ndú oehs ìfhka miq

fõ' fuu NS;sldj fomd¾Yjhgu wod< fõ' Tjqkaf.a ìh iïnkaO uQ,hka fjkia jqjo fuh

tlsfkld flfrys wjfndaOhla we;s lr .ekSug mdol jk wjia:djls'

mshjr - 5( fomd¾Yjhgu i;=gqodhl úi÷ï lrd <Õd úh yels úl,am y÷kd .kak' fuu fmdÿ

reÑl;ajhka" fjkialï iy tlsfkld w;r wjfndaOh iudk jk wjia:d" fomd¾Yjhu i|yd

i;=gqodhl úi÷ï ,nd §fï l%shdj,sfha uqLHdx. fõ' .egqï md¾Yj w;r iaÓridr iduhla

ia:dmkh l< yels jkafka fï wdOdrfhks' iyNd.sjkakka iuÕ fomd¾Yjhu i|yd i;=gqodhl

úi÷ï <Õd lr .; yels úNj wjia:d iy YlH úl,am ms<sn| idldÉPd lrkak'

2'3'5 N+ñld rx.kh

ueÈy;aùu$ixjdoh i|yd uk#l,ams; isÿùula ks¾udKh lrkak' md¾Yjlrejka iy

ueÈy;alrejka ksYaÑ; lr .kak'

ueÈy;aùfï ieish l=vd lKavdhï y;rla jYfhka N+ñld rx.khl fhfokak' fuys§

iyNd.sjkakkaf.a N+ñld ksYaÑ; lr ueÈy;alrejka fofofkl=" ksfhdað;fhla jYfhka iEu

md¾Yjhla i|ydu m;alr .kak'

fõ,dj(

ñks;a;= 90

by; N+ñld rx.kh ksÍlaIKh lrñka wmyiq wjia;djkaj,§ iyNd.sjkakkag iydh jkak'

l%shdldrlfuka miqj tlsfkld tys ksr; jQ wdldrh ms<sn| ;ks ;ksj m%;sfmdaIK ,nd fokak'

fuys§ Tjqka jvd;a fyd¢ka N+ñld rx.kfha ksr; jQ wjia:d fj; jeä wjOdkh ,nd fokak'



2'3'6 mqyqKqj we.hSu

mqyqKqj ms<sn| iyNd.sjkakkaf.a iuia; m%;sfmdaIKhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd úúO l%u wkq.ukh

l< yel' Tn iyNd.sjkakka yg ks¾kdñlj ;u m%;sfmdaIK ,nd §ug leue;a;la olajkafka

kï" iEu wfhl=gu iïmQ¾K l< yels jk mßÈ m%Yakdj,shla ks¾udKh lrkak' flfia fj;;a"

iuia; lKavdhu ;=< Okd;aul jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍug iy lKavdhu ;=< m%;sfmdaIK

yqjudre lr .ksñka mqyqKqj ksudj lr <Õd lrùug fuh jeo.;a fõ' Tng iuia; lKavdhu

w;r ;u m%;sfmdaIK ;ks-;ksj bÈßm;a lsÍfï jghla ixúOdkh l< yel' uOHu m%udKfha"

úúO j¾Kj,ska hq;a ldâm;a Ndú;d lrñka m%Yak lsysmhlg ms<s;=re ,nd §ugo Tng

iyNd.sjkakka fhduq l< yel ^Wod( ly } Tn fuhska W.;a jvd jeo.;au foh l=ulao@" fld<

} iuia; mqyqKqj iïnkaOfhka Tn fm!oa.,sl u;=lr oelaùug leu;s lreKq fudkjdo@" r;=

} Tng u. yereKq foa fudkjdo@& miqj tu ldâ m;a mqjrejl r|jd ish,a,kagu Èia jk mßÈ

m%o¾Ykh l< yel'

§¾> mqyqKqjl§ wm úiska Ndú; lrkq ,nk m%sh;u we.hSï l%uh ^idlaIr;dj hym;a uÜgul

mj;sk iyNd.sjkakka i|yd& my; mßÈ fõ(

mqyqKq ldurh ;=< úúO ud;Dld i|yka fmdaiagr iú lrkq ,efí' miqj ish¨ fokdg ,sùfï

WmlrKhla ^udl¾ mEkla& ,nd §" fmdaiag¾ u; iuia; mqyqKqj iïnkaO w;aoelSï ,sùug

Wmfoia fokq ,efí' fuys§ iyNd.sjkakka yg ;u woyia ,shd ;nk w;rjdrfha wfkla whf.a

woyia lshùug o wjia:dj Wod fõ'

fmdaiagr i|yd my; ud;Dld fhÈh yel(

1' ud bf.k.;a jeo.;au foa'''

2' mqyqKq Èk ;=k iïnkaOfhka u;=lr oelaùug leu;s udf.a fm!oa.,sl woyia'''

3' mqyqKqj iïnkaOfhka ud wvq m%sh;djla olajk lreKq'''

4' mqyqKq ixl,amh iïnkaOfhka fjkia l< hq;= hhs ud úiska woyia lrkq ,nk oE'''

5' mqyqKq ixl,amh iïnkaOfhka fjkia fkdl< hq;= hhs ud úiska woyia lrkq ,nk oE'''

6' N+ñld rx.kh iïnkaOfhka udf.a woyi'''

7' ud mqyqKqlrejkag m%ldY lrkakg leu;shs'''

8' mqyqKq lKavdhu fj;'''

9' ixúOdkh iy l%shd;aul lsÍfï l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka ud i|yka lsÍug leu;shs'''

10' wkd.; mqyqKqlrejka i|yd udf.a flá m‚jqvh'''

iïmdokh iy m¾K ixfYdaê; ixilrKh - Inmedio · 2020. 4. 17. · WmfoaYkh ^c¾ukfha n¾,kak.rfha...

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Transcript of iïmdokh iy m¾K ixfYdaê; ixilrKh - Inmedio · 2020. 4. 17. · WmfoaYkh ^c¾ukfha n¾,kak.rfha...