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    2017Main Campus 5-Year Strategic Plan

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    Dear Colleagues and Friends,

    After 90 days of input and feedback from faculty, staff, administrators, trustees, and students, I am pleased to issue the first

    edition of The University of Toledo main campus strategic plan, which is entitled, Imagine 2017. This plan operationalizesthe universitys strategic plan, which is entitled, Directions 2011.

    This document is a high level summary of the conversations that have occurred over the past 90 days; it is not a finely word-

    smithed manuscript of university ideals, aspirations, and goals; it is a high level outline of action plans to solve big strategic

    problems, which if solved, reposition The University of Toledo to survive and thrive in the 21st century.

    For many years, as a result of persistently declining state appropriations to higher education, most public universities have

    scaled back their operations and support of academic programs to the point of not being able to adequately support their

    historical models of teaching, research, and service. Given this nations new normal economy, we are left with no otherchoice but to rebalance our tripartite mission and create a more cost-effective model of higher education--a model that

    honors our past, upholds our core values, and achieves both high quality and financial sustainability in this new world.

    This plan leverages the universitys current strengths in ways that will make it more distinctive and a better choice for

    prospective students. If we implement this plan well, we will become the destination of choice for well-prepared students,

    under-prepared students, adult learners, on-line learners, professional students, and graduate students; the university will

    become a more effective system of higher education where teaching and learning are more effective, research and discovery

    are widely embraced and strategically focused, and service and engagement are both relevant and impactful.

    Thank you in advance for your willingness to explore this new path. If we navigate this path well, we will arrive at a better

    and more sustainable destination. As always, teamwork is the key to our success because together, everyone achieves more.

    In your service,

    Scott L. Scarborough, Ph.D.

    Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs

    !

    December 17, 2012

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    Section I - An Overview of the Mission and Vision

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    The mission of The University of Toledo is

    to improve the human condition; to enablestudent success in scholarship and in life;

    to advance knowledge through excellence in

    learning, discovery and engagement; and to serve as

    a diverse, public metropolitan research university.

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    VisionThe University of Toledo is a

    transformative force in the world.

    The University is a pillar of its

    community, and is a thriving

    student-centeredcomprehensive research university

    known for its distinctive exploration of

    the relationships between the liberal arts

    and science and technology, whichincludes multiple nationally ranked

    professional colleges and an exceptional

    interdisciplinary core curriculum.

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    Compassion,Professionalism

    andRespect

    Discovery,Learningand

    Communica:on

    Diversity,Integrityand

    Engagement,Outreach

    andService

    Excellence,Focusand

    Innova:on

    Wellness,Healing,

    andSafety

    Our core values do not change.

    Teamwork

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    Teamworkis the key to our success.

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    Inputs OutputsProcesses

    Motivated & ResourcedStudents

    Expert & ProductiveFaculty & Staff

    Inspiring & FunctionalFacilities

    Engaging & SupportiveInformation Technology

    Curriculum &Pedagogy

    Financial Resources

    Teaching & Advising

    Research / CreativeActivity

    Student Experience

    Assessment &Program Review

    Engagement & Service

    Strategic Leadership &Management

    Graduates Preparedto Succeed

    Discovery, Invention,& Applied Research

    Quality of Life

    Philanthropy &Financial Sustainability

    Pride & Inspiration

    Economic Development

    What is core?

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    A UT Sy!em of Higher Education2017

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    UT Sy!em of Higher Education

    Portal for Well-prepared StudentsPortal for Prepared and Under-prepared Students

    Portal for Adult Students Portal forOnline Students

    Portal for Graduate & Advanced Professional Students

    2017

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    Portal for Well-prepared Students

    Portal for Prepared/Under-prepared Students

    Portal for Adult Professional Students

    Portal forOnline Students

    Portal for Graduate & AdvancedProfessional Students

    Jesup Scott

    Honors College

    YouCollege

    college of adult

    professionals and

    Extended Learning

    UTXnet World Campus

    COLLEGE of Graduate

    Studies

    2017

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    Jesup Scott

    Honors College

    YouCollege

    College of

    Adult professionals

    and Extended Learning

    UTXNET World Campus

    College of

    Graduate Studies

    Accelerated Curriculum & Experiential Learning

    Experiential Learning & Student Success

    Prior Learning Assessment & Student Success

    Prior Learning Assessment & Convenience

    Academic Quality &Career Advancement

    2017

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    Jesup Scott Honors College

    YouCollege

    Adult

    PROFESSIONALS EL

    UTXNET World Campus

    College of

    Graduate Studies

    Experiential Learning

    Student-Centeredness

    Flipped & WrappedClassrooms

    Beautiful Campus

    Elegant Online Experience

    2017

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    JEsup Scott

    Honors College

    YouCollege

    adult professionals EL

    UTXNET World Campus

    GRADUATE COLLEGE

    Engineering

    Law

    Science AND MATH

    VISUAL AND PERFORMING ARTS

    Medicine

    Pharmacy

    Nursing

    health sciences

    Business

    Education

    CRIMINAL JUSTICE &

    HUman Services

    HUMANITIES &

    social sciences

    2017

    COMMUNICATION

    Portals

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    UT Sy!em of Higher Education

    Advance the Body of Knowledge

    Remain Current in Disciplines

    Solve Community Problems

    Economic Development

    2017

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    UT Sy!em of Higher Education

    Interdisciplinary Schools

    Biomarkers / Advanced Simulation

    2017

    Green Chemistry & Advanced Renewable Energy

    Healthcare Business Enterprise & Innovation

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    UT Sy!em of Higher Education

    Toledo Early College High School

    Patient Care - UT Medical Center

    Toledo Museum of Art / WGTE

    Learning Assessment / Shared Governance

    2017

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    Section II - An Overview of our External Environment

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    More demand for graduates.

    Less public financial resources.

    More intense competition.

    Fewer tuition rate increases.

    More enabling technologies.

    Fewer non-core programs.More international experiences.

    The Future of Higher Education

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    U.S.$Condi*ons$

    Economy'requires'more'graduates' Incoming'students'have'greater'challenges'

    Prepara8on' Par8cipa8on' Affordability'

    Revenue'model'is'not'viable'

    All'revenue'sources'are'maxing'out' Revenue'and'expense'trend'lines'are'not'sustainable'

    Why?%

    ) ) )) ) ) ) )) ) ))

    !! ! !

    ! ! ! !

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    Outlook for US State Governments Remains

    Negative in 2012Credit Pressure Continues Amid Risks from Macroeconomic Contagion and Federal Downsizing

    Summary

    For the fifth consecutive year, we have assigned a negative outlook to the US states sector. Whilerevenues have improved relative to the downturns nadir, the tentative growth in the U.S. economycould still be knocked off course by contagion caused by a European recession and debt crisis. Federaldownsizing will affect some states more than others but will likely be an overall drag on the economy.Even with revenue growth, states still face budget pressure, especially from Medicaid, employee healthcare and pensions. Many states continue to navigate the downturn adequately, but still face significantcredit headwinds. We expect selected downgrades where these risks are outliers relative to their ratings.

    Despite these pressures, the default risk implied by our state ratings (general obligations ranging fromA2 to Aaa) remains very low to de minimus.

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    25

    30

    35

    40

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    2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

    est

    2012

    est

    Student Revenues % Government Appropriations %

    Median % Revenues by Source for US Public Universities

    Source Unknown

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    Percentage Change in Inflation-Adjusted Mean Family Income

    by Quintile, 19801990, 19902000, and 20002010

    !SOURCE: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011, Figure 16A.!

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    All but the most elite universities face diminished student demand and increased price sensitivity dueto a prolonged period of depressed family income, household net worth, and a dip in the number ofdomestic high school graduates since the peak of 3.34 million for school year 2007-20082.

    U.S. PUBLIC FINANCEJANUARY 16, 2013

    An increasing proportion of our rated portfolio is unable to grow tuition revenue at the average rate ofinflation. In fiscal 2011, 35% of Moodys rated private colleges and universities and 21% of publicuniversities did not achieve tuition revenue growth at even the Federal Reserves target rate of inflationof 2%. In FY 2008, the last year before the global financial crisis and the recent peak in the number ofdomestic high school graduates, only 11% of privates and 9% of publics failed to grow their tuition

    revenue by at least 2%.6 According to our fourth annual tuition survey, this faltering revenue trendcontinued in fiscal year 2012 and 2013. Such weak revenue growth means a college cannot affordmeaningful salary increases or new program investments unless it cuts spending on staff and existingprograms, or creates cost efficiencies.

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    Among students and faculty alike, there is a pervasive

    sense that the [tuition] increases and the deep budgetcuts are pushing the university into decline.

    New York Times

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    State of the Union: Obama Pushes for College AffordabilityWednesday, January 25, 2012

    Tuesday night, President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Unionaddress to members of Congress and one of the issues he commented on was thestate of higher education.

    "Higher education can't be a luxury," President Obama said, warning colleges anduniversities. "If you can't stop tuition from going up, the funding you get fromtaxpayers will go down."

    Source Unknown

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    Research Funding: Federal Research Funding Cuts On the Horizon

    Given looming federal funding cuts for sponsored research, the largest, top-tier research institutions,including both public and private universities as well as highly-rated independent researchorganizations, will likely maintain stable credit profiles and will successfully navigate an increasinglycompetitive research environment. Federal government funding represents more than half of researchgrants awarded to research universities in the U.S., and future growth of federal funding is expected to

    slow dramatically compared to a period of rapid growth which began in the late 1990s. Federalstimulus funding (ARRA) created an increase of federal grants in 2009-2011, but the best managedresearch universities recognized this as a temporary infusion and did not model future budgets orinvest heavily in facilities or infrastructure based on these short-lived higher levels of federal support.

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    The impact of declining tax revenues on academic resources

    has been severe for public higher education across the

    country...American higher education is in a world of hurt;

    the pain is increasing in intensity, and it is high time for

    our hundred-year-old paradigm to change.

    Dan Angel and Terry Connelly

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    Higher education is changing by virtue of 1,000

    painful cuts...it wont be the same ballgame in thefuture. This time, it isnt coming back to normal.

    Stephen Portch, Chancellor

    University System of Georgia

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    $36 Million Glide Path to FY 2014

    UT must reset its economic modelby $36 million by FY 2014

    FY 2013

    FY 2014

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    Efficiency(improvements/value(

    reinvestments((

    19#

    Primary(ins5tu5onal(

    decision(authority(

    Efficiency( Reinvest(in(value(((

    Administra5on(( Consolidate(administra5ve(func5ons(

    Restructure(debt(

    Reduce(administra5ve(costs(

    Tackle(automa5c(cost(increases(in(

    benefits(

    Partner,(pool,(outsource(

    (

    Crosssector(sharing(including(public/

    private(partnerships(

    Expand/condense(course(scheduling(

    Buy(capacity(from(alterna5ve(providers(

    Increase(opportuni5es(for(workplace

    learning(

    Differen5al(pricing(by(program(

    Reduce(crosssubsidies(unless(essen5al(

    to(results((

    Create/preserve(lowprice(op5ons((

    Academic(leadership( Degree(produc5vity(Increase(reten5on/gradua5on(rates(

    Increase(creditbyexam(

    Encourage(testout(op5ons(

    Academic(course(redesign(

    Minimize(rework((

    Reduce(credits(and(5me(to(the(degree(

    (

    Academic(program(streamlining(

    Eliminate/consolidate(programs(

    Trim(nonproduc5ve(research((

    Consolidate(high(cost(programs(in(fewer(

    loca5ons(

    (

    Savings(to(students((

    Reduced(5me(and(credits(to(the(degree(

    Textbooks/course(materials(((

    (

    Convenience(

    Increase(distance(delivery(

    Offer(hybrid(courses(

    (

    New(Academic(Strategies(

    Reengineer(curricula(

    Cohort(scheduling((

    Reengineer(course(delivery(

    (

    Reinven5on(

    Comprehensive(quality(improvement(

    approach(

    Learningdriven(models(

    Customized(learning(

    Alterna5ve(faculty(career(paths(

    (

    Reinve

    st((

    Increaseinstructional productivity

    Streamlinedegreeprograms

    Centralizescheduling

    Usewebforstudentself-service

    This is an inventory of whatother universities are doingto address fiscal challenges.

    This is an inventory of whatother universities are doingto address fiscal challenges.

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    Percentage of Instructional Faculty in Degree-Granting

    Postsecondary Institutions Employed Full-Time,19712009

    !SOURCE: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011, Figure 22C.!

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    FIGURE 3

    Trends in Instructional Staff Employment Status, 19752009All Institutions, National Totals

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    35

    45

    1975 1989 1993 1995 2003 2005 2007 2009

    PercentofTotalInstr

    uctionalStaff

    30

    40

    Full-Time Tenure-Track Faculty

    Part-Time Faculty

    Graduate Student Employees

    Full-Time Non-Tenure-Track Faculty

    Full-Time Tenured Faculty

    Source: US Department of Education, IPEDS Fall Staff Survey.

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    Number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Staff per 100 FTE

    Students in Degree-Granting Institutions,

    1976, 1999, and 2009

    !SOURCE: The College Board, Trends in College Pricing 2011, Figure 22B.!

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    The rush to define the twenty-first-century university is driven

    by a combination of political and economic factors. It isfueled, above all, by enabling technology curves...

    Richard A. DeMillo

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    New pedagogical conversation

    Average learning retention rates Lecture - 5%

    Reading - 10%

    Audiovisual - 20%

    Demonstration - 30%

    Discussion - 50%

    Practice - 75%

    Teach Others - 90%

    National Training Laboratories

    Bethel, Maine

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    U.S. PUBLIC FINANCE

    JANUARY 20, 2012

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    INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

    JANUARY 20, 2012

    U.S. Higher Education Outlook Mixed in 2012Revenue Pressure and Heightened Public Scrutiny Force Colleges and Universities to DemonstrateBetter Operating Efficiency and Transparency

    Summary Opinion

    For 2012 Moodys maintains a mixed outlook for U.S. not-for-profit private and publiccolleges and universities, mirroring our 2011 outlook. We have a stable outlook for thediversified market-leading colleges and universities, which have the strongest market

    positions and balance sheets and operate multiple revenue-generating business lines. Thesemarket leaders are typically rated in the Aaa and Aa categories, although not exclusively, andrepresent a minority of our rated higher education portfolio. We maintain a negative outlookfor the remainder of the sector which covers the large majority of rated colleges anduniversities which are far more dependent on state appropriations and/or student tuition.This majority segment attracts students more regionally, retains less pricing power and

    maintains thinner balance sheets.40

    U S PUBLIC FINANCE

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    INDUSTRY OUTLOOK

    U.S. PUBLIC FINANCEJANUARY 16, 2013

    US Higher Education Outlook Negative in 2013Revenue Pressure on All Fronts Intensifies Need to Grapple with Traditional Cost Structure

    For 2013, Moodys revises its outlook for the entire US higher education sector to negative,marking a shift to negative from stable for even the sectors market leading diversifiedcolleges and universities. The outlook for the remaining majority of the sector remainsnegative, as it has been since 2009. The new sector-wide negative outlook reflects mountingpressure on all key university revenue sources, requiring bolder actions by university leaders

    to reduce costs and increase operating efficiency. As the economic growth languishes belowprevious benchmarks and the federal government seeks to reduce spending in key areas, evenmarket leading universities with diversified revenues are facing diminished prospects forrevenue growth. Universities have been restraining costs in response to the weak economicconditions since the 2008-09 financial crisis, but they have only recently begun examiningthe cost structure of their traditional business model.

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    The Expansion and Contraction of Public Higher Ed

    G.I. Bill1944

    NSF Act1955

    High Ed Act1965

    Sallie Mae1972

    Bayh-Doyle Act1980

    MedicaidPrisonsK-12

    SpendingIncreases

    1990s

    Tuition& Fee

    Increases1990s

    NationalRecession

    2007

    StimulusFunds2008-2011

    FederalFinancial

    AidChanges

    (?)

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    U.S. PUBLIC FINANCEJANUARY 16 2013

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    U.S. PUBLIC FINANCEJANUARY 16, 2013

    Existing cost structure of higher education will change as revenue growth remainsconstricted

    The US higher education sector has hit a critical juncture in the evolution of its business model. Most

    universities will have to lower their cost structures to achieve long-term financial sustainability and tofund future initiatives. Better strategic leadership, predicated on improved governance andmanagement, will be the backbone to transforming university operations and taking on the entrenchedcost drivers of the business model: shared governance, classroom instruction, tenure, and student lifeservices.

    Nearly two decades of extraordinary annual revenue growth allowed universities to grow withoutfocusing on productivity and efficiency.26 The negative economic and political pressure built upduring the post 2009 financial crisis period is finally proving to be the catalyst for universities to focusmore aggressively on operating efficiency and cost containment. However, deeper and more structuralchanges will be necessary to adjust to the long-term muted prospect for revenue growth.

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    Top Line: Tuition & Fees / State Appropriations / Financial Aid / Grants / Gifts / Endowment / Other

    Teaching

    Administration

    ServiceResearch

    HarvardUniversity

    Associates Colleges | Baccalaureate Colleges | Masters Colleges & Universities | Doctorate-granting Universities

    Eastern IdahoTechnical College

    DRU (90) | RU/H (99) | RU/VH (108)

    Universityof Toledo

    PepperdineUniversity

    Small (127) | Medium (185) | Large (414)

    BradleyUniversity

    KetteringUniversity

    University ofWisconsin -Green Bay

    B/A (147) Diverse (392) | A&S (270)

    AmherstCollege

    BYUIdaho

    SUNYCollegeof Tech

    OwensCC

    (1,920)

    Undergrad Grad Unfunded Partially Funded Fully Funded Subsidized Profitable

    Cash Flow

    ++ - - - Break-even - +-

    Bottom Line - + - -All three missions are important; they all build reputation, but their economic

    models are different. You have to find the right mix that your top line can sustain.

    What to you do when your top line declines by $36 million?

    -

    Step 1

    Step 2Step 4 Step 3Step 5 Step 6

    Step 7

    ====================================================================================

    In time...

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    Bowling Green State University President Mary Ellen Mazey.

    BGSU to cut 100 faculty positions; move wouldeliminate nearly 11% of school's faculty this fallBY MARK REITER

    BLADE STAFF WRITER

    BOWLING GREEN Nearly 11 percent of Bowling GreenState Universitys faculty will be eliminated for the 2013 fall

    semester, the school announced Friday.

    The reduction of 100 full-time jobs at the main campus and

    Firelands campus in Huron, Ohio, will be accomplished

    through attrition, retirements, and the expiration of some

    one-year teaching contracts, a BGSU spokesman said.

    The college has 932 full-time faculty members on the

    campuses.

    Printed Saturday, January 19, 2013

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    Course% 75Program% 25

    J HCOE Cost FY2012

    Business Engineering Law SSARE Honors LLSS VPA NSM CALL HSHS Nursing Pharmacy Medicine Auxiliaries Centers Total

    Revenue

    Tuition Revenue - Undergraduate 24,583,878 15,823,076 - - 383,236 37,430,318 5,597,520 27,991,671 2,248,079 25,038,829 5,277,420 7,430,701 - - - 151,804,730

    Financial Aid - Undergraduate (5,777,531) (4,836,299) - - (300,256) (10,629,105) (1,465,860) (10,495,035) (291,983) (6,498,820) (2,265,702) (2,852,507) - - - (45,413,098)

    State Share of Instruction Undergraduate 7,274,345 9,413,359 - - 174,683 9,330,999 1,995,596 8,680,865 1,379,078 10,143,591 3,147,773 3,867,458 - - - 55,407,746

    Tuition Revenue - Graduate 5,351,040 5,034,486 9,630,508 - - 3,673,505 127,382 6,090,757 - 14,134,735 3,110,764 5,682,185 32,165,906 - - 85,001,268

    Financial Aid - Graduate (541,277) (258,325) (3,367) - - (196,310) (5,546) (173,022) - (1,168,259) (489,578) (19,417) (4,205,064) - - (7,060,164)

    S tate Share of Instruction Graduate 2,135,145 3,510,241 3,194,666 - - 1,886,074 88,826 3,589,822 - 7,790,761 1,750,722 5,511,690 19,351,272 - - 48,809,219

    Indirect Cost Recovery 21,206 518,704 1,043 - - 72,210 - 529,757 - 154,178 - 151,439 2,235,200 - 8,523,187 12,206,924

    General Fee - - - - - - 244,752 - - - - - - 20,682,276 3,323,055 24,250,083

    Other Fees 1,590,307 2,042,312 128,304 - - 682,116 273,490 1,237,200 53,345 1,532,246 1,348,551 1,619,699 137,733 163,620 9,783,165 20,592,088

    Other Revenue 16,066 598,091 10,319 - - 104,716 36,134 145,525 - 132,799 16,721 5,166 17,879,737 69,556,739 14,407,482 102,909,495

    Total Revenue 34,653,178 31,845,644 12,961,474 - 257,663 42,354,523 6,892,295 37,597,541 3,388,520 51,260,059 11,896,673 21,396,413 67,564,784 90,402,634 36,036,890 448,508,291

    Expense

    Faculty Salaries 8,676,597 7,750,912 3,603,058 112,907 325,957 11,444,818 2,942,416 9,881,936 193,465 11,900,063 3,614,354 4,364,927 23,190,738 4,761 7,303,846 95,310,756

    Clerical and Administrative Salaries 2,487,380 4,363,354 1,730,316 15,503 423,562 2,802,246 807,346 3,484,923 750,743 3,107,791 694,955 2,196,470 9,319,089 8,336,754 55,514,215 96,034,646

    Student Wages 498,030 1,672,317 95,355 154,891 19,115 1,272,096 103,248 2,936,404 3,868 1,127,765 29,088 463,179 5,199,373 2,009,780 3,879,011 19,463,520

    Other Labor 47,645 62,484 158,893 764 - 28,428 18,441 28,877 2,197 71,707 889,457 4,056 395,766 4,457,400 (2,949,851) 3,216,260

    Benefits 4,073,060 7,582,510 1,688,897 45,571 237,032 7,048,594 1,263,407 9,834,697 275,835 6,743,789 1,394,562 3,090,986 10,914,294 4,119,036 28,389,140 86,701,412

    Departmental Expenses 1,812,980 2,428,227 3,223,301 120,061 143,867 1,045,794 808,542 3,670,473 415,831 2,321,320 352,769 1,329,657 4,991,370 48,416,995 37,866,990 108,948,176

    Current Unrestricted Funds Only

    University of Toledo College and Auxiliary Income Statements - FY2012

    Depreciation 405,845 1,614,489 676,494 - 56,913 796,826 601,300 1,924,609 68,436 1,388,994 194,562 547,978 1,724,583 16,859,368 9,969,242 36,829,641

    Total Expense 18,001,537 25,474,293 11,176,314 449,696 1,206,447 24,438,802 6,544,700 31,761,919 1,710,375 26,661,428 7,169,747 11,997,254 55,735,214 84,204,095 139,972,592 446,504,412

    N et In co me Be fo re Co st Ce nt er Al lo ca ti on 1 6, 65 1,6 40 6,371,350 1,785,161 (449,696) (948,784) 17,915,722 347,595 5,835,622 1,678,145 24,598,632 4,726,926 9,399,159 11,829,570 6,198,540 (103,935,702) 2,003,879

    Academic Cost Center Allocation 4,641,584 1,876,183 671,577 - 79,130 7,104,811 1,061,777 4,225,671 416,167 5,935,270 1,247,424 1,219,294 (2,206,692) - (26,272,197) -

    Operating Cost Center Allocation 4,052,358 6,294,715 2,658,677 64,446 450,937 7,328,959 2,400,159 8,254,698 520,417 8,065,513 2,157,691 2,959,912 16,918,166 15,536,857 (77,663,506) -

    Ne t Incom e A fter Cost C enter Allocat ion 7,9 57,698 (1,799,548) (1,545,093) (514,142) (1,478,851) 3,481,952 (3,114,341) (6,644,748) 741,560 10,597,849 1,321,811 5,219,953 (2,881,904) (9,338,317) - 2,003,879

    Contribution Margin 23% -6% -12% -574% 8% -45% -18% 22% 21% 11% 24% -4% -10% 0% 0%

    Other Revenue, Expense, and Transfers

    Debt Related Expenses - - - - - - - - - - - - - (415,361) (39,311) (454,672)

    Investment Gains (Loses) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (119,711) (119,711)

    Capital Expense - (257,874) - (80,000) - (61,207) (18,244) (235,621) (11,687) (45,037) (62,152) (166,426) (245,622) (728,860) (2,577,367) (4,490,098)

    Net Transfers (120,582) (19,600) 16,013 15,186 (738) 160,424 58,024 635,255 (287,301) (14,851) (52,872) 117,140 967,892 (17,262,250) 8,608,619 (7,179,641)

    $10M Transfer to College of Medicine - - - - - - - - - - - - 10,000,000 - - 10,000,000

    Adjusted Net Income 7,837,116 (2,077,022) (1,529,080) (578,956) (1,479,589) 3,581,169 (3,074,561) (6,245,114) 442,572 10,537,960 1,206,787 5,170,667 7,840,366 (27,744,788) 5,872,229 (240,244)

    Adjusted Contribution Margin 23% -7% -12% -574% 8% -45% -17% 13% 21% 10% 24% 12% -31% 16% 0%

    Student Credit Hours (SCH) 84,826 55,633 12,189 - 1,431 131,505 19,201 98,583 7,526 113,785 22,559 28,386 53,619

    N et Incom e Afte r C os t C enter Alloca tion per SC H 9 4 (32) (127) (1,033) 26 (162) (67) 99 93 59 184 (54)

    Total Expense per SCH 212 458 917 843 186 341 322 227 234 318 423 1,039

    46

    U.S. PUBLIC FINANCEJANUARY 16, 2013

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    J ,

    Public universities face unique governance and management challenges

    We expect to see more governance stress at public universities because management teams, facultiesand governing boards are often poorly aligned. University managers are driven increasingly by market

    strategy even as they face rising faculty opposition to change, while the boards often remain largelyfocused on political tactics to deal with state government criticism or promoting a corporate focuslacking communication styles suitable to universities. In 2012, we saw an extreme example of howthese conflicting priorities can result in clashes among governing boards, management teams andfaculties in the firing and subsequent rehiring of the University of Virginias president.29 PennsylvaniaState University, on the other hand, was an example of concentration of power in a few dynamicsenior managers with inadequate board oversight.

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    Key Messages

    1. Increasing teaching productivity is an economic necessity.

    2. Improving the perception of our commitment to undergraduateteaching is a goal.

    3. Lecturers will not lose their positions--just the opposite is true.

    4. UT will always be a research university.

    5. The amount of unfunded research and service may have

    to be adjusted or more evenly distributed.

    6. Faculty Senate will appoint members to an Appeals

    Committee; there will be pedagogical exceptions.

    7. Programs/courses with low enrollments need to be reviewed.

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    During the last hundred years, higher education has become

    stratified. American universities come in three varieties. TheElite universities...are at a tremendous advantage as they

    compete for students, money, and global prestige. To some

    universities, reputational ranking is irrelevant; these are the

    For-Profit entities. Most colleges and universities lie in theMiddle, a land where the resources of the top-ranked schools

    are just out of reach, a region where they find themselves

    unable to find ways of using what money they have to become

    more competitive. In American higher education, wealthflows to the top and bottom strata, but not the Middle.

    Richard A. DeMillo

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    Institutions without an overwhelming brand

    advantage have no chance of success...

    Richard A. DeMillo

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    Being more selective allows universities to recruit top students who are likely to become alumni that

    earn relatively higher incomes, and therefore can provide larger philanthropic donations. This is

    especially true for private universities that have national and international reputations and attractstudents globally. Public flagship universities, while less selective than their private peers, often operatesmall honors colleges within that are nearly as selective as top private universities. Most

    philanthropic gifts over $50 million are bestowed for the purpose of funding research programs, or toprovide financial aid for low-income students. Research programs aiming to cure diseases or make

    other technological advances are often the beneficiaries of such large gifts.

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    The real advantage of the traditional universities...is their

    ability to meld online and face-to-face learning experiences.

    Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    ...the life changing professor puts the traditionaluniversity on a different plane than its low-cost competitors.

    Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    With ones livelihood at stake, the preference of some faculty

    members for disciplined-focused scholarship over instruction

    becomes a self-preservation mandate for all. The survivors ofthe process expect to be paid more while teaching less, as do

    star recruits from other universities. The greater absence

    of senior professors from undergraduate classrooms affects

    not only the quality of instruction but also its cost...Themore established and research-oriented a university becomes,

    the more its instructional costs tend to grow...For students,

    universities fashioned after this model are expensive and

    difficult to access; they provide preparation more appropriateto advanced study in graduate school than to the workplace.

    Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    ...good employment requires a masters degree.Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    J uly 22, 2011

    The Masters as the New BachelorsBy LAURA PAPPANO

    William Kleins story may sound familiar to his fellow graduates. After earning his bachelors inhistory from the College at Brockport, he found himself living in his parents Buffalo home,

    working the same $7.25-an-hour waiter job he had in high school.

    It wasnt that there werent other jobs out there. Its that they all seemed to want more education.Even tutoring at a for-profit learning center or leading tours at a historic site required a masters.

    Its pretty apparent that with the degree I have right now, there are not too many jobs I wouldwant to commit to, Mr. Klein says.

    So this fall, he will sharpen his marketability at Rutgers new masters program in Jewish studies(think teaching, museums and fund-raising in the Jewish community). Jewish studies may not bethe first thing that comes to mind as being the road to career advancement, and Mr. Klein is notsure exactly where the degree will lead him (hed like to work for the Central Intelligence Agencyin the Middle East). But he is sure of this: he needs a masters. Browse professional job listingsand its bachelors required, masters preferred.

    Call it credential inflation. Once derided as the consolation prize for failing to finish a Ph.D. or justa way to kill time waiting out economic downturns, the masters is now the fastest-growingdegree. The number awarded, about 657,000 in 2009, has more than doubled since the 1980s,and the rate of increase has quickened substantially in the last couple of years, says Debra W.Stewart, president of the Council of Graduate Schools. Nearly 2 in 25 people age 25 and over have

    a masters, about the same proportion that had a bachelors or higher in 1960.

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    Section III - An Overview of our Enrollment Trends

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    Undergraduate Graduate

    4,624

    16,876

    UT Fall 2012 Enrollment: 21,500

    UT Fall 2011 Enrollment: 22,610

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    0

    5,000

    10,000

    15,000

    20,000

    2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

    UT Undergraduate Total UT New Student EnrollmentUT Direct from High School Graduate Students

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    0

    1,500

    3,000

    4,500

    6,000

    EHSHS BUSINESS ENGINEERING GATEWAY

    UT Fall 2011 UT Fall 2012

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    0

    525

    1,050

    1,575

    2,100

    LLSS PHARMACY SCIENCE / MATH NURSING

    UT Fall 2011 UT Fall 2012

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    0

    300

    600

    900

    1,200

    MEDICINE LAW ADULT ARTS

    UT Fall 2011 UT Fall 2012

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    0%

    17.5%

    35%

    52.5%

    70%

    Scholarship / Aid Location Campus Visit Major

    What led you to enroll at UT?

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    Why Students

    Dont Cometo UT

    June 2012 Survey: 1,381Undergraduate Students

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    0%

    15%

    30%

    45%

    60%

    Location Backup Plan Reputation Other

    Why didnt you come to UT?

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    Do you feel your college choice is a

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    Yes No Not Sure

    Do you feel your college choice is ahigher quality university than UT?

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    The surrounding city isnt the safest, soI took that into consideration.

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    The only reason that I chose BGSU over UT

    is simply that I continually heard from many

    different people what a good teaching school

    BGSU was. This decision was a very difficultone for me, one that I spent a lot of energy on.

    I was torn, and frankly my parents wish that

    I had chosen UT over BGSU.

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    So what does all this data implywe should do?

    1. UT must take action to strengthen its academic reputation.

    2. UT must take action to make the campus feel safer to

    prospective students and their families.

    3. The scholarship and financial aid program must be wisely

    and effectively administered.

    4. The campus must be beautiful and the campus visit must

    deliver a WOW! experience.

    5. UT must take action to change the perception of UTs

    commitment to undergraduate teaching.

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    Section IV - The Meaning of Student-Centeredness

    72

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    Reasons that Students Leave

    N.Raisman&Associatesbasedoninterviewswith1,254studentsnationwide.

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    The student-centered university is the exception today. In

    the future, no other kind is likely to succeed.

    Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    Us-Centered Student-Centered

    Rankings

    Accrediting Bodies

    Academic Journals

    Peers

    US

    Community Needs

    Employers

    Funding Agencies

    Students Families

    STUDENTS

    University University

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    Value Proposition

    Avalue proposition is the entire set of customer experiences. The experiences a customer will have generally revolve around three areas:

    quality, price, and service.

    All three areas are interdependent. Customers do not experience a strategy; they experience the execution of the

    strategy. Focus on the Moments of Truth of your customers experiences with the

    organization; each MOT is an opportunity for them to feel special, cared for,

    and appreciated.

    You want to create a dialogue with the customer throughout the entirecustomer experience; the internet is key to all of this. Watch what customers

    do, not what they say, because it is in what they do that reveals their truepreferences.

    Another aspect of the customers experience is aesthetics. More and more, onthe margin, aesthetic quality is going to determine more of the value ofproducts.

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    Student Success

    What sets the 20 best-practice schools apart is how well theyimplement their programs and the meaningful ways their initiativestouch a large number of students.

    The first step is to know your students. The second step is to draw a map of student success.

    The third step is to teach students what the institution values, whatsuccessful students do, and how to take advantage of institutionalresources.

    The fourth step is to create systems that make available what studentsneed when they need it.

    There is no common or dominant organizational structure across best-practice schools.

    Student success is not a function of the amount of spendingit is afunction of spending wisely.

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    Student Success=Prior Academic AttainmentX

    IntelligenceXInstructionXSupportXEffortXEmotional StrengthXFinancial Resources

    79

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    Core Student Success Programs

    OrientationFirst-year programsAdvisingTutoringCounselingStudent life

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    ...we observe two distinct groups of college students who

    have different jobs-to-be-done. In one group, the experience

    is central to the college experience. Because of family and workresponsibilities, students in the other group dont want to

    spend time on campus to earn a degree.

    Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    Wooing the next generation of [students will] take not only

    cutting edge electronics but also a compelling user experience:a mix of reliability, ease of use, and beautiful design.

    Richard A. DeMillo

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    To survive increasing competition, most universities need

    to be both more student focused and more narrowlyfocused in their academic offerings.

    Clayton Christensen & Henry Eyring

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    Section V - Main Campus Strategic Analysis

    84

    SWOTANALYSIS

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    StrategicAnalysisofStrengths,Weaknesses,Opportuni8es,andThreats

    Strengths Weaknesses

    Opportuni8es Threats

    S W

    O T

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    SWOTANALYSIS

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    SummaryofStrengths

    STRENGTHS

    Widearrayofacademicprograms.

    Strongfacultyinmanyprograms.

    STEMMprogramsareperceivedtobestrong.Lawisperceivedtobestrong.

    Honorsprogramisperceivedtobestrong.

    Perceivedcontributortoregionaleconomicdevelopment.

    Pipelinefromundergraduatetograduateprograms.

    Jobreadygraduatesoftheprofessionalprograms.

    Communityengagement.

    Strengths Weaknesses

    Opportuni8es Threats

    S W

    O T

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    SummaryofWeaknesses

    WEAKNESSES

    UTisperceivedbymanytobeamid-8eruniversity.

    BusinessprogramsareperceivedtobeinferiortoBG.

    Educa8onprogramsareperceivedtobeinferiortoBG.PerformingartsprogramsareperceivedtobeinferiortoBG.

    Undergraduateprogramsareperceivedtobeinferiorto

    MiamiUniversityofOhio.

    Studentreten8onislow.

    Studentdebtishigh.

    Academicprogramsarethinlystaffed.

    Strengths Weaknesses

    Opportuni8es Threats

    S W

    O T

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    SummaryofOpportuni8es

    OPPORTUNITIES

    Strongerrela8onshipswithcommunitycolleges.

    Post-graduatecer8ficateprograms.

    Technologicalandpedagogicalinnova8ons.

    For-profithighereduca8onen88eshavenotyet

    achievedhighbrandvalue.

    Universityrela8onshipswithexternalen88es:

    -ToledoPublicSchools;EarlyCollegeHighSchool;WGTE

    -StateandFederalGovernment

    -RegionalEmployers

    -ToledoMuseumofArt

    Strengths Weaknesses

    Opportuni8es Threats

    S W

    O T

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    SWOTANALYSIS

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    SummaryofThreats

    THREATS

    Statefundingisdecreasing.

    Federalfinancialaidisatrisk.

    Tradi8onalresearchfundingisdecreasing.

    Tui8onandfeeincreasesareattheirlimits.Flagshipuniversi8esarethriving;regionalstate

    universi8esareatrisk.

    NWOhioisstrugglingeconomically.

    For-profitandfreehighereduca8onisgrowing.

    Someneighborhoodsaroundcampusarenotsafe.

    Changingpercep8onofthevalueofacollegedegree.

    Strengths Weaknesses

    Opportuni8es Threats

    S W

    O T

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    Problem #1

    UTs brand is not as strong as it needs to be. Only market-leading

    colleges and universities will survive in the 21st century.

    PROBLEM #2

    Students in the 21st century need an advanced degree to enjoy thesame competitive advantage in the marketplace that students onceenjoyed with just an undergraduate degree.

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    Problem #3

    New digital technologies are enabling new and potentially more cost-effective models of higher education. New entrants that use thesetechnologies are threatening traditional universities.

    PROBLEM #4

    Students in the 21st century need an international education tocompete in an increasingly global economy, but the cost of studyabroad is prohibitive and unrealistic for many students.

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    Problem #5

    Many high school graduates are unprepared for college, and many are

    from low socio-economic family backgrounds. They need cost-effectivedevelopmental work.

    PROBLEM #6

    Enrollment is declining; student retention and graduation rates are low.

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    Problem #7

    PROBLEM #8

    Public resources to support higher education are declining, and thelimits of tuition and fee increases and student debt have been reached.Higher educations cost structure must come down while outcomes

    that are important to students and funding agencies must improve. UTmust reduce its cost structure by approximately $36 million.

    Lecturers are treated as second-class faculty; they need a better career

    path.

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    Problem #9

    PROBLEM #10

    UT does not have the financial resources to support the comprehensive

    research university model in all areas. As a result of trying to do so,staffing and systems are inadequate throughout the university.

    UT academic structures are not optimally designed to respond tochanging conditions in the external environment. Morale in someparts of the university is low.

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    Section VI - Solutions to Strategic Problems

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    Overarching Strategic Priorities

    Academic Quality

    Student Experience

    Teamwork and Empowerment

    Student Success and Learning Assessment

    Distinction and Reputation

    Efficiency, Focus, and InnovationProblem Solving for Our Community

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    98

    Jesup Scott

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    Name, enhance, market, and enlarge UTs HonorsCollege to create a recognizable, high-quality sub-brandwithin The University of Toledo, and thereby enlarge thepipeline of well-prepared students into the universityswide array of undergraduate and advanced degreeprograms. Encourage honors students to completetheir undergraduate degree in three years and beginadvanced degree programs at the beginning of theirfourth year.

    HonorsCollege

    UTs brand is not as strong as it

    needs to be. Only market-leadingcolleges and universities willsurvive in the 21st century.

    Students in the 21st century need anadvanced degree to enjoy the samecompetitive advantage in the marketplacethat students once enjoyed with just anundergraduate degree.

    Feature experiential learning (internship, co-op, servicelearning, study abroad, undergraduate research,

    simulation) for all students to enhance student learningand employability. Partner with Digerati to increaseexperiential learning capacity and support.

    1.

    2.

    Brand

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    100

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    102

    X

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    New digital technologies are enabling new

    and potentially more cost-effective modelsof higher education. New entrants thatuse these technologies are threateningtraditional universities.

    Students in the 21st century need aninternational education to compete in anincreasingly global economy, but the cost of study

    abroad is prohibitive and unrealistic for manystudents.

    XCreate UTXNET World Campus to advancethe branding and delivery of web-based educational

    content, the effective use of academic technology inall learning environments, and the awarding ofcompetency-based college credit. Partner withApple Higher Education to achieve these outcomes.Engage faculty in this work.

    Use UTXNET WORLD CAMPUS toincrease the number of hybrid courses, flipped

    classrooms, and international digital connectionsinside and outside UT classrooms.

    3.

    4.

    NET

    WORLD

    CAMPUSMOOC

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    Lecturers are treated as second-

    class faculty; they need a bettercareer path.

    Convert Lecturers to Assistant, Associate, andfull Professors of Practice with 3- to 5-yearrenewable contracts and 9- to 12-monthannual employment terms.

    8.

    Faculty

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    Public resources to support higher

    education are declining, and the limits oftuition and fee increases and student debthave been reached. Higher educations coststructure must come down while outcomesthat are important to students and fundingagencies must improve. UT must reduce itscost structure by approximately $36 million.

    UT does not have the financial resources tosupport the comprehensive research universitymodel in all areas. As a result of trying to do so,staffing and systems are inadequate throughoutthe university.

    9. Step 1 - Reduce administrative overhead.Step 2 - Increase instructional productivity in all

    academic units; provide additional support for increasedteaching productivity (e.g., TAs, academic advisors, teamteam teaching, and new instructional technologies).Step 3 - Streamline degree programs and courseofferings; reengineer academic administration, studentaffairs, and academic support functions.Step 4 - Implement a college incentive funding formulafor capital funds.Step 5 - Adopt a new faculty hiring plan to account for

    faculty retirements over the next few years.Step 6 - Use technology to enable student self-service.

    Funding

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    UT academic structures are not optimally

    designed to respond to changingconditions in the external environment.Morale in some parts of the university islow.

    10. Divide EHSHS into three colleges: Education,Health Sciences, and Criminal Justice and HumanServices. Create a new college: College ofCommunication.

    Make institutional investments in the followinginterdisciplinary schools: Green Chemistry andAdvanced Renewable Energy, Biomarkers, AdvancedSimulation, and Healthcare Business Enterprise andInnovation.

    Use University Council to foster a new spirit ofuniversity teamwork and to improve responsivenessto the needs of internal and external stakeholders.

    Structure

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    1. Brand.2. Undergraduate degree.

    3. For-profits & MOOCs.4. International education.

    5. Under-prepared students.6. Declining enrollments.

    7. Faculty mix & career paths.8. Funding & financial model.

    9. Academic structures.10. Morale.

    2017

    1. Enhanced honors college.2. Experiential learning (Digerati).

    3. UTXnet World Campus.4. Hybrid & flipped classrooms (UTC).

    5. YouCollege (Apple Higher Ed).6. Pricing/aid & student-centeredness.

    7. Professors of Practice.8. $36 million stepwise process.

    9. New colleges & partnerships.10. University Council.

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    Key Metrics

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    #

    Key Metrics

    Total Enrollment

    Retention % Graduation %

    Student Learning Student Satisfaction

    Job Placement %

    Alumni Satisfaction Employer Satisfaction

    Funded Research

    Operating Income $

    Operating Margin %

    Philanthropy $ Community Outcomes

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    Most organizations failNOT because they dont have a goodstrategic plan; they fail because they dont

    EXECUTEtheir plan well.

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    Strategyfor

    Main Campus

    te

    am

    experiencestudent

    problem

    solving

    #

    develop

    build

    reengineer

    begin

    become

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    Shifting GearsPlan

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    StructuresCreate

    TeamsAppoint

    EconomicRebalance

    Projects

    Begin

    2getherStick

    New

    Implementation

    Model

    Capital

    Shifting GearsImplementationPlan

    114

    "We will always endeavor

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    We will always endeavorto transmit our university

    greaterin honor and esteem,

    betterand more glorious

    than it was transmitted to us."UT Student Pledge in the Early 1900s

    115

    First Year Timeline

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    OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP

    Reorganization I

    MC Strategic Plan

    Marketing Research I

    Stakeholder

    Communication

    Reorganization II

    Strategic Plan

    Implementation

    Marketing Research II

    FY 14 Budget / CBA

    University Council

    Baseline Metrics

    Process Improvement

    Marketing Plan

    Capital Investments II

    MC / College Strategic

    Plan Revisions

    Budget Changes

    Capital Investment I

    Learning Assessment

    NY Curriculum

    Changes

    116

    Main Campus Road to Greatness

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    Main Campus St-ategic Plan

    Start Here Beautif5l Facilities

    St5dentCenteredness Great Teamwork

    Teamworkis the key to our success.

    End Here

    Great Outcomes Enabling Technolog

    Exeriential Learing

    ExerH Facult & Staff

    (Graduation & Career Success)

    Learing Assessment(Measurement & Improvement)

    2017

    Main Campus 5-Year Strategic Plan

    U s- Ce nt er ed S tu de nt -C en te re d

    Rankings

    Accrediting Bodies

    Academic Journals

    Peers

    US

    Community Needs

    Employers

    Funding Agencies

    StudentsFamilies

    STUDENTS

    University University

    (Efficient Systems & Processes)

    (Skilled Leadership)

    (Orderly and Clean)

    (Teaching, Research & Serice)

    (StFdent Life & Serices)

    (InterHships and Much More!)

    (The Plan for Academic Distinction)

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    Engaging the Present.

    Creating the Future.

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    Appendix: Step 2 Slides

    120

    Provost Organization Chart

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    Curriculum and Accreditation

    Academic Finance

    Research

    Graduate Studies

    International

    Provost & EVP

    Student Affairs

    Academic Operations

    Assessment & Program Review

    Enrollment Management

    Institutional Research

    Administrative Assistant

    Libraries

    Deans

    Experiential Learning

    State Reporting

    UTXNET

    Registrar Teaching Center

    121

    "Any intelligent fool can make things bigger,

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    Albert Einstein

    y g g gg

    more complex,and more violent. It takes a touch of genius --

    and a lot of courage -- to move in the opposite direction."

    122

    Overview of Competency-based Education

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    Knowledge(knows)

    Success / FailureDegree /Certificate

    Career

    Skills(can do)

    Student /Learning

    Objectives

    Citizenship

    Faculty /Curriculum

    Learning

    Assessment

    Learning

    Assessment

    Evaluation /Grade

    Textbook&

    Articles

    OnlineInformation

    &Instruction

    ExperientialExercises

    750 minutesof instruction

    per credit hour

    120 credit hours

    FederalFinancial Aid

    $

    Degree / Certificate ProgramGeneral Education

    Institutional

    p yand Learning Assessment

    directindirect

    Learning Outcomes / Competencies =application of knowledge and skills at specific

    levels of performance in a variety of situations.

    PostGraduate

    Cracking theCredit Hour

    Other competency-based methods:- course-based prior learning

    assessment- prior learning portfolios- independent study; challenge exams

    - standardized exams (AP/CLEP)

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    General Education Learning Goals

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    Write and speak in a manner consistent with

    accepted standards.

    Apply quantitative methods and computer

    programs to solve common problems; access anddiscern the relative value of information;

    Describe key scientific principles in the biological,

    physical, social, and behavioral sciences.

    Know and appreciate the aesthetic, ethical and

    multicultural dimensions of the arts and humanities.

    Describe and apply principles for healthy living,

    lifelong learning, and career development.

    Students who complete the core curriculum will

    be able to:

    SCHs

    9

    6

    12

    3

    36

    ==

    Total

    6

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    Humanities &Social Sciences

    Business &Innovation

    Visual &Performing Arts

    Law Engineering

    Health SciencesAdult

    ProfessionalsYouCollegeHonors College

    Natural Sciences

    & Mathematics

    EducationCriminal Justice &Human Services

    Proposed Honors College General Education Course Offerings

    First WritingSecond Writing

    Art History &Visual Literacy

    PhysicsU.S. Government

    and the LawComputerLiteracy

    Philosophyof Learning

    Anatomy &Physiology

    College Algebra& Statistics

    Interdisciplinary Arts -Careers & Leadership

    Sociology

    World Historyand Cultures

    PharmacyMedicineNursing

    Biology

    Food, Nutrition &Conditioning

    Chemistry

    Communication

    Public Speaking

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    Key Events Management

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    Key Events Management

    Campus VisitsNew Student Orientations

    Lecture Series

    Graduation Ceremonies

    Concerts and Presentations

    Football and Basketball Games

    Board of Trustee Meetings

    Alumni Events

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    Blue Ocean Strategy

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    Blue Ocean Strategy

    128

    Blue Ocean Strategy

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    gy

    129

    New Faculty Workload Guidelines

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    Tenure-Tenure Track Lecturer

    Starting Teaching Hrs. per CBA 12 SCH 15 SCH

    Other Significant Faculty Work Per CBA (up to 3) (up to 3)

    Institutional Interdisciplinary School (up to 3) (up to 3)

    Grant Buy-out (no limit) (no limit)

    Case Exception (no limit) (no limit)

    Total Actual Teaching Load ? SCH ? SCH

    Reserved Time for Research

    Reserved Time for Service

    20% (8 hours per week) Non-core

    10% (4 hours per week) Non-core

    ================================

    ----------------------------------------------------------

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    New Minimum Class Sizes

    Undergraduate Courses 30

    Graduate Courses 15

    Doctoral Courses 8

    Exceptions on a Case by Case Basis.

    Note: Previous class size minimums: 24/15/8/6.

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    What that research tells us is this: Smaller classes arebetter, but only if the teacher is a very good one. In otherwords, class size matters, but teacher effectivenessmatters more. That means you're better off with 28, 30,or maybe even more students and a great teacher, than24 or 22 and a mediocre one. What's more, to reallymake a difference, smaller must mean much smaller.Fewer than 16, for instance. Meanwhile, class sizereduction is very expensive, so it doesn't always work

    from a cost/benefit analysis relative to other choices.