Im vacs 2015 rennert v2
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Transcript of Im vacs 2015 rennert v2
Immunomodulatory Targets in the Tumor Microenvironment
ImVACS, 24 August 2015
www.sugarconebiotech.com 1
The Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
• The TME - biophysical properties - cellularity
• Why is it important? - the link to metastasis - the concept of zoning
• Example of targets and their potential for
combinations with immune checkpoints
www.sugarconebiotech.com 2
TME Biophysical Properties
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• ECM rich (collagen, HA) • High intersitial pressure
• Poor penetrance (vascular, interstitial space)
• Hypoxia
• Necrosis
• Acidic (Lactic acid)
Aberrant expression of cellular mediators
- growth factors - cytokines & chemokines - tryptophan - adenosine
figure courtesy Chris Thanos, Halozyme
cartoon of a pancreatic tumor
TME Cellularity – who lives here?
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- Cell populations: friend, foe or both? - More friends than foes = the tumor is winning - Why: immune subversion and evasion
Macrophage - effector or TAM? Lymphoctye - Teffector or Treg? - NK? Fibroblast - resident (activated)? - CAF? Myeloid lineage - MDSC? - iDC? - monocytes?
Other Attributes: The TME ...
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• Is immunosuppressive
• Can confer therapy resistance - anti-apoptotic niches (e.g. in bone marrow) - refugia for cancer stems cells - shelter from selective pressure (treatment resistance)
• Supports metastasis – resistance >>> metastasis • Remodels metastatic niches (Ovarian cancer example)
• Is highly diverse – within indications, between stages of an indication (early, advanced, metastasis), across tumor types, between patients
• We currently underappreciate this compexity, meaning we are at a primitive level in understanding this field
Pancreatic TME as an instructive example
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• The fibrotic environment (desmoplasia) limits biophysical exchage: extracellular/interstitial fluid, gases, proteins, metabolites
• abundant CAFs, collagen, hyaluronic acid (brown: ECM component)
image courtesy of Chris Thanos, Halozyme
HA
Malignant cells
Cancer associated fibroblasts
Immune cells
Why Focus on Pancreatic Cancer?
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• Huge unmet need:
Incidence and Mortality
- US: 46,000 diagnosed/yr; 39,000 deaths. Worldwide: x10 or more... - Rising incidence: incidence and mortality may double by 2030. - 90% of diagnoses are for the highly lethal ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
- Pancreatic cancer is the only cancer with a 5-year OS rate in the single digits (6%). Most patients (~80%) die the first year.
- If disease is localized, the 5-year OS is 22%.
- However, >50% of patients are diagnosed with disseminated disease, having a 5-year OS of 2%.
• Some modest successes with vaccination attempts (GVAX etc) suggests that inducing an immune responses is possible
• No to little success to date with immune checkpoint monotherapy
TME extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and median survival in pancreatic cancer
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Halozyme investor day presentation 7 January 2015
A note regarding HA (hyaluronan)
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• A major component of ECM and a very large glycosaminoglycan (MW often measured in the millions).
• HA is remarkably viscous in physiological fluids (10 mg/ml has a viscosity 5000x that of water) while retaining elastisity - this is why it is used, although with limited success, in treating degraded joints.
• HA contributes to a variety of cancer cell activities including cell proliferation and migration, and in the case of pancreatic cancer appears to act in part as a physical barrier, creating a gated community with it's own, internal, zoning bylaws in certain cancers, including pancreatic.
• At least 14 fourteen carcinoma types have elevated HA levels in the tumor
cells or the surrounding stroma or both.
• In ovarian cancer, the correlation between HA level and progression is sufficient to support the use of HA concentration as a prognostic marker.
One more ... hyaluronidase treatment
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Halozyme investor day presentation 7 January 2015
• destroying the HA component of the ECM with pegylated-HA allows therapeutics better access to the tumor
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Pancreatic mets may phenocopy the 1o tumor
• At least in some pancreatic cancer patients the mets resemble the primary tumor in ECM composition
Whatcott et al. 2015. Clin Cancer Res; 21(15); 3561–3568.
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What does this tell us?
• For encapsulated solid tumors like pancreatic cancer TME integrity is fundamental to tumor health.
• Questions we should ask about this example:
- what happens molecularly when the tumor architecture crumbles? - how does the immune system respond? - how does the tumor crawl back to life?
• What additional targets can increase efficacy?
• What targets within the TME are broadly useful?
- Hyaluronidase only useful in certain indications with very high HA contect.
• Can we model the TME across indications or within diverse indications?
• OK, moving on...
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Targets Within the TME
• Within the TME, local factors take control of the community: tumor zoning bylaws
• These factors have diverse sources and enforce zoning in myriad ways
- all have immuno- suppressive properties
- cells can both generate
and respond to these factors
- several of these targets
are being aggressively developed
• CSF-1
Mahoney, Rennert, Freeman NRDD 14: 561–584 (August 2015)
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Ovarian Cancer as a model for TME-remodeling and metastasis
• Primary ovarian cancer is treated by debulking surgery, either preceded by (neoadjuvant) or followed by platinum-based chemotherapy. 5 year OS is ~30%.
• At diagnosis, about two thirds of patients will have peritoneal metastases.
Peritoneal met bulk quickly surpasses primary tumor bulk, and tumor burden is inversely associated with survival.
• Platinum-resistant recurrent and metastatic disease may be treated with a different chemo-combo plus the anti-VEGF mAb bevacizumab (Phase 3).
• So a potential path forward in ovarian cancer is to control the return of mets
following therapy, i.e. can we change the zoning bylaws before the tumor rebuilds?
• First we have to understand the peritoneal metastatic niche.
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Ovarian Mets as a TME model Initial steps are understood, yielding both biology and targets: migration of neoplastic and accessory cells, remodeling of ECM, and expansion of vasculature
• Transit of seeding cells into the peritoneum can be passive, but is enhanced by CXCR4, VEGF, LPA and VCAM-1.
• Engagement of mesothelial cell layer requires ECM proteins and CD44 (the HA receptor) to anchor, and proteases to fragment fibronectin and vitronectin and allow alpha integrin attachment: remodeling begins with those activated integrins...
• Alpha integrin activattion (by LPA etc) in turn activates TGFβ. TGFβ, VEGF, and diverse chemokines cooperatively set up a proangiogenic and immuno-suppressive cascade.
• As immune cells respond, CD8+ T and NK cell secretion of IFNγ induces IDO expression, further propagating immunosuppression.
• In the meantime, abundant CXCL12 and CSF-1 expression recruits immature myeloid cells, fostering the development of the MDSC population
• Thus, Zoning Bylaws are established....
www.sugarconebiotech.com 16
Ovarian Cancer and immunotherapy
• However, some ovarian cancer patients can respond to immunotherapy, as we have learned over the last few years:
• ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4, intermittent dosing) + GVAX in metastatic ovarian cancer. - ORR 9% (n = 11). Hodi et al. 2008. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008: 105:3005-3010.
• nivolumab (anti-PD-1, 1 or 3 mpk q3w) in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. - ORR 23% (n = 13). J Clin Oncol 32:5s, 2014 (suppl; abstr 5511).
• avelumab (anti-PD-L1, 10mpk q2w) in recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer. - ORR 10.5% (n=75). J Clin Oncol 33, 2015 (suppl; abstr 5509).
• pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1, 10mpk q2w) in PD-L1+ refractoy ovarian cancer. - ORR = 11.5% (n=26). J Clin Oncol 33, 2015 (suppl; abstr 5510).
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Ovarian Metastases Illustrate One Type of Zoning
Some Ovarian cancers: Most Pancreatic cancers: Active immunsuppression Gated community
Gajewski, Schreiber & Fu. 2013. Nat. Immunol. 14: 1014-1023.
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What should we look for....
• IHC can tell us if CD8+ T cells are present in a tumor section, and perhaps some microenvironment data
• Additional useful information about the community and its zoning bylaws might include:
- Immunosuppressive cellularity: Tregs, MDSC, TAM
- T cell responsiveness (IFNγ) and TCR clonality
- Immunosuppressive factors: IDO, adenosine, LPA
- resistance markers: CXCR4
- abundance of other targets e.g. VEGF
• What holds down responses in ovarian cancer?
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Immunosuppressive environment in ovarian cancer
• The TAM population (M2-type macrophages) is abundant and orchestrates immunosuppression by secreting CCL21 and attracting Tregs. The presence of Tregs is associated with poor prognosis and reduced OS in ovarian cancer.
• IDO is copiously produced by TAM/MDSC in ovarian cancer and regulates the balance between T effector cells and Treg cells in favor of the Tregs, via multiple mechanisms. - Increased tumor burden (which entails the development of intratumoral hypoxia),
further drives IDO expression. - High IDO expression correlates with poor outcome in ovarian cancer (also
endometrial, colon, melanoma, AML).
• PD-L1 expression on TAM, MDSC and tumor cells, and PD-1 expression on T cells, is also associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer
• TAM can be depleted from the tumor microenvironment by blockade of the CSF1R pathway.
www.sugarconebiotech.com 20
IDO on the horizon
target therapeutic developer partners summary
IDO INCB24360 Incyte AZN/Medimmune
combo with MEDI4736 (anti-PDL1), adv solid tumors including pancreatic cancer
IDO INCB24360 Incyte BMS combo with nivolumab (anti-PD1), adv solid tumors including ovarian cancer
IDO INCB24360 Incyte Roche/Genentech
combo with MPDL3280A (anti-PDL1) for NSCLC
IDO INCB24360 Incyte Merck combo with MK-3475 (anti-PDL1) in NSCLC and advanced solid tumors
IDO & TDO
F001287 Flexus BMS buy-out; combination regimens with immunotherapies
IDO NLG919 NewLink Roche/Genentech
combos with MPDL3280A (anti-PDL1) and novel therapies
CIR 2015 in press
Salmonella – shIDO – PEGPH20, KPC orthotopic pancan model
with increased proinflammatory cytokines produced
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Anti-CSF1R on the horizon
target therapeutic developer partners summary
anti-CSF1R
FPA008 FivePrime BMS combo with nivolumab (anti-PD-1) in 6 cancer indications including pancreatic cancer
anti-CSF1R
emactuzumab
Roche - combo with MPDL3280A (anti-PDL1) in 5 cancer indications including ovarian cancer
anti-CSF1R
IMC-CS4 Eli Lilly - Phase 1 monotherapy: breast and prostate cancers
CSF1R inhibitor
JNJ-40346527 J&J
- heme malignancies
CSF1R inhibitor
PLX3397
Plexxikon/Daaichi
Merck combo with pembrolizumab in advanced solid tumors
CSF1R inhibitor
BLZ945 Sloan Kettering RI/Novartis
- ongoing?
CSF1R inhibitor
AZD6495 Astra Zeneca - open innovation
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What can we expect • Monotherapies will give no or modest response rates in these difficult cancers
• Combo therapies require an understanding of complex mechanisms employed in tumor defense, a defence that includes the TME
• For ovarian cancer there is clear hope, as the response rates acheived, while low, offer a glimpse of what may be achieved in combos
• For pancreatic cancer the challenge is to "tear down that wall" and certainly agents like PEGPH20 are only part of the answer
• IDO and CSF1R are promising targets ... there are many others
• Finally...
Paul D Rennert www.sugarconebiotech.com
[email protected] on Twitter @PDRennert 1-508-282-6370 (USA)