IM Chapter 1

8/10/2019 IM Chapter 1

1/27

16-09-2014

1

Information Management (MB702)

Unit 1: IT infrastructure

Information system (IS) Concepts,Classification of ISComputer hardware/ softwareDatabase Management systemsInternet technologiesNetwork computing

Messaging and collaborationCollaborations: Virtual groupsCollaborations in supply chain networkExamples of virtual collaborationsCollaboration enabling tools: Workflow, Groupware

Information system - concepts

Information system (technically) set of interrelatedcomponents that collects (or retrieve), process, store anddistribute information (to users) to support decisionmaking and control in organization

The inter related components (making IS) and its

organisations are termed as Information technology (IT)

IT is technological side of an Information system

IT consists of all computer hardware, software,databases, network and other electronic devicessupporting technologies (telecommunication) that a firmor entity needs in order to build an IS for specific purpose


2/27

16-09-2014

2

Information system - concepts

Information: Raw Data shaped into a form orrepresentation that give meaningful information to humanbeing

Data: are streams of raw facts representing eventsoccuring in organizations or physical environment beforethey have been organized into a form that people canunderstand

Data items refer to elementary description of things,activities, events, transactions that are recorded,

classified and stored but not organized to give specificmeaning

Data: alphanumeric, images, sounds, video streams, etc

Data processed by specific applications (inventorymgmt system, ecommerce systems) into information

Knowledge: consists of data and/or information that

are organized and processed to conveyunderstanding, experience and accumulatedexpertise that can be applied for current activity.

Data: eg tyre, tubeless, radial, units sold, January,aspect ratio

Information eg: total units of tyre tubless radial withaspect ratio sold in month January


3/27

16-09-2014

3

Goal of Information system

Functions of Information system

Three activities in IS helps to produce the Informationthat organization needs

Input: Raw data, facts collected within theorganization (system) and outside organization(environment)

Processing: converts raw data into a meaningful formor shape

Output: transfers the processed information tousers/people to enable people perform intentedactivities (decision making)

Feedback: It is an output transferred to appropriatemembers of organization to correct/evaluate at inputstage


4/27

16-09-2014

4

Functions of IS

Difference between computer and IS

Computers provide capabilites to process data that isnecessary part of IS.

Information system require the understanding of thebusiness and its environment that is support by IS

Eg. IS supporting transactions of US stock exchange

need understanding of procedures governing buyingand selling of stocks, demand cycles, etc.


5/27

16-09-2014

5

Components of Information system

Configurations of IS

IS are made out components (hardware, software,network) that can be assembled into differentconfigurations, hence different IS!

Analogous to different types of houses built from sameconstruction materials

Classifying information system into groups with similarcharaterisitics required for effective planning andimplementation

Mainly IS classified by: Organizational levels they supportand types of support they provide.


6/27

16-09-2014

6

Classification of IS by organisational levels

Traditional Organizations made of heirachy: Divisions,Functional departments and working units

Some organizations are cross functional teams also

IS can be built from Head quaters through division,department to individual level

All these systems can be stand alone andinterconnected

Oraganizations based IS types: Functional

(departmental); Enterprise-wide; Inter-organizational These IS arranged in heirarchy, with higher

encapsulating many lower level systems

Organization structure based IS types

Functional (departmental IS): IS organised aroundtraditional department functions of company

Functions: Manufacturing, Finance, accounting,marketing and human resource

Enterprisewide IS: This IS serve several departments

along with individual functional IS or entire enterprise.

IS along with department applications comprise EIS.

Eg. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, helpsplan and control resource at enterprise level


7/27

16-09-2014

7

Transaction processing system (TPS): special enterprisesystem crosses several dept.

TPS automates routine and repetitive tasks critical foroperations of organizations. Eg payroll or billingcustomers

Interorganizational IS: connects two or moreorganizations

Eg. Worldwide Airline reservation system consists ofsystems of different Airlines

Support international or global operations. Play major rolein ecommerce and Supply chain management support

IS types based on support they offer

Regardless of functions, IS provides general support likeoffice document management to office workers; Decisionmaking system for Managers

MIS support all employees for routine planning andcontrol operations in all functional areas

CAD/CAM for Designers and Engineers

Expert systems: support knowledge workers and non-experts. Provide stored knowledge of experts to non-experts and provide decisions recommendation based onbuilt-in expertise

Data warehouse, Business intelligence, Executive supportsystems, Decision support systems


8/27

16-09-2014

8

IS infrastructure and Architecture

IS infrastructure: consists of physical facilites, services,and management that support all shared computingresources in organization

Five major components of IS Infrastructure:

[1] Computer hardware: Mainframes, PC, Network devices,Mobile ( handheld) devices

Hardware provides - (i) raw computing capabilities tocollect and process data;

(ii) physical data storage,

IS Infrastructure

[2]Softwares: operating systems, special processingapplications, functional information systems, etc

They provide logical computing services (dataprocessing, storing, managing) that is implemented in thehardware

[3] Network and communication technologies:

Includes Internet and Intranets

The support data exchange between the computingfacilities (eg. PC connected in LAN, PC to Web)


9/27

16-09-2014

9

[4] Databases: Mix of storage devices (hardwares) anddatabase management s/w to store, organize and retrivedata. Major role in providing Data Persistence.

[5] Information management personnel: persons (withroles in organization) interact with this infrastructure toperform the business (in turn generate data and info.)

Depending on the ROLE of personnel withinorganization the user privileges to access computingresources (Infrastructures) are given

IT Architecture:

Information technology (IT) Architecture: The waythese resources are integrated, operated, documented,maintained and managed to perform business process(transactions) and produce the required data andInformation.

The produced information conforms with the businessvision, objectives, operations, evolution which iscomprises BUSINESS ARCHITECTURE

IT architecure and its (outcome) Information abstractionwill conforms with the Business architecture


10/27

16-09-2014

10

IT architecture is high level map of the information assetswithin the organizations, includes physical design of the

build that holds the hardware

Application architecurePortfolio, security, vendors

Data architecureSource, quality, storage

Business architecurePlans, visions

Information architectureInfo requirements/fulfillment

Organizational architecureHuman resource needs

IT Infrastructure

Technical architecureHardware, sw, netwrok

Information architecture: computing paradigms

Information architecure (Information requirement/fulfillment done) classified based on computingparadigms (environments)

[1] Mainframe environment: processing done by one ormore mainframe computers

Users connect mainframes with dump terminals (allprocessing done in mainframes)

Later smart terminals has limited processing capabilitesand connect with mainframes


11/27

16-09-2014

11

[2] PC environement: Only PC provide computationalpower in Information system

PC LAN PC are connects in LAN and they provideprocessing power

In PCLAN new functionalities like Internet access, e-mail and shared devices/ resources added

[3] Distributed computing: The processing task (of data)is divided between two or more computer with networkconnection

The computing resources are mix of mainframes andPCs

Cooperative processing: computers in disparate geo-regions coupled to perform specific task

Uses of distributed computing:

permit intra and interorganizational cooperation incomputing

Process vast amount of data, information andknowledge

Efficient use of computing resources

All software support distributed computing paradigm


12/27

16-09-2014

12

[4] Client-Server architecture:

Two types distributed computing resource (i) client, (ii)

Server - connected by network

Client is a PC connected to network to used sharedresources

Server machine or PC connected to same network andprovides services to clients

Eg. Database server provide large storage capability tomany clients (PC) connected in a network

Enterprise wide computing: uses Client-server paradigmto process and shares data within entire organization!

[5] Web-based services:

Multiple servers network connected to multiple clientsnetwork through standard internet and web basedprotocols

The processing capabilites (applications, resources) arehosted in server are distributed/ shared through the

internet (web)

Here computing capabilites are given (published) as aservice in internet and can be accessed (by webbrowsers) using clients connected to internet.

Eg. Banking services, Social media networks, e-commerce systems


13/27

16-09-2014

13

[6] Mobile computing:

Real time connection between mobile devices andother computing environment

Mobile connected thro wireless environment.

The content of are delivered to mobile devices inwireless environment,

The content (data and info.) is processed, storedand transfered to other computing paradigm throwireless computing.

Other types are Grid computing, Utility computing,etc.

Legacy systems

Legacy systems are matured IS and forms (many cases)the back bone of overall IT infrastructure

They are earlier costly systems and hence they arereused than replacing

It has (i) Mainframe computing with many remote terminal

accessing it (ii) Distributed LAN PCs or Client server environment

Features: Process high volume applications, securedsystems and operated by Professionals rather than endusers

Legacy system support repetitive tasks and transactionprocessing


14/27

16-09-2014

14

Peer to peer architecture

Special case of Client server environment

In a network each client server shares its files orprocessing power to other computers but not through acentral server

P2P sharing is done thro private network, but nowthrough secured internet

Features of P2P: The information is accessible from anyPC or mobile device

Easy to maintain network and no need for administrator

P2P file sharing basis of web services, the back up copyof data from one PC to another for improved security

Network computing

Its consists of network of computing resources (PCs)and applications shared through internet technologies

The internet technologies includes communication andtransport functions to share resources

The internet applications uses the transport functions to

access and share the information thorough network

Eg Web (WWW or W3) applications with accepteduniversal standards facilitates to use internet capabilites

It helps in storing, retriving, formatting and displayinginformation via Client/Server architecture

Terminal even with web browsers applications can usethe Web services capabilites.


15/27

16-09-2014

15

Network computing: other infrastructures

Addition to internet and web other infrastructures: Intranetand Extranets

Intranet: Network designed to serve internal informationalneeds of organisations using internet concept and tools

These are internal company websites that are accessibleonly to employees

Intranet implemented using LAN technologies includingwireless LAN.

Used to share information within organizationalboundary, not geographical boundary (connects samecompany in different countries)

Extranet: Another type of infrastructure that connects theintranet of different organizations

It is an infrastrucutre that allows secure communicationamong business partners over the internet (using Virtualprivate network-VPN)

It offers limited accessability to the intranet of

participating companies and necessaryinterorganizational communications

Eg. Suppliers extranet accessing organizations (intranet)through internet

Ecommerce uses extranet applications to enable B2Bpurchase


16/27

16-09-2014

16

Toy Industry1. Headquaters

2. Manufacturing3. retail stores4. Employees

Suppliers(purchasing)

Non companymanufactures

Non company retailers

Professional associationLarge suppliers

Banks and otherBusiness partners

Other Extranets

Large customers

Corporate extranets

Corporate intranets

Toy Industry extranet

Internetpublic

Smallcustomers

Internet application - Categories

Internet support application in categories: (i) Discovery,(ii) Communications, (iii) Collaboration

Discovery includes browsing and information retrivalfrom the databases of organizations

Use software agents to retrive information from large

database sources

Software agents: applications carries user intentions andprocess task. eg. Search engine process user queries

Discovery aids and search engines: (i) webopedia.com is a directory of technoogy related terms answersquery about particular technology


17/27

16-09-2014

17

Communications: Internet provides fast communication

channels for apps like messages, complex informationexchange

It includes information transfer among computers, viawireline and wireless

Eg. Email, chat groups, news groups are communicationmedia supported by internet

Collaboration: With high processing powers,collaboration of individual, groups, organizations withtheir work are possible

Eg. Screen sharing, video conferencing, Resourcesharing services like printers, processors

Communications

The interpersonal process of sending and receivingsymbols with message attached to them

Managers collect, process and distribute informationamong them and between organizations

Hence requried internet support to provide

communications Factors determining the type of IT Technology to

support communications

(i) people: number sending/receiving info may be fromtwo to many

(ii) Nature and source of destination: Include people,databases, sensors, applications, etc


18/27

16-09-2014

18

(iii) Media: Text, voice, graphics, radio, pictures,animations and other IT supported media

(iv) Place: Sender(s) and reciver(s) may be in sameroom, different room, different locations

(v) Time: Message sending time and receiving timealmost simultaneous. Eg, Synchronous (real-timecommunication) telephone, instant messaging, videoconferencing

Asynchronous communication: Receiver gets responseafter sometime of message sent. eg. Email, bulletin

boards

IT communication and collaboration technologiesclassified based on Time/place framework

Same time/same place: particpants meets at one place ata time

Same time/different palce: participants communicate fromdifferent location at same time, Eg. Tele-con-call, voice

chat, instant messaging Different time same place: participant working in different

shifts leave voice messages and record them

Diffrent time and palce: participants at different placeand time. Send and receive messages thro emails, Voicemails via internet.


19/27

16-09-2014

19

Internet major support to interactive communcications:

Internet phones, smart phones, In. Video conferencing,chat rooms

(Eg.1)Web based call centers: enabling collaborationsand simultaneous voice/web contact.

Use email, text chat, call back, simultaneous voice andweb sessions

Eg.2: Electronic chat rooms: participants may be indifferent locations and communicate at same time throvirtual rooms

Voice communication: using internet, microphone andsound cards to communicate. Eg VOIP long distanceinternet calling without incurring telephone charge

Weblogging: Individual do personal publishing in theinternet web sites

The information can be edited, archieved and

published to public or private access Effective for information discovery, collaboration and

communications


20/27

16-09-2014

20

Collaborations

Collaboration: refers to mutual efforts by two or more

individual to perform activities to accomplish a businessobjective

Participants may be individuals persons or individualrepresenting organizations, or members of groups

Group memebers work together in tasks like designingproducts & documents, teaching & knowledge work,decision making activities, etc

IT supports memebers of group (called work group)

distributed in different locations to perform group tasks

Workgroup: two or more individual act together toperform a task

Groups may be temporary or permanent and may belocated in same or different locations

Virtual teams If collaborating groups are located indifferent places, they meet electronically (called virtualmeeting)

Virtual collaborations (e-collaborations) use of digitaltechnology to enable organizations or individual to plan,design, develop, and manage research products throcollaboration

E-C use for commercial purpose called as commercecollaborations (C-Commerce)


21/27

16-09-2014

21

Commerce collaborations (C-commerce)

Collaborations among business partners. Eg company

collaborating with a vendor to develop its product

C-commerce involves communication, info sharing andcollabrative planning to be done electronically throGroupware applications

Collaborative network used in supply chain membersreshape the linear flow of product and information

Business partners interact readily with each other andcollaborate by-passing traditional business partners

Shape of collaborative network depends on the industry,product and volume of information

Traditional supply chain and collaborative networks


22/27

16-09-2014

22

Collaborative network examples

Info sharing: Walmart (retailer) and P&G (Supplier) for

collaborative vendor management. Walmart gives access to P&G, their item by item sale

through its extranets

The P&G able to forecast its sales and replenishmentplans by collaborating with Walmart

P&G monitors the inventory level in Walmart andtriggers sales and shipment if required

Collaborative uses: P&G effective sales and cost

reduction in logistics; Walmart effective inventory levelsand no stock out bottle necks

Other collaboration enabling tools: Workflow andgroupware

Workflow technologies

Workflow is the movement of work and informationthrough sequence of steps that forms business processof organization

Business processes are set of activities performed in asequence by various participants to accomplish businessobjective.

Eg. Bank loan process, purchase process inorganizations etc.

Workflow systems includes tools to automate thebusiness process.

It employ set of software for processing informationassociated with each step of process and control theirflow


23/27

16-09-2014

23

In workflow process automation and each activity may

be performed in collaborations by various individual orgroups

The control of the work and information are transferedfrom one person to another and thus collaborate toaccomplish the work

Request infocustomer

Check creditscore

ApproveLoan req

DisapproveLoan req.

Bank issue loan

good

badstart end

Types of workflow

Types: (i) Collaborative; (ii) Production; (iii)Administrative

Collaborative workflow: support project oriented andcollaborative process

They are administered centrally but users canwork/access the job from different departments orlocations

Eg. Lotus, Jetform, FileNet

Production workflow: Address mission critical,transaction oriented, high volume process. Eg. Productassemblies

The collaborating participants (users) are within singledepartment

Eg. Staffware, IBM MQ3,


24/27

16-09-2014

24

Administrative workflow: Mix of collaborative andproduction workflow

It consists of predefined steps required to process ajob, like approval of expense business report

It support the clerical activities and reduce associatedcosts

Eg. InTempo, Metro

Workflow support control of work movement andinformation movement within/between organization

Provide enterprise wide information services and allowusers (with privileges) to process, store and shareinformation

Groupware

Groupware refers to s/w products that support group ofpeople with common task or goal who collaborate to itsaccomplishment

Eg. Group of people modeling a product; Group ofpeople want to have meeting

Groupware implies use of network to connect peopleeven if they are in same room!

Different technologies and tools to support group ofpeople in internet environment

Groupware may be standalone application for specificpurpose (eg. E-mail)

Or Intergrated kit with several tools. Eg. Web camera,with video chat applications


25/27

16-09-2014

25

Groupware technologies can be incorporated intoexisting information system

Internet, extranet, intranet, private communication linesprovide infrastructure for hardware & s/w of Groupware

Some common groupware products:

[1] Electronic meeting systems: The virtual teamscollaborate using a virtual meeting supported by ITsystems

Web based systems support virtual meeting of

members of group located in different locations It obviates corporate travels and associated costs

Electronic teleconferencing: Use electroniccommunication lines and allows two or more people tosimultaneous conference

Eg. Teleconference calls allow several people (from 3 ormore locations) to talk to each other

Limitations: No face-to-face communications, participantsfrom various locations cannot see pictures, graphics,

chart and other materials

Hence Video Teleconferencing: participants at differentlocations can see each others media: text, pictures,charts

The conferences are digitized and transmitted overnetwork of computers linked by the conferencingapplications


26/27

16-09-2014

26

Web conferencing: Conducted on the internet and soleyuses Web, for few to as many as thousands of people

Video Teleconference may be done on regular telephoneline and Web

Webconferencing allows users to see others mediacontent like spreedsheet, powerpoints, graphics, chart onones computer screen

While interaction done thro messaging and real timeteleconferencing

Eg. Web conferencing products: Genesys meeting

center, PlaceWare, Centra Emeetings

RTC tools: Real time collaboration tools supportsynchronous communication of graphical and text basedinformation

Address groups distributed in space and time cancollaborate in projects and decision making

Use internet, Intranet and extranet potential

Interactive whiteboards: computer based board allowsaccess multiple users to edit graphics and designs inreal time.

The digital whiteboad contents can be stored andarchived for future use


27/27

16-09-2014

Screen sharing s/w: Group members can work on

same document, shared real time on computer ofeach participant

Eg. Authors can work on same manuscripts to makesreviews and edits

Designers can collaboratively design a product on realtime basis

This product synchronizes people, computer (sites)and information to enable joint creation and/or editingof the documents on ones PC.

Suggested readings

Effraim Turban, Dorothy Leidner, Ephraim Mclean,James Wetherbe, Information Technology forManagement Transforming organizations in the digitaleconomy, 6th edition, Wiley India Publication, 2009

Laudon & Laudon, Management information systems,10th edition, Pearson publishing company, New Delhi,2009

IM Chapter 1

Documents

Transcript of IM Chapter 1