Ilse de Jager Nutritional benefits of grain legume cultivation within the N2Africa project in...
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Ilse de Jager
Nutritional benefits of grain legume cultivation within the N2Africa project
in Northern Ghana
N2Africa project
• Ghana, Nigeria, DRC, Malawi, Kenya, Mozambique, Rwanda, ZimbabweNew: Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia
• Groundnut, soybean, cowpea, climbing bean, pigeon pea, common bean
• Demonstration plots for smallholder farmers (field day, farmer groups)
• Literature study and case studies
Agricultural productivity by BNF
Objectives
• Assessing impact (quantitative):– Nutrient adequacy of the diet– Nutritional status
By quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study
• Assessing pathways (qualitative):– Via food availability– Via income
By focus group discussions
Methodology –study area• Ghana– 238.537 km2, lowland country, on average 26 ºC– 28 % of children < 5 are stunted, 9 % are wasted
• Districts – Rainfall– Market accessibility
Methodology -subjects
• Selection of N2Africa villages and farmers– Villages in N2Africa project from 2010– Farmers who received inputs in 2012
• Selection of non-N2Africa villages and household
– Villages supervised by same extension officer – Random walk method
Methodology -subjects
• Households were included when present:– (N2Africa) farmer – Child of 6 – 59 month old (if >1, randomly selected)– Mother of child (if >1 wife, randomly selected)
N2Africa group: N = 129Non-N2Africa gourp: N = 202
Methodology - IDDS• Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS)– Proxy measure of nutrient adequacy – 24 hour recalls– 14 Food groups
Food group Yes/NoCereals (1) Yes Vitamin A rich vegetables and tubers (>60 RAE) (2) NoWhite roots and tubers (3) NoDark green leafy vegetables (>60 RAE) (4) YesOther vegetables (5) YesVitamin A rich fruits (>60 RAE) (6) NoOther fruits (7) YesOrgan meat (8) NoFlesh meat (9) NoEggs (10) NoFish (11) YesLegumes, nuts and seeds (12) YesMilk and milk products (13) NoOil and fats (14) Yes
Methodology - IDDS
• Role play
• Open questions• Not suggestive• ALL ingredients (mixed meals -> ask!) • Probe for snacks, fruits and fluids• Bought items (check ingredients on market) • Analysing: food composition table for
categorisation into food groups (vitamin A rich vegetables and fruits)
Methodology - anthropometry
• Measuring nutritional status
Height Weight
-Children <2: recumbent length -remove shoes, jackets-Children >2: standing height -child <2: with mother-Analysis: 0.7 cm (length child>2) -child >2: stand still
Methodology -measurements
• Analysing nutritional status– Use WHO reference population 2006– SPSS syntax (anthro+), epi info (low key, free)
Stunted <-2 Z-scores height-for-age
Severe stunted <-3 Z-scores height-for-age
Wasted <-2 Z-scores weight-for-height
Severe wasted <-3 Z-scores weight-for-height
Underweight <-2 Z-scores weight-for-age
Severe Underweight <-3 Z-scores weight-for-age
Results
• Children > 2 years of N2Africa participants have a more nutrient adequate diet
• Children < 2 years do not differ
Individual dietary diversity N2Africa subjects and non-N2Africa subjects
N2Africa Non-N2Africa
Outcome Unit N = 129 N = 202
IDDS, out of 14 food groups Mean (SD) 5.5 (1.9) 5.1 (1.8)*
children <2 years Mean (SD) 4.2 4.1
children 2 – 5 years Mean (SD) 6.1 (1.2) 5.6 (1.3)*
Minimum dietary diversity(7 groups, IDDS>=4, child< 2)
% (N) 62.5 (25) 56.0 (14)
*P<0.05 (Mann-Whitney U test);
Results
• N2Africa subjects consumed more: ‘White roots and tubers’, ‘Other fruits’, ‘Legumes, nuts & seeds’ and ‘Oils & fats’
Consumption of food groups
Results
N2Africa subjects and non-N2Africa subjects
• Long-term effect• Other causes of malnutrition
Nutritional status indicators
Overall Children <2 years
Non-N2Africa
villages
(n=202)
N2Africa
villages
(n=129)
Non-N2Africa
villages
(n=76)
N2Africa
villages
(n=40)
Characteristic % (N) % (N) % (N) % (N)
Stunting (length/height-for-age) 29.2 (59) 35.7 (46) 25.0 (19) 27.5 (11)
Wasting (weight-for-age) 10.9 (22) 6.2 (8) 23.7 (18) 17.5 (7)
Underweight (weight-for-height) 23.3 (47) 24.0 (31) 31.6 (24) 27.5 (11)
Conclusions
• Legume intake higher in N2Africa subjects
• N2Africa seems to increase the nutrient adequacy of the diet of children > 2 years, but not < 2 years
• No impact on nutritional status
• Involving nutrition from the beginning...- Target households with children under 5, adolescent girls
- Varieties of legumes high in iron, low in phytate(measure) - Collaborate with other projects (health, WASH)
- Nutritional value addition within value chain
Questions?
n2africa.tv/video/77717212