BETA CELLS APOPTOSIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESSCAMILLE L. RUIZ VIDELA

REVIEW PAPER

RISE- FALL 2014

NOVEMBER 21, 2014

INTRODUCTION

•Beta cells

• Location

• Function

• Apoptosis

• Consequences

•Oxidative stress

http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/pancreaticislet/

DIABETES

• Group of metabolic disorders that cannot regulate glucose levels

• The following processes occur almost exclusively in the development of type 2 diabetes, for they are long term.

• Diabetes types and development:

• Type one – genetic

• Type two – long term

http://www.idf.org/about-diabetes/risk-factors

BETA CELLS

• Hyperglycemia

• Reactive Oxidative Species (Free radicals)

• Peroxides interrupt mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function.

• Antioxidant enzymes – Principal

Defenses

• Superoxide dismutasehttp://www.thehorse.com/articles/14312/the-role-of-antioxidants

APOPTOSIS

• Programmed cell death

• Not beneficial

• Organized

• Rate of reproduction – constant

• Rate of loss – exacerbated as OS complicates

http://models.cellml.org/exposure/675910ec5edea85f533ec5585da88ed1/topp_promislow_devries_miura_finegood_2000.cellml/view

OXIDATIVE STRESS (OS)

• Formed when a cell’s core environment is perturbed.

• Disruptor of the balance between the production of ROS and antioxidants.

• Elevated amount of ROS

Antioxidants ROS

REACTIVE OXIDATIVE SPECIES (ROS)

• Highly reactive molecules

• Peroxides: O-O single bonds

• Elevated amounts – damage

• Complex molecules derived from glucose.

http://www.biotek.com/resources/articles/reactive-oxygen-species.html

OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A FACTOR OF BETA-CELLS’ APOPTOSIS

HYPERGLYCEMIA ROS

LOW ANTIOXIDANT

DEFENSES

OXIDATIVE STRESS

β-cell APOPTOSIS

TREATMENTS

• Inhibition of ROS generation

•Preventive Treatment• Antioxidant – protect cells by

reducing OS

• Mulberry – medicinal plant with antioxidant properties

(Lee et al. 2014)

http://wakeup-world.com/2014/06/28/mulberry-tames-cancer-inflammation-alzheimers-and-more/

CONCLUSION

• When hyperglycemia occurs, high levels of ROS are produced.

• β-cells produce low antioxidant defenses.

• This imbalance is called OS.

• The rate of β-cells loss > the rate of β-cells reproduction.

• Since the amount of β-cells is reduced, type-two diabetes occurs.

• Antioxidant treatments – mulberry extrac5

REFERENCES• Bosco D, Armanet M, Morel P, Niclauss N, Sgroi A , Muller YD, Giovannoni L, Parnaud G, Berney T. 2010. Unique Arrangement of α- and β-Cells in Human

Islets of Langerhans. Diabetes. [Internet;. [citado 2014 Oct 17]. DOI: 10.2337/ db09-1177.:[approximately 9 p.]. Available at: http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/59/5/1202.long

• Butler AE, Robertson RP, Hernandez R, Matveyenko AV, Gurlo T, Butler PC. 2012. Beta cell nuclear musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene family A (MafA) is deficient in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia [Internet;. [citado 2014 Oct 4]. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2666-2:[approximately 4 p.]. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556170/

• De Lima Avila D, Rodrigues de Araujo G, Silva M, , Herinque P, Fiuza M, Pedrosa ML, Silva ME, Geraldo de Lima W, Costa DC. 2013. Vildagliptin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Pancreatic Beta Cell Destruction in Type 1 Diabetic Rats. Archives of Medical Research. [Internet;. [citado 2014 Nov 1st]. Doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.03.004: [approximately 8p.] Available at: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0188440913000751/1-s2.0-S0188440913000751-main.pdf?_tid=9a3aedd8-6249-11e4-8d4a-00000aacb35e&acdnat=1414903078_b0d7d7dcca02869af939077f0b62b95f

• Harmon JS, Bogdani M, Parazzoli SD, Mak SSM, Oseid EA, Berghmans M, LeBoeuf RC, Robertson RP. 2010. β-Cell-Specific Overexpression of Glutathione Peroxidase Preserves Intranuclear MafA and Reverses Diabetes in db/db Mice. Endocrinology. [Internet;. [citado 2014 Sept 26]. Doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0708: [approximately 8 p.]. Available at: http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/en.2009-0708?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed

• Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy M, Fernández-Mejías C. 2013. Oxidative Stress and Chronic Degenerative Diseases - A Role for Antioxidants. Mexico: InTech. Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus and the Role of Vitamins with Antioxidant Actions. Chapter 9.

• Lee JS, Kim YR, Park JM, Ha SJ, Kim YE, Baek NI, Hong EK. 2014. Mulberry Fruit Extract Protects Pancreatic β-Cells against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis via Antioxidative Activity. Molecules. [Internet;. [citado 2014 Nov 1]. DOI: 10.3390/molecules19078904: [approximately 12p.] Available at: www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/7/8904/pdf

BETA CELLS APOPTOSIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESSCAMILLE L. RUIZ VIDELA

REVIEW PAPER

RISE- FALL 2014

NOVEMBER 21, 2014