Illegitimacy Definition
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Legitimacy (law)From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Illegitimate children )
Not to be confused with Legitimacy (political) .
"Illegitimate" redirects here. For other uses, see Illegitimate (disambiguation) .
Family law
Family
Marriage and other
equivalent or similar unions and status
Marriage
Types of marriages
Prenuptial agreement
Cohabitation
Civil union
Domestic partnership
Validity of marriages
Void and Voidable marriages
Annulment
Dissolution of marriages
Divorce
Adultery
Grounds for divorce
Matrimonial Causes Act
Legal separation
Alimony
Parenting plan
esidence !"# !$%&% and '())
Parental rights
Custody $valuator !"%*%)
Parenting coordinator !"%*%)
Other issues
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegitimate_children&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegitimate_children&redirect=nohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_marriageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenuptial_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounds_for_divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_in_English_family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_Evaluatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_coordinatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_marriageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenuptial_agreementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohabitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_partnershiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voidable_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounds_for_divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimonial_Causes_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_separationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residence_in_English_family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custody_Evaluatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_coordinatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illegitimate_children&redirect=no -
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Paternity
Legitimacy
Child custody
Legal guardian
Adoption
Child support
Contact + Visitation
CAFCA** !"# !$%&%))
Grandparent visitation
"%'% ights of the Child
Children,s rights
$mancipation
Foster care
&ard
Parental child abduction
Private international law
Private international la-
Divorce
Marriage
(nternational child abduction
.ague Convention !child abduction)
The Family and the Criminal Code
(or Criminal Law
Paternity fraud
/igamy
CP* !"%*%)
Child abuse
Domestic violence
(ncest
Child0selling
V
T
$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_and_Family_Court_Advisory_and_Support_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparent_visitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_of_minorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_child_abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_international_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_child_abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Civil_Aspects_of_International_Child_Abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Protective_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child-sellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Family_law&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Family_law&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_custodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_guardianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_supporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_and_Family_Court_Advisory_and_Support_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparent_visitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children's_rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_of_minorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_carehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_child_abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_international_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_lawshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_child_abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Civil_Aspects_of_International_Child_Abductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_fraudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bigamyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Protective_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abusehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child-sellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Family_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Family_law&action=edit -
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In Western common law , legitimacy is the status of a child born to parents who are legally married to each
other; and of a child concei ed before the parents recei e a legal di orce !
"on ersely, illegitimacy (or bastardy ) is the status of a child born outside marriage! #he conse$uences of
illegitimacy ha e pertained mainly to a child%s rights of inheritance to the putati e father %s estate and the child%s
right to bear the father%s surname or title! Illegitimacy has also had conse$uences for the mother%s and child%s
right to support from the putati e father! (&ee 'ffiliation (family law) !)
Contents
hide
* Law
+ omenclature
- "ontemporary position
. /0tramarital births
1 2istory
3 &ocial implications
4 In popular culture
5 otable people
6 &ee also
*7 References
** 8ibliography
*+ /0ternal links
Law edit
In medie al Wales , a 9bastard9 was defined simply as a child not acknowledged by its father! 'll children,
whether born in or out of wedlock, that were acknowledged by the father, en:oyed the same legal rights,
including the right to share in the father%s estate! 'fter /ngland%s con$uest of Wales, /nglish law came to apply
in Wales!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_fatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_fatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliation_(family_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Contemporary_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Extramarital_birthshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Social_implicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#In_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Notable_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_fatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estate_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affiliation_(family_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_childrenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Nomenclaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Contemporary_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Extramarital_birthshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Social_implicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#In_popular_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Notable_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales -
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/ngland %s &tatute of erton (*+-1) stated, regarding illegitimacy< 92e is a bastard that is born before the
marriage of his parents!9 * #his definition also applied to situations when a child%s parents could not marry, as
when one or both were already married or when the relationship was incestuous!
#he =oor Law of *143 formed the basis of /nglish bastardy law! Its purpose was to punish a bastard child%s
mother and putati e father, and also to relie e the parish from the cost of supporting mother and child! 98y an
act of *143 (*5 /li>abeth "! -), it was ordered that bastards should be supported by their putati e fathers,
though bastardy orders in the $uarter sessions date from before this date! If the genitor could be found, then he
was put under ery great pressure to accept responsibility and to maintain the child!9 +
?nder /nglish law , a bastard was unable to be an heir to real property , in contrast to the situation under ci il
law , and could not be legitimi>ed by the subse$uent marriage of father to his mother! #here was one e0ceptioned the birth of a child if the parents subse$uently
married each other, pro ided that they had not been married to someone else in the meantime! #he Legitimacy
'ct *616 e0tended the legitimi>ation e en if the parents had married others in the meantime and to putati e
marriages which the parents incorrectly belie ed were alid! either the *6+3 nor *613 'cts changed the Law
of &uccession ! #he Family Law Reform 'ct *636 (c! .3) allowed a bastard to inherit on the intestacy of his
parents! In canon and in ci il law, the offspring of putati e marriages ha e also been considered legitimate! 1
In the ?nited &tates, in the early *647s a series of &upreme "ourt decisions held that most commonAlaw
disabilities imposed upon illegitimacy were in alid as iolations of the /$ual =rotection "lause of
the Fourteenth 'mendment to the ?nited &tates "onstitution ! 3 any other countries ha e abolished by
legislation any legal disabilities of a child born out of wedlock!
omenclature edit
?se of the term 9illegitimate child9 is now rare, e en in legal conte0ts! #erms such as 9e0tramarital child9, 9lo e
child9 and 9child born out of wedlock9 are more commonly used! 'lso used in 8ritain is 9 bastard 9, though
e0pressions such as 9natural child9 are preferred in polite society!
"ontemporary position edit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Mertonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1926http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1926http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1926http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_(Law_of_England_and_Wales)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Mertonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_propertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1926http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_Act_1959http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_(Law_of_England_and_Wales)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=3 -
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/li>abeth I of /ngland
Bespite the decreasing legal rele ance of illegitimacy, an important e0ception may be found in the nationality
laws of many countries, which discriminate against illegitimate children in the application of jus
sanguinis , particularly in cases where the child%s connection to the country lies only through the father! #his is
true of the ?nited &tates, 4 and its constitutionality was upheld by the &upreme "ourt in Nguyen . IN! ! 5
Legitimacy also continues to be rele ant to hereditary titles, with only legitimate children being admitted to
the line of succession ! &ome monarchs, howe er, such as /li>abeth I of /ngland , ha e, by dint of special
legislation, succeeded to the throne despite the contro ersial status of their legitimacy!
'nnulment of marriage does not change the status of illegitimacy of children born to the couple during
their putati e marriage , i.e. , between their marriage ceremony and the legal annulment of their marriage! For
e0ample, canon **-4 of the Roman "atholic "hurch %s "ode of "anon Law specifically affirms the legitimacy of
a child born to a marriage that is declared null following the child%s birth!
#he "atholic "hurch is also changing its attitude toward unwed mothers and baptism of the children! In
critici>ing the priests who refused to bapti>e outAofAwedlock children, =ope Francis argued that the mothers had
done the right thing by gi ing life to the child and should not be shunned by the church< 6 *7 **
In our ecclesiastical region there are priests who don%t baptise the children of single mothers because they
weren%t concei ed in the sanctity of marriage! #hese are today%s hypocrites! #hose who clericalise the church!
#hose who separate the people of Cod from sal ation! 'nd this poor girl who, rather than returning the child to
sender, had the courage to carry it into the world, must wander from parish to parish so that it%s baptisedD
/0tramarital births edit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_v._INShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_v._INShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment#Annulment_in_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment#Annulment_in_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment#Annulment_in_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_Unknown_Artist.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_Unknown_Artist.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationality_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_sanguinishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguyen_v._INShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putative_marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annulment#Annulment_in_the_Catholic_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=4 -
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=ercentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, *657 and +774! *+
#he proportion of children born outside marriage is rising in all /? countries, orth 'merica, and 'ustralia! *- In
/urope, besides the low le els of fertility rates and the delay of motherhood, another factor that now
characteri>es fertility is the growing percentage of li e births outside marriage! In the /? , this phenomenon has
been on the rise in recent years in almost e ery country; and in se en countries, mostly in northern /urope, it
already accounts for the ma:ority of li e births! *.
In +776, .*E of children born in the ?nited &tates were born to unmarried mothers (up from 1E a half century
ago)! #hat includes 4-E of nonA2ispanic black children, 1-E of 2ispanic children (of all races), and +6E of
nonA2ispanic white children!*1 *3
In 'pril +776, the ational "enter for 2ealth &tatistics announced that nearly.7 percent of 'merican infants born in +774 were born to an unwed mother ; that of .!- million children, *!4
million were born to unmarried parents, a +1 percent increase from +77+! *4 #he percentage born e0tramaritally
increased +*E during +77+ 4, reaching *,4*.,3.- in +774 (or nearly . in *7 ?!&! births)! *+ ost births to
teenagers in the ?&' (53E in +774) are nonmarital; in +774, 37E of births to women +7 +., and nearly oneA
third of births to women +1 +6, were nonmarital! *+ In +774, teenagers accounted for :ust +-E of nonmarital
births, down steeply from 17E in *647! *+
In +7**, -6!1E of all births in the +4 /? countries were e0tramarital! In that year, births outside marriage
represented a ma:orityin Iceland (31!7E), /stonia (16!4E), &lo enia (13!5E), 8ulgaria (13!*E), France (11!5E) , orway (11!7E), &w
eden (1.!-E), and 8elgium (17E)! #he proportion of e0tramarital births is also approaching half
in Benmark (.6E), the ?nited Gingdom (.4!-E) and the etherlands (.1!-E) ! *5 Hther /uropean countries with
a high rate of e0tramarital births for the year +7** are Lat ia (..!3E), 2ungary (.+!-E), ">ech
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-epp-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwed_motherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage#Sex_and_procreationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Non_marital_by_countries.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Non_marital_by_countries.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-epp-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Health_Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwed_motherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage#Sex_and_procreationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-non_mar1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic -
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Republic (.*!5E), Finland (.7!6E), 'ustria (.7!.E) ,Lu0embourg (-.!*E), &lo akia (-.!7E), Cermany (--!1E)!*6 #he lowest proportion of births outside marriage was found in Creece (4!.E) and "yprus (*3!6E)! *5
In the /?, the a erage percentage of e0tramarital births has risen steadily in recent years, from +4!.E in +777
to -6!1E in +7**! *5
It is notable that traditionallyAconser ati e "atholic countries now also ha e substantial proportions of
e0tramarital births< e!g!, =ortugal , .1!3E (in +7*+) ; +7 &pain , -4!.E (in +7**); Ireland , --!4E (in +7**); Italy ,
+-!.E (in +7**)! *5
#he percentage of firstAborn children born out of wedlock is considerably higher (by roughly *7E, for the /?),
as marriage often takes place after the first baby has arri ed!
Latin 'merica has the highest rates of nonAmarital childbearing in the world (11 4.E of all children in this
region are born to unmarried parents) ! +* In most countries in this traditionally "atholic region, children born
outside marriage are now the norm! / en in the early *667s, the phenomenon was ery common< in *66-, outA
ofAwedlock births in e0ico were .*!1E, in "hile .-!3E, in =uerto Rico .1!5E, in "osta Rica .5!+E! In other
countries, they were the ma:ority< in 'rgentina 1+!4E, in 8eli>e 15!*E, in /l &al ador 4-E, in =anama 57E! ++
+-
Hther traditionally "atholic countries ha e also been e0periencing ma:ority e0tramarital births< in
+774, =araguay 47E, Bominican Republic 3-E! +-
HutAofAwedlock births are less common in 'sia< in *66- the rate in apan was *!.E; in Israel , -!*E; in "hina ,
1!3E; in ?>bekistan , 3!.E; in Ga>akhstan , +*E; in Gyrgy>stan , +.E ! ++
2istory edit
"ertainty of paternity has been considered important in a wide range of eras and cultures, especially when
inheritance and citi>enship were at stake, making the tracking of a man%s estate and genealogy a central part of
what defined a 9legitimate9 birth! #he ancient Latin dictum, 9 ater semper certa est 9 (9#he mother is always
certain9, while the father is not) emphasi>ed the dilemma!
In /nglish common law , ustice /dward "oke in *3+3 promulgated the 9Four &eas Rule9 ( e#tra $uatuor maria )
asserting that, absent impossibility of the father being fertile, there was a presumption of paternity that a married
woman%s child was her husband%s child! #hat presumption could be $uestioned, though courts generally sidedwith the presumption, thus e0panding the range of the presumption to a &e en &eas Rule9! 8ut it was only with
the arriage 'ct *41- that a formal and public marriage ceremony at ci il law was re$uired, whereas
pre iously marriage had a safe ha en if celebrated in an 'nglican church! &till, many 9clandestine9 marriages
occurred!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-un1997-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-lat_am-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-lat_am-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-un1997-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-un1997-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_esthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_esthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_paternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Act_1753http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Act_1753http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-ReferenceA-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Ricahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panamahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-un1997-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-lat_am-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-lat_am-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-un1997-22http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_esthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presumption_of_paternityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Act_1753http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_Havenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican 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In many societies, people born out of wedlock did not ha e the same rights of inheritance as those within it, and
in some societies, e en the same ci il rights ! which% In the ?nited Gingdom and the ?nited &tates, as late as the
*637s and in certain social strata e en up to today, e0tramarital birth has carried a social stigma ! +. +1 In
pre ious centuries unwed mothers were forced by social pressure to gi e their children up for adoption ! In other
cases e0tramarital children ha e been reared by grandparents or married relati es as the 9sisters9, 9brothers9
or 9cousins9 of the unwed mothers! +3
In most national :urisdictions , the status of a child as a legitimate or illegitimate heir could be changed A in either
direction A under the ci il law< ' legislati e act could depri e a child of legitimacy (as in the cases of the sons of
/dward IJ of /ngland ); con ersely, a marriage between the pre iously unmarried parents, usually within a
specified time, such as a year, could retroacti ely legitimate a child%s birth!
Fathers of illegitimate children often did not incur comparable censure or legal responsibility, due to social
attitudes about se0 , the nature of se0ual reproduction, and the difficulty of determining paternity with certainty !
8y the final third of the +7th century, in the ?nited &tates , all the states had adopted uniform laws that codified
the responsibility of both parents to pro ide support and care for a child, regardless of the parents % marital
status , and ga e e0tramarital as well as adopted persons e$ual rights to inherit their parents% property! In the
early *647s, a series of &upreme "ourt decisions abolished most, if not all, of the commonAlaw disabilities of
e0tramarital birth, as being iolations of the e$ualAprotection clause of the Fourteenth 'mendment to the ?nited
&tates "onstitution ! +4 Cenerally speaking, in the ?nited &tates, 9illegitimacy9 has been supplanted by the
phrase 9born out of wedlock!9
' contribution to the decline of the concept of illegitimacy had been made by increased ease of
obtaining di orce ! =rior to this, the mother and father of many children had been unable to marry each other
because one or the other was already legally bound, by ci il or canon law , in a nonA iable earlier marriage that
did not admit of di orce ! #heir only recourse, often, had been to wait for the death of the earlier spouse(s)!
#hus =olish political and military leader K>ef =i sudski (*534 *6-1) was unable to marry his second
wife, 'leksandra , until his first wife, aria , died in *6+*; by which t ime =i sudski and 'leksandra had two outA
ofAwedlock daughters! +5
&ocial implications edit
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Flora_Armitage_p._42-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Flora_Armitage_p._42-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_attitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_attitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certaintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certaintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certaintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pi%C5%82sudskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwinBooth.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_righthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_wordshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_stigmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Flora_Armitage_p._42-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandparenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisdictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_attitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_attitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercoursehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(law)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certaintyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_statushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandra_Pi%C5%82sudskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pi%C5%82sudskahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-28http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_(law)&action=edit§ion=6 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/dwin 8ooth
/0tramarital birth has affected not only the indi iduals themsel es! #he stress that such circumstances of birth
once regularly isited upon families, is illustrated in the case of 'lbert /instein and his wifeAtoAbe, ile a ariM ,
whoNwhen she became pregnant with the first of their three children, Lieserl Nfelt compelled to maintain
separate domiciles in different cities!
&ome persons of e0tramarital birth ha e been dri en to e0cel in their endea ors, for good or ill, by a desire to
o ercome the social stigma and disad antage that attached to it! ora #itone, in her book y &houghts 'e
'loody , recounts how the shame and ambition of actor unius 8rutus 8ooth %s two e0tramarital actor
sons, /dwin 8ooth and ohn Wilkes 8ooth , spurred them to stri e, as ri als, for achie ement and acclaimN
/dwin, a ?nionist , and ohn Wilkes, the assassin of 'braham Lincoln ! +6
2istorian ohn Ferling , in his book efferson and amilton* &he +i alry &hat Forged a Nation , makes the samepoint< that 'le0ander 2amilton %s e0tramarital birth spurred him to seek accomplishment and distinction! -7
#he &wedish artist 'nders Oorn (*537 *6+7) was similarly moti ated by his e0tramarital birth to pro e himself
and e0cel in his mPtier! -*
#!/! Lawrence
&imilarly, #! /! Lawrence %s biographer Flora 'rmitage writes about his e0tramarital birth< 9#he effect on #!/!
Lawrence of this disco ery was profound; it added to the romantic urge for heroic conductNthe dream ofthe &angreal Nthe seed of ambition, the desire for honor and distinction< the redemption of the blood from its
taint!9 +. 'nother biographer, ohn /! ack , writes in a similar ein< 9 2 is mother re$uired of him that
he redeem her fallen state by his own special achie ements, by being a person of unusual alue who
accomplishes great deeds, preferably religious and ideally on an heroic scale! Lawrence did his best to fulfill
heroic deeds! 8ut he was plagued, especially after the e ents of the war acti ated his inner conflicts, by a deep
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieserl_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Titone2010-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ferlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ferlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Zornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Flora_Armitage_p._42-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Mackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Mackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Te_lawrence.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Te_lawrence.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdwinBooth.jpeghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieserl_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Boothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Titone2010-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ferlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamiltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Zornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangrealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimate_children#cite_note-Flora_Armitage_p._42-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Mack -
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sense of failure! 2a ing been decei ed as a child he was later to feel that he himself was a decei erNthat he
had decei ed the 'rabs!!!9 -+ 9 rs! Lawrence%s original hope that her sons would pro ide her personal
redemption by becoming "hristian missionaries was fulfilled only by Lawrence%s brother Robert!9 -- ack
elaborates further< 9=art of his creati ity and originality lies in his %irregularity,% in his capacity to remain outside
con entional ways of thinking, a tendency which!!! deri es, at least in part, from his illegitimacy! Lawrence%s
capacity for in ention and his ability to see unusual or humorous relationships in familiar situations come also!!!
from his illegitimacy! 2e was not limited to established or %legitimate% solutions or ways of doing things, and thus
his mind was open to a wider range of possibilities and opportunities! 't the same time Lawrence%s
illegitimacy had important social conse$uences and placed limitations upon him, which rankled him deeply!!! 't
times he felt socially isolated when erstwhile friends shunned him upon learning of his background! Lawrence%s
delight in making fun of regular officers and other segments of %regular% society!!! deri ed!!! at least in part from
his inner iew of his own irregular situation! 2is fickleness about names for himself he changed his name twice
to distance himself from his 9Lawrence of 'rabia9 persona is directly related!!! to his iew of his parents and tohis identification with them his father had changed his name after running off with #!/! Lawrence%s future
mother !9 -.
In popular culture edit
ain article* Illegitimacy in fiction
Illegitimacy has for centuries pro ided a motif and plot element to works of fiction by prominent authors,
including William &hakespeare , 8en:amin Franklin , 2enry Fielding , Joltaire , ane 'usten , 'le0andre
Bumas, p re , athaniel 2awthorne , "harles Bickens , Wilkie "ollins , 'nthony #rollope , 'le0andre
Bumas, fils , Ceorge /liot , Leo #olstoy , I an #urgene , Fyodor Bostoye sky , #homas 2ardy , "!&!
Forester , arcel =agnol , Crace etalious , ohn Ir ing and Ceorge R! R! artin !
otable people edit
otable people born outside of wedlock ha e included