IIT-JEE-Study-Guide-EBook (1).pdf

IIT JEE Study GuideA comprehensive guide to crack IIT JEE!

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1st Edition

IIT JEE

........................................................................................Forward 4

........................................................................Acknowledgement 5

....................................................................................Inspiration 6

....................................................................How to study Maths? 7

.........................................................10 Steps to Crack IIT JEE 10

....................................................Study tips for learning Physics 12

..........................................Isomerism in Chemical Compounds 15

..............................................Entrance Exam Preparation Tips 18

...................................................................Free Body Diagrams 20

..........................................Why Studying Hard Is Not Enough! 22

.......................................................How Can I Crack IIT JEE? 24

....................What Are The Best Books To Prepare for IIT JEE 27

.................................................................................................................Physics 27

............................................................................................................Chemistry 28

........................................................................................................Mathematics 29

..Methods to improve the problem solving speed and accuracy 30

...............................................Balancing equations in chemistry 32

.......................................................Tracking Worksheet Physics 34

..................................................Tracking Worksheet Chemistry 35

........................................................Tracking Worksheet Maths 36

..........................................How to solve problems with pulleys? 37


IIT JEE Study Guide

.............................................................................Valency Chart 41

.............................................Is it easier to pull or push a roller? 45

..................................................................On Atwood Machine 46

....................................................................Frame of Reference 47

.........................................Last Minute Preparation for IIT JEE 48

............................Coaching Classes Vs Self Study For IIT JEE 50

................................................Easy way to learn periodic table 52


IIT JEE Study Guide

Forward

This book is not about notes or study material for IIT JEE. With our information age there is no dearth of study material.

This book is also not about shortcuts to solve problems for IIT JEE. Because, there are no shortcuts. The only way to learn shortcuts it to devise them yourself.

As the name of this book suggests, this book is just an attempt to provide you with the right guidance for IIT JEE. There are many ways we can learn things. But the best way to learn is to learn just for sake of learning. And some of you would have already realized that once you cross a level, it is really fun to keep learning. You have a well defined objective in front of us. BUT you would know that you have crossed the level when you will start enjoying the journey.

All the best and enjoy the journey!

Team Eduflix

PS: Since this is the first edition of this book, we will be very thankful if you can provide your feedback or point out mistakes in this book.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Acknowledgement

Thanks to all the great teachers that made us what we are and taught us the lessons of life.

Thanks to Eduflix Teachers for their continuous support and their dedication to help students.

Thanks to all the participants on our Q&A forum who keep the quality of study content very hight. Lot of ideas in this book are taken from our Q&A forum.

Thanks to our backend team who spends 100% of time in thinking about just one thing - how can we help our students better.

And thanks to you for taking out time to read this book.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Inspiration

Carpe Diem (Sieze the Day)

Future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of there dreams

Heights by great man reached and kept,

Were not attained by sudden flights,

But they while their companions slept,

Were toiling upward in the night

Karmanye Vadhikaraste, Ma phaleshou kada chana

You have the right to perform your actions, but you are not entitled to the fruits of the actions.

Ma Karma Phala Hetur Bhurmatey Sangostva Akarmani

Do not let the fruit be the purpose of your actions, and therefore you wont be attached to not doing

your duty.

If you dont know answers ask questions!


IIT JEE Study Guide

How to study Maths?[This article is written by Mr. Ghanshyam Tewani who is Mathematics Faculty for Eduflix.Mr.

Tewani has experience of 12 years for training students in Mathematics for IITJEE and other

competitive examinations. He is a rare genius, acknowledged as one of the best national level

teachers in mathematics. His intense and concise lectures are aimed at clearing the student's

fundamental concepts in mathematics and at the same time, laying a strong foundation for better

understanding of complex problems. Mr. Tewani has written more than 10 books on Mathematics

related to IIT-JEE/AIEEE Exams which are published and distributed pan India by Cengage

Learning]

There are no laboratories where formulae of maths are realized or derived. The laboratory of maths is your pen and paper. Everything you need can be proved in black and white. The best part of mathematics is that nothing has been invented in laboratories; each theory has been driven by logic and argument. And most certainly mathematics is the language of Science (Physics, Chemistry etc.)

In primary school the teachers taught us as if we knew stuff already. As a AIEEE / IIT JEE coach interacting with class 11 and class 12 students even I used to believe that the stuff might have been taught earlier, but infact it was not. I

remembered that once I asked my class teacher why a0 = 1, he was not able to explain it or he just said the explanation is not in the scope. Later on I realized that a0 = ab b = ab/ab = 1

Why isa0= 1?

Many students think that mathematics problems can be solved by killer concept shortcuts. But actually shortcuts are developed only by practice. Different students have different shortcut for the same type of problem depending upon the level of their practice.


IIT JEE Study Guide

shortcuts are developed only by practice

Many students and parents have one common question, How is 11th class and 12th class mathematics different from earlier maths? Although there is a big gap in the syllabus, but more than that there is an underlying difference in the way one should approach / study maths in the higher classes. Students have to learn to change their techniques. Till 10th our technique is that of memorizing algorithms and solving problems with manipulative techniques that work in certain well-defined situations. In class 11 and class 12 mathematics much amount of emphasis I put is on what the student would call Theory the precise statement of definitions and theorems and the logical processes by which those theorems are established.

This type of learning techniques I believe should have been developed in lower classes. But unfortunately in those classes students dont have the aptitude to raise such queries in class and apply the logic.

Even in class 11, and as an example many think that trigonometry is boring, is full of formulas. Contrary to that trigonometry is much interesting if one knows how each formula has been derived. Derivation of the formula helps to understand when to apply it. If you try to understand how trigonometry shifts from acute angled triangle to obtuse angled triangle, what the range-domain of trigonometric functions are, and by plotting their graphs that gives a solid footing in the subject.

Derivation of the formula helps to understand when to apply it

I have noticed students usually do not pay attention to the fundamentals, like how a function varies, its graphs etc. For example in class 11, there are graphs of many functions like f(x) = x2, f(x) = 1/x, but how many of us even take notice of that. I tell students how to read the graphs. Graphs tells us many things about the function. Infact it is the horoscope of the function. I remember when I usually start my 11th class session, I ask students some elementary inequalities, like if 2 < x < 3 then what are the values of x2 ? The replies are 4 < x2 < 9. Students would square it directly! But if we take help of real number line and understand the graph of f(x) = x2, we find that 0 x2 < 9. Also when I ask if 2 < x < 3, then what are the values of 1/x ? Students generally reverse the sign of inequality and get 1/2 > 1/x > 1/3, then they realize that something has gone wrong as 1/2 cannot


IIT JEE Study Guide

be more than 1/3. Then they correct it wrongly i.e. 1/2 < 1/x < 1/3. If we understand the graph of reciprocal function y = 1/x, say from the NCERT book, we find that for 2 < x < 3, 1/x ( , 1/2) (1/3, ). These simple concepts help a lot in finding domain, range of functions in calculus and solving many inequalities.

Graphs tells us many things about the function. Infact it is the horoscope of the function.

The point is more we apply logic in mathematics easier it becomes. You must have noticed that whenever mathematics starts becoming easier, one or two brain hacker questions just blow away your interest. Now if you work harder, and develop that creativity (comes with practice), the brain hackers turn to normal questions automatically.

The point is more we apply logic in mathematics more it becomes easier.

I always advice students whatever you hear or learn, try to feel it (isnt it funny). You must have your own opinion/logic for a particular theory or problem which will help you feel confident in your approach.

Albert Einstein had said correctly Pure mathematics is, in its way, the poetry of logical ideas


IIT JEE Study Guide

10 Steps to Crack IIT JEE


IIT JEE Study Guide


IIT JEE Study Guide

Study tips for learning PhysicsPhysics is one of the fundamental subjects for Science students. One needs to score

good in Physics to score well in any exam be it tests at school or entrance tests like IIT

JEE, NEET etc. Physics is more to understand than to learn or study. One who is able

to undersatand the concepts analysing the real situations in his/her mind can easily

reach the depth of physics.

Misconceptions

Lets start with the general misconceptions about the way in which we study physics.

Students think that by mugging all the given formulae they can solve each and every

problem. Further they assume that just doing a bunch of questions while the topic is

being covered in the class shall make them thorough with the topic. They also expect

the questions in exams to be almost the same to which they have worked upon

sometime. My dear friends, we need to get over this misconceptions!!!

An Example

One has to have an art of solving problems after understanding the concept and by

applying it well. Let me explain this by taking a question on Relative Motion. I am sure

it would have troubled you at some point of time. Consider this question (the question

as such is very easy, I want to go through the process of attempting it)

A car moves at a constant speed of 40 kmph along a straight road towards a vertical

wall. A fly, flying at a constant speed of 100 kmph starts from the wall towards the car

at the instant when car is at 20 km away. After how much time the fly and car reach at

same point.

Lets now discuss a step by step way to solve this problem.


IIT JEE Study Guide

First of all, draw a relevent rough sketch which comes to your mind after reading

this question.

Write down the concept by which we solve the problem.

Do the calculations accurately and give the answer.

Going by above steps, solution would be as follows:

If we assume the car to be stationery, the fly would be approach the car with an speed

which is equal to the the sum of its own speed and the speed of the car. This is

equivalent to saying that we are calculating in frame of reference of the car. So, Speed

of fly relative to car= (100+40) km/h=140 km/h. Now, the time after which they are at

same point = Distance/ speed

= (20/140) hour = 0.14285 hour (answer)

So my point is that we should be able to relate concepts right from the basics.

Sometimes there are multiple concepts in a single question.

Do not hesitate to raise and clarify your doubts. You can have more fun in learning

physics through discussions with teachers and friends.

Physics is Real


IIT JEE Study Guide

Physics is about the real world. Try applying your knowledge with everyday activities.

The way ball bounces involves Physics. The reason why roads are banked has Physics

behind it. Discuss with your friends about these things around you.The beauty of

Physics is that there are real life examples in our everyday life.

Physics involves mathematics when it comes to problem solving part. And we cannot

imagine physics withoutnumericalbecause whatever we study has to be applied

further. So calculations play a mojor role.

Tips to solves problems in Physics

Draw diagrams to visualise the physical situation. They are not decoration but a

tool to support and guide your thinking. A useful diagram is thecenterpieceof a

good explanation.

Write down key concepts, principles, equations and assumptions.

Often you cant see the solution immediately. So work with what you know,

looking for intermediate results or ideas that will lead to a solution.

For numerical questions try to do the algebra first. Dont substitute the numeric

values until you have worked the problem algebraically. The algebraic solution

gives you more insight than mere numbers. On the other hand, the numerical

answer often gives you a good idea whether your procedure is right.

The Internet has certainly opened-up a host of possibilities and opportunities

for extended learning. Try visiting various sites available to develop a passion

and taste for the subject. This would not only widen your horizon but provide

you a higher level of built-in confidence about the subject. For instance, check

out Eduflix Q&A forum

Last but not the least, stick to a strict study plan wherein you give adequate time

for your learning in a healthy environment.

Have fun with physics and do share your tips and tricks about solving problems in

physics in comments below.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Isomerism in Chemical

Compounds

Q: In which of the following octahedral complex compounds - are facial and meridional forms possible- (a) [MA4B2] (B) [MA4XY] (C) [MA3B3] (D) [M(AA)2X2]

WHERE AA is a bidentate ligand

A: This type of isomerism is taught very well in the following Video Chapter: Coordination Compounds

The theory is rather simple, you need to know first what is facial and what is meridonal isomer. And before that you need to know what are cis and trans isomers. Notably, in each of these isomers ( stereo isomers ) it is the orientation of ligand(s) around the central metal atom that are different.

Taking the MA4B2 case: here there are 4 ligands of type A and 2 ligands of type B which are donating 4 + 2 = 6 lone pairs to the central metal atom (total 6 coordinate bonds). It has two isomers as below:

(Note that the coordinate bonds shown in the vertical direction are popping out of the plane in up and down direction, giving a octahedral shape to the compound. In the cis form (when spoken with respect to the ligand B) the angle between the ligands of type B is 90 degrees, whereas in the transform the angle between the ligands of type B is 180 degrees. This structure does not exhibit any facial and meridional isomerism - discussed later in this answer.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Introduction to facial and meridional isomerism

In simple terms the name of this isomerism was coined for special complexes (e.g. [Co(NH3)3Cl3] ) that had three of one type of donor ligand and three of another. If any three like ligands are each located at 90 degrees from the other two, the result is the facial isomer. This name arises from the fact that the three atoms define one face of the octahedron. If two of the three like ligands are located at 180 degrees from each other, then the result is the meridional isomer.

See below - MA3B3 will exhibit fac and mer isomers.

Also see how a octahedron looks - it has four ligands on a central plan, and one on the top and one below the plane :-)


IIT JEE Study Guide

Notably, M(AA)2X2 just makes cis and trans forms and not a facial / meridional form - simply because it lacks the minimum number of LIKE LIGANDS needed to make a face of the octahedron - which is 3 right ! I will come back sometime and draw out the structure of M(AA)2X2 which is interesting - since it has a bidentate ligand:

Copying a screenshot from Eduflix lecture on isomerism exhibited by [ M(AA)2B2 ], example used is [ Co (en)2 Cl2 ] where en is a bidentate ligand = Ethylene Diamene, each ligand has 2 lone pair sites.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Entrance Exam Preparation

Tips

[This is guest post written by Chinmay. Chinmay works with Netapp and this article is

based on his experiences while preparing for engineering entrance exam.]

The way the present generation pictures examinations and preparations is largely

different from how itused to be before. With not working hard and eleventh hour

preparations termed cool, peer pressureinfluences a lot on a students preparation.

Apart from the above set-backs, time management andplanning in the preparation for

any kind of entrance tests are very crucial and they directly determinethe performance.

First thing one needs for any kind of preparation is a proper plan: what are the topics

that need to becovered and their priorities with the time each topic would need. I

would recommend self-administeredtests at the end of each day, or at least twice a

week. Most importantly, the plan must take care thatall the topics are done covered

and the last couple of days are reserved for revision. By revision, I meansolving as

many question papers as possible and that would include full syllabus mock tests. I

remembermy brother telling me when I asked him how it was going a week before he

wrote Karnataka CET: Bro,I dont know if I could finish all the topics fully. Obviously,

he lacked a proper plan and importantly, hewas too involved in a single set of topics

rather than concentrating on all the topics. Of course, there arealways sections that

need more attention. But one should take care that there is room for covering alltopics

effectively. So prioritization is an essential part of planning.

Another trivial yet crucial point in preparations is set of study materials to refer from.

You cannot relyon the text books all the time. The best materials I recommend are the


IIT JEE Study Guide

notes and points you madeyourself while studying the regular course. If you dont

have something similar, find out something youare comfortable with and dont go for

something new when your preparations have already begun.

Alright then, along with the tips like these, we all have the experience of what has

worked for us in thepast and what hasnt. So, our adjusting own strengths and

weaknesses combined with the above tweakswill certainly help us maximize our

performance in any kind of competitive examination.

All the best!


IIT JEE Study Guide

Free Body Diagrams

These are my notes for making free body diagrams.

Newton's Second Law

Newton's Second Law can be written in a equation form as

F = ma

where F is force, m is mass of the body and a is acceleration

If F is constant, a is also constant.

Further F and a can be analyzed as vectors in x, y and z direction

Typically, questions asked have following types of forces -

1. Gravity (mg) - questions involving vertical motion2. Tension (T) - questions involving strings3. Contact Force - normal force4. Frictional Force - Force between surface of bodies5. Spring - questions with spring

and many more...

Free Body Diagram

In the diagram above, we can write FBD equations for two directions - x and y

In x direction,

F = ma, assuming no frictional force

In y direction,


IIT JEE Study Guide

N - mg = 0, as vertical acceleration is zero

These are some points I try to remember -

Analyze the problem and draw the diagram as described in the problem. Draw all the forces acting on the body

There may by multiple objects - draw free body diagram of all the objects involved

Do not include any internal forces inside the object Analyze the forces in coordinate systems - x, y and z We are assuming that it is intertial frame for the above point If it is non-intertial frame, also apply the pseudo force Use the constraints in the system - eg. length of the string or relation

between two objects, massless strings, massless pulleys, frictionless surface etc.

Write down equations of motion in each directionFor solving problems with pulleys, I found the following problem useful - How to solve problems with pulleys?

In general, I found the quality of questions related to mechanics good. Will add more notes after solving problems from IE Irodov


IIT JEE Study Guide

Why Studying Hard Is Not

Enough!

I have seen lot of students asking questions and making statements like these -

How many hours do we need to study to clear IIT JEE

Rohan used to study 9 hours a day for his AIEEE exam

..and so on. I find it really funny because it reminds me of a situation I studied in

Physics many years back. Consider the four situations shown below.


IIT JEE Study Guide

In all the four conditions, the sketched guy is exerting equal force. In our analogy, a

student is putting same level of effort in four different situation.

But would one get similar results in all four cases. No!!

So, working hard is not enough!!

Putting more number of hours to your study is not enough!!

Measuring your progress with wrong metrics is not going to help you. So stop and

think. Coming back to our analogy of man pushing the block, he can try out multiple

things to get the most word done out of his efforts

- He can try to reduce the friction between the block and the surface

- Pick a surface where gravity helps him

- Never push against a wall

- Avoid vertical pushing against the ground (that will only make the box heavier)

So think how you can make your studies more effective. How you can achieve the

same results with half the number of hours you put it or how you can improve your

results with the same amount of time.

Always remember: Studying hard is not enough. Start studying smart!

Would love to hear ideas in comments below how are you making your studies more

effective?


IIT JEE Study Guide

How Can I Crack IIT JEE?[This is guest post by Vineet Kothari. Vineet cracked JEE in year 1998 from a very small

village of Rajasthan. He studied at IITB and currently he works with an MNC in

Semiconductor Industry. These are his personal opinions and may or may not be

different from that of Eduflix]

Every now and then students ask questions like -

How can I crack IIT JEE?

Or

What are the best books for preparing for IIT JEE?

These questions are not wrong questions as such. Almost all students who are

preparing would have them. Also there would be hundreds of people advising on the

right strategies, right books and so on. In fact this questions have been answered so

many times [just search it on google and you will understand what I mean] that we

dont need yet another article to write just that.

The purpose of this article is something else. If you look for the best books for IIT,

you will see the whole list of books HC Verma, IE Irodov, Morrison Boyd, TMH etc

[Check here for comprehensive list]. And most of the students study for one or the

other books. But only few make it to IITs. Why is it that even when all the students read

from the same books, only few are able to crack JEE?

Let us look at another story: This is story of Sachin Tendulkar. I dont need to write

about the greatness of this indian batsman but do you know how he achieved all this?

Luck and his abilities played role to some extend but do you think that out of so many

people of his age who were playing cricket, all except him were unlucky or were not

capable enough? No. There were thousands of aspirants who wanted to become star

cricketers. They had bats, they had teams, they enjoyed cricket. They knew basic


IIT JEE Study Guide

concepts of hitting the ball and techniques of scoring high. Some of them were also

lucky to have good coaches.

So what do you think makes the difference?

Its called grit.

What is grit?

Grit is defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals.. Let me explain it

graphically and with the context to JEE. In general, your JEE preparation graph will

look as follows

The stages of emotions while preparing for JEE

The x-axis is the timeline and considering the competitiveness of JEE, it can be easily

assumed that you will have to study for one to two years to prepare for it. During this

timeframe, you will go through many stages ups and downs. With every downslide,

you might want to give up and with every up slide you will be on top of the world.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Sometimes you will crawl like a snail and sometimes you will run like a cheetah

towards your goal. But the key is to keep moving. And that is what we call grit. You

keep persevering for your goals with the same passion irrespective of temporary

setbacks.

Grit, my friends, will be one of the biggest factors that will decide whether you get

through JEE or not.

Apart from grit, also remember that it is important to employ your resources in the most

effective way. You might be studying hard for JEE, but studying hard is not enough

[Read this Why Studying Hard Is Not Enough!

To summarize: everybody knows how to play cricket, everbody know which books to

read, everybody does the same syllabus. Nothing is different. However, winners do

things differently. They dont give up in those setbacks. They realize that these setbacks

are temporary. They also study efficiently. Be a winner. All the best!


IIT JEE Study Guide

What Are The Best Books To

Prepare for IIT JEE

PHYSICS

For School level physics - NCERT / CBSE books are good. For entrance exams (IIT JEE / ISEET) you might like to go for more books

Concepts of Physics by H. C. Verma Problems in Physics by I .E. Irodov Fundamentals of Physics, By Halliday, Resnick & Walker Circuits devices and systems by R.J. Smith

Synchronized with Eduflix video lectures (books that can be referred with eduflix video lectures)

Cengage Physics for JEE/ISEET: Electrostatics and Current Electricity by BM Sharma

Cengage Physics for JEE/ISEET: Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction by BM Sharma

Cengage Physics for JEE/ISEET: Mechanics I by BM Sharma

Cengage Physics for JEE/ISEET: Mechanics II by BM Sharma

Cengage Physics for JEE/ISEET: Optics & Modern Physics by BM Sharma

Cengage Physics for JEE/ISEET: Waves & Thermodynamics by BM Sharma


IIT JEE Study Guide

CHEMISTRY

In last few years, the quality of CBSE books have improved a lot. Other state boards are also catching up. So for concepts, your NCERT books are good.

Also you will find that everyone will have his or her favorite book for different concepts. For IIT JEE etc, you need books covering syllabus of 11th and 12th. Here is list of some good books -

For All concepts

1. NCERT Books2. Chemistry for IIT-JEE by Tata-McGraw Hill

For Organic Chemistry

1. Morrison & Boyd2. Solutions to Morrison Boyd3. Organic Chemistry by Solomon and Ryhle

For Inorganic Chemistry

1. IIT Chemistry by O.P. Aggarwal2. Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee

For General Chemistry

1. O.P. Aggarwal2. J.D. Lee3. R.C.Mukerjee

Suggested reading with Eduflix video lectures

Organic Chemistry:

Pragati IIT-JEE Organic Chemistry by Dr. Jagdamba Singh Reaction Mechanisms by SN Sanyal

Physical Chemistry

O.P. Tandon for "theory" of Physical Chemistry Numerical Chemistry by P. Bahadur for "numericals"


IIT JEE Study Guide

Inorganic Chemistry

Arihant An Objective Approach to Inorganic Chemistry by Dr. RK Gupta

MATHEMATICS

Starting with NCERT/CBSE syllabus books would be good.

1. NCERT Books (in order of classes as it is well laid out syllabus)

2. R.D. Sharma for good reference and examples

3. R.S. Agarwal

Books synchronized with Eduflix video lectures

Ghanshyam Tewani Mathematics for JEE/ISEET: Algebra

Ghanshyam Tewani Mathematics for JEE/ISEET: Calculus

Ghanshyam Tewani Mathematics for JEE/ISEET: Coordinate Geometry

Ghanshyam Tewani Mathematics for JEE/ISEET: Trigonometry

Ghanshyam Tewani Mathematics for JEE/ISEET: Vectors & 3D Geometry


IIT JEE Study Guide

Methods to improve the

problem solving speed and

accuracyThere are tricks involved with all the topics that you will have to learn. Different concepts will need different ways to improve yourself. Let me give some examples

In mechanics (Physics) you can try to visualize the problem and try to draw a diagram

For maths topics like integration, differentiation etc, you can remember some usual tricks to break down problems into smaller problems

Some topics are very straight forward, eg. modern physics, physical chemistry etc. you just need to make sure you dont make any mistake. So practice will help

I will add some more

Try to solve as many problems as you can. First try to solve without any help and even if you look at solutions, look in phased manner (one step at a time). Will lot of practice, slowly you will not need any help.

While solving questions, make list of new tricks you learn while solving these questions. By the end of your preparation, you will have a long list.

Always Restrict your time to solve a set of (say 10) questions. No matter you do not solve all of them in that time limit.

Be thorough with all the formulae which you are going to be using while solving problems.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Introduce the habit of writing down the data of question as you read through it.

If not able to comprehend the question maximum after three attempts, jump to next question without wasting time on that.

Maintain a note of your daily self assessment papers. Try not repeating the same mistakes again and again. Practice diverse set of questions everyday.

Anyways, being said that, you need to be very thorough with your concepts because all what is written above doesnt make any sense if you dont know the concepts.

In summary, get all your concept rights, solve as many questions as possible and digest tricks involved with different topics. You will sail through. all the best!!


IIT JEE Study Guide

Balancing equations in

chemistryHere are some hints you could use to solve chemistry equations -

1. the number of each type of atom on the left must be the same as the number of each type of atom on the right.

2. treat groups of atoms such as SO4 as a block.

3. do not change the formula of a substance just to get the equation to balance.

4. Practice as much as you can.

Consider a very simple equation

H2SO4 + [x]NaOH -------> Na2SO4 + [y]H2O

What are x and y in this equation? The basic fact to remember here is that acid and alcali are reacted to get salt and water. This is a simple example, we just need to balance the atoms on both the sides. Consider NA and H2 - clearly indicates that x and y both are 2.

H2SO4 + 2NaOH -------> Na2SO4 + 2H2O

I am listing a quick first strategy below. But before that just wanted you to think WHY we balance chemical reactions in the first place. One of the reasons is well articulated in a previous post here wherein to know which reactant is in excess (and would be left behind) one needs to know the exact proportion in which they would react.

Strategy No. 1: (Works for Balancing Simple Equations): Look at the chemical equation for atoms of elements that occur in only one substance on each side of the equation (in the example above - 'S' is one such element). Begin by


IIT JEE Study Guide

balancing the equation in one of these atoms. Use the number of atoms on the left side of the equation as the coefficient of the substance containing that element on the right side and vice versa. After balancing one element in an equation the rest becomes easier.

There is a more advanced (but special) method used for balancing a particular class of reactions - which are oxidation-reduction. This is also called the half reaction method. It consists of first separating the equation into two half equations, one for oxidation and one for reduction. You balance each half-reaction then combine them to obtain a balanced oxidation-reduction reaction.

For example: how would one balance FeSO4 + KMnO4 +H2SO4 -> Fe2(SO4)3 + MnSO4 + H2O ?


IIT JEE Study Guide

Tracking Worksheet Physics[Take a printout of this page and update your progress every week.

Completion: Write in percentage terms how much have you completedConfidence: Write your confidence level out of 100]

Track Sheet for PhysicsTrack Sheet for PhysicsTrack Sheet for Physics

Topic Completion Confidence

Kinematics

Lawss of Motion

Gravitation

Work, Energy and Power

Properties of Bulk Matter

Oscillations and Waves

Thermodynamics

Electrostatics

Current Electricity

Magnetic Effects of Currents and Magnetism

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Optics

Modern Physics


IIT JEE Study Guide

Tracking Worksheet Chemistry[Take a printout of this page and update your progress every week.

Completion: Write in percentage terms how much have you completedConfidence: Write your confidence level out of 100]

Track Sheet for ChemistryTrack Sheet for ChemistryTrack Sheet for Chemistry


Classification of Elements and Periodicity

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Redox Reactions, Structure of Atom

Mole Concepts Equations and Chemical Equillibrium

Organic Chemistry - Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons

Organic Chemistry - Types of Effects

Organic Chemistry - Reagents and Reactions

Organic Chemistry - Isomerism

Surface Chemistry

Solutions

Coordination Compounds

Electrochemistry

Metallurgy, p/d/f Block Elements

Organic Chemistry - Detailed Functional

Organic Chemistry Name Reactions


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Tracking Worksheet MathsTrack Sheet for MathematicsTrack Sheet for MathematicsTrack Sheet for Mathematics


Set Theory and Functions

Trigonometry

Complex Numbers

Mathematical Induction

Quadratic Equations

Progression and Series

Permutations and Combinations

Probability

Binomial Theorem

Coordinate Geometry

Limits

Matrices

Determinants

Continuity and Differentiability

Applications of Derivatives

Integrals

Applications of the Integrals

Differential Equations

Vectors

Three-dimensional Geometry


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How to solve problems with

pulleys?

For any pulley problems, you can use any one, two or three of the following concepts -

1.Check the constraint on the length of the strings involved in pulley system. Typically, the length of the string would be constant. There can be other constraints, like the movement in one pulley will result in 2x movement of string with another pulley. For example,

consider the system below -

Here one simple constraint is

L = A + B + C (where L is the total length of the string). This L will always be constant.

Now lets assume, that the mass attached with string C moves down by x. Then, what would be the movement of pulley hanging with string A and B? Lets say it is y. Then, by applying the constraint above, we have

L = (A-y) + (B-y) + (C+x)

Assuming A=B,

L = 2A - 2y + C + x


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Also,

L = 2A + C

This means x = 2y.

1. The second concept you can apply is conservation of energy. Calculate the gain/loss in energy of various masses involved with the pulley system. You will need to remember only one thing - either kinetic energy is converting to potential energy of potential energy is converting to kinetic energy

2. And lastly, the newtons law. Balance the force wherever you can.

In some problems, you might need just one of these, in others all three.

Let me illustrate this using a beautiful problem from Irodov. The problem goes like this -

Consider the arrangement in the figure below -

The mass of body M1 = 4M2. The height h=20cm. The masses of pulleys and threads, and friction is negligible. At a certain moment body M2 is released. What is max height body M2 will go?

Now, how do we approach this problem? The first thing to note is that there are two steps body M2 will attain the max height. The height attained when body M1


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lands on the surface followed by height attained because of velocity it will reach because of sudden acceleration.

Interestingly, this problem can be solved by two ways -

1) Using the constraint on string length and conservation of energy and 2) Using the constraint on string length and Newton's law

Lets first try using 1).

As seen in the illustration of first constraint (length of string), we can see that if mass M1 moves distance of x, mass M2 will move by 2x.

Lets apply conservation of energy. Energy in initial position is (M1)gh - potential energy due to M1.

The energy when M1 touched ground is sum of kinetic energy of M1 and M2 and potential energy of M2 (note that M2 would move 2h. same applies for velocity and acceleration)

= (1/2) M1v^2 + (1/2) M2v^2 + M2g(2h) = M1gh

Using M1 = 4M2, we have

=> (1/2)4v^2 + (1/2)*(2v)^2 + 2gh = 4gh

=> v^2 = gh/2 (1)

Remember, the velocity of M2 will be twice of v. Now kinetic energy because of this velocity of M2 will be used to achieve extra height by M2, lets say h2. Again balancing the energy -

M2gh2 = (1/2)M2(2v)^2 = (1/2)M24v^2

Substitute v^2 from equation (1)

h2 = h

Therefor max height = 2h + h2 = 2h + h = 3h


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Now try to solve using Newtons law - I will leave this as an exercise to you. As a hint, I will just draw the forces acting on three moving systems.


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Valency ChartIn Chemistry valency, also known as valence or valence number, is a measure of the number of bonds formed by an atom of a given element (or a radical). As an example, Nitrogen (N) has a total number of 5 valence electrons but in NH3 since it is forming just three N-H bonds its valency here is 3.

So quickly: there is the concept of valency and another concept of maximum valency. Nitrogen's maximum valency is 5, and particular valency of inside NH3 is 3.

First let me quickly summarize the difference in nomenclature between the compounds that are called - ide, ite, ate (and another one called hypo-ite).

(a) 'ide': is a binary compound of just a metal and an electro-negative non-metal. E.g. Mg3N2 is Magnesium nitride. There is no Oxygen in the compound.

The remaining three compound types below (b), (c) & (d) have Oxygen in them in addition to a central non-metal: however nomenclature follows from 'ate', to 'ite' to 'hypo-ite' perdecreasing order of Oxygen present - 'ate indicates highest amount of Oxygen present (per one atom of non-metal) and hypo-ite indicates least amount of Oxygen.

(b) 'ate': as in Sodium Nitrate, NaNO3 (has 3 atoms of Oxygen for 1 Nitrogen)

(c) 'ite': as in Sodium Nitite, NaNO2 (has 2 atoms of Oxygen for 1 N)

(d) 'hypo-ite' as in Sodium Hypo Nitrite, Na2N2O2 (has 1 atom of O for each N)

To determine valency of the radicals in each of the above cases (NO3, NO2, N2O2 for example), it is a good idea to identify:

(1) Which is the lesser electronegative element: in our case - between Nitrogen and Oxygen - it is Nitrogen and would therefore be our central atom.

(2) What are the total number of valence electrons: N has 5 and O has 6, and thus the total number of valence electrons for each of the radicals is per the chart below:


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Clearly, for Nitride it needs to gain three electrons to attain its octet (5 + 3 = 8 electrons), and thus the radical should have a valency of 3, and ion formula: N3-.

For Nitrate: it has 23 valence electrons in total, 5 from N and 3 * (6 from Oxygen). That is 23 valence electrons from the 4 atoms (1 Nitrogen, 3 Oxygen). Now, for the 4 atoms to each complete their own Octets - they should each be able to see 8 electrons in their valence shell via lone pairs and/or bond pairs. The gap is thus 32 electrons - 23 electrons, i.e. 9 electrons. At a minimum the radical should gain one electron to attain the total number of valence electrons = 24, and create at least 4 bond pairs to reach a 32 electron state in the valence shells. This is denoted in the Lewis structure below, and thus Nitrate has a net 1e- negative charge, making its valency = 1.

Lewis Dot Structure of Nitrate Radical:

And using a similar argument Nitrite should have a formula of NO2- (i.e. it should gain 1e- to make 18 electrons in its valence shells, and then make 3 bond pairs


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to achieve aneffective number of 24 electrons - for the 3 number of participating atoms to effectivelycomplete their Octets), and thus a valency of 1.

Lewis Dot Structure of Nitrite Radical:

Then, Hypo-nitrite should have a formula of N2O2(2-) and valency of 2. Above is one of the ways / basic approach used to arrive at the valency of few radicals.


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IIT JEE Study Guide

Is it easier to pull or push a

roller?

when pushing, consider the two components of force (applied in the direction of handle) acting horizontal and vertical. horizontal force is helping go in forward direction while vertical force is acting downward making the roller further heavier.

however while pulling, horizontal direction is helping it move forward but vertical force is acting upward, making the roller lighter.

hence pulling will be easier than pushing in this case.


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On Atwood Machine

The Atwood machine is a common classroom demonstration used to illustrate principles of classical mechanics.

The ideal Atwood Machine consists of two objects of mass m1 and m2, connected by an inextensible massless string over an ideal massless pulley.

But you have increased the complexity of problem by applying force F to masses. I can assume that this is acting downward for both the masses. Actually this doesnt matter as this will cancel out for both the blocks but for understanding purpose, lets keep it.

Just try to balance in the above diagram. Remember the constraint that acceleration will be same for both the blocks as they are tied using a string

For m

mg - T + F = ma (equation 1)

For m'

T - m'g - F = m'a (equation 1)

Add both the sides of equation 1 and equation 2

(m-m')g = (m+m')a

=> a = (m-m')g/(m+m')


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Frame of ReferenceFrame of reference refers to a coordinate system or set of axes within which to measure the position, orientation, and other properties of objects in it, or it may refer to an observational reference frame tied to the state of motion of an observer. It may also refer to both an observational reference frame and an attached coordinate system as a unit.Lets understand it in simpler terms. Frame of reference is the set of coordinate system that can be used to study the motion of an observer. For instance, in the given question we can consider three reference frames -

1. the frame of reference for the observer who is on the road [ this reference frame is stationary w.r.t. earth]. The speed of train in this reference frame is the given speed = 100 km/h. Lets call this reference frame as RF1

2. the reference frame for the observer on the train. If I see the motion of train while standing on the train, the motion would obviously be zero. So 100 - 100 = 0 km/h. Lets call this reference frame as RF2

3. reference frame for the observer moving on the opposite director of the train (RF3). From this frame the velocity of RF1 will be -5 km/h. So net velocity of train will from this reference frame will be 100 - (-5) = 105 km/h. This is found by subtracting the velocity of train with respect to RF1 with the velocity of RF3 with respect to RF1.

In general, we can find the velocity of an object in a reference frame RFi by using this formula

V(RFi) = Va - Vb

Where V(RFi) is the velocity of the object in the reference frame RFi

Va is the velocity of the object in som given reference frame

Vb is the velocity of the reference frame RFi with respect to the given reference frame.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Last Minute Preparation for IIT

JEE

There is not much time remaining now for IIT JEE 2013. And students attempting this

year must be getting advice from lot of people on how to prepare for IIT JEE in last one

month. While writing this article, I just did a search and found many articles providing

tips and tricks on the same. So there are ten different sources telling you ten different

things. Confused, yeah?

Well, here are my two cents dont listen to them fully. Because nobody knows how

you should prepare better than yourself. While these might be of some help, one size

does not fit all and these general purpose advices / tips might not be for you. Being

said that, I will just list down some points that will help you creating a strategy to

leverage maximum out of these days -

1. Compose yourself Take stock of the situation. List down what topics you have

covered, what you have not covered etc. Draw a rough map on topics with your strong

points and weak points. Spend around an hour to do this, and I am sure this

introspection will help you create a better plan for next few days.

2. Create a plan So now you have assessed the situation and you know the number

of days you have got. Now create a plan. Do you want to focus on revision? Definitely

you should. Do you want to grasp something new you havent covered yet? Slightly

risky, but it depends on where you are. Or you just want to attempt mock test papers/

IIT JEE previous question papers? Balance between these three activities based on

your comfort level and create a time plan for yourself.


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3. Chill a bit I missed out one more activity in the point 2 above. And this one is very

important. As the exam time approaches, you should relax your schedule and have

good sleep. Think like this, you need to keep the best for the final day and your brain

has to be at its best on that day. So do take this into account while creating a time

plan for yourself. The last thing you want to do is stress yourself.


IIT JEE Study Guide

Coaching Classes Vs Self Study

For IIT JEELot of parents and students ask me this question whether one should go to coaching

classes or do the self preparation for exams like JEE/ISEET, NEET etc? This is very

subjective question and there is no definitive answer to it. This puts me in the similar

situation as Lord Krishna in Mahabharata I can be your charioteer but I cannot fight

with you. In other words, I can help you decide whether you go to coaching class or do

self study but cannot give the answer as yes or no. Here I will list down few things that

will help you in finding the right answer for yourself -

Are you ready for another classroom?

Classrooms have their own significance you interact with you your teachers, discuss

with your friends and participate in various activities. Most of our school time passes in

a classroom. Now, if you decide to go to a coaching class, there is another classroom

waiting for you. So depending on the time of your classes, you are spending extra 2-4

hours or your day in a classroom, leaving you lesser time to study on your own at your

own pace. Exams like JEE test your problem solving abilities. So once you understand

the concepts that you learn in schools, you are tested how you can apply them to solve

difficult problems. That can only happen when you are on your own with external help if

you get stuck. In short, you should go to coaching only if you will getsufficienttime for

self study after school and coaching classes.

Is the coaching class good enough?


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Accept this fact, majority of the coaching classes are not good. Dont fall for the

marketing tactics used by them to lure you into paying Lacs of rupees. There is also

teacher factor involved, so the quality of coaching class can go up or down depending

on good teachers coming or leaving it. So do consider this before joining any coaching.

Since lot of these coaching classes take one time fee and do not refund it, your money

(and time) will go waste if you do not find it good.

Are you traveling far to attend coaching?

Because of various reasons, the coaching centers for JEE, AIEEE etc have been

centered around few cities like Kota, Indore, Delhi, Hyderabad etc. Lot of students

flock to these cities with the hopes of getting good education. This comes at the

expense of the school study and lot of money. Most of the times, students forget to

consider the overheads involved with moving to another city. Finding a place to live,

finding good food to eat, taking care of other daily chores. While these things do teach

you a lot about life, unfortunately you waste lot of precious time that you should be

utilizing for solving problems. And your cushy home is the best place to do that.

How much help do you need?

God has gifted each one of us in a different way. Some of us are good in Maths and

some us may need extra help in Chemistry. So depending your learning needs, you

might need varied degree of help. Assess yourself and check how much help you

need. Also keep in mind that the coaching classes are not personalized according to

your needs and they cater to the entire class consisting of students with varied

strengths and weaknesses. So think about this before making your decision.

Are you self disciplined?

Self study needs lot of self discipline and self motivation. While we all have the power

to improve on both these fronts but lets accept this, some of us give up too soon.


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Specially with the challenges faced in preparation for so tough and competitive exams.

Joining a class covers up for that because you need to keep up with the pace of the

classroom. Another point to consider before making your decision.

Now here is the plug What if coaching class comes to your room giving you

advantage of both the coaching class and the self study? If you think this sound great,

do check out our courses at http://eduflix.tv/courses/

Easy way to learn periodic table

When I attended college, one of my professors suggested a very good way to

remember the color coding of resistors in my electrical engineering class. If you are

unfamiliar with resistors color coding, to explain simply, a resistor is just painted with

some colors from which anybody can find out the value of that resistor. Now since it is

difficult to remember what color stands for what number, he created a simple phrase -

B B Roy Of Great Britain Has a Very Good Wife. This phrase was to remember the

term color pattern BBROYGBVGW

Now when I was teaching my nephew about the periodic table, he faced lot of

problems in remembering the elements and their position. And then came this

idea how we can remember abstract things by creating a phrase around it. So if

you are also facing problem in remembering periodic elements, device some

phrases for various groups in the periodic table. It will be easier.


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