IIM PLAN FOR RUTLAND ISLAND - Andaman & Nicobar ... ISLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN (IIMP) FOR ANDAMAN &...

INTEGRATED ISLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN (IIMP) FOR ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

IIM PLAN FOR

RUTLAND ISLAND SOUTH ANDAMAN DISTRICT

National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management

Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change Anna University Campus

Chennai - 600025

January 2018

Integrated Island Management (IIM) Plan for Rutland Island

(South Andaman)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl.No. TITLE Page I Executive Summary 1 1 Background 12 2 Rutland Island (South Andaman) 12 3 Preparation of IIM Plan for Rutland Island 16 4 Demarcation of NDZ/Setback Area 18 5 Existing Land Use 20 6 Existing Residential Area 23 7 Existing and Proposed Conservation and

Preservation Areas 25

8 Proposed Prohibited, Regulated and Permissible Activities

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9 Existing and Proposed Infrastructure Development

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10 Conservation Management Plan for ESAs 40 11 Water and Waste Management Plan 52 12 Energy Management Plan 58 13 Tourism Management Plan 82 14 Sustainable Livelihood Developmental Plan 87 15 IIM Plan for Rutland Island 89

List of Annexes Annex 1 Guidelines for preparation of Integrated

Island Management Plans and Island Coastal regulation Zone

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Annex 2 Criteria for demarcation of NDZ / setback area

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Annex 3 List of mangrove, coral reefs and seaweed species found in Rutland Island

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Executive Summary

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Executive Summary The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India issued the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2011 for the mainland and the Island Protection Zone (IPZ) Notification, 2011, to protect the coastal environment of the Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) and Lakshadweep group of Islands. As per the IPZ Notification, 2011, Integrated Island Management Plans (IIMPs), are required to be prepared by the Andaman Administration for the smaller islands. The other islands having large geographical areas under the Island Coastal Regulation Zone (ICRZ) category (North Andaman, Middle Andaman, Long Island, Baratang, South Andaman, Neil, Little Andaman, Havelock Island, Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar Island), and ICRZ plans have to be prepared for these islands. 1. Preparation of IIM Plan for Rutland Island The IIM plan for Rutland Island provides setback line from High Tide Line (HTL), preservation and conservation areas of fragile ecosystems, livelihood opportunities for inhabitants and strategies for sustainable development. 1.1. Methodology

The IIM Plan has been prepared as per the guidelines stipulated in IPZ Notification, 2011 (Annex-I). The methodology adopted for determination of setback line has been described in Annexure- II. A majority of the information listed in the guidelines was collected from the island during field surveys. Primary data/ information collected during the field survey, interalia, includes elevation and High Tide Line (HTL) using standard methods. RTK GPS and Total Station instruments were used to determine the elevation of the islands at 0.6m up to the highest elevation in the island.

Information on aerial coverage of Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) such as mangroves, coral reefs, seagrasses, seaweeds, turtle nesting grounds etc. were collected using high resolution remote sensing data (LISS-IV (5.8m) of 2012-13) along with extensive ground verifications. The map on coral reef distribution prepared by Space Application Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad in 2007 was also taken into consideration for the present work.

2. Components of IIM Plan for Rutland Island The IIM Plan of Rutland Island contains the following components:

(i) Demarcation of Setback Area (ii) Existing Land Use (iii) Existing Residential Area (iv) Existing and Proposed Conservation & Preservation Areas

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(v) Proposed Prohibited, Regulated & Permissible Activities (vi) Existing and Proposed Infrastructure Development (vii) Conservation Management Plan for ESAs (viii) Water and Waste Management Plan (ix) Energy Management Plan (x) Tourism Management Plan (xi) Sustainable Livelihood Development Plan

2.1. Demarcation of Setback Area

The coastal setback area is a ‘No Development Zone’, which refers to the stretch of coastal area (between HTL and Setback line) where developmental activities are prohibited or otherwise restricted. The criterion for determining the setback line is based on the approach adopted in Lakshadweep IIM Plan which was developed by Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Trivandrum and accepted by a Committee of Experts. The no-development setback or buffer zone in the island is determined on the basis of its differential exposure to anticipated sea level rise, which has been estimated as 0.6m by the end of this century. Since other hazards such as coastal erosion, which is mostly seasonal and do not a have regular pattern, storm surge and tsunami are time varied and rare events, these hazards were not taken into account while determining the setback line. Based on the scientific approach outlined in the Annex-II, a uniform setback distance was assigned around the island as a conservation measure. The population in the island is safe from the impact of coastal flooding, tsunami, sea level rise, as they are located in the elevated areas. Based on the topography, the maximum distance observed for the elevation of 0.6m is 50m from the HTL. Hence a NDZ of 50m is taken as a uniform setback distance around the island as a conservation measure. 2.2. Existing Land Use The topography of the island is hilly and undulating with a maximum elevation of about 435m. According to the Forest Statistics 2009, the total geographical area of island is about 13,770 ha. Out of the total geographical area, the total forest area is 13,617 ha (98.80 %) and the non-forest area is 153 ha. (02.27%). The entire forest area of the Rutland Island is classified as Protected Forest which includes the mangrove forests as well. The major agricultural crops grown in the island are Paddy, Coconut, Arecanut and fruits and in addition to which, vegetables namely Brinjal, Ginger, Ladies finger, Tomato, Gourd and Pumpkin are also grown.

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2.3. Existing Residential Area

The settlement in this island is concentrated on the north central part in Bamboo Nallah & Kichad Nalla, R.M. Point, Anarkali Basti and Southern side Bada Khari revenue villages. As per the Census data 2011, the Rutland Island has a population of 460 persons (Male: 262; Female: 198) and the total number of households being 130. Out of total population, the Rutland Island Revenue Village has a population of 76 (Male: 47; Female: 29) with 26 households; Bamboo Nallah including Kichad Nallaha has a total population of 96 (Male: 54; Female: 42) with house hold being 32; Bada Khari (including Anarkali bashithi) having 169 population (Male:101; Female: 68) and 57 households. There are 221 literates in Rutland Island in which 145 are male and 77 are females. Total workers are 217 (male: 167; Female: 40). The population in this island is being reduced from the past ten years. As per the Census, 2001, the total population was 688 (Male: 410; Female: 278) and no. of house hold was 194. Rutland had a population of 772 persons in 1981 (Census), and it decreased to 562 persons in 1991 with 333 males and 229 females. 2.4 Existing and Proposed Conservation & Preservation Areas Apart from the areas covered under protected forest, the ESAs and other important coastal geomorphological features of the island include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and seaweed beds, turtle nesting sites and sandy beaches. These areas were taken into consideration for preparing IIMP to protect the island’s unique environment and its marine area (upto 12 nautical miles). a. Mangroves and Other Forests

Thick patches of mangroves are seen in Kalapahar creek, bagandagiri, north of Postman bay, Pandanallah creek and south of Ghasnallah beach which protects the land from natural hazard such as tsunami, cyclone, etc. it has been estimated that the total area of the mangrove in this Island is around 380 hectares . b. Coral Reefs

In Rutland Island, the coral reefs are narrow, linear and extensively developed as fringing reefs. The coastal topology of the island is gentle in slope, corals grow up to 8 m depth. The sandy shallow water is especially suitable for diverse coral fringing reefs. The reefs are dominated mainly by Porites solida, and P. lutea (48.16%) followed by encrusting Montipora (10.22%), Hydnopora rigida and H. microconos (8.29%) and Acropora (7.81%). In eastern side of the Rutland Island, the coral growth starts 50m from the shore, the reef slope is gentle and coral growth continues to a depth of 8m, beyond which the bottom is sandy. The coral cover was 26.9% in 2003, dominated by Porites solida and P. lutea (48.2%) followed by encrusting Montipora (10.2%), Hydnophora rigida and H. microconos (8.3%) and Acropora (7.8%).

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c. Turtle Nesting Sites and Sandy Beaches

Four species of sea turtles which include the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) are reported in the beaches of Rutland Island. Out of the various beaches of the island, Jahaji, Photonallah and Dhaninallah beaches are important turtle nesting sites. The peak leatherback nesting season is also the tourist season and tourism will have a major effect on turtle nesting in Jahaji beach. The Jahaji, Photonellah and Dhaninallah beaches are turtle nesting grounds. Green, Olive ridley, Hawksbill and Giant leatherback turtles visit these beaches for nesting. Rutland Island contains few sandy pocket beaches. Of these Jahaji, Woodmason, Thudnalla, Photonallah, Ghasnallah, Dhaninallah and Postman bay beaches are other important sighted as turtle nesting sites. d. Seaweed and Seagrass Beds Seagrass and seaweed beds are found along the north western region of the island embedded between extensive coral reefs Five species of seagrass namely Halophilia ovata, Halodule pinifolia, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata and Enhalus acoroides have so far been recorded from Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP). Due to government-approved timber felling, the sediment load in coastal waters has increased and has adversely affected the distribution of seagrass in Rutland Island. Seaweeds occur in the north eastern side of the Rutland Island at 92°40'14.02"E 11°28'58.33"N which was determined from the field investigation. With the above status, the following habitats are brought under the proposed conservation and preservation areas for the Rutland Island: Conservation Areas Preservation Areas

1. Mariculture 1) Mangroves and other forest area 2. Turtle nesting ground 2) Seaweed / Seagrass bed

3) Inter-tidal zone 4) Sandy beaches 5) Marine National Park

6) Coral reef with submerged rock. The list of Mangroves, corals, seaweed and seagrass species found in the Rutland Island is given at Annex-III. 2.5 Proposed Prohibited, Regulated & Permissible Activities

In order to prescribe the activities that could be permitted, prohibited and regulated in the land and aquatic area, relevant provisions of the ICRZ of the IPZ Notification, 2011 was considered. The notification deals with NDZ as a separate area and prescribes prohibited and exceptional activities with a view of facilitation of conservation of NDZ area. The

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methodology for determining NDZ has been described in Annexure-II. In this regard, Para III (D) (3) (a) of IPZ Notification dated 6th Jan 2011 may be relevant for A&N also. As the notification does not describe NDZ aspects for A&N (Rutland Island, South Andaman) which is to be dealt under IIMPs, ICRZ provisions for prescribing prohibited and regulated activities felt to be ideal and could be used in IIMPs of A&N islands. Accordingly following classification along with details of prohibited, permitted and regulated activities are suggested. As the sea and landmass of the islands are inter-connected in terms of ecology, the entire island consisting of land and adjoining sea is considered as a single ecosystem. Accordingly, the island ecosystem is categorized into:

(i) Preservation Zone: Reserve forest, mangroves, reef slope with live coral, seagrass bed,

seaweeds, sandy beach and other zones that will be declared by Island Administration as and when existence of endangered/rare/vulnerable species of plants and animals are found.

(ii) Conservation Zone: Setback area (No Development Zone - NDZ), Reef flat with dead coral.

(iii) Regulated Development Zone: It includes beach (outside setback area -NDZ) and non-forest land part of the island which is undeveloped and sparsely populated.

Different zones such as conservation zone, preservation zone, buffer zone, regulated development zone, etc., would have different regulations and is briefly summarized in the report. The activities which are permitted in the No Development Zone (NDZ) (as given in IPZ 2011 Notification for ICRZ - I areas) are also given in the report. 2.6 Existing and Proposed Infrastructure Development

All the existing and the proposed development schemes for the coming 10 years (2011-21) have been mapped in consultation with the UT Administration of A&N. The existing scheme has government establishments including Primary School - 2 (36 children enrolled) Social Welfare (Anganwadi Centre) – 4 Hospital Sub Centre - 1 EB Branch post office – 1 Letter Box - 1 Forest police station or camp – 3

As far as other infrastructure is concerned, jetty and internal road are the existing major developments.

As per the details forwarded by the UT Administration (Letter No. CF/EPA/83/Vol.IX/344 (A) dated 29th January, 2016), the following are the proposed developmental plans in Rutland Island.

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Proposed Developmental Plans for IIM Plan for Rutland Island Sl.No. Department of

A&N Proposed developmental plans Remarks by NCSCM

1 Andaman Public Works Department (APWD)

Proposed sub-marine pipeline through Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Rutland to Manjeri.

The location of the project has been indicated in the IIM Plan.

2 Directorate of Disaster management, A&N Administration

Establishment of Global Navigation Satellite System/ Strong motion network Emergency Communication undertaken by INCOIS.

Site location has been indicated in the IIM Plan.

3 Port Management Board

Extension of existing jetty at Rutland.


2.7. Conservation Management Plan The framework for a conservation management plan for Rutland Island was developed after going through existing management documents, reports and research recommendations. Activities for capacity building, awareness creation and co-management have been discussed along with establishment of conservation measures and threats/stress factors. The following management interventions have been suggested for ESAs in Rutland Island. I. Immediate Measures

(i) The A&N Administration shall prohibit dredging, sand mining or any other activities like construction of foreshore facilities, laying of pipe lines, etc that are detrimental to the coastline and the coral reefs.

(ii) The A&N Administration shall prohibit the dumping of any kind of waste, including untreated sewage and solid waste and shall put in place source segregation, collection, transportation, storage, processing and disposal, as per the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 as amended.

(iii) In the light of potential threats from various invasive alien species to the marine waters of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the quarantine measures at the entry points shall be strengthened and standard operating procedures to handle eventualities shall be developed. This would include facilities for isolation and fumigation of plants and animals coming into the islands; training and posting personnel at both airport and seaport; monitoring of disease and pest outbreaks and providing solutions.

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II. Short-term Measures

(i) The Dept. of Environment and Forests, ANI is implementing a project, jointly with Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), for monitoring the coral reef health through permanent monitoring plots. It is recommended that the above ecosystem health assessment program shall assess and track the changes in reef communities in response to natural and anthropogenic stressors. Further, the above study shall also assess the conservation value of the reef ecosystems, based on which the highly sensitive areas shall be identified and notified under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 so as to maintain the pristine nature of such areas.

(ii) The ballast water discharge from the ships and tourist cruises should be strictly prohibited in order to protect the reef biodiversity from invasive organisms, in accordance with the provisions of Merchant Shipping Act (1958 & Amendments). The UT Administration shall put in place a scientific monitoring system to analyse the invasive species.

(iii) The UT Administration shall take up an integrated approach involving all stakeholders in the islands to promote conservation of coral reefs and its biodiversity.

III. Long-term Measures

(i) Keeping in view the conservation and protection of coral reef and its biodiversity in a long term, UT Administration along with MoEF&CC shall put in place a strong institutional mechanism for planning and implementing the above recommendations.

(ii) Periodical studies shall be conducted to assess the land based impact to the coral reef ecosystem and take appropriate remedial measures for their protection.

(iii) Detailed studies shall be conducted to identify the mangrove degraded locations in ANI and take appropriate measures for planting of mangroves in the degraded patches.

(iv) The A&N Administration shall engage with the fishing community in order to formulate appropriate regulatory measures for sustainable fishing.

(v) The A&N Administration shall identify and establish new protected areas and develop management strategies for such protected areas.

(vi) Awareness on the importance and value of ESAs and associated biodiversity has to be created at all levels of the society including the students, officials and the general public, using appropriate methods/modules/tools.

2.8. Water and Waste Management Plan Solid wastes that are generated in Rutland Island, from around 130 households are minimum, which include biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. This include house sweeping, kitchen waste, garden waste, agro waste, broken glass, metal, waste paper, plastic, cloths,

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rubber, waste from markets, etc. There is no information on quantity of waste generation and waste disposal mechanism in Rutland Island. The following strategies shall be considered for better solid waste management in Rutland Island: 1. The UT Administration shall put in place source segregation, collection,

transportation, storage, processing and disposal, as per the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 as amended.

2. The UT Administration shall prepare comprehensive data based on the waste generation as well as prevalent waste management practices by earliest. These data base should be regularly updated. NCSCM, Chennai may be involved in the exercise.

3. The UT Administration shall adopt suitable technology or combination of appropriate technologies with the approval of concerned UT Pollution Control Committee with the standards prescribed under the Rules.

4. The UT Administration shall make it mandatory for the commercial units such as tourism and other commercial establishments to put in place a waste management system as per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 as amended.

5. For the management of building wastes, the relevant provisions of the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016, as notified by the MoEF&CC from time to time shall be followed.

6. Medical wastes generated from the primary dispensaries shall be strictly treated as per Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016.

7. The UT Administration shall put in place Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, by MoEF&CC. In view of the island conditions, the UT Administration shall ban on use of plastic carry bags.

8. Considering the island ecology, ground water table and long rainy seasons, landfills may not be advisable. The UT Administration along with NCSCM shall explore various methods/ technologies for appropriate reuse and recycling of solid wastes including non-biodegradable wastes.

I. Liquid Waste Management The source of waste water in Rutland Island is limited which includes waste water from domestic uses (e.g from toilet, bathroom, washing of clothes and from kitchen) and there is hardly any industrial and commercial activity generating effluent. Waste water from domestic use requires biological or chemical treatment and disinfection before re-use. Treated water can be reused for garden watering, fodder raising and kitchen gardening.

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At present, the island does not have sewage treatment facility. Since there is no industrial pollution and generation of domestic waste is in limited quantity, sewage management was not the priority. The following strategies shall be considered for better wastewater management in Rutland Island: 1) For effective management of water, focus should be on management at household level. In case it cannot be managed at household level, management at the community level should be done. As far as possible, water generated at household level should be managed such that zero or minimum community waste is generated. 2) For development of island specific sewage management system (STP, MBBR RBC or similar techniques), national institutes such as NCSCM should be involved for feasibility and pilot studies as well as regular monitoring of the progress. 3) Sewage management should incorporate Zero effluent (contaminant) discharge framework to the coastal waters. Treated water should be used for non-contact purposes whereas surplus recycled water can be disposed off by considering the bathymetry, mixing, biodiversity and other ecological conditions.

4) It will always be better to manage and treat domestic grey water generated in the house in the area/courtyard/land surrounding the house. Various technological options such as Kitchen Garden with piped root zone system, Kitchen Garden without piped root zone system, Leach pit and Soakage pit may be suitable for the purpose.

2.9 Energy Management Plan The offshore wind and solar energy preliminary studies revealed that the high wind

speed and solar radiation are available only for 6 months in a year, and are in opposite time periods. Therefore the development of hybrid power system is highly recommended for the establishment of uninterrupted power supply.

Feasibility studies on biomass, OTEC, and tidal energy are required to identify suitable sites though the potential is limited.

2.10 Tourism Management Plan

As the Rutland Island has great potential for tourism, eco-tourism can be promoted in this island. Tourism operations in protected areas need to be planned carefully through conducting detailed Tourism Carrying Capacity Studies and monitor regularly to ensure their long-term sustainability. The proposed tourism activities should ensure that

• No destruction of corals or disturbance to coral reef areas

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• No construction of hard structures such as coastal protection structures anywhere along the coast

• No disposal of untreated sewage or effluent including the non-biodegradable waste into the sea water by the tourist and related activity.

For any tourism related developments and establishments, the “Guidelines for development of beach resorts or hotels in the designated areas of ICRZ-III and ICRZ-II/IIMPs for occupation of tourist or visitors with prior approval of the Ministry of Environment and Forests” given in the IPZ Notification, 2011, should be followed. 2.11 Sustainable Livelihood Developmental Plan Considering growth of current population in the island, which mostly depends on agriculture and other services, more livelihood options need to be explored. Living standard of the population can be enhanced by involving them in fishing if the people willing to do and in the proposed tourism related activities either as workers, skilled technicians or in boating for tourists. Necessary skill enhancement programmes need to be organized to the islanders to carry out these activities.

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1. Background The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), Govt. of India issued the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 2011 for the mainland and the Island Protection Zone (IPZ) Notification, 2011 to protect the coastal environment of the Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) and Lakshadweep group of Islands. These notifications issued on 6th January, 2011 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, are in supersession of the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification, 1991, issued after a detailed review and extensive consultations with various stakeholders. Both these Notifications reconcile three objectives namely

(i) Providing livelihood security to the local communities including the fisher folk and

tribal. (ii) Promote conservation and protection of Islands unique environment and its marine

area (iii) Promote development through sustainable integrated management plan based on

scientific principles taking into account the vulnerability of the coast to natural hazards

As per the IPZ Notification, 2011, Integrated Island Management Plans (IIMPs), are required to be prepared by the Andaman Administration for smaller islands. The other islands having large geographical areas come under Island Coastal Regulation Zone (ICRZ) category (North Andaman, Middle Andaman, Long Island, Baratang, South Andaman, Neil, Little Andaman, Havelock Island, Car Nicobar and Great Nicobar Island), and ICRZ plans have to be prepared for these islands.

2. Rutland Island (South Andaman) Rutland Island is located between the southern tip of South Andaman and north east of Little Andaman (Fig.1). This island is under Port Blair Tehsil of the South Andaman District. It is located between the latitudes 11°20'16'' and 11°31'06'' N and longitudes 92°34'41'' and 92°42'42'' E. The total geographical area of this island is about 137.20 km2 and its coastline measures ~60 km. Rutland Island has a rugged terrain with north to south fold structure. The mountainous origin of the island gives rise to an extremely convoluted coastline especially on the east with innumerable coves, deep inlets and wide bays. The highest elevation of the island is Mount Ford (435m). There are two important bays locating east and west namely Woodmason Bay and Portman Bay respectively.

The island possesses sensitive coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, beaches, turtle nesting grounds, creeks and algal beds. This island has extensive sandy beaches along the coastline especially at Parsapahar, Komyo, Bakrabalu, Photonallah and Jahaji. The forest area of the island has been classified and constituted as eco-restoration working circle, protection working circle, wildlife protection working circle and mangrove and littoral

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swamp coastal belt conservation working circle. Rutland is an important nesting ground for marine turtles. Jahaji, Photonallah and Dhaninallah beaches are turtle nesting sites. Green, Olive Ridley, Hawksbill and Giant leatherback turtles are using the beaches for roosting and nesting. As per the Forest Department records, Leatherbacks nest during the month of May on the east coast of Rutland. The reef in this island is dominated with species of Porites and Acropora. The northern and northwestern regions of the islands are densely bordered with mangroves.

The Rutland Island consists of dry sandy soils. Although hilly, the island has extensive open jungle and brush forests. Rutland Island was inundated during tsunami 2004 which resulted in severe damage to coastal ecosystems of the island. As per the Census data 2011, the Rutland Island has a population of 460 persons (Male: 262; Female: 198) and the total number of households being 130. The major agricultural crops grown in this island include paddy, vegetables, coconut, arecanut, ginger and sugarcane. Beaches and Mt. Ford (Kalapahar) for trekking are the places of tourist interest in the Rutland Island.

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Fig. 1 Map of the Rutland Island (South Andaman)

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Preparation of IIM Plan for Rutland Island

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3. Preparation of IIM Plan for Rutland Island

The IIM plan for Rutland Island provides a setback line from High Tide Line (HTL), preservation and conservation areas of fragile ecosystems, livelihood opportunities for inhabitants and strategies for sustainable development.

1. Methodology

The IIM Plan has been prepared as per the guidelines stipulated in IPZ Notification, 2011 (Annex 1). The methodology adopted for determination of setback line has been described in concerned section. Majority of the listed information in the guidelines were collected from the island during field surveys. Primary data/ information collected during the field survey, interalia, includes elevation, High Tide Line (HTL) using standard methods. RTK GPS and Total Station instruments were used to determine the elevation of the islands at 0.6m up to the highest elevation in the island.

Data on Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) such as mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass, seaweeds, turtle nesting grounds etc., and using remote sensing techniques. The extent of coral reef was assessed and the area was assessed using remote sensing data (LISS-IV (5.8m) of 2012-13) along with ground truth. The map on coral reef distribution prepared by Space Application Centre (SAC), Ahmadabad in 2007 was also considered. The field data were incorporated in ARC-GIS platform and IIMP was prepared on a 1:10000 Scale. Based on the above features, the conservation and preservation zones have been demarcated.

Satellite data was used to obtain land use & land cover features. In addition to the primary data, secondary data such as (i) cadastral maps (ii) information on administrative boundaries (iii) infrastructure iv) proposed development plans and (v) natural hazards such as tsunami, storm surge, cyclones, earthquake were obtained from the concerned departments of the UT Administration. Finally, the IIMP of the Rutland Island contains a matrix of permitted / prohibited/ regulated areas, preservation and conservation areas of mangroves, corals, sea grass, turtle nesting grounds etc. The IIM Plan of Rutland Island contains the following:

(i) Demarcated Setback Area (ii) Existing Land Use (iii) Existing Residential Area (iv) Existing and Proposed Conservation & Preservation Areas (v) Proposed Prohibited, Regulated & Permissible Activities (vi) Existing and Proposed Infrastructure (vii) Conservation Management Plan for ESAs (viii) Water and Waste Management Plan (ix) Energy Management Plan (x) Tourism Management Plan (xi) Sustainable Livelihood Development Plan

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Demarcation of Setback Area

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4. Demarcation of NDZ/Setback Area The coastal setback area is a ‘No Development Zone’ (NDZ), which refers to the strip of coastal area (between HTL and Setback line) where developmental activities are prohibited or otherwise restricted. The criterion for determining the setback line is based on the approach adopted in Lakshadweep IIM Plan which was developed by Centre for Earth Science Studies (CESS), Trivandrum and accepted by a Committee of Experts. The said criteria developed for Lakshadweep are attached in the Annexure-II. The no-development setback or buffer zone in the island is determined on the basis of its differential exposure to anticipated sea level rise, which has been estimated as 0.5m rise by the end of this century. Since other hazards like erosion which is mostly seasonal and do not have regular patterns, storm surge and tsunami are time varied and rare events, these hazards were not taken into account while determining the setback line. Based on the results obtained, a uniform setback distance is assigned around the island as a conservation measure (Fig.1).

Fig. 1: IIM Plan for Rutland Island (South Andaman)

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Existing Land Use

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5. Existing Land Use The topography of the island is hilly and undulating with a maximum elevation of about 435m. According to the Forest Statistics 2009, the total geographical area of island is about 13,770 ha. The entire forest area of the Rutland Island is classified as Protected Forest which includes the mangrove forests as well. The major agricultural crops grown in the island are Paddy, Coconut, Arecanut and fruits and in addition to which, vegetables namely Brinjal, Ginger, Ladies finger, Tomato, Gourd and Pumpkin are also grown (Fig. 1). The land use and land cover features were assessed based on the analysis of satellite data (LISS IV for the year 2014) along with ground verification and the details are given in Table 1. Table 1: Land use and land cover features of Rutland Island

Sl.No CLASS AREA (ha) 1. Forest land 11255.59 2. Built-up with plantation 220.28 3. Pond 0.44 4. Mangroves 400.66 5. Mudflat 61.40 6. Sandy beach 33.40 7. Reef/Submerged rock 1841.57 8. Water body 21.69 9. Jetty 0.29 Total 13835.38 (138.35 Sq Km)

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Fig. 1: Major land use at Rutland Island

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Existing Residential Area

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6. Existing Residential Area The settlement in this island is concentrated on the north central part in Bamboo Nallah & Kichad Nalla, R.M. Point, Anarkali Basti and Southern side Bada Khari revenue villages. As per the Census data 2011, the Rutland Island has a population of 460 persons (Male: 262; Female: 198) and the total number of households being 130. Out of total population, the Rutland Island Revenue Village has a population of 76 (Male: 47; Female: 29) with 26 households; Bamboo Nallah including Kichad Nallaha has a total population of 96 (Male: 54; Female: 42) with house hold being 32; Bada Khari (including Anarkali bashithi) having 169 population (Male: 101; Female: 68) and 57 households. There are 221 literates in Rutland Island in which 145 are male and 77 are females. Total workers are 217 (Male: 167; Female: 40). The population in this island is being reduced from the past ten years. As per the Census, 2001, the total population was 688 (Male: 410; Female: 278) and no. of house hold was 194. Rutland had a population of 772 persons in 1981 (Census), and it decreased to 562 persons in 1991 with 333 males and 229 females.

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Existing and Proposed Conservation & Preservation Areas

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7. Existing and Proposed Conservation and Preservation Areas Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESAs) in Rutland

Apart from the areas covered under protected forest, the ESAs and other important coastal geomorphological features of the island include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and seaweed beds, turtle nesting sites and sandy beaches. These areas were taken into consideration for preparing IIMP to protect the island’s unique environment and its marine area (up to 12 nautical miles). Thick patches of mangroves are seen in Kalapahar creek, bagandagiri, north of Postman bay, Pandanallah creek and south of Ghasnallah beach which protects the land from natural hazard such as tsunami, cyclone, etc. it has been estimated that the total area of the mangrove in this Island is around 380 hectares .

In Rutland Island, the coral reefs are narrow, linear and extensively developed as fringing reefs. The coastal topology of the island is gentle in slope, corals grow up to 8 m depth. The sandy shallow water is especially suitable for diverse coral in fringing reefs. The reefs are dominated mainly by Porites solida, and P. lutea (48.16%) followed by encrusting Montipora (10.22%), Hydnopora rigida and H. microconos (8.29%) and Acropora (7.81%) (Jeyabaskaran, 1999). In eastern side of the Rutland Island, the coral growth starts 50m from the shore, the reef slope is gentle and coral growth continues to a depth of 8m, beyond which the bottom is sandy. The coral cover was 26.9% in 2003, dominated by Porites solida and P. lutea (48.2%) followed by encrusting Montipora (10.2%), Hydnophora rigida and H. microconos (8.3%) and Acropora (7.8%) (Kulkarni et al., 2008) Four species of sea turtles which include the leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), the green turtle (Cheloniamydas) and the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) are reported in the beaches of Rutland Island. Out of the various beaches of the island, Jahaji, Photonallah and Dhaninallah beaches are important turtle nesting sites. The peak leatherback nesting season is also the tourist season and tourism will have a major effect on turtle nesting in Jahaji beach. The Jahaji, Photonellah and Dhaninallah beaches are turtle nesting grounds. Green, Olive ridley, Hawksbill and Giant leatherback turtles visit these beaches for nesting. Rutland Island contains few sandy pocket beaches. Of these Jahaji, Woodmason, Thudnalla, Photonallah, Ghasnallah, Dhaninallah and Postman bay beaches are turtle nesting sites.

Seagrass and seaweed beds are found along the north western region of the island embedded between extensive coral reefs (Fig.1) Five species of seagrass namely Halophilia ovata, Halodule pinifolia Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata and Enhalus acoroides have so far been recorded from Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park (MGMNP). Due to government-approved timber felling, the sediment load in coastal waters has increased and has adversely affected the distribution of sea grass in Rutland Island. Seaweeds occur in the north eastern side of the Rutland Island at 92°40'14.02"E 11°28'58.33"N which was determined from the field investigation. The list of Mangroves, corals, seaweed and seagrass species found in the Rutland Island is given at Annex-III.

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Reference: Jeyabaskaran, R. (1999). Report on Rapid assessment of coral reefs of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. GOI/UNDP/GEF Project on Management of Coral Reef Ecosystem of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Published by Zoological Survey of India, Port Blair. 110pp. Kulkarni, S., Patankar V. and S’souza, E. (2008). Status of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Coral Reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. In: Obura, D.O., Tamelander, J., & Linden, O. (Eds) (2008). Ten years after bleaching - facing the consequences of climate change in the Indian Ocean.CORDIO Status Report 2008. Coastal Oceans Research and Development in the Indian Ocean/Sida-SAREC. Mombasa. http//:www.cordioea.org

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Fig. 1: ESAs in Rutland Island

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Proposed Prohibited, Regulated & Permissible Activities

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8. Proposed Prohibited, Regulated & Permissible Activities

In order to prescribe the activities that could be permitted, prohibited and regulated in the land and aquatic area, relevant provisions of the ICRZ of the IPZ Notification, 2011 was considered. The notification deals with NDZ as a separate area and prescribes prohibited and exceptional activities with a view of facilitation of conservation of NDZ area. The methodology for determining NDZ has been described in Annexure-II. In this regard, Para III (D) (3) (a) of IPZ Notification dated 6th Jan 2011 may be relevant for A&N also. As the notification does not describe NDZ aspects for A&N (Rutland Island, South Andaman) which is to be dealt under IIMPs, ICRZ provisions for prescribing prohibited and regulated activities felt to be ideal and could be used in IIMPs of A&N Islands. Accordingly following classification along with details of prohibited, permitted and regulated activities are suggested. As the sea and landmass of the islands are inter-connected in terms of ecology, the entire island consisting of land and adjoining sea is considered as a single ecosystem. Accordingly, the island ecosystem is categorized into:

(i) Preservation zone: Reserve Forest, Mangroves, Reef slope with live coral, Seagrass bed, Seaweed, sandy beach and other zones that will be declared by Island Administration as and when existence of endangered/rare/vulnerable species of plants and animals are found.

(ii) Conservation Zone: Setback area (No Development Zone - NDZ), Reef flat with dead coral.

(iii) Regulated Development Zone: It includes beach (outside setback area -NDZ) and non-forest land part of the island which is undeveloped and sparsely populated.

Different zones such as conservation zone, preservation zone, buffer zone, regulated development zone, etc., would have different regulations and is briefly summarized in the Table 1. The activities which are permitted in the No Development Zone (NDZ) (as given in IPZ 2011 Notification for ICRZ - I areas) are given in Table 2.

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Table 1: Regulation of Activities in Preservation, Conservation and Regulated Developmental Zones

Preservation Zone: S.No Activity Prohibited Permitted Regulated Remarks

1 Mining of corals (both alive and dead) in the sea & sand on beaches

Y - - -

2 Coral removal for Construction /Widening of Navigation channels

Y - - -

3 Boating for transport, tourism and fishing and water sports and photography

Y - - -

4 Limited impact Scientific research

Y - Limited diving and collection of very few specimens for taxonomic purposes only

5 Collection of ornamental fishes for Government aquarium

- - Y Only species that is abundant to be collected in small numbers. Rare and endangering species should not be collected

6 Collection of ornamental fishes for commercial purposes

Y - - -

7 Any type of construction including observation towers etc including for defence purposes and developmental activities

Y - - -

8 Buoys to collect data on met and environmental parameters and marker buoys

- - Y Limited in number and not to be anchored in hard coral areas.

9 Beaching of fishing craft or any other craft in turtle nesting areas

Y - - -

10 Activities that facilitate preservation of corals

- Y - -

11 Disposal of untreated sewage or effluents and Disposal of solid wastes including fly ash, industrial waste,

Y - - -

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Preservation Zone: S.No Activity Prohibited Permitted Regulated Remarks

medical waste, non-biodegradable waste, and the like

12 Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries except those are excepted in Para 5 (vii) of the IPZ Notification, 2011

Y - - -

13 Boating with OBM in seagrass beds

Y - - -

14 Boating without OBM coral reef & seagrass beds

- - Y -

15 Cutting mangrove vegetation

Y - - -

16 Grazing in mangrove areas

Y - - -

17 Collection of fuel wood by traditional communities living 0.5 km around mangroves

- - Y Only from dead mangrove vegetation

18 Fishing in mangrove water

- - Y To regulate mesh size of nets to prevent fishing of juveniles

19 Collection & consumption of turtle eggs, capture of turtles

Y - - -

20 Collection & destruction of seagrass

y - - -

Conservation Zone: S.No Activity Prohibited Permitted Regulated Remarks

1 Mining of corals (both alive and dead), sand on beaches

Y - - -

2 Setting of industries Y - - - 3 Setting of food processing

industries with waste treatment methods/plants

Y - - To be established in areas identified in IIMPs

4 Boating for transport, tourism and fishing and water sports

- - Y Water sports shall be permitted only in designated areas and far away from core zones to avoid adverse impacts.

5 Diving, snorkeling and coral viewing thro glass bottom boats

- - Y Limited number of boats with tourists. No Out Board

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Motor (OBM) operation in tourist boats near coral reef areas

6 Construction /Widening of Navigation channels

- - Y Only in designated areas.

7 Construction of passenger jetties, breakwater for ports and slip ways for boat repair and other facilities that require front

- - Y Subject to no damage to ambient environment and as supported by an EIA study.

8 Traditional use of marine resources including fishing and allied activities

- Y - -

9 Collection of ornamental fishes for commercial purposes

Y - - -

10 Collection of ornamental fishes for Public aquaria and Scientific research and also other organisms for scientific research

- - Y Limited collection depending on population of target organisms

11 Collection of ornamental fishes for brood stock in commercial culture

- - Y Limited collection permitted and requires permission from concerned department of Lakshadweep Admin for every collection

12 Deployment of Fish aggregating devices in the sea.

- - Y To avoid areas near to corals (as it may attract Ornamental fishes also) in the sea. Such devices not to be deployed in the lagoon

13 Beach landing of fishing crafts and tourist boats

- - Y To be away from turtle nesting grounds

14 Construction of resorts/ restaurants/ storage facilities and tourism related buildings, on stills in the sea between coast and outer edge of coral reefs

Y - - -

15 Reclamation of backwater/creeks and sea for any purpose except for laying of seawater pipelines and construction of cold water sumps for desalination and power plants

Y - - Regarding structures and pipelines for desalination plants, they are recommended in non-coral reef and mangrove areas.

16 Reconstruction/renovation of dwelling unit of fisher folk, dispensaries, schools and other public utilities in the NDZ area without increasing construction area and number of floors

- Y - -

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17 Widening of roads in NDZ - Y - - 18 Weather radars in NDZ - Y - - 19 Storage of non-hazardous cargo

such as edible oil,fertilizers, food items in the NDZ area near the port

- - Y -

20 Activities that facilitate conservation of natural habitats including vegetation in NDZ

- Y - -

21 Disposal of treated sewage in coastal water except in coral reef areas

- - Y Treatment of sewage from domestic sources to tertiary level before disposal

Regulated Development Zone: S.No Activity Prohibited Permitted Regulated Remarks

1 Sand mining on beaches Y - - - 2 Setting of small scale industries

including food processing industries with waste treatment methods/plants, power plants including solar power plants and windmills

- - Y To be established in areas identified in IIMPs. If not specified in IIMPs, in locations as decided by the UT Administration

3 Establishment of hotels, tourist accommodation, resorts and other buildings relating to tourism

- - Y To be established in areas identified in IIMPs and after undertaking carrying capacity studies

4 Construction of dwelling units, Govt buildings (office guest houses etc),public utilities, educational institutions, dispensaries, auditorium), places of religious worships and commercial buildings

- Y - As per building norms prescribed in IIMPs and at locations as identified in the IIMPs. If not specified in IIMPs, in locations as decided by Admin.

5 Agriculture and horticulture - Y - - 6 Construction of passenger jetties,

breakwater for ports and slip ways for boat repair and other facilities that require front

- - Y Subject to no damage to ambient environment and as supported by an EIA study.

7 Construction/expansion of air strips and helipads

- Y - Subject to no damage to ambient environment as supported by an EIA study.

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Table 2: Activities that are permitted in the No Development Zone (NDZ) (as given in

IPZ 2011 Notification for ICRZ - I areas)

(i) No new construction shall be permitted except (a) Projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy; (b) Pipelines, conveying systems including transmission lines in consultation with; (c) Facilities that are essential for activities permissible under ICRZ-I; (d) Installation of weather radar and other facilities for monitoring of cyclones, tsunami and

storm surge and other coastal and ocean processes by Indian Meteorological Department, INCOIS, DST, and the like;

(e) Construction of facilities for the protection and enhancement of the ecosystems and morphology of the islets with the permission of A&N CZMA, A&N Environment Department and in consultation with the Island Panchayat.

(f) Ecotourism, except in NDZ, with zero waste, zero effluent discharge and zero pollution with the permission of A&N CZMA, A&N Environment Department and in consultation with the Island District Panchayat

(g) Existing traditional rights especially related to fishery and agriculture (ii) The following activities may be permitted in NDZ (a) The NDZ shall not be applicable in such area falling within port & harbour limits; (b) Agriculture, horticulture, gardens, pasture, parks, plays field, and forestry. (c) Projects relating to Department of Atomic Energy; (d) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products and liquefied natural gas as

specified in Annexure-II; (e) Facilities for regasification of liquefied natural gas; (f) Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources; (g) Facilities for desalination plants, foreshore and associated facilities; (h) Weather radars; (i) Construction of dispensaries, schools, tourism facilities, public rain shelter,

community toilets, bridges, roads, provision of facilities for water supply, drainage, sewerage, crematoria, cemeteries and electric sub-station which are required for the local inhabitants may be permitted on a case to case basis by A &N CZMA;

(j) Construction of units or auxiliary thereto for domestic sewage, treatment and disposal with the prior approval of the Environment Department and A&N CZMA;

(k) Facilities required for local fishing communities such as fish drying yards, auction halls, net mending yards, traditional boat building yards, ice plant, ice crushing units, fish curing facilities and the like;

(l) Ports & harbours and associated facilities following the norms of EIA (2006) with its modifications and based on EIA with MIA as its part and with the approval of A&N CZMA

(m) Airstrips and associated facilities following the norms of EIA (2006) with its modifications and based on EIA with MIA as its part and with the approval A&N CZMA.

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Existing and Proposed Infrastructure Development

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9. Existing and Proposed Infrastructure Development

Out of the total geographical area of the island (137.17 km2), the non-forest land is about 1.1 km2 (2%). Main crops are paddy, vegetable, coconut, Arecanut, Spices growing in this Island (Fig.1). The non-forest area may be considered for any development especially for tourism after conducting carrying capacity study for this island, bearing in mind the fragile ecology and huge freshwater resources available in the island. Further, in order to ensure safety to human life, location of settlement areas need to be based on an elevation as recommended in the report prepared by a committee “Scientific Team to Study Seismic pattern, Tidal pattern and Submergence to help locate resettlement areas in Andaman and Nicobar Islands” constituted by Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, in 2005. As recommended by the Team, the areas up to 10m elevation from the coastline have been marked in the IIM Plan for location of settlements and other relevant establishments.

1.1 Fresh Water

Fresh water resources are abundant and the people of the island depend on bore wells. The extracted ground water is treated by adding Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2). This treated ground water is stored in water storage tank and supplied through pipeline. Rain water harvesting is also being practiced in some houses. Results of chemical analysis from water samples collected from bore well showed that the water is slightly alkaline (pH 8) and the concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium is 160 mg/L and 96 mg/L respectively which indicates water hardness.

It may be noted that the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) after examination of ground water quality in Andaman Islands, has recommended “water obtained from bore/dug wells should invariably be chlorinated before consumption”. Total hardness and dissolved iron, if found excess of the permissible limit, should be removed before use”. It is suggested that the capacity to treat raw water needs to be augmented, as the presence of chemical constituents may be more than permissible limits.

CGWB has carried out intensive studies specially to solve the permanent water supply problem to Port Blair city through Inter island transfer of spring water from Rutland as also the study in Port Blair Municipal Council area as per the request of Hon'ble Member of Parliament, Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In Addition, to solve the water supply problem in Port Blair town the study by CGWB in Rutland Islands has proved that everyday 180 lakh liters of spring water is lost into the sea, which may be conserved and brought to Port Blair across the sea line. This may from a dependable solution to the drinking water crisis of Port Blair. The detailed feasibility work is in progress. This was done at the behest of Hon'ble Lt. Governor of A & N Islands in peak crisis period of 2002.

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Fig. 1: Existing activities at Rutland Island

1.2 Transport

The Rutland Island has a jetty at R.M. Point area from the north side which is at a distance of about 2 km from the Manjery Jetty. There are no passenger boats operated on a daily basis to facilitate inter-island connectivity. Private boats are operated from Manjery Bay Jetty. However, the local people operate motorized boat for daily activities. Within the island, concrete roads are available for use by the local people. It is suggested that existing internal road needs to be strengthened to enhance communication, rescue, relief and evacuation measures during natural hazards.

1.3 Electricity and suggested Non-conventional energy system

Since the energy demand is likely to increase due to increase in population and developments including tourism, there is utmost need of alternative energy resources which are cheaper, renewable and do not cause pollution. Therefore, other power generation options such as wind generator, solar power plants, micro hydroelectric system, biomass based energy, etc may be exploited to the fullest extent as a long term plan so as to reduce dependency on conventional energy sources/fossil fuels etc. and for providing clean and environment friendly electrical power.

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1.4 Tourism Development

Rutland Island is not a popular tourist area in Andaman Islands. The beach area at southern tip has attracted tourists. However, prominent touristic locations include Jahaji Beach, Bada Balu, Manner Strait, Photo Nallah and Dani Nallah is identified by A&N Administration. Since the island has good potential for beach tourism, construction of eco-friendly small island tourism resorts outside the ESAs may be considered for long term tourism development in the island. For this purpose, the existing tourism area of the island may be considered for further development taking into consideration preservation and conservation measures suggested for ESAs, as access to this place from the Manjery jetty or Chidiya tapu are more suitable and being practiced. However, a carrying capacity study is essential before initiating major tourism developmental activities. Further, the existing and proposed tourism activities should ensure compliance all aspects as specified under ESAs.

1.5 Enhancement of livelihood opportunities

Considering growth of current population in the island, which mostly depends on agriculture and other services, more livelihood options need to be explored. Proposed tourism development will provide avenue for enhancing livelihoods. If the islanders are willing to practice marine fishing, necessary vocational training can be organized.

As per the details forwarded by the UT Administration (Letter No. CF/EPA/83/Vol.IX/344 (A) dated 29th January, 2016), the following are the proposed developmental plans in Rutland Island.

Proposed Developmental Plans for IIM Plan for Rutland Island

Sl.No.

Department of A&N

Proposed developmental plans Remarks by NCSCM

1 Andaman Public Works Department (APWD)

Proposed sub-marine pipeline through Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Rutland to Manjeri.


2 Directorate of Disaster management, A&N Administration

Establishment of Global Navigation Satellite System/ Strong motion network Emergency Communication undertaken by INCOIS.

Site location has been indicated in the IIM Plan.

3 Port Management Board

Extension of existing jetty at Rutland.


****

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Conservation Management Plan for ESAs

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10. Conservation Management Plan

1. Introduction

A Conservation Management Plan (CMP) is the main guiding document for the conservation and management of Ecologically Sensitive Areas such as mangroves, coral reefs, seaweeds, seagrasses and turtle nesting sites. The activities that are permitted, prohibited and regulated in different areas covering the ESAs have been suggested in the report based on the IPZ Notification, 2011. The following are the broad components of the CMP.

10.1 Ecologically Sensitive Areas in Rutland Island Apart from the areas covered under protected forest, the ESAs and other important coastal geomorphological features of the island include coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses and seaweed beds, turtle nesting sites and sandy beaches. 10.2. Conservation and Sustainable Use Considering the significance of the coral and associated biodiversity to the island ecosystem and for sustaining the livelihood activities of the islanders, the conservation perspective shall be integrated into every development activity in the island. The Integrated Island Management Plan of the island shall be implemented, ensuring utmost care for preserving the ecologically sensitive areas, integral to the island ecology. (a) Economic Valuation of Resources The true economic value of ESAs, including the tangible and intangible goods and services provided by the reefs and mangroves to the island ecosystems are to be assessed, so that rational decisions can be made on the cost of management.

(b) Management Measures for Sustainable Use While all the line departments depend directly or indirectly on the ESAs for their sustenance, fisheries and tourism sectors have a significant dependence. Accordingly, specific management measures are to be implemented through the respective line departments for the conservation of these sensitive ecosystems. Specific Management measures suggested for reef fisheries, tourism activities on the reef and tourism activities in the mangrove areas are given in Table 1.

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Table 1.Specific Management Measures Suggested for Reef Fisheries, Tourism Activities on the Reef and Tourism Activities in the Mangrove Areas

Ecosystem/Activities Management Measures

Management of reef fisheries

Establish no-fishing zones/closed seasons and limitations on fishing gear.

Consider specific protection measures for algal grazers & corallivorous fishes.

Enforce legislation prohibiting destructive fishing practices.

Monitor the catch composition and size. Develop alternative livelihoods for fishing

communities as needed. Limit entry of new fishermen to a fishery

through licensing schemes. Regulate the collection of coral reef

organisms for the aquarium trades.

Management of tourism activities on the reef

Reduce impacts from tourism operations in general;

Encourage tourists to contribute financially for management efforts;

Convey information to the public through outreach and education;

Maintain healthy fish population for divers and snorkelers;

Involve tourists in coral reef conservation and management efforts;

Diversify the tourism industry.

Management of tourism activities in the mangrove areas

Reduce impacts from tourism operations in general;

Encourage tourists to contribute financially for management efforts;

Convey information to the public through banners and posters in the places of activity;

Maintain clean and healthy ecosystem for the tourists

Involve tourists in mangrove conservation and management efforts; and

Diversify the tourism industry.

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(c) Management Interventions for ESAs As far as the Rutland Island is concerned, there are no anthropogenic pressures observed on various ecosystems such as coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass and turtle nesting areas. However, in order to ensure that the resources do not come under any pressure in future, the following management interventions are suggested: The UT Administration shall prohibit dredging, sand mining or any other activities

like construction of foreshore facilities, laying of pipe lines, etc that are detrimental to the coast line and the coral reefs.

UT administration shall prohibit the dumping of any kind of waste, including untreated sewage and solid waste.

The UT Administration shall engage with the fishing community in order to formulate appropriate regulatory measures for sustainable fishing in the reef areas.

Studies may be conducted, with involvement of the national institutes like ZSI and

NCSCM, to assess the health of the coral reefs in response to natural and anthropogenic stressor along with the assessment of conservation value of the reef ecosystems.

The ballast water discharge from the ships and tourist cruises should be strictly prohibited in order to protect the reef biodiversity from invasive organisms, in accordance with the provisions of Merchant Shipping Act (1958 & amendments). The UT Administration shall put in place a scientific monitoring system to analyze the invasive species.

The UT Administration shall take up an integrated approach involving all stakeholders in the islands to promote conservation of ESAs and its biodiversity.

In the light of potential threats from various invasive alien species to the marine waters of ANI, the quarantine measures at the entry points shall be strengthened and standard operating procedures to handle eventualities shall be developed.

Awareness on the importance and value of ESAs has to be created at all levels of the society including the students, officials and the general public, using appropriate methods/modules/tools.

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(d) Establishment of Conservation Measures (i) Spatial Conservation Areas The Aichi biodiversity targets, which are integrated into India’s National Biodiversity Targets, 2012-2020 state that “By 2020, 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other effective area based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes”. The Environment (Protection) Act (1986) provides space for identification of ecologically sensitive areas based on the sensitivity and conservation value of a spatial unit. In case of the selected Islands of Andaman and Nicobar islands, the Integrated Island Management Plans, prepared as per the IPZ Notification (2011), demarcate the preservation and conservation zones for spatial conservation of the coral reef areas. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are regarded as one of the most effective conservation tools for protection of marine habitats and their resources. The MPA network in India has been used as a tool to manage natural marine resources for biodiversity conservation and for the well-being of the people dependent on it. The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (as amended) provides the legal framework for designating and managing marine protected areas. Though there are four categories of protected areas viz., National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Conservation Reserve and Community Reserve, till date, only two types of MPAs viz., national parks and wildlife sanctuaries have been demarcated in the marine realm, in India. (ii) Conservation of Mangroves, Coral Reefs and Seagrasses The A&N Administration in consultation with expert institution may develop appropriate conservation measures for areas of mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds and turtle nesting sites. As far as coral conservation is concerned, coral gardening seems to be an active rehabilitation strategy, which is a two-step restoration measure, featuring mass farming of coral nubbins, fragments and spats in specially designed underwater nurseries, which are transplanted onto degraded reefs upon reaching adequate size. With regard to mangroves in ANI, planting technique of direct seed sowing and planting of nursery raised seedlings is often recommended for supplementing the natural regeneration. Earlier studies suggest that out of techniques, such as sprigs (Quadrat), plug and sapling method tested for seagrass rehabilitation along the coast of Palk Bay & Gulf of Mannar, the sprigs (Quadrat) method was found to be the successful method. (i) Managing Invasive Alien Species and Migratory Species Though there is a global concern on the possible impact on the reefs due to various invasive alien species, so far there is no report on the same from the islands. However, considering the

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vulnerability of these islands to such eventualities, a robust management plan shall be put in place. The risk management techniques developed by international organizations for identification of potentially harmful species, their entry and establishment shall be adopted. The quarantine facility at the entry points shall be strengthened and standard operating procedures to handle eventualities shall be developed. The discharge of ballast water is to be strictly restricted to be an offshore activity and care to be taken to monitor and safeguard from invasive fouling organisms. The ballast water discharge from the ships and tourist cruises should be strictly prohibited in order to protect the marine biodiversity from invasive organisms, in accordance with the provisions of Merchant Shipping Act (1958 & amendments). The UT Administration shall put in place a scientific monitoring system to analyse the invasive species. (ii) Protection and rehabilitation of threatened species Species conservation is the protection and restoration of species, populations and their habitats and mitigating the impact of human activities that affect marine life and habitats. Due to overexploitation of living marine resources, a total of 796 marine fauna are being protected under the Wildlife (Protection) Act of India (1972) of Schedules I, II, III & IV. Species conservation requires data pertaining to these organisms and hence comprehensive research studies have to be carried out for conservation of target species. (e) Dealing with threats / stress factors

The conservation action plan would broadly aim at: Identifying the factors that are causing the stress/degradation; Removing the factors that are causing the stress/degradation; and Implementation of compensatory action if the stress causing factor cannot be

addressed.

The activities that would degrade the health of the marine ecosystems viz., pollution, sedimentation, overfishing, etc are to be prevented in the coastal region. While the norm shall be to prevent the sources of pollution, necessary policy framework shall also be in place for implementation of “polluter pays principle”. The ecosystem conservation concerns shall be integrated into the management of solid waste in the island and all kinds of waste disposal in the islands. It is recommended that in Andaman group of islands, the existing regulations for the preservation and conservation areas are to be implemented in letter and spirit in order to conserve the island resources. The UT Administration shall prohibit dredging, sand mining or any other activities like construction of foreshore facilities, laying of pipe lines, etc that are detrimental to the coast line and the ESAs such as coral reefs and mangroves. Further,

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UT administration shall prohibit the dumping of any kind of waste, including untreated sewage and solid waste. Some interventions, which have been proven to aid in conserving the coral reefs and in restoring the health of reefs, shall be made through appropriate government and non-government agencies. Certain predators of corals like crown-of-thorn (starfish), sea urchins, etc. and macro-algal cover cause ecological imbalances in the reef ecosystems. Such challenges are occasional and adequate field information must be collected on predators. The following approaches appear suitable to rehabilitate the reefs. • Sea urchin removal has proven effective in restoring corals to reefs with high post-

recruitment, when high mortality occurs due to an overabundance of sea urchins (McClanahan et al., 1999).

• Crown-of-thorns (COT) starfish have also been removed from many reefs, where its over-abundance threatens coral population survival.

• Reefs overgrown with macro-algae have also been restored by removing the algae, re-exposing coral recruitment surfaces (McClanahan and Muthiga, 1999).

• Restocking invertebrates may be an important ecological contribution as well, particularly where the particular species were abundant in the past in the particular reef area, but where over-fishing has been so severe on up-current reefs that a poor larval settlement prevents the natural recovery of the population for many years.

(f) Integration of Conservation Frameworks Several national and international agencies have developed frameworks for the conservation of corals, mangroves, seagrass and associated biodiversity. (i) Oil Spill Management Due to their proximity to the international tanker route, the risk of oil spill is very high for all the islands of Andaman. The National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan was prepared first time in India by Coast Guard during 1996 with an objective to combat oil spill disaster in Maritime zones of India. It was updated in 2009. Coast Guard is the National Agency for coordinating with various resource agencies in the event of oil spills occurring in the seas around India. The Coast Guard has a capability to deal with a major oil spill of approximately 20,000 tones in the Exclusive Economic Zone of India. (ii) National Conservation Strategy and Action Plan for the Marine Turtles and

their Habitats in India All the five species of sea turtles that occur in Indian coastal waters are protected under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (1972), as well as listed in Appendix I of Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),

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which prohibits trade in turtle products by signatory countries. All marine turtles occurring in the Indo-Pacific region are a priority for conservation under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) and are listed in both Appendices I and II. At present, there exists no commercial or international trade of marine turtles or turtle products in India. • Beaches with natural vegetation of Pemphis and Scaevola appear to be favorable for sea

turtle nesting. Therefore, such vegetation near the beach should not be removed and their role in forming sea turtle nesting beaches should be studied.

• There should be a complete ban on coral collection, sand mining and removal of other vulnerable natural resources from the island coasts for any purpose. This will help to check beach erosion and eliminate the need for beach armouring.

• Developmental activities such as human habitation, lighting and beach armouring need to follow the guidelines of Coastal Zone Management Authority of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• The high intensity turtle nesting areas should be declared as protected areas; granting permission for artisanal fishing practices only.

10.3 Capacity Building (i) Improvement of Knowledge and Understanding (a) Monitoring and forecasting Routine long term monitoring framework is crucial for conservation planning of the coastal marine ecosystems. A data collection system, specific for biodiversity shall be established in line with the framework developed by MoEF&CC for ecosystem health assessment and assessment of the conservation value of coastal ecosystems so that data from this system combined with resource use data will give a better picture of biodiversity status. A suitable set of indicators need to be used in biodiversity conservation and natural resources management, such as, ecological indicators, human development indicators, environmental indicators and performance indicators. In doing so, the indicators which have already been developed in other countries may be utilized by modifying to fit local conditions. The data from fisheries, agricultural and environmental data collection systems shall be analyzed together with the ecosystem health data in order to assess the level of resource utilization and status of biodiversity. The data so collected shall be integrated into the national database. The data would aid in regular analysis and forecasting of biodiversity status in light of available stock assessment, resource use, environmental and meteorological data. The monitoring systems should also provide for documenting the threats such as land reclamation, dredging, deforestation and pollution, with the aim of assessing the status and taking timely and appropriate mitigation measures.

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The goals of coral reef conservation are to protect the aesthetic, historical, biological and geological values of reefs from human impact, to provide traditional and sustainable use, as well as to maintain biological productivity and diversity. From an ecological perspective, effective coral-reef conservation can be viewed as increasing or maintaining key ecosystem parameters, such as fish biomass or coral cover, maintaining ecosystem processes and function, or increasingly, promoting resilience to disturbances and fluctuations (Hughes et al., 2003). The first step in conservation is to understand the ecological, economic, and social values of the reef ecosystem. Subsequently, the issues confronting the ecosystems are to be identified and appropriate remedies implemented. In this connection, the following activities /studies are to be undertaken by the concerned agencies:

• The extent of live corals and different life forms shall be mapped periodically by expert agencies of MoEF&CC.

• The coral reef health and their conservation value should be assessed based on the broad guidelines developed by MoEF&CC through expert agencies and the exercise shall be supported by UT of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• The significance of coral reef fisheries to fishers and island ecology and their exploitation patterns need to be appraised.

It is recommended that adequate studies may be conducted to assess and track the changes in reef communities in response to natural and anthropogenic stressors. The UT Administration along with MoEF&CC shall put in place a strong institutional mechanism for planning and implementing long term studies in line with the national priorities. (b) Research

A comprehensive research strategy should be formulated and implemented, with the participation of relevant agencies, to facilitate and support biodiversity conservation, taking into account available resources and explicitly stated realistic time frames. Regular research programs have to be carried out to record and document biological changes or issues. This can be coordinated between universities, research centers, colleges, volunteers etc. The research outcomes address the knowledge and management gaps and thus promote management related research to the benefit of managers. Biodiversity data generated through records from islanders, visitors, researchers etc. shall be stored, analyzed and made available appropriately to provide the required information for management. A template datasheet can be prepared through consensus from all stakeholders to collect information in the same format and share the information with the managers. The database would be a ready reference guide for managers to plan management programs in the near future.

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(c) Institutional Capacity The capacity of the line departments with the conservation mandate has to be evaluated in order to identify their strengths, weaknesses, synergies, conflicts and gaps in relation to biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of natural resources. Based on the assessment, a strategy for building the capacity with the help of expert institutions in the mainland shall be formulated in order to overcome the deficiencies with respect to biodiversity conservation. (d) Financial Capacity Allocation of adequate funds is a key to success of all conservation efforts. As the reefs and mangroves are the core areas of conservation and they have use and application for several the departments of the UT Administration viz., tourism, ports, environment, wildlife, fisheries, etc, it is suggested that sufficient funds shall be allocated explicitly for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. Administration should ensure that these funds are used exclusively for that purpose alone. Innovative schemes shall be designed by different departments to aid in passive and active conservation, based on the respective resource use pattern of the department. (ii) Awareness Creation Information on the nature and value of ESAs should be provided to all users, students and the public using appropriate methods. e.g., many fishermen may not be able to read the written material, but pictorials, videos and audio clips are likely to be more effective. Appraisals of the status of ecosystem resources and sustainable management methods should be prepared for decision makers, development agencies, donors and banks. Although the general environmental awareness is on the increase, true awareness on the significance and value of biological diversity is generally insufficient at all levels of the society and, therefore, effort is not put into actively conserving biological diversity. The general lack of awareness manifests itself into actions, which do not consider the detrimental impacts of human activities to be as major issues and a society in which human activities are geared towards unsustainable use of biological resources. Importance given to conserving biological diversity for the next generation is not enough, as people are not sufficiently aware that conservation is a must on account of the magnitude at which biological diversity is being affected at present levels of utilization. Creating awareness on the importance of biological diversity at all levels of society, from high-level officials to grassroots level of the community, using a variety of tools including school curriculum and adult education programmes is suggested.

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(a) Sensitization Sensitization is a targeted effort to change attitudes and behavior in a bid to appreciate how one’s actions/inactions can impact coastal/ marine resources. Target audiences can be categorized into two groups, to participate in, namely (1) Educational programs and (2) Public awareness programs. Education programs: As island ecosystems are integral to the life of islanders, the significance of reef, mangroves and seagrass ecosystems should be included in the course curriculum of the school children, as supplementary learning. Guided field trips and adventure/exploration can be integral to the school education in the islands. Public awareness programs: Public awareness programs through documentaries that showcase the biodiversity of the islands and their importance and their status as well as ongoing conservation programmes are essential especially to ensure that both locals and tourists are aware of respective rules and regulations. Proper signage, marked trails and interactive exhibitions are likely to enhance sensitivity of people visiting the area. 10.4 Co-Management Co-management is a situation where some or all of the relevant stakeholders are involved in a substantial way in management activities. This is a process where the agency (with jurisdiction) develops a partnership with other relevant stakeholders and specifies and guarantees their respective functions, rights and responsibilities. This process of adaptive mechanism of cross-sectoral information sharing and knowledge transfer will enable management targets to be decided in a participatory manner. The community will be engaged in deciding to chart out do’s and don’ts, exploitation limits, community conservation etc. The approach will constantly update the revision of targets and approaches to achieve them. Given the geographic dispersal of the population and coral and mangrove based natural resource system of the Andamans, community participation in biodiversity conservation is important to the long-term success of the programme. By working together, pooling resources and knowledge, the effectiveness of conservation measures are maximized. Also implicit in the term partnership is the concept of common good which fosters a trust that makes it possible to follow a course of action that accommodates and harmonizes different interests while responding, at least to some extent, to all of them. Typically, such arrangements are also consensus-based with decision-making power being shared in some way among the various stakeholders. This means that line ministries responsible for the conservation and management of biological resources must develop and enter into a range of partnerships, as appropriate, with resource users for the conservation and management of resources. In order to make this functional, an institutional framework shall be established in which property rights are devolved to a defined user group, with concomitant responsibilities and obligations for biodiversity conservation and natural resource management.

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The local communities shall be empowered through community organization, environmental education and institutionalization. The co-management partners shall be provided with the extension services, training, scientific and technical advice and information. The conflict resolution techniques (facilitation, conciliation, negotiation, mediation and arbitration) shall be integrated into the management process to minimize infringements of rules and regulations. Co-management planning committee shall be established to choose reflecting the best practices to adopt. The committee will abet participatory decision making, transparency, accountability and, comprise of representatives from the UT Government (all concerned line departments such as forest, fisheries, etc.), Panchayat members, fishers (including women), NGOs and research organizations/institutions. In order to achieve an efficient and structured joint management target, management of the designated areas for conservation by the community shall be carried out under the supervision of the UT administration of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. References Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D.R., Card, M., Connolly, S.R., Folke, C., Grosberg, R., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Jackson, J.B.C., Kleypas, J. et al. (2003). Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301: 929–933. McClanahan, T.R. and Muthiga, N.A. (1999). Sea urchin reduction as a restoration technique in a new marine park. Abstract In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring and Restoration, NCRI. April 14-16, 1999, Ft Lauderdale, Florida. pp. 133. McClanahan, T.R., Hendrick, V. and Polunin, N.V. (1999). Varying responses of herbivorous and invertebrate feeding fishes to macroalgal reduction: a restoration experiment. Abstract In: Proc. Int. Conf. on Scientific Aspects of Coral Reef Assessment, Monitoring and Restoration, NCRI. April 14-16, 1999, Ft Lauderdale, Florida. pp. 133.

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Water and Waste Management Plan

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11. Water and Waste Management Plan

11.1 Groundwater Availability and Distribution Average annual rainfall in ANI is about 3000 mm, which is spread over a period of eight months. Because of the sloping hilly terrain, most of this rainwater flows quickly to the sea and needs to be harvested by creating artificial storage by constructing dams, dykes and weirs. This stored rainwater is then supplied through distribution network after proper treatment. In addition to the surface flow, there is also sub-surface flow of water, which is tapped by constructing sub-surface dykes and dug wells. Some of the remote villages are provided water supply from springs/ open wells. The water supply available from all these sources is not adequate to cater to the requirement as per the norms. Hence the same is required to be augmented by tapping new sources along with providing treatment facility and distribution network. Ground water scenario in ANI is given at Table 1. Table 1.Ground water scenario at-a-glance in Andaman & Nicobar Island Location Longitude 92o to 94o E, Latitude 6o to 14o N Area 8,249 sq. km.(Andaman-6,408 sq.

km.;Nicobar-1841sq.km) Altitude Varies from Sea level to 732 m

Rainfall 3000 mm Relative Humidity 79 to 82 % Total Population (Census-2011) Rural Population Urban Population

3,80,581 2,37,093 1,43,488

Net ground water availability* 28647.59 ham Total annual ground water recharge* 30803.86 ham Existing gross ground water draft for “irrigational uses” *

63.02 ham

Existing gross ground water draft for “domestic and industrial uses” *

1209.86 ham

Gross annual ground water draft for 'All Uses’ *

1272.88 ham

Net ground water available for “Future irrigation Use” *

27209.18 ham

Allocation for domestic and industrial supply for 2025*

1376.89 ham

Stage of ground water development* 4.44 % *(As on March-2011- based on GEC ’97 methodology) The water resource potential, projected population and per capita water availability for Andaman and Nicobar Islands for the years 2011, 2021, and 2051, as estimated by CGWB

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(Annual report of CGWB, 2014 – 2015), are given in Table 2. As per the estimation by the CGWB, currently, about 150 lakh litres of drinking water is supplied every day in ANI and owing to the growth of population, demand for drinking water is expected to grow to 370 lakh litres by the year 2025. There are approximately 2000 bore wells on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. About 220 bore wells were surveyed and it was reported that 90% of the freshwater bore wells were drilled to less than 18 m. About 90% are of the impounded type or combination of both depending up on the topography of a location. The CGWB analysed the water level trend for different location across Andaman Islands during 2004-2013. It was observed that the status of ground water conditions in most of the wells show rising trend of water level in the tune of 0.02 to 0.65 m/yr. Table 2.Water resource potential and projected per capita water availability

(Area)

Water resource potential (BCM)

Projected Population (Nos.)

Projected per capita water availability (m3/yr)

2011 2021 2051 2011 2021 2051

A&N Islands (8249 km2)

26.2 4,51,957 5,73,533 1,172,050 57,970 45,740 22,380

South Andaman (3106 km2)

09.9 2,64,550 3,35,713 6,86,050 37,422 29,420 14,400

Nicobar (1841 Km2)

05.9 53,270 67,745 1,28,450 1,10,756 86,420 42,285

North & Middle Andaman (3302 km2 )

10.5 1,34,023 1,70,075 3,47,550 78,345 61,740 30,210

BCM-Billion Cubic Meter 11.2. Groundwater quality

The A&N Islands are composed mainly of thick Eocene sediments consist of Pre-Tertiary sandstone, siltstone and shale with intrusions of basic and ultra-basic igneous rocks. In the geologically Younger Richie’s archipelago, calcareous sand stones are more common (CGWB, 2014). The quality of ground water throughout the A&N islands is neutral to alkaline. It is generally of the calcium bicarbonate type, and the bicarbonate content varies from 91 to 427 ppm greatly predominates over the chloride content varying between 14-202 ppm (CGWB). The CGWB regularly monitors the ground water quality across Andaman Islands. (a) Observation of the CGWB on ground water quality in Andaman Islands Electrical Conductance ranges mostly from 132 to 1530 μS/cm. at 250 C. Chloride values ranges from 07 ppm to 170 ppm however mostly lies below 100 except few cases. Iron content varies from 0.03 to 8.81 ppm. Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium contents are well within permissible limit. Nitrate (Maximum permissible limit 45 mg/l), Sulfate and Fluoride

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(Maximum permissible limit 1.5 ppm) values are also found within permissible limit. However, very high NO3 content has been observed in Durgapur in North Andaman district (Technical Report of the CGWB, 2014. The chemical speciation analysis of water samples of bore wells and dug wells from South Andaman Island during April 2015 is given in Table 3.

Table 3. Chemical speciation analysis of water samples of bore wells and dug wells from South Andaman Island during April 2015 (Source GWMW, 2015-2016)

Location EC pH Ca Mg Na K F HCO3 Cl SO4 PO4 SiO2 TDS % Na TH

Port Blair 745 7.6 76 17 50 10.8 0.34 290 69 49 0.10 31 59 32 260

South Point 418 7.7 40 12 24 1.3 0.20 176 33 14 0.26 19 68 26 150

Corbyn's Cove 1594 7.7 80 29 211 4.7 0.17 222 404 35 0.07 118 71 59 320

Chidiyatapu 665 7.9 34 55 25 1.3 0.28 273 80 16 0.10 14 44 16 310

Bambooflat 517 7.7 38 16 56 1.6 0.24 237 42 6 0.17 44 78 44 160

Dandaspoint 478 7.8 40 16 34 2.7 0.25 159 54 31 0.00 26 65 32 165

Gupta Para 240 7.6 16 7 23 1.2 0.21 94 25 3 0.00 27 94 42 70

Marina park 899 7.7 78 19 92 4.8 0.36 324 130 13 0.30 55 66 43 275

Chouldari 1 629 7.9 20 61 19 4.8 0.16 342 25 13 0.10 11 47 14 300

Port Mout 585 7.8 60 27 39 3.0 0.80 244 57 40 0.02 24 54 25 260

Wandur - 2 599 8.1 76 15 26 7.0 0.90 305 14 38 0.43 16 55 21 250

Mount Harriyat 155 7.9 12 7 9 0.6 0.03 55 18 8 0.00 11 84 25 60

Solid wastes that are generated in Rutland Island, from around 130 households, minimum which include biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. This include house sweeping, kitchen waste, garden waste, agro waste, broken glass, metal, waste paper, plastic, cloths, rubber, waste from markets, etc. There is no information on quantity of waste generation and waste disposal mechanism in Rutland Island. The following strategies shall be considered for better solid waste management in Rutland Island:

1. The UT Administration shall put in place source segregation, collection, transportation, storage, processing and disposal, as per the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 as amended.

2. The UT Administration shall prepare comprehensive data based on the waste generation as well as prevalent waste management practices by earliest. These data base should be regularly updated. NCSCM, Chennai may be involved in the exercise.

3. The UT Administration shall adopt suitable technology or combination of appropriate technologies with the approval of concerned UT Pollution Control Committee with the standards prescribed under the Rules.

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4. The UT Administration shall make it mandatory for the commercial units such as tourism and other commercial establishments to put in place a waste management system as per the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 as amended.

5. For the management of building wastes, the relevant provisions of the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016, as notified by the MoEF&CC from time to time shall be followed.

6. Medical wastes generated from the primary dispensaries shall be strictly treated as per Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016.

7. The UT Administration shall put in place Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, by MoEF&CC. In view of the island conditions, the UT Administration shall ban on use of plastic carry bags.

8. Considering the island ecology, ground water and long rainy seasons, landfills may not be advisable. The UT Administration along with NCSCM shall explore various methods/ technologies for appropriate reuse and recycling of solid wastes including non-biodegradable wastes.

11.3 Liquid Waste Management The source of waste water in Rutland Island is limited which includes waste water from domestic uses (e.g from toilet, bathroom, washing of clothes and from kitchen) and there is hardly any industrial and commercial activity generating effluent. Waste water from domestic use requires biological or chemical treatment and disinfection before re-use. Treated water can be reused for garden watering, fodder raises and kitchen gardening.

At present, the island does not have sewage treatment facility. Since there is no industrial pollution and generation of domestic waste is in limited quantity, sewage management was not the priority. The following strategies shall be considered for better waste water management in Rutland Island:

1. For effective management of water, focus should be on management at household level. In case it cannot be managed at household level, management at the community level should be done. As far as possible, water generated at household level should be managed such that zero or minimum community waste is generated.

2. For development of island specific sewage management system (STP, MBBR RBC or

similar techniques), national institutes such as NCSCM should be involved for feasibility and pilot studies as well as regular monitoring of the progress.

3. Sewage management should incorporate Zero effluent (contaminant) discharge

framework to the coastal waters. Treated water should be used for non-contact

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purposes whereas surplus recycled water can be disposed off by considering the bathymetry, mixing, biodiversity and other ecological conditions.

4. It will always be better to manage and treat domestic grey water generated in the house in the area/courtyard/land surrounding the house. Various technological options such as Kitchen Garden with piped root zone system, Kitchen Garden without piped root zone system, Leach pit and Soakage pit may be suitable for the purpose.

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Energy Management Plan

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12. Energy Management Plan of Rutland (South Andaman)

12.1 Overview of Energy Distribution

The power generation in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands was started prior to the independence of the country. The direct current DG set of 100 KW was installed at Port Blair during 1929. Thereafter, the power generation was enhanced to 550 KW during 1951 in the powerhouse at Chatham Island. These Islands have very distinct geographical and topographical features; it is difficult to achieve a single power grid system, Therefore, an independent power grid system for power requirement regions or Islands separately established. Table 1: Electrical power supply for 61 years in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Year No. of Power Houses

Total Capacity (MW)

Generation (MU)

Per capita consumption (kwh)

1951 1 1.1 0.5 16 1961 1 1.1 1.6 20 1971 10 3 4.3 27 1981 16 7.5 10.8 41 1991 32 15.7 51.9 113 2001 34 44 118.6 250 2006 34 66.9 183.7 309 2008 41 68.5 200.6 385 2011 43 83.71 241.38 492

The power distribution among the Islands comes under the Department of Electricity of Andaman & Nicobar Islands. It is also a nodal agency of Renewable Energy Programs for the ministry of New & Renewable Energy Sources. During 61 years, the development of the electrical power capacity has presented in the Table 1. At present, total installed capacity of the power generation is about 83.83 MW with peak demand of 44.7 MW in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The installed power capacity is varied between 6 KW to 5000 KW in each power house. The Hydro Electric Power station is developed at Kalpong River; South Andaman has the capacity of 5.25 MW. In the South, the installed capacity of power from the Diesel generators is about 20 MW at Bambooflat is being operated by M/s SPCL on PPA basis. The installed capacity of the electrical power in the major Islands of the A & N Island is reported in the Table 2. Therefore the functioning of power supply in between the North, Middle and South Andaman are well connected and better monitoring and fault rectification through the best services to the consumers.

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Table 2: Electrical power installed capacity in South Andaman Islands SI.NO. Name of the Island Installed

Capacity (MW)

No. of Consumers

Annual Generation (MU)

Peak Demand (MW)

1 South Andaman 43.77 57869 179.6 30.11 Total 43.77 57869 179.6 30.11 The present energy management plan has been focused on the accessibility of non-conventional energy resources instead of conventional energy resources and their utilization without affecting the land and marine ecosystems. There are plenty and surplus abundance of non-conventional resources such as wind, biomass, solar, ocean thermal, tide, wave and hydro based resources, but their production scale is insignificant. Therefore, the present management plan explains the availability of non-conventional resources and their feasible potential sites. It also provides the implement recommendations to harvest the surplus non-conventional energy. Its harness should be more than the 50% of conventional energy; this holds the depleting of conventional resources and can be secured the energy for the future generation, and it also highly minimize the environmental pollution in the Islands.

12.2. Alternate and non-conventional sources - Status and Potential 1. Studies by NCSCM on Wind Energy Potential in Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations have been carried out using the fine resolution of atmospheric lower-boundary levels in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) for a period from January to December 2012 to predict the wind speed and its predominant direction at the desired height of 50m above mean sea level (MSL) over the Andaman & Nicobar Islands. The WRF model domain has a horizontal resolution of 5 km with 31 vertical pressure levels, and the corresponding horizontal grid points were 255× 141. The center of model domain is located at 87.5°E and 15.16°N. The model topography was obtained from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) at 2’ resolution and was integrated to model domain. Model simulations have been carried out by providing the initial and lateral boundary conditions from the NCEP FNL (1°×1°) data. The time varying lateral boundary conditions were derived for every 6-h interval from the NCEP Global Forecasting System (GFS) forecast fields to update the model domain boundaries with the same interval of time. The ESA’s locations are very important to found the feasible sites for offshore wind energy development in the coastal regions of Isalnds. 1.1 Methodology Model simulations were performed in High Performance Computing, with one master node consisting of 20 cores and four computing nodes consisting of 40 cores (DELL Power Edge

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R720). The vertical levels of the model were divided into 31 pressure levels. The model simulations were carried out with numerous numerical simulations such as diurnal and monthly simulations for the year 2012. The wind speed distribution at 50-, 80-, 100-, and 120-m Hub height was used to calculate the wind power per unit area of a particular location. However, results are described only for a 50m height above MSL based on the currently available technology in India. Further, mapping algorithms were used to map the wind speed along the Indian coast in ARCGIS v.10.1. This was used to assess the wind speed range (eight categories) up to the water depth of 50 m from the coast and have been classified as i) Low potential, ii) Medium potential, iii) High potential and iv) Very high potential categories. In addition, wind speeds between the depth-contours were extracted from the GEBCO-bathymetry of 30’ resolution along the coast of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.

1.2 Classification of Wind power

National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has classified wind power into seven different categories on the basis of wind speed (Tables 3 and 4).

Table 3: Classification of wind power

Table 4: Classification of wind and quality of power Wind speed (m/sec)

Wind power per unit area (W/m2) at 50-m height

Wind power quality

4 39.2 Poor 6 132.3 Poor 8 313.6 Fair 10 612.5 Outstanding 12 1,058.7 Superb 14 1,608.7 Superb 16 2,508.8 Superb

Wind power classification (W/m2) 1 Poor 0–200 2 Marginal 200–300 3 Fair 300–400 4 Good 400–500 5 Excellent 500–600 6 Outstanding 600–700 7 Superb >800

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The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) of India defined different wind classes from the NREL defined wind classes, using 1/7th power law profile. The CERC of India defined eight classes of wind speed from the sea level to a height of 50 m, 80 m, 100 m, and 120 m. The classification of wind speed by the CERC of India is shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Classification of wind speed by the CERC of India

Category Wind speed

(m/sec) at 50-m height

Wind power density (W/m2)

1 0–5.6 0–200 2 5.6–6.4 200–300 3 6.0–6.9 251.3–375.1 4 6.9–7.5 375.1–490.8 5 7.5–8.0 490.8–603.6 6 8.0–8.6 603.6–732.6 7 8.6–9.4 732.6–975.1 8 >9.4 >975.1

1.3 Distribution of Wind over Andaman & Nicobar Islands Wind is the driving force for generation of wind energy over the onshore and offshore region. Wind power density is directly proportional to the cube of wind speed. The distribution of wind speed depends upon the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of the atmosphere over the particular region. Indian sub-continent is a distinct type of landmark by covering three sides’ water and one side elevated mountains like the Himalayas and also it intruded in the Indian Ocean. These special geographical features of India caused to form a reversal wind system over the India. Indian Tropical Meteorology (IMD) classified four seasons in one annual year. They are pre-monsoon, southwest monsoon, post-monsoon and winter season. In the present study, WRF model simulations have been carried out to predict the wind distribution at 50 m height over the coastal regions of A & N Islands of India for the year 2012. Monsoon is a tropical phenomenon which causes to change the atmospheric circulation and associated precipitation patterns. The predicted wind speed distribution (Fig. 1) and its characteristics at 50 m height have been explained for the four seasons over the coastal regions of A & N Islands of India. The wind speed distribution is highly variable during the pre-monsoon period. The circulation of wind currents is a highly irregular flow pattern. The wind speed range has been predicted about 2 – 10.5 ms-1 in the North and Middle Andaman, South Andaman and Nicobar Islands regions. The wind potentials have been identified in the North Andaman, South Andaman, and Nicobar Islands regions. The weak and strong winds

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are observed away and along the coastal regions respectively, due to the sea and land breeze effect. During the southwest monsoon season, the winds are very strong due to large heat gradient between the land and sea and blow from the southwest direction. The high magnitude wind’s speed observed along and away from the coastal regions. The wind speed varies from 1-14 ms-1 in and around Andaman & Nicobar during southwest monsoon season. The substantial and high wind speed is observed in North Andaman, South Andaman, and Nicobar Islands. The coastal regions of the Andaman Islands are highly potential zones during the southwest monsoon season due to sustainable high wind speed over the regions to generate more offshore wind energy. In post-monsoon season, the strength of the wind gradually decreases and it blows in an irregular pattern. The model predicted the wind speed range has been varied between 3–10.5 ms-1 for this season. The highest magnitude of wind speed (10.8 m s-1) is predicted along the coastal Middle and South Andaman regions during the October month. The model results have been concluded that the coastal regions of Middle and South Andaman as the high potential sites. The period of January to February is referred to as winter season over peninsular India. During this season, the wind blows from land to sea. The strong winds are observed away from the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. A Similar pattern is observed over the coastal regions of Islands. In the month of January, the higher wind speed of 9 ms-1 is observed at South Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The model results predicted the sustainable and high wind speed at South Andaman during January and February, 2012. The offshore wind energy blocks have been developed along the coastal regions A & N Islands based on the classification of CERC of India. The offshore wind energy blocks for various months of the year 2012 are shown in the Fig. 2.

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Fig.1. Wind speed distribution at 50 m above MSL over the Andaman & Nicobar Islands in 2012

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Fig. 2. Development of offshore wind energy blocks in the coastal regions of Andaman & Nicobar Islands in 2012

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1.4 Comparison of offshore and onshore wind speed and wind power density over the South Andaman Islands of India The offshore wind potential locations are very important to establish the wind farms and power grid for the transmission of power in the nation. The offshore wind potentials mainly depend on the wind speed and its direction of the specific region. Andaman & Nicobar Island divide into three specific regions such as North & Middle Andaman, South Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The wind speed and wind power density estimated over the onshore and offshore region of the Islands and are given in Tables 6 and 7. Table 6: Comparison of Wind Speed (m/sec) between Onshore & Offshore at 50m

Height over South Andaman Islands during year 2012

South Andaman Islands Month Offshore Onshore

Jan 5.80 5.08 Feb 4.52 3.85 March 3.64 3.19 April 3.11 3.05 May 7.19 7.08 June 10.38 10.31 July 8.15 7.98 Aug 8.68 8.60 Sep 8.57 8.55 Oct 4.13 3.97 Nov 3.24 2.98 Dec 5.17 4.88

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Table 7: Comparison of Wind Power Density (W/m2) between Onshore & Offshore at 50 m Height over South Andaman Islands during year 2012

South Andaman Islands Month Offshore Onshore

Jan 120.01 80.84 Feb 56.70 35.14 March 29.58 19.88 April 18.55 17.38 May 228.91 218.01 June 686.97 674.87 July 333.50 312.15 Aug 402.64 391.65 Sep 387.77 383.92 Oct 43.30 38.36 Nov 21.00 16.30 Dec 84.78 71.27

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1.5 Predominant offshore wind direction in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Wind speed and its predominant wind direction have been predicted over the offshore region of South Andaman Islands (Fig. 3-5) for the year 2012. South Andaman regions have the predominant wind direction in the northeast direction for the months of January to April of 2012. The predominant wind direction is in a southwest direction during the months of May to August of 2012 and thereafter it directed into the southwest, southwest and northeast, and northeast direction during the month of September to December of 2012. Fig. 3. Wind rose diagrams to identify the wind speed and the predominant wind

direction in South Andaman Islands during January - April, 2012.

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Fig. 4. Wind rose diagrams to identify the wind speed and the predominant wind direction in South Andaman Islands during May - August, 2012.

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Fig. 5. Wind rose diagrams to identify the wind speed and the predominant wind direction in South Andaman Islands during September - December, 2012.

1.6 Offshore wind speeds and power density over the Rutland Island The potential sites are decided based on the wind speed distribution and wind power density. Wind power density gives the availability of wind power at a particular location, which is very useful to decide either the location is wind potential or not. 30 locations have been selected for the analysis of potential sites in the A & N Island. The monthly averaged wind speed and wind power density are predicted over the Rutland of Andaman & Nicobar Islands for the year 2012. The predicted monthly averaged wind speed, wind power density, power per turbine with a capacity of 2 MW and available energy production per turbine at Rutland Island is reported in Table 8. The predicted wind speed and wind power density revealed that the most of the locations are high potential zones during the southwest monsoon season and

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very few locations are identified as potentials for the other months of the year 2012. The predicted maximum power varied in the range of 0.48 MW to 0.82 MW per turbine in the month of May to September. The available maximum and minimum monthly energy production per turbine at Rutland Island is about 590 MWh and 41.4 MWh in the month of June and March respectively. Table 8: Monthly wind speeds and wind power density (W/m2) at 50 m height at

Rutland, South Andaman for the year 2012 Month Wind speed

(m/sec) Power Density

(W/m2) Power (MW) per

turbine Energy production

(MWh) Jan 7.56 250 0.209 150.2 Feb 6.03 127 0.106 76.2 March 4.92 69 0.057 41.4 April 5 72 0.060 43.4 May 10.6 692 0.575 413.9 June 11.93 987 0.820 590.0 July 9.98 577 0.480 345.4 Aug 11.64 916 0.761 548.1 Sep 11.14 804 0.667 480.4 Oct 6.62 168 0.140 100.8 Nov 5.59 101 0.084 60.7 Dec 7.89 285 0.237 170.7 2 Biomass The limited amount of electrical power is produced using the biomass in the Andaman & Nicobar Island. Two institutes namely the Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI), New Delhi and Karnataka State Council of Science and Technology have made an extensive study on the biomass utilization to generate electrical power which is estimated as 5 MW during 1987. In addition, the Institute of Energy Studies, Anna University conducted biomass estimation to harvest the electrical power in October 2007. The study suggested that the utilization of argo based biomass gives 5 MW, 2 MW and 1.5 MW electrical power at the South Andaman, Little Andaman and Car Nicobar respectively. Recently, Darashaw & Co. Pvt. Ltd., Pune collaborated with the Agriculture Department of A&N Administration during 2010 concluded that as per the available data of Biomass Residue, the power generation at South Andaman, Little Andaman and Car Nicobar can be 2 MW, 1.5 MW and 2 MW respectively. The subsidized bio-gas plant for domestic use is also provided to villagers having more than three cattle.

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There is no baseline data on the quantity of biomass in the Rutland Island for the production of electrical power and a feasibility study should be initiated to estimate the availability of biomass for harvesting the electrical power. 3 Solar Photovoltaic System (SPV) The assessment of solar energy is needed to select the feasible locations over the onshore and offshore regions of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Assessment studies carried out by research institutes have revealed that the availability of solar intensity is moderate in A & N Island because high cloud covers for long periods during southwest and northeast monsoon seasons. Therefore the A & N Islands are considered as moderate zone of solar Intensity. A pilot project was carried out by M/s BHEL, Bangalore with two solar power plants of capacity of each 50 kWp at Neil and Have lock Islands during 2002 and 2004 respectively. But they are not operational due to the conversion of Grid Stand Alone System into Grid controlled Invert system. Similarly, National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) collaborated with the ANI administration to establish 6MW Solar Power Plant in Andaman Islands. They also decided to conduct a feasibility study as well as preparation of DPR for the establishment of 5MW Solar Power Plant in South Andaman and 1MW Solar Power Plant in Middle Andaman. The NTPC has granted the work order to M/S Photon Energy System Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad for establishment of 5MWp SPV power plant during December 2011 and is expected to complete by the year 2013. The ANI administration has distributed the solar devices such as Solar Home Lighting System, Solar Street Light, Solar Lantern, Solar Water Heater, Solar Cooker etc. to the general public at subsidized rates. 3.1 Studies by NCSCM on Solar Energy Potential in Rutland Island NCSCM has conducted studies on the solar energy potential of Rutland Island by using monthly averaged clear sky insolation incident data sets from NASA surface meteorology and solar energy on a horizontal surface. The data has a resolution of a 1 degree longitude by 1 degree latitude, equal-angle grid, covering the entire globe using the re-gridding method. Thereafter, it is interpolated to the regional and local scales using the optimum interpolation methods. The accuracy of horizontal solar radiation data has shown the bias of about -0.01% and Root Mean Square (RMS) error about 10.23%. 3.2 Methodology for estimating solar energy potential The solar energy potential is calculated by using the total solar panel area, solar panel yield, annual average irradiation on tilted panels and performance ratio, coefficient for losses as follows 𝐸 = 𝐴 × 𝑟 ×𝐻 × 𝑃𝑃

E = Energy (kWh) A = Total solar panel Area (m²)

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r = solar panel yield (%) H = Annual average irradiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)* PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.9 and 0.5, default value =

0.75) 3.3 Classification of Solar Energy availability The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified solar energy into four categories, based on the energy gradient (Table 9).

Table 9: Classification of solar power

Classification Solar Energy (KWh/m2/day) Quality I < 4 Moderate II > 4 - 5 good III > 5 - 6 Very good IV > 6 Excellent

3.4 Spatial variation of solar energy availability over the ANI Spatial variation of solar energy availability has been studied using the NASA surface meteorology and solar energy datasets of monthly averaged clear sky insolation incident for 22 years (July 1983 through June 2005). The monthly averaged solar energy is shown in the Fig. 6-8. It is observed that the solar energy over little Andaman is highest from the month of September to February followed by south Andaman, middle Andaman and South Andaman respectively. In the month of March, south and middle Andaman have the highest energy compared to the Southland Little Andaman. The highest solar energy is found from April to July in South Andaman followed by middle Andaman, south Andaman and little Andaman. Similarly, in the month of August south Andaman has more energy compared to the middle and little Andaman but South Andaman has the lowest energy. High solar energy has been observed during the months of April, May, June, and July compared to the other months of the year in the South Andaman Islands. The highest and lowest solar energy of 7.62 and 5.75 kWh/m2/day are observed during the month of April and December.

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Fig. 6. Monthly average amount of the total incident solar radiation (kWh/m2/day) at Rutland Island from January to April

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Fig. 7. Monthly average amount of the total incident solar radiation (kWh/m2/day) at Rutland Island from May to August

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Fig. 8. Monthly average amount of the total incident solar radiation (kWh/m2/day) at Rutland Island from September to December

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3.5 Solar Energy Potential in Rutland Island

The available solar energy ranged between 5.96 - 7.61 kWh/m2/day (Fig. 12) in Rutland Island. This suggests that the viability of solar energy remains in the very good to excellent category in the Rutland Islands during the clear sky days. But, during June to September, the sky is covered with clouds for most of the day and the intensity of the sunrays is very less compare to the clear sky days. Hence, the harvesting of the solar energy is considered as moderate.

Fig. 9. Monthly averaged time series plot for solar energy available at Rutland Island

4 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Systems The Ocean Energy Centre of IIT, Chennai had done extensive study on the feasible locations for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Systems during 1984 in Andaman & Nicobar Islands and had identified three very attractive locations for shore /off shore based plants, which could be harnessed. OTEC utilizes the heated surface water and cold water from a depth of around 1000 meters and uses the temperature difference to produce electricity. The feasibility studies were also conducted by the Department of Ocean Development (DOD), New Delhi to explore the possibility of establishing a suitable capacity OTEC plant in these Islands. So far, there is no detailed study about the OTEC in Rutland Island of Andaman Island. Therefore a detailed scientific study is essential to harness the electrical power over the Rutland Island.

5 Waves

Wave energy has potential as an alternative source of energy Island coasts reportedly have higher wave heights than the mainland at a few locations and hence, there is potential to harvest and supply uninterrupted power for the Island. Numerical modelling can provide the

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baseline information in both identifying the potential and also the most suitable location for installation. Studies by NCSCM on wave Energy Potential in Rutland Island

5.1 Methodology

The accuracy of wave model predictions depends upon the availability of the observational, field measurements and satellite datasets. The initial and lateral boundary conditions data were obtained from the different open sources such as the European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), Global tidal data and wave heights, direction and time periods from the literature. The high resolution bathymetry data was obtained from the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), had the resolution of 30 arc-seconds. The surface wind field and surface pressure data sets were taken from ECMWF at every 6 hour interval with the spatial resolution of 12.5 km. Thereafter, it was interpolated to the domain mesh by using optimum interpolation algorithms. The domain mesh is generated using MIKE Mesh Generator tools. The domain mesh resolution varies from the coastline to the offshore region. The mesh resolution varied from 5 to 10 m near the coast and it increased to the 500 m in the offshore region. The satellite derived bathymetry, the generated high resolution mesh grid, the interpolation of bathymetry at the mesh grid points and interpolated bathymetry of the Rutland Island. The methodology is prepared using the wave model by integrating the flow model. The integrated modeling system used to simulate the wave dynamics and circulation features of the Islands considered the input parameters namely nearshore bathymetry, wind fields, radiation stresses, initial flow fields, tidal potentials and tidal levels, offshore wave heights, wave direction and time periods for the models respectively. The outcome of the models provided the wave heights, direction and periods, currents and water level elevations and wave power. 5.2 Wave energy in Rutland Island

The modelling studies for the wave height and wave energy during different seasons viz., pre-, monsoon and post- monsoon seasons found that the significant wave height varied between 0.1 – 1.68 m (Fig.10) and the corresponding availability of wave energy is moderate in the offshore regions of the Island. The wave power predicted around the ESAs of the Island varied between 2.5 – 7.9 kW/m during pre-, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of the year 2015 (Fig. 11). But it is very high about 10-13 kW/m for the same seasons in the offshore regions of the Island. Wave/wind/solar energy can be used as alternative energy resources during the monsoon seasons to overcome the shortfall of the power in Rutland Island, but currently does not appear to be commercially viable.

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Fig. 10. Predicted significant wave during different months of various seasons in 2015

Fig. 11. Predicted wave power during different months of various seasons in 2015

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6 Tidal energy Tides over the Rutland Island are semi-diurnal and mixed tides. The tide data were obtained from the INCOIS Predicted Astronomical Tide portal. The tidal energy varied from 0.29 to 1.65 m. Studies by NCSCM on Tidal Energy Potential in Rutland Island 6.1 Methodology The assessment of tidal energy is carried out using the tidal amplitude which is obtained from the INCOIS Predicted Astronomical Tide Portal and Global Tidal Data, tidal currents from Global Tidal Data (Fig.15). The following steps have been followed to derive the tidal energy of the specified location.

• The surface of the tidal energy harnessing plant is 1 km² (1 km × 1 km)

= 1000 m × 1000 m = 1 × 106 m2

• Specific density of sea water

= 1025.18 kg/m3

• Mass of the water

= volume of water × specific gravity = (area × tidal range) of water × mass density = (1 × 106 m2 × 1.36 m) × 1025.18 kg/m3 = 1.394 × 109 kg (approx.)

• Potential energy content of the water in the basin at high tide = ½ × area × density × gravitational acceleration × tidal range squared = ½ × 1 × 106 m2 × 1025 kg/m3 × 9.81 m/s2 × (1.36 m)2 =0.009299 × 1012 J (approx.)

There are two high tides and two low tides for the day. At low tide the potential energy is zero. • The total energy potential per day

= Energy for a single high tide × 2 = 0.009299 × 1012 J × 2 = 0.000578 × 1012 J

6.2 Tidal Energy Potential in Rutland Island

The baseline study of tidal energy assessed the tidal elevation, currents at the location of the Rutland Island of Andaman & Nicobar Islands and found that the values are very low compared to the typical values which are defined in the global scale. Hence the predicted

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tidal energy is little in and around the Rutland Island as compared to the other locations on the globe. Therefore, it would not be feasible to harvest tidal energy. Fig. 12. Predicted tide level at the Rutland Island of Andaman Islands during the month

of August 2016

7 Hydro System In case of the Rutland Island, there is no river flow and hence the island does not have the potential for establishment/ development of hydroelectric power. 12.3. Recommendations

• The offshore wind and solar energy preliminary studies revealed that the high wind speed and solar radiation are available only for 6 months in a year, and are in opposite time periods. Therefore the development of hybrid power system is highly recommended for the establishment of uninterrupted power supply.

• Feasibility studies on biomass, OTEC, and tidal energy are required to identify suitable sites though the potential is limited.

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Tourism Management Plan

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13. Tourism Management Plan 13.1. Tourism Potential

a) Introduction The motivational factors that are influencing the decision of potential tourist visiting India are monuments, forts, palaces, museums, hill stations and beaches (NCAER, 2014). The Andaman & Nicobar Islands (ANI) is one of the largest tourist areas in India provide for a unique combination of terrestrial, mangrove, coastal and marine ecosystems. The bays, coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass meadows beaches and caves make these islands special and attract both the international and domestic tourists each year. The UT Administration has the vision to develop the islands as an up market island destination for ecotourism through environmentally sustainable development of infrastructure without disturbing the natural ecosystem with the objective of creating more employment opportunities and synergize socio-economic development of the islands (Planning Commission, 2008).

b) Tourist visit to ANI The tourist arrival in ANI is on the increasing trend. The total tourist arrival (including foreign & domestic) in ANI for year 2010-11 was 195396 and for the year 2014-15, it is 307814. The average tourist visitors per day are increased from 535 to 843.

Arrival of Tourist in A&N Islands Year Foreign Domestic Total 2010-11 14615 180781 195396 2011-12 15814 202221 218035 2012-13 14981 230733 245714 2013-14 24507 315910 340417 2014-15 15581 292233 307814

Source: Department of Tourism, UT of A&N Islands. With the continuous increase in tourist flow to Andaman Islands and subsequent population pressure, there is a need to understand the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) for various tourist destinations in the island in addition to the importance given towards environmental protection, while planning for tourism development particularly in areas such as wildlife sanctuaries, beaches and other fragile ecosystems.

c) Rutland Island - Existing tourism Rutland Island is not a very popular tourist area in Andaman Islands like other areas. However, prominent touristic locations as identified by the A&N administration include

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Jahaji Beach, Bada Balu, Manner Strait, Photo Nallah and Dani Nallah. The island can be reached from the Manjery jetty or Chidiyattapu. Since, the island has good potential for beach tourism, construction of eco-friendly small island tourism resorts outside the ESAs may be considered for long term tourism development in the island. For this purpose, the existing tourism area of the island may be considered for further development taking into consideration preservation and conservation measures suggested for ESAs. However, a carrying capacity study is essential before initiating major tourism developmental activities. Further, the existing and proposed tourism activities should ensure compliance of all aspects as specified under ESAs. 13.2. Tourism Carrying Capacity To develop and promote sustainable tourism in Rutland Island, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction, the available data on physical & biological resources, existing tourism activities, infrastructure facilities and management conditions were analysed. The report of the Ministry of Tourism (Govt of India) on ‘Perspective Plan for Tourism Development in Andaman & Nicobar Islands” (2003) was also refereed. Carrying capacity of Physical Resources: Land: Availability of land in ANI is limited as more than 92% of the land is under forest cover (most of which are protected / reserve). The total geographical area of Rutland Island is 137.20 km2 and its coastline measures ~60 km. This island has extensive sandy beaches along the coastline especially at Parsapahar, Komyo, Bakrabalu, Photonallah and Jahaji. The area occupied by some of the major land use/land cover features are given below for reference:

Sl.No Feature Area (sq.km) 1 Sandy beach 0.54 2 Mangroves 4.82 3 Reef area 18.36 4 Settlements with plantation 2.24 5 Tidal mud flat 0.39 6 Water body 0.25 7 Reserve forest 112.06

Total 138.66 Power: The A&N islands are dependent on Diesel Generated Power. The Electricity department provides electric power to meet the requirement of all the consumers in the A&N Islands. At present the villages in the Rutland Island are electrified and the availability of power is not seen as a constraint for tourism development in Rutland Island. In case the island is proposed for more day tourism activities or resort based tourism development, the capacity can be augmented to suit the need. Other power generation options such as wind

http://s.no/

http://sq.km/

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generator, solar power plants, micro hydroelectric system, biomass based energy, etc. may be exploited to the fullest extent as a long term plan so as to reduce dependency on conventional energy sources/fossil fuels etc. and for providing clean and environment friendly electrical power. Water: Fresh water resources are limited in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The people of the Rutland Island depend on:-

(i) Bore/Dug wells (ii) Rain water harvesting

At present, the water is stored in water storage tank and supplied through pipeline to households. With increased tourist inflow coupled with population growth (Census, 2011: Total population is 460 persons) water could become a constraining factor. In case the island is proposed for day tourism or resort based tourism development, augmentation of water as appropriate will be essential. The future tourism establishments in Rutland Island should ensure the availability of water through proper rainwater harvesting and adequate infrastructure facilities. Waste management: When there is an increase in tourist inflow in Rutland Island, necessary arrangements for the treatment of the liquid waste and solid wastes must be made and it must be ensured that the untreated liquid waste and solid wastes are not discharged into the water or on the beach and no effluent or solid waste shall be discharged on the beach. In case, tourism resorts come in future, they should be encouraged to use small / package sewage treatment plants at individual resorts. Other limiting factors for Tourism: Tourism is dependent on nature. Climatic condition limits tourism as A&N experiences both south-west and north-east monsoon. The heavy monsoon accompanied by strong winds and high level of humidity do not provide ideal tourist conditions for almost 7-8 months in a year. Accessibility to Port Blair by ships and connectivity within A&N Islands (weather conditions restrict travel by ship) are impaired during the monsoon period. The major factors that affect tourism include Rainfall, Excessive Sunshine, Strong winds, Cyclone and Beach quality. 13.3. Tourism Management - Recommendations As the Rutland Island has great potential for tourism, eco-tourism can be promoted in this island. Tourism operations in protected areas need to be planned carefully through conducting detailed Tourism Carrying Capacity Studies and monitor regularly to ensure their long-term sustainability. The proposed tourism activities should ensure that

• No destruction of corals or disturbance to coral reef areas • No construction of hard structures such as coastal protection structures anywhere

along the coast

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• No disposal of untreated sewage or effluent including the non-biodegradable waste into the sea water by the tourist and related activity.

For any tourism related developments and establishments, the “Guidelines for development of beach resorts or hotels in the designated areas of ICRZ-III and ICRZ-II/IIMPs for occupation of tourist or visitors with prior approval of the Ministry of Environment and Forests” given in the IPZ Notification, 2011, should be followed.

***

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Sustainable Livelihood Developmental Plan

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14. Sustainable Livelihood Developmental Plan 14.1. Livelihood Enhancement opportunities for local community

Considering growth of current population in the island, which mostly depends on agriculture and other services, more livelihood options need to be explored. Living standard of the population can be enhanced by involving them in fishing if the people willing to do and in the proposed tourism related activities either as workers, skilled technicians or in boating for tourists. Necessary skill enhancement programmes need to be organized to the islanders to carry out these activities. Working Population of the south Andaman District & Rutland Island (Census, 2001) Island Total

workers Main workers Marginal

Workers cultivators Agriculture House- hold industry

Others

South Andaman

76495 4141 1516 553 63006 7279

Rutland 389 179 16 1 181 12

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IIM Plan for Rutland Island

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15. IIM Plan for Rutland Island

Space for IIM Map

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Annexures

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Annexure-I

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF INTEGRATED ISLANDS MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ISLAND COASTAL REGULATION ZONE

1. The entire island including the aquatic area shall be considered for the Integrated Island Management Plan, while for ICRZ the jurisdiction shall be as indicated at para III (A).

2. Integrated Island Management Plans shall be prepared indicating therein all present and future developments, conservation and preservation schemes with a time frame of ten years.

3. The Integrated Island Management Plan and ICRZ shall address vulnerability to human life and property based on elevation, geomorphology, sea level trends and horizontal line displacement and indicate suitable areas that are safe for locating dwelling units, infrastructure, and the like, and appropriate safeguards measures to protect the life and property of the local communities, infrastructure from natural hazards shall be indicated in the Integrated Islands Management Plan.

4. The land area falling between the hazard line and 500mts from HTL on the landward side, in case of seafront and between the hazard line and 100mts line in case of tidal influenced water body the word ‘hazard line’ denotes the line demarcated by Ministry of Environment and Forests (hereinafter referred to as the MoEF) through the Survey of India (hereinafter referred to as the SoI) taking into account tides, waves, sea level rise and shoreline changes.

5. No developmental activities other than those listed in this Notification shall be permitted in the areas between the hazard line and 500mts or 100mts or width of the creek on the landward side. The dwelling unit of the local communities, tribals including that of the fishers will not be relocated if the dwelling units are located on the seaward side of the hazard line. The Union territory Administration will provide necessary safeguards from natural disaster to such dwelling units of local communities.

6. All the existing roads including the internal roads shall be strengthened, as these roads shall serve for the purpose of livelihood, communication, rescue, relief and evacuation measures during natural hazards.

7. Adequate cyclone shelters shall be earmarked and constructed on elevated areas or on stilts adjacent to populated areas.

8. The existing and as well new schools, market areas and other public facilities (excluding public toilets) where large number of public congregate, shall normally be located on safe areas preferably in elevated areas or protected areas.

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9. Along the seaward side sufficient bio-shield with local vegetation, trees including mangroves shall be planted and other soft protection measures.

10. The Integrated Islands Management Plan and ICRZ shall be based on scientific methodology and with the approval of the concerned authorities, including the appropriate coastal protection structures be constructed in accordance with such Plan.

11. The beaches shall be protected and no developmental activities shall be permitted therein.

12. Sand dunes, being natural barrier in the event of flooding, shall be conserved and maintained or regenerated by planting shrubs or through appropriate measures.

13. There shall be no restriction with regard to traditional fishing by local communities including installation of fish aggregating devices as recommended by the Islands Administrations.

14. (a) The mining of construction material, especially sand from deep sea bed (beyond fifteen meters depth), after undertaking proper scientific studies may be permitted in the Plan;

i. The alternative construction material, such as, bamboo, local forest products may be identified and used

ii. The other materials, like, metal, hollow brick blocks, and the like, shall be imported from the mainland.

15. Emphasis shall be given to use of non-conventional energy resources especially, wind, solar and tidal energy, desalination, water recycling, and use of local products.

16. Early warning system shall be provided for cyclone, tsunami, and the like, and a evacuation and relief measure plan in case of disasters shall be built into the Integrated Islands Management Plan.

17. Necessary provision shall be made in the Integrated Islands Management Plan for relocation and rehabilitation of people displaced due to natural disasters.

18. Integrated Islands Management Plan and ICRZ shall also include the areas under habitation and make plan for future development.

19. No developmental activities shall be permitted in the area under reserve forests, protected forests, national parks and sanctuaries notified under the Forests (Conservation) Act, 1980 (69 of 1980) or the Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 (53 of 1972) and the areas protected under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986).

20. The dwelling units or infrastructure of local communities as are existing at the time of preparation of Plan shall not be displaced.

21. Repair of existing buildings or infrastructure including reconstruction activities shall be allowed.

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22. IIMP and ICRZ shall be prepared in 1:25,000 scale map for macro level planning and

1:10,000 or cadastral scale for micro level planning.

23. The High Tide Line will be got demarcated by one of the agencies authorized by Ministry of Environment and Forests.

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Annexure-II Criteria for demarcation of NDZ / setback area

The island ecosystems are extremely fragile. As the island communities strive to raise their living standards for growing populations, there is always a tendency to sacrifice the fragile ecosystems that are among their most valuable assets. Further there is always a chance to overexploit their natural resources and to pollute the environment. Another alarming scenario is the predicted Sea Level Rise (SLR) and increased coastal erosion, which could damage the coastal areas and submerge the islands. This will cause irreparable loss or serious damages to the island environment necessitating precaution while initiating the developmental activities in the island. Taking into account all the above a Setback zone in the island becomes highly essential. Setback line and International Practices The setback or buffer zone is a planning and operational tool practiced/ implemented in many countries around the world. This was practiced mainly to protect human activities from extreme and chronic physical processes such as coastal erosion and coastal flooding and climate change. Further aim is to preserve ecosystem functions and morphology/landscape along a coast by regulating interference of human settlements and activities with ecosystems. In USA the coastal states can decide their own setback line as per the guidelines of Ocean Coastal Resource Management (OCRM). For example in North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida have setback lines based on annual erosion rate. Usually 30 or 50 times the annual erosion rate is considered but they often update the setback lines and erosion rate data every 10 years. In Minnesota, the Superior coast considers 50 times the annual erosion rate as the setback line. The coast does not have long term erosion details they consider arbitrarily limit of 125 ft as a buffer zone. Washington State follows a setback of 200 m from MHT (Mean High Water Line) for regulation and inland boundary of coastal counties for planning. Australia also has similar setback approach as practiced in India. They consider almost 100 year planning period to accommodate the long term erosion, acute storm erosion and SLR. Maximum water level based on tide, surge, run up of waves on beaches were considered by Spain. Some of the setback lines practiced in other countries are as follows: Sri Lanka - 330m, Spain - 100m, Italy - 300 m, Australia - 100m. In India there are different setback lines for different activities. Hazard line for the country is being demarcated by Survey of India. For this tide, wave setup, sea level rise and shoreline changes parameters are being considered. Setback Zone for the Island A setback is an area within the islands’ coastal zone wherein certain development activities are prohibited or significantly restricted. The setbacks are a means of accomplishing a number of objectives including:

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1. Providing livelihood security to the local communities including the fisher folk and tribals.

2. Promote conservation and protection of Island’s unique environment and its marine area

3. To promote development through sustainable integrated management plan based on scientific principles taking into account the vulnerability of the coast to natural hazards.

A setback area is composed of the reservation area or reservation line lying between seaward reference line of High Tide Line (HTL) and the landward reference line of the particular coastal segment to be decided scientifically on a case to case basis along the Island’s coast. In the islands’ coast the reference line is the HTL which is generally 3 to 3.8 m above the Mean Sea Level (MSL) has been well documented. Criteria for Setback Line The IPZ Notification clearly says that the Integrated Island Management Plan shall address vulnerability to human life and property based on elevation, geomorphology, sea level trends and horizontal shoreline displacement’. It further says that the IIMP may indicate suitable areas that are safe for locating dwelling units, infrastructure and also appropriate safeguards measures to protect the life and property of the local communities from natural hazards. A No Development Zone or Setback area is determined so as to achieve the above objectives as required in the IIMP for the island. The criteria for establishing the setback line for each segment of the islands’ coastline has been worked out based on the hazard perception. The segments have been rated based on the hazards experienced by the islands. The major hazards considered are: Severe monsoon wave activity and wave set up (due to waves and tides) Coastal flooding (geology, geomorphology and land elevation as base parameters) Horizontal shoreline displacement (erosion / accretion) Sea level trends (Elevation) Cyclones, storm surges and tsunami Though islands face many hazards the most important ones which need to be considered are high monsoonal waves and coastal flooding, shoreline displacement and sea level trends. The cyclones, storm surges and tsunami have not been considered for setback line, as they are rare events and have been accounted in the disaster management plans included in the IIMP by providing cyclone shelters, road communication, etc. (i) High monsoon waves: Waves are one of the most frequent hazards that are active in the island. It is one among the parameters that significantly contribute to shoreline changes. The impact of waves increases due to wave and wind set up. The impact is more during the high tidal conditions. The

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changes in the shoreline truly reflect the impact of the waves, tides and wind. Hence it is more practical to examine the long term shoreline changes to account for the above effects. (ii) Sea level Trends It is now well known that the sea levels are increasing in most part of the world due to the global warming phenomenon. Though local studies specific to the islands are not available the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) has given a projection of 45 cm of sea level rise globally as a moderate scenario for the period 2000-2100. To be on the conservative side this projection is adopted for the island and a rise of 60 cm is accounted for the purpose of the setback line. This means a coastal zone falling within this rise is vulnerable to the impact of the sea level rise projected. It is to be remembered that the impacts of the day to day waves and tides are also accommodated within this elevation. Hence the area falling within this elevation can be taken as the setback zone. Since the present day impacts are felt up to the HTL and the projections are intended for the future, the elevations are taken above the HTL. From the above discussion the measurable criteria for determining the set back line in the islands is elevation. Since the shoreline erosion / accretion is a dynamic process wherein the coast which has been traditionally eroding may turn to an accreting coast and vice versa after a few years of time due to many factors including anthropogenic like construction of coastal structures, development of harbour and port, foreshore based activities, etc. Hence the shoreline changes independently may not give the correct measurable criteria for identifying the setback line. The other parameter is the elevation of the island with respect to HTL. Considering all the above a distance upto the elevation of 0.6 m above HTL is taken as a general parameter for fixing the setback line. For fixing the distance to the 0.6m elevation from the HTL the island is divided into several segments and the parameters were determined scientifically for each. Though there is no considerable variation in the segments examined, as a conservative measure the maximum value for the block of segments is taken as the setback distance for that portion of the island. A uniform setback distance is assigned around the island as a conservation measure.

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Annexure- III The list of Mangroves, corals, seaweed and seagrass species found in the Rutland Island

1. Mangrove Species:

S. No. Family Species True mangroves:

1 Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius L. 2 Avicenniaceae Avicennia officinalis L. 3 ˶ Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. 4 Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. 5 ˶ Bruguiera cyclindrica (L.) Blume 6 ˶ Bruguiera parviflora Wight & Arn. ex Griffith 7 ˶ Ceriops tagal (Perr) C.B. Rob. 8 ˶ Rhizophora apiculata Blume 9 ˶ Rhizophora mucronata Lam. 10 Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha L. 11 Sterculiaceae Heritiera littoralis Aiton 12 Sonneratiaceae Sonneratia alba Sm. 13 ˶ Sonneratia ovata Backer 14 ˶ Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. 15 ˶ Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. 16 Meliaceae Xylocarpus granatum K.D.Koenig ˶ Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem.

17 Rubiaceae Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea C.F.Gaertn. 18 Lythraceae Pemphis acidula J.R.Forst & G.Forst 19 Plumbaginaceae Aegialitis rotundifolia Roxb 20 Myrsinaceae Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco 21 Combretaceae Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.

Mangrove Associates: 22 Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum L. 23 Pandanaceae Pandanus odoratissimus L. 24 Malvaceae Hibiscus tilliaceous L. 25 ˶ Hibiscus tortuosus 26 Lecythidaceae Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. 27 Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb 28 Verbenaceae Clerodendrome inerme L. 29 Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica L.

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2. Coral Species:

S.No. Family Species 1 Acroporidae Acropora bruggemanni (Brook, 1893) 2 ˶ Acropora cerealis (Dana, 1846) 3 ˶ Acropora chesterfieldensis Veron and Wallace, 1984 4 ˶ Acropora digitifera (Dana, 1846) 5 ˶ Acropora divaricata (Dana, 1846) 6 ˶ Acropora donei Veron and Wallace, 1984 7 ˶ Acropora echinata Dana, 1846 8 ˶ Acropora florida (Dana, 1846) 9 ˶ Acropora formosa (Dana, 1846) 10 ˶ Acropora forskali (Ehrenbeerg, 1834) 11 ˶ Acropora gemmifera (Brook, 1896) 12 ˶ Acropora granulosa (MED & H, 1860) 13 ˶ Acropora hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 14 ˶ Acropora gemmnifera (Brook, 1892) 15 ˶ Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846) 16 ˶ Acropora humilis (Dana, 1846) 17 ˶ Acropora hyacinthus (Dana, 1846) 18 ˶ Acropora insignis Nemenzo, 1967 19 ˶ Acropora latistella (Brook, 1891) 20 ˶ Acropora longicyathus (MED & H, 1860) 21 ˶ Acropora monticulosa (Brüggemann 1879) 22 ˶ Acropora nasuta (Dana, 1846) 23 ˶ Acropora palifera (Lamarck,1816) 24 ˶ Acropora papillare Latypov, 1992 25 ˶ Acropora robusta (Dana, 1846) 26 ˶ Acropora rudis (Rehberg, 1892) 27 ˶ Acropora secale (Studer, 1878) 28 ˶ Acropora sqarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 29 ˶ Acropora subuata (Dana, 1846) 30 ˶ Acropora valenciennesi (MED & H, 1860) 31 ˶ Acropora vaughani Wells, 1954 32 Acroporidae Astreopora incrustans Bernard, 1896 33 ˶ Astreopora listeri Bernard, 1896 34 ˶ Astreopora myriphthalma (Lamarck, 1816) 35 ˶ Astreopora ocellata Bernard, 1896 36 ˶ Astreopora suggesta Wells, 1954 37 ˶ Montipora aequituberculata (Bernard, 1897) 38 ˶ Montipora florida Nemenzo, 1967 39 ˶ Montipora gaimardi (Bernard, 1897) 40 ˶ Montipora informis Bernard, 1897

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41 ˶ Montipora meandrina (Ehrenberg, 1834) 42 ˶ Montipora peltiformis Bernard, 1897 43 ˶ Montipora spumosa (Lamarck, 1816) 44 ˶ Montipora venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) 45 ˶ Montipora verrilli Vaughan, 1907 46 ˶ Montipora verrucosa (Lamarck, 1816) 47 ˶ Montipora verruculosus Veron, 2000 48 ˶ Montipora vietnemensis Veron, 2000 49 Agariciidae Coeloseris mayeri (Vaughan, 1918) 50 ˶ Gardineroseris planulata (Dana, 1846) 51 Dendrophylliidae Turbinaria mesenterina (Lamarck, 1816) 52 ˶ Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1974) 53 ˶ Turbinaria reniformis Bernard, 1896 54 ˶ Dendrophyllia robusta (Bourne,1905) 55 Faviidae Favia favus (Forskal, 1775) 56 ˶ Favia albidus Veron, 2000 57 ˶ Favia pallida (Dana, 1846) 58 ˶ Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846) 59 ˶ Favia laxa (Klunzinger, 1879) 60 ˶ Favia lizardensis Veron and Pichon, 1977 61 ˶ Favia matthaii Vaughan, 1918 62 ˶ Favia stelligera (Dana, 1846) 63 ˶ Favia truncatus Veron, 2000 64 ˶ Favia veroni Moll and Borel-Best, 1984 65 ˶ Favites abdita (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 66 ˶ Favites halicora (Ehrenberg, 1834) 67 ˶ Favites micropentagona Veron, 2000 68 ˶ Favites pentagona (Esper, 1794) 69 ˶ Goniastrea edwardsi (Chevalier, 1971) 70 ˶ Goniastrea australensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) 71 ˶ Goniastrea aspera (Verrill, 1905) 72 ˶ Leptoria irregularis Veron, 1990 73 ˶ Leptoria phrygia (Ellis and Solander, 1786) 74 ˶ Goniopora stokes (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1857) 75 ˶ Hydnophora microconos (Lamarck, 1816) 76 ˶ Oulophyllia crispa (Lamarck, 1816) 77 ˶ Leptoria Phrygia (Ellis & Solander, 1786) 78 ˶ Leptastrea purpurea (Dana, 1846) 79 ˶ Montastraea valenciennesi (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848) 80 ˶ Echinopora forskaliana (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849) 81 ˶ Echinopora lamellosa (Espper, 1795) 82 ˶ Echinopora pacificus Veron, 1990 83 ˶ Plesiastrea versipora (Lamarck, 1816)

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84 Fungiidae Ctenactis crassa (Dana, 1846) 85 ˶ Ctenactis echinata (Pallas, 1766) 86 ˶ Cycloseris cyclolites (Lamarck, 1815) 87 ˶ Cycloseris costulata (Ortmann, 1889) 88 ˶ Fungia repanda (Dana, 1846) 89 Merulinidae Platygyra pini (Chevalier, 1975) 90 ˶ Platygyra lamellina (Ehrenberg, 1834) 91 Milleporidae Millepora sp. (Linnaeus, 1758) 92 Mussidae Symphyllia agaricia MED & H, 1849 93 ˶ Symphyllia erythraea (Klunzinger, 1879) 94 ˶ Symphyllia radians MED & H, 1849 95 ˶ Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846) 96 ˶ Lobophyllia corymbosa (Forskal, 1775) 97 ˶ Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 98 ˶ Lobphyllia robusta Yabe and Sugiyama, 1936 99 ˶ Australomussa rowleyensis Veron, 1985 100 ˶ Scolymia vitiensis Bruggemann, 1877 101 ˶ Acanthastrea hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) 102 ˶ Acanthastrea regularis Veron, 2000 103 Pocilloporidae Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) 104 ˶ Pocillopora elegans Dana, 1846 105 ˶ Pocillopora eydouxi MED & H, 1860 106 ˶ Pocillopora kelleheri Veron, 2000 107 ˶ Pocillopora meandrina Dana, 1846 108 ˶ Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis and Solander, 1786) 109 ˶ Seriatopora hystrix (Dana, 1846) 110 ˶ Stylophora pistillata Esper, 1797 111 ˶ Seriatopora aculeata Quelch, 1886 112 ˶ Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846 113 ˶ Siderastrea savignyana (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1850) 114 Euphyllidae Physogyra lichtensteini (MED & H, 1851) 115 ˶ Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) 116 ˶ Physogyra lichtensteini (MED & H, 1851) 117 ˶ Plerogyra sinuosa (Dana, 1846) 118 ˶ Euphyllia ancora Veron and Pichon, 1980 119 ˶ Euphyllia glabrescens (Chamisso Eysenhardt, 1821) 120 ˶ Euphyllia paraglabrescens Veron, 2000 121 Poritidae Porites lobata (Dana, 1846) 122 ˶ Porites cylindrica Dana, 1846 123 ˶ Porites solida (Forskal, 1775) 124 ˶ Porites lutea (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1860) 125 ˶ Porites monticulosa Dana, 1846 126 ˶ Porites murrayensis Vaughaan, 1918 127 ˶ Porites rus (Forskal, 1775)

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128 ˶ Porites solida (Forskal, 1775) 129 ˶ Goniopora columna Dana, 1846 130 ˶ Goniopora fruticosa Saville-Kent, 1893 131 ˶ Goniopora lobata MED & H, 1860 132 Siderastreidae Psammocora contigua (Esper, 1794) 133 ˶ Symphyllia recta (Dana, 1846) 134 Trachyphylliidae Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Audouin, 1826)

3. Seaweed Species:

S.No. Family Species 1 Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis plumose (Huds.) 2 Codiaceae Codium reediae (P.C. Silva, 1952) 3 ˶ Codium arabicum (Kutzing, 1856) 4 ˶ Codium edule (P.C. Silva, 1952) 5 Cladophoraceae Cladophora spp. (Kutzing, 1843) 6 Cystoseiraceae Hormophysa cuneformis 7 Pithophoraceae Dictyosphaeria versluysii (Weber-vanBosse, 1905) 9 Rhodomelaceae Acanthophora spicifera (Vahl) Boerges. 10 ˶ Polysiphonia ungiforms Borgesen 11 Halimedaceae Halimeda discoidea (Decaisne, 1842) 12 ˶ Halimeda macroloba Decs. 13 Gracilariaceae Gracilaria corticata (J.Agardh 1852) 14 ˶ Melanthalia abscissa (J.D. Hooker & Harvey, 1845) 15 Dasycladaceae Neomeris annulata (Dickie, 1874) 16 Dictyotaceae Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) 17 ˶ Padina australis (Hauck, 1887) 18 ˶ Padina gymnospora (Kuetz) 19 ˶ Padina tetrastromatica Hauck. 20 Sargassaceae Sargassum natans (Gaillon, 1828) 21 ˶ Sargassum duplicatum J.Agardh 22 ˶ Turbinaria ornate (J.Agardh 1848) 23 ˶ Turbinaria conoides (J.Agarth)Kuetz 24 Scytosiphonaceae Hydroclathrus clathratus 25 Solieriaceae Solieria robusta (Greville) Kylin 1932 26 Ulvaceae Ulva fasciata (Delile, 1813) 27 ˶ Ulva reticulata (Forsskal) 28 ˶ Enteromorpha compressa (Nees) 29 Udoteaceae Avrainvillea erecta (Berkel.)

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4. Seagrass Species:

S.No. Family Species 1 Potamogetonaceae Halodule pinifolia (Hartog, 1964) 2 ˶ Halodule uninervis (Forsskal 1882) 3 Hydrocharitaceae Halophila ovalis (J.D. Hooker, 1858) 4 ˶ Thalassia hemprichii

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11°30'0"N 11°30'0"N

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11°25'0"N 11°25'0"N

11°22'30"N 11°22'30"N

(Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change) Chennai - 25

National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management

Prepared by

D R A F T MAP

INTEGRATED ISLAND MANAGEMENT PLANFOR RUTLAND ISLAND

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IIM PLAN FOR RUTLAND ISLAND - Andaman & Nicobar ... ISLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN (IIMP) FOR ANDAMAN &...

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