II. The Early Nineteenth II. The Early Nineteenth CenturyCentury

1. The Constitution organized 1. The Constitution organized the first government for the the first government for the

United States.United States. FalseFalse The first government was set The first government was set

up by the Articles of up by the Articles of Confederation.Confederation.

The central government under The central government under the Articles was weak and the Articles was weak and ineffective. This was ineffective. This was demonstrated during Shays’ demonstrated during Shays’ Rebellion.Rebellion.

To improve the situation, a To improve the situation, a Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention was held during the summer was held during the summer of 1787 in Philadelphia.of 1787 in Philadelphia.

2. The “Founding Fathers” never 2. The “Founding Fathers” never really wanted to see the creation of really wanted to see the creation of

major political parties.major political parties. TrueTrue However, because the Constitution had However, because the Constitution had

created a much stronger government, the created a much stronger government, the question of its ratification became a big question of its ratification became a big issue.issue.

This resulted in the first two parties:This resulted in the first two parties:– The Federalists, who supported the The Federalists, who supported the

Constitution because they wanted a Constitution because they wanted a stronger central government.stronger central government.

– The Anti-Federalists, who wanted a The Anti-Federalists, who wanted a weaker Federal governmentweaker Federal government

The issue was resolved by a The issue was resolved by a compromise, the Bill of Rights.compromise, the Bill of Rights.

Bill of RightsBill of Rights

Amendment IAmendment I– Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the

free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. grievances.

Amendment IIAmendment II– A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the

people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment IIIAmendment III

– No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Amendment IVAmendment IV– The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Amendment VAmendment V– No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a

presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. for public use, without just compensation.

Bill of RightsBill of Rights Amendment VIAmendment VI

– In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. defense.

Amendment VIIAmendment VII– In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty

dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. according to the rules of the common law.

Amendment VIIIAmendment VIII– Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel

and unusual punishments inflicted. and unusual punishments inflicted. Amendment IXAmendment IX

– The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Amendment XAmendment X– The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor

prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.people.

3. With the approval of a single treaty, 3. With the approval of a single treaty, the United States doubled its size the United States doubled its size

overnight.overnight. TrueTrue The Treaty of Paris, which The Treaty of Paris, which

ended the Revolutionary ended the Revolutionary War, had already War, had already extended the U.S. border extended the U.S. border to the Mississippi River.to the Mississippi River.

In 1803, a single treaty In 1803, a single treaty with France doubled the with France doubled the size of the nation size of the nation overnight.overnight.

Lewis and Clark were then Lewis and Clark were then sent by President sent by President Jefferson to explore our Jefferson to explore our new purchase.new purchase.

4. From the start, the 4. From the start, the United States has played an United States has played an active role in foreign policy.active role in foreign policy. FalseFalse

In President In President Washington’s Washington’s farewell address, he farewell address, he warned to avoid warned to avoid foreign foreign entanglements.entanglements.

America’s America’s geography also geography also supported this idea supported this idea of of IsolationismIsolationism..

One exception came One exception came in the 1820s with in the 1820s with the issuing of the the issuing of the Monroe Doctrine.Monroe Doctrine.

““The great rule of conduct for us in The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is in regard to foreign nations is in extending our commercial relations, to extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests which to us set of primary interests which to us have none; or a very remote relation. have none; or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.” of her friendships or enmities.”

5. The Industrial Revolution did not 5. The Industrial Revolution did not begin in the United States, but begin in the United States, but

would eventually make the United would eventually make the United States the richest nation in the States the richest nation in the

world.world. TrueTrue The Industrial Revolution began with The Industrial Revolution began with

the rise of the textile industry in the rise of the textile industry in England during the 18England during the 18thth century. century.

England possessed all of the essential England possessed all of the essential ingredients – natural resources, a ingredients – natural resources, a plentiful food supply, a growing plentiful food supply, a growing population, good transportation and a population, good transportation and a supportive government.supportive government.

The United States began to The United States began to industrialize in the early 1800s with industrialize in the early 1800s with the rise of the “American System.” the rise of the “American System.” This idea, pioneered by Eli Whitney, This idea, pioneered by Eli Whitney, involved the use of interchangeable involved the use of interchangeable parts. Full industrialization would wait parts. Full industrialization would wait until the United States filled out its until the United States filled out its borders and solved its slavery issue.borders and solved its slavery issue.

6. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 6. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, the British and the Americans launched a 1783, the British and the Americans launched a

friendship that has lasted to the present.friendship that has lasted to the present.

FalseFalse There was still much conflict There was still much conflict

between England and the United between England and the United States along the frontier and on States along the frontier and on the high seas when the United the high seas when the United States tried to avoid the conflict States tried to avoid the conflict between England and Napoleon's between England and Napoleon's France.France.

When English ships began to When English ships began to “impress” American sailors into “impress” American sailors into their navy, war was declared – their navy, war was declared – The War of 1812The War of 1812..

After victories and defeats on After victories and defeats on both sides, the war ended as a both sides, the war ended as a stalemate in 1815.stalemate in 1815.

7. For its first 100 years, the 7. For its first 100 years, the United States did not place any United States did not place any restrictions on the number of restrictions on the number of

immigrants coming to its shores.immigrants coming to its shores. TrueTrue The United States The United States expandedexpanded

significantly during the first half significantly during the first half of the 19of the 19thth century. This theme century. This theme was characterized by the was characterized by the expansion of territory, the expansion of territory, the expansion of the economy and expansion of the economy and the expansion of its population.the expansion of its population.

In terms of immigrants, the In terms of immigrants, the largest numbers arrived from largest numbers arrived from Germany and Ireland.Germany and Ireland.

The biggest “losers” during this The biggest “losers” during this period were the native tribes, period were the native tribes, especially after passage of the especially after passage of the Indian Removal Act, and the Indian Removal Act, and the growing number of slaves.growing number of slaves.

8. After 1808, it became illegal 8. After 1808, it became illegal to import African slaves into the to import African slaves into the

United States.United States. TrueTrue While the Constitution prohibited While the Constitution prohibited

the importation of African slaves the importation of African slaves after 1808, slavery continued to after 1808, slavery continued to grow and flourish.grow and flourish.

In 1820, Missouri entered the In 1820, Missouri entered the union as a slave state. The union as a slave state. The Missouri Compromise attempted Missouri Compromise attempted to resolve the issue of the to resolve the issue of the expansion of slavery into the expansion of slavery into the new territories.new territories.

As Abolitionism became a large As Abolitionism became a large movement, slavery continued to movement, slavery continued to fester as a very emotional and fester as a very emotional and divisive issue. divisive issue.

Article I, Section 9 of the Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution reads: “The Migration Constitution reads: “The Migration or Importation of such Persons as or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight the Year one thousand eight

hundred and eight..."hundred and eight..."

9. Texas was the prize awarded to 9. Texas was the prize awarded to the United States after its victory in the United States after its victory in

the Mexican-American War.the Mexican-American War. FalseFalse Texas was populated mostly by Indian Texas was populated mostly by Indian

tribes when Mexico acquired its tribes when Mexico acquired its independence in 1820. Americans were independence in 1820. Americans were invited to settle there if they agreed to invited to settle there if they agreed to become Mexican citizens. In 1835, become Mexican citizens. In 1835, Texas revolted and the following year, Texas revolted and the following year, won its independence.won its independence.

In 1845, Texas was annexed by the In 1845, Texas was annexed by the United States. A border dispute then United States. A border dispute then turned into the turned into the Mexican-American WarMexican-American War..

Two years later, American victories led Two years later, American victories led to a treaty where the United States took to a treaty where the United States took the entire Southwest. This brought the the entire Southwest. This brought the expansion of slavery issue back to the expansion of slavery issue back to the surface.surface.

Westward ExpansionWestward Expansion

10. Gold was the primary cause 10. Gold was the primary cause behind the rapid growth of Oregon behind the rapid growth of Oregon

and the Oregon Trail.and the Oregon Trail. FalseFalse Gold was discovered in Gold was discovered in CaliforniaCalifornia in in

1848 and led to the rapid population 1848 and led to the rapid population growth of that state. In addition, growth of that state. In addition, gold and silver strikes would help to gold and silver strikes would help to populate other parts of the west.populate other parts of the west.

Settlers traveled to Oregon, Settlers traveled to Oregon, however, to take the fertile land of however, to take the fertile land of the Willamette Valley. In addition, the Willamette Valley. In addition, Utah was quickly polupated by Utah was quickly polupated by Mormons looking for religious Mormons looking for religious freedom.freedom.

Much of the settlement of the west Much of the settlement of the west was justified by the principle of was justified by the principle of manifest destinymanifest destiny..

““Other nations have tried Other nations have tried to check... the fulfillment to check... the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent overspread the continent allotted by Providence for allotted by Providence for the free development of the free development of our yearly multiplying our yearly multiplying millions.millions." "