IGCSE History Notes

8/11/2019 IGCSE History Notes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/igcse-history-notes 1/71

ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES

The examiners expect you to:

• recall, select, organize and show your knowledge about a specific topic;• show that you understand:

• change & continuity, cause & consequence, similarity & difference;

• the motives, emotions, intentions and beliefs of individuals in history;

• understand, interpret and use different sources as evidence of certain events, individuals or

groups

!our exam is made up of three papers: "apers #, $ & %:

• "aper # : # hour %' minutes ( divided into $ sections)

• *ection + has % questions about $th century history, answer any $,

• *ection - is about .ermany #/#/0#/%') and there are $ questions, do #

All the questions are structured into 3 parts and will be based on stimulus material i.e.

there will be a picture or written source at the beginning of each question.

• "aper $ : $ hours ( only # topic)

• $th century topic: The Treaty of Versailles

• "aper % :

• 1o any one question on .ermany #/#/0#/%'

IGCSE HISTORY



The $ th 2entury ( 3nternational 4elations since #/#/

BIG Q!"TI#$% &ere the peace treaties '()()*+3, fair-

• 5hat were the motives and aims of the -ig Three at 6ersailles7

• 5hy did all the victors not get everything they wanted7

• 5hat was the impact of the peace treaty on .ermany up to #/$87• 2ould the treaties be 9ustified at the time7

• "eace treaties of #/#/0$8

• 4oles of individuals like 5ilson, 2lemenceau and loyd .eorge on the peacemaking

process

• The impact of the treaties on the defeated countries

• odern opinions about the treaties

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIG Q!"TI#$% To what etent was the /eague of $ations a success-

• <ow successful was the eague in the #/$=s7• <ow far did weaknesses in the eague=s organization make failure inevitable7

• <ow far did the 1epression make the work of the eague more difficult7

• <ow successful was the eague in the #/8=s7

• eague of >ations: strengths and weaknesses in its structure and organization

• *uccesses and failures in peacekeeping during the #/$=s

• The impact of the .reat 1epression on the work of the eague after #/$/

• The failures of the eague in the #/8=s, including anchuria and +byssinia

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIG Q!"TI#$% &hy had international peace collapsed by ()3)-

• 5hat were the long0term consequences of the #/#/0$8 peace treaties7• 5hat were the consequences of the failures of the eague in the #/8=s7

• <ow far was <itler=s foreign policy to blame for the outbreak of war in #/8/7

• 5as the policy of appeasement 9ustified7

• <ow important was the >azi0*oviet "act7

• 5hy did -ritain and ?rance declare war on .ermany in *eptember #/8/7

• The collapse of international order in the #/8=s

• The increasing militarism of .ermany, 3taly and @apan +xis "owers)

• <itler=s foreign policy to #/8/: the *aar, remilitarization of the 4hineland, +nschlusswith +ustria, appeasement crises over 2zechoslovakia and "oland

• The outbreak of war

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BIG Q!"TI#$% &ho was to blame for the 0old &ar-

• 5hy did the A*+0A**4 alliance begin to break down in #/%'7

• <ow had the A**4 gained control of Bastern Burope by #/%C7

• <ow did the A*+ react to *oviet expansionism7

• 5hat were the consequences of the -erlin -lockade7

• 5ho was more to blame for starting the 2old 5ar, the A*+ or the A**47



• The origins of the 2old 5ar: the #/%' summit conferences and the breakdown of the

A*+0A**4 alliance in #/%'0D

• *oviet expansionism into Bastern Burope to #/%C and +merican reactions to it

• The occupation of .ermany and the -erlin -lockade

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIG Q!"TI#$% 1ow effecti2ely did the "A contain the spread of 0ommunism-

• +merica and events in 2uba, #/'/0D$

• +merican involvement in 6ietnam

• Bvents of the 2old 5ar: +merican involvement in 2uba from #/'/ until #/D$, reactions

to the 2uban 4evolution, the missile crisis and its aftermath & involvement in 6ietnam

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

BIG Q!"TI#$% 1ow secure was the ""4s control o2er !astern !urope5 ()67*()7)-

• 5hy was there opposition to *oviet control in <ungary #/'D and 2zechoslovakia in #/DC, andhow did the A**4 react to this opposition7

• <ow similar were events in <ungary #/'D) and 2zechoslovakia #/DC)7• 5hy was the -erlin 5all built in #/D$7

• 5hat was the significance of *olidarity in "oland for the decline of *oviet influence in Bastern

Burope7

• <ow far was .orbachev personally responsible for the collapse of *oviet control over BasternBurope7

• *oviet power in Bastern Burope: resistance to *oviet power in <ungary #/'D) and

2zechoslovakia #/DC)

• -erlin 5all

• *olidarity in "oland

• .orbachev and the collapse of the *oviet Bmpire

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0A"! "T89% Germany5 ()() : ()6;

&as the &eimar epublic doomed from the start-

• <ow did .ermany emerge from defeat at the end of 55 37

• 5hat was the impact of the Treaty of 6ersailles on the 4epublic7

• To what extent did the 4epublic recover after #/$87

• 5hat were the achievements of the 5eimar "eriod7

&hy was 1itler able to dominate Germany by ()36-

•

5hat did the >azi "arty stand for in the #/$=s7• 5hy did the >azi=s have little success before #/87

• 5hy was <itler able to become 2hancellor by #/887

• <ow did <itler consolidate his power in #/8808%7



The $a<i regime% how effecti2ely did the $a<i4s control Germany from ()33*6;-

• <ow much opposition was there to the >azi regime7

• <ow effectively did the >azi=s deal with the political opponents7

• <ow did the >azi=s persecute any groups in .ermany society7

• 5as >azi .ermany a totalitarian state7

The $a<i regime% what was it li=e to li2e in $a<i Germany-

• <ow did young people react to the >azi regime7

• <ow successful were >azi policies towards women and the family7

• 1id most people in .ermany benefit from >azi rule7

• <ow did the coming of war change life in >azi .ermany7

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



"ources

"rimary *ources: "rimary sources are contemporary to the time studied ?rom that time)

*econdary *ources: These sources come from after the time being studied They are not contemporary

>ewspapers: >ewspapers are both primary and secondary The photographs are primary, but the reportsare not usually written by eyewitnesses, so are secondary Therefore they contain both primary and

secondary sources 1efinition of a newspaper: E3t should be an accurate account of what happened inthe world, yesterday= This brings the conclusion that newspapers are mainly secondary

4eminiscences: 5hen people reminisce, they are primary to the event, but what they say is secondary

to the event 4eminiscences are unreliable for three reasons: exaggeration, lies and omission they

forget)

+utobiographical *ources: +utobiographical *ources are seldom secondary: They are usually primarysources

*ources in the $th 2entury: There is a multitude of new sources, mainly audio0visual archive materialThere are many computer data formats There is also more literacy leading to more records There is

such a flood of evidence, it is difficult to sift through it all ?raud is easier this century *ources can

often contradict, and the state confidentiality on its documents makes research difficult +s we havenot finished living the events, it is difficult to write about the results

0artoon "ymbolism

Countries

-ritain: 3s usually represented by a @ohn -ull figure fat, prosperous, frock coat, gaiters,crumpled hat, Anion @ack waistcoat) or by a ion

A*+: *he is usually shown as Ancle *am tall and thin, tall hat, wispy beard, striped

trousers, stars on waistcoat) or by an eagle

?rance:The typical symbol is either a cockerel or a girl revolutionary whose most

characteristic garment is a pixie0style hat with a three0coloured cockaderoseta)

.ermany: 3ts usual figure up to the ?irst 5orld 5ar is the Faiser with a big moustache in

his military greatcoat and spiked, Epickel0haub= helmet +fterwards, of course,

the typical <itler figure and the swastika dominate

4ussia: This country will be shown as a 2ossack or other fur0hatted figure, sometimesdrawn to resemble the Tsar pre0#/#G), as a menacing figure, worker or

soldier, featuring the <ammer and *ickle since the 4evolution, or as a bear at

any time

3taly: *he is often shown as a young sailor in the past, though the ussolini image

dominates the inter0war years



@apan: The symbol for this country is the rising sun, but during her militaristic era she

was also depicted as a ferocious, sword0wielding samurai warrior

2hina: This nation is shown as a pigtailed 2hinese man with a long and flowing

moustache, but is now characterized by the 2hairman ao figure in the typical

gray unisex pants and 9ackets

Other sy!o"s

*ome other symbols which might appear are the fasces, a bundle of twigs bound together with an axe,

representing ?ascist 3taly, or a single star on military equipment, which would be red in fact though

hardly so on an exam paper) This indicates the *oviet or Ered= army

0olours

2olours are often used or referred to in cartoons The re#, $!er$!er, %reen sequence of traffic lights mayrepresent danger, warning and safety Re# also stands for 2ommunism, especially 4ussian B"$&' and

(hite regrettably for the anti0racist lobbyH) tend to stand for 1arknessIBvil and ightI.ood

respectively B"$&' also represents ?ascism ussolini=s -lackshirts and <itler=s **) and is supported by!ro(n <itler=s *+) Ye""o(Ye""o( means @apan or 2hina

Animals

+nimals other than those specific to countries see above) which may be used are the sn$'e evil or

danger), the r$!!it innocence or vulnerability) the #on'ey stupidity), the r$)en danger or death),

the #o)e, with or without an olive branch peace), the horse dogged determination, persistence or

hard work), the *i%+ brutality), the shee* docility or inability to think for oneself) and the &o(

docility or stupidity)

>lowers

?lowers represent friendship or good will, with the laurel wreath) meaning victory



2hanges in the ap of Burope #/#%0#/$8)

(Refer to the maps showing Europe in 1914 and 1919 in your textbooks.)

The peace treaties that ended the ?irst 5orld 5ar #/#%0#/#C) altered the political map of Burope

A""ies Centr$" ,o(ers ./

.reat -ritain .ermany

?rance +ustria0<ungary

4ussia J) -ulgaria

-elgium Turkey

3taly changed sides ay #/#')

A*+ 9oined #/#G)

K) The central powers were punished, they had to lose land and they had to pay reparations paymentfor war damages)

J) 4ussia was also punished in #/#/ because the +llies felt betrayed when 4ussia left the 5ar early

8I8I#/#C, Treaty of -rest0itovsk)

Ger$n osses

?rance regained +lsace0orraine "osen05est "russia went to "oland, forming a corridor to the coast

>orthern *chleswig was given to 1enmark Troppau was given to 2zechoslovakia +ustria and .ermany

were >LT allowed to unite

Austro-Hun%$ri$n osses

Bu"%$ri$n osses

-ulgaria loses 5estern Thrace to .reece

Tur'ish osses

Two treaties were signed with Turkey, in the first she lost land to .reece, and in the second it was

returned

Russi$n osses

4ussia lost land to recreate "oland, and four countries became independent Three were the -altic

*tates, and the other was ?inland

+ustria and <ungary became two small, landlocked republics, <absburg land was used to create two

new states: 2zechoslovakia in the north, and !ugoslavia in the south !ugoslavia was formed from

+ustria and *erbia Lther countries gained land 4omania got Transylvania, and roughly doubled in size

"oland gained .alicia, 3taly gained the *outhern Tyrol



Tre$ties $t the En# o1 the irst 3or"# 3$r

• Treaty of 6ersailles with .ermany 0 $Cth @une #/#/

• Treaty of *t .ermain with +ustria 0 #th *eptember #/#/

• Treaty of Trianon with <ungary 0 #/$

• Treaty of >euilly with -ulgaria 0 $Gth >ovember #/#/

• Treaty of *evres with Turkey 0 #/$• Treaty of ausanne with Turkey 0 #/$8

The first five were named after palaces, and were also diktats. The last was the only negotiated treaty

+ MdiktatN is an imposed, unilateral document)

The Treaty of Versailles : +7th ?une ()()

Intro#u&tion

-y #/#C .ermany was suffering defeat in most areas of the war The .erman nation was hungry, war

weary and demanded peace The .erman government eventually asked for an armistice, and on

##I##I#/#C, cease0fire began The problem of peace remained any people hoped that a peacesettlement would prevent war from happening again A* "resident 5ilson thought that he had the

answer to all Burope=s problems <e stated his views in 4ourteen ,oints5

3i"son5s ourteen ,oints

Ln @anuary Cth, #/#C, 5ilson outlined his peace proposals to the +merican 2ongress These becameknown as the 4ourteen ,oints5 $n# 4our *rin&i*"es5 Ln >ovember 'th, #/#C, 5ilson sent a note to

the .ermans The .ermans agreed to an armistice and expected a peace settlement to be based upon

the ?ourteen points

Lf the fourteen points these were the most important:

• There were to be no secret treaties between powers like the treaties that had helped to cause

the ?irst 5orld 5ar Lpen 1iplomacy)

• *eas should be free in peace and in war to ships of all nations ?reedom of >avigation)

• The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed ?ree trade)

• +ll countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels ultilateral

disarmament)

• The national groups in Burope should, wherever possible, be given their independence 5ilson

supported the idea of >ational *elf01etermination >*1), whereby a nation had the right to self0

government

• 4ussia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted

• Territorial changes:

•

.ermany should give up +lsace0orraine and any lands taken away during the war• The 3talian frontier should be read9usted

• -elgium should be evacuated

• "oland should be given access to the sea

• The defeated nations should not be made to pay for the war as a whole

• + Eeague of >ations= should be formed to protect world peace in the future

ost of the points are very general: not all of them stated specific changes -ritain and ?ranceconsidered the points as being too impractical, they thought that 5ilson was hoping for far too much



They had used much of their wealth on the war, and ?rance had suffered two .erman invasions #CG &

#/#%) ?rance wanted to ensure that a third attack would never take place, and wanted .ermany to bereduced to a minor Buropean *tate The ideal situation would be of course >L .B4+>!HH)

The ,$ris ,e$&e Con1eren&e

The terms for peace were discussed in "aris from #Cth @anuary #/#/ until @une

The conference was attended by thirty0two states, but the ma9or powers dominated the conference:@apan, 3taly Lrlando), ?rance .eorges 2lemenceau, the Lld Tiger), -ritain loyd .eorge) and the A*+

5ilson)

4The Bi% Three5 ( 5ilson, 2lemenceau and loyd .eorge made all the ma9or decisions

.ermany and the defeated states were not invited to attend the conference

"eace was difficult to make because of the widescale disruption to Burope during the war and the

general unrest that existed while the peace conference sat 5hen the 6ersailles Treaty was signed, few

of 5ilson=s fourteen points were adhered to, though a 4e$%ue o1 N$tions5 was set up

Ger$n $n# osses

(Refer to the map in your textbook showing German land losses.)

2lemenceau wanted to make sure that ?rance was secure from .erman attack and so demanded that

her northeastern boundary was safe

• .ermany therefore lost +lsace0orraine

• The 4hineland was demilitarised so that ?rench borders were secure

• Three frontier areas were given to -elgium

• >orthern *chleswig went to 1enmark

• Troppau was transferred to 2zechoslovakia

• "oland gained 5est "russia and "osen This made up a Ecorridor=, giving "oland access tothe -altic *ea "oland also gained half of *ilesia

• Bast "russia was separated from .ermany• The eague of >ations took control of certain areas:

• 3ndustrial area of the *aar .ermany regained it in #/8')

• "ort of emel taken from .ermany annexed by ithuania, #/$8)

• 1anzig made a free city under the control of the eague of >ations

• +ll .ermany=s gains at the Treaty of -rest0itovsk 8rd arch #/#C) were surrendered

.ermany had made considerable gains when 4ussia made peace

• .ermany lost all of her overseas colonies covering a total of approx $,, square

kilometres -ritain gained Tanganyika in Bast +frica, part of Togoland and the

2ameroons The remaining +frican colonies were shared between -elgium and *outh

+frica

• 3n the "acific, .erman possessions were shared between -ritain, +ustralia, >ew Oealand

and @apan• The union Anschluss) of +ustria and .ermany was forbidden

+s a result of these losses, .ermany=s total territorial losses amounted to $C, square miles, and six

million people

Mi"it$ry osses



• The .erman army was reduced to #, men, and conscription obligatory military service)

was illegal

• >o tanks, aircraft or heavy artillery were to be manufactured for the .erman armed forces ( no

weaponsImilitary equipment

• .erman navy reduced to: six battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, and twelve

torpedo boats

E&onoi& osses

The .erman steel industry depended on coal from the *aar, and iron ore from +lsace0orraine .ermanylost both of these areas .ermany also lost coalmines in Apper *ilesia, to "oland

Re*$r$tions compensation payment for war damages)

This was a very difficult and delicate problem to solve + 4eparations 2ommission was established to

decide how many goods and how much money .ermany should pay

The figure PD,D million was eventually agreed upon *ome people thought this figure was too high@ Feynes a -ritish economist) said that .ermany would only become poorer and bitter <e was right

3$r Gui"t C"$use

This refers to +rticle $8# of the Treaty of 6ersailles, which placed the blame for all losses received by

the +llies in the ?irst 5orld 5ar, on .ermany The treaty also specifically asked that Faiser be brought

on trial Faiser 5ilhelm 33 fled to <olland in #/#C, and the 1utch refused to release him

The Si%nin% o1 the Tre$ty o1 Vers$i""es

The terms of the treaty were presented to the .ermans and they complained of its severity

The .ermans were given three weeks to prepare their formal complaint The .ermans complained

about nearly every clause The allies ignored all but a few complaints

5ith no other option, the .ermans signed the treaty E"eace= was signed in the <all of irrors, at6ersailles The .ermans felt cheated by this treaty, because virtually none of 5ilson=s E?ourteen

"oints= had been included in the treaty The .ermans called the treaty a Ediktat= because it was

dictated to them, without real consultation The 5eimar government, especially Bbert who had signed

the treaty, was looked upon as traitorous



N$tion$"-Se"1 8eterin$tion )s >*1 was applied unfairly at 6ersailles, eg "oland

NS8 "oland was given "osen05est "russia, andtherefore, the .ermans on this land were now

under foreign rule +lso the +nschluss of .ermany

and +ustria was not allowed, and so the .ermany

speakers in these lands were denied >*1

,e$&e Tre$ties (ith Ger$ny5s A""ies 9:9:-2;/

(Refer to the map showing the land losses of Germany%s &llies.)

Intro#u&tion

+fter peace had been made with .ermany at 6ersailles $Cth @une #/#/), EThe -ig Three= turned their

attention to .ermany=s allies Their intention was to have one treaty with the <absburg Bmpire, but

two separate treaties were signed with +ustria and <ungary There had been a 2ommunist uprising in

-udapest and this delayed signing the treaty with <ungary -oth of these treaties were diktats, as were

those signed with -ulgaria and Turkey <owever, a second negotiated treaty was signed with Turkey in#/$8

The Tre$ty o1 St7 Ger$in 90th Se*te!er+ 9:9: < 3ith Austri$/

The principle of >*1 was used in the treaty with +ustria:

• 3taly gained the Tyrol and Trentino in the >orth, and 3stria and Trieste in the >ortheast

• 2zechoslovakia gained the *udetenland .erman speaking), the 2zech provinces and

*lovakia

• *erbia was given various states in the -alkans: -osnia, <erzegovina, 2roatia and1almatia, to form the Fingdom of !ugoslavia !ugoslavia Q The *outhern *lavs)

• "oland gained .alicia

• >o +nschluss with .ermany• +ustria was disarmed to 8, men plus three 1anubian river) police boats

• +ustria was supposed to pay reparations, but as she was bankrupt in #/$, none were

paid

The Tre$ty o1 Tri$non =th June+ 9:20 < 3ith Hun%$ry/

Coents on the Tre$ties o1 St7 Ger$in $n# Tri$non

+ustria complained because she was disarmed and unable to defend herself against the hostileneighbours that encircled her -oth states were land0locked and surrounded by weak or hostile

neighbours any of these neighbouring countries were hostile because they wanted to keep their new0

found independence, and they resented the former control of the <absburgs

• <ungary lost some border districts to 2zechoslovakia and !ugoslavia

• Transylvania was given to 4umania, which doubled 4omania=s size



Tre$ty o1 Neui""y 2>th No)e!er+ 9:9: < (ith Bu"%$ri$/

-ulgaria lost territory to .reece, which meant that she lost the coastline that lead more directly into

the editerranean

Sett"eents (ith Tur'ey

• Tre$ty o1 Se)res Au%ust+ 9:20 < $ #i't$t/

• The Turks agreed to lose their iddle0Bastern empire

• *audi +rabia became independent;• -ritain gained "alestine, Trans0@ordan and 3raq as mandates andate Q a lease

-ritain and ?rance only looked after these lands for 8 years)

• ?rance was given ebanon and *yria as mandates

• 3n Burope Turkey lost other lands .reece gained Bastern Thrace and *myrna on

the Turkish mainland

• 3taly gained 4hodes

• The 1ordanelle *trait was demilitarised eague of >ations)

• Tre$ty o1 $us$nne 9:2; < Ne%oti$te#/

• Turkey regained all the land she had lost to .reece The *traits remained

demilitarised and 3taly kept 4hodes Turkey was now a republic with its newcapital at +nkara 2onstantinople was renamed 3stanbul

Inter*&ar 8iplomacy

Intro#u&tion 3"L4T+>T -+2F.4LA>1 3>?L4+T3L>H)

The ma9or powers had different aims in #/#/ for the post0war world

A*+: The republicans defeated 5oodrow 5ilson in the #/$ presidential election,

and they wanted isolation from Buropean affairs

?rance:?rance still wanted security from the possibility of a third .erman attack Todo this she had two policies:

• Bncirclement

• ?rance rearmed herself and strengthen her 4hineland border with .ermany, by

building the aginot ine #/$/08%)

-ritain: *he wanted to recover her wealth and power via trade

-oth treaties were diktats >*1 was applied and denied 0 8 million +ustrians lived in the *udetenland

under foreign rule, 8 million agyars lived under 4omanian rule in Transylvania >o +nschluss for

.ermany and +ustria 2zechs and *lovaks resented being in one country +ustria was disarmed +ustria

lost its monarchy loss of "restige and >ational identity) -oth +ustria and <ungary lost out

economically; they were both landlocked and this damaged trade +lthough +ustria and <ungary

en9oyed free trade before the war, they did not afterwards <ungary lost valuable agricultural land in

Transylvania -oth countries suffered from a drop in population 5orkforce) +ustria=s populationdropped from $$ million to D' million and <ungary=s population dropped from $# million to G' million

( *he tried to surround .ermany with countries who were friendlier

to ?rance, !ugoslavia, 2zechoslovakia, 4omania and "oland The ittle Bntente)



.ermany: The 5eimar government wanted recovery in every sense: military, economic,political and diplomatic 3n order for .ermany to achieve any of these, she

would have to break the Treaty of 6ersailles $Cth @une #/#/)

Note? Brit$in $n# Ger$ny h$# one thin% in &oon < the nee# to re&o)er )i$ tr$#e7/

I*ro)eent $n# 8e&"ine in Intern$tion$" Re"$tions 9:20-;:/

9:20s

There was an improvement in international relations in the #/$s, mainly due to the work of three

foreign ministers: +usten 2hamberlain -ritain), -riand ?rance) and *tresemann .ermany)

9:;0s

4elations between the powers deteriorated in the #/8s, especially after #/$/, after the 5all *treet

2rash $/th Lctober) when the ma9or powers= economies declined, leading to the .reat 1epression +s aresult of the depression, extremist groups 2ommunists and ?ascists) became popular flourished) The

aggressive policies of the ?ascists .ermany, 3taly and @apan) resulted in the *econd 5orld 5ar

Inter-3$r 8i*"o$&y? I*ro)e# Re"$tions 9:29-2:

+ 5ashington >aval Treaties #/$#0$)

3n spite of her a policy of isolation, the A*+ hosted these talks about naval disarmament, and the

balance of power in the "acific This was the ideal assignment for the eague of >ations ( why did this

organization not do it7

+greements 4eached• -ritain, A*+, @apan, ?rance and 3taly agreed to respect each other=s "acific possessions &

guarantee 2hina=s independence

• @apan would restore certain territory to 2hina and withdraw from *iberia, in 4ussia

• There would be a ten0year stoppage in the building of capital ships more than #, tons with

guns larger than CR) + ratio of A*+?' -r?' @?8 ?r?#G' 3t?#G'

was to be maintained in the building of capital ships

Bffects

• essened possibility of naval war in the ?ar Bast where @apan & A**4 had ideas about expanding

into 2hina

•

The alliance of 55 3 victors was reaffirmed, despite A*+=s isolation policy• Though better international relations resulted, the A**4 was not invited to the talks, despite

her extensive ?ar Bastern interests A**4 was not recognized because of 2ommunist

government)

• Treaty of 4apallo +pril #/$$) ( *igned $ months after the 5ashington Treaty, by .ermany and

*oviet 4ussia They said they would not attack each other and trade links were opened -oth

powers were no longed isolated They also secretly agreed to arms deals ?rance was upset

because .ermany could now MbreakN the rules of the 6ersailles Treaty



• These meetingsIconferences highlighted the ineffectiveness of the eague of >ations The fact

that countries were able to do as they pleased to, severely weakened the authority of this

peace0keeping organization

- The ocarno "acts, #/$'

-ritain, ?rance & .ermany agreed to meet in *witzerland, at ocarno, in #/$'

+greements

• .ermany accepted her frontiers with ?rance and -elgium, & agreed not to change them

• .ermany agreed not to alter change) her borders with "oland or 2zechoslovakia (ithout

#is&ussion 7H) with ?rance and her ittle Bntente partners

Bffects

• ?ranco0.erman relations improved because ?rance felt more secure and .ermany realized there

was some hope of regaining lands on her eastern borders

• .ermany 9oined the eague of >ations as a permanent member of the 2ouncil in #/$D

2 Fellogg0-riand "act "act of "aris) #/$C

• 3n #/$D .ermany signed a Treaty of >eutrality with the A**4 4enewed 4apallo of #/$$) This

worried the ?rench

• 3n +pril #/$G -riand appealed to the A* *ecretary of *tate, ?- Fellogg for assistance

• + nine0power conference met in "aris in +ugust #/$C and eventually D' nations signed a pact

that outlawed war unless a nation acted in self0defence

Bffects

•A* involvement reassured ?rance and +merica=s other Buropean allies

• A**4 signed the "act and gained some recognition for 2ommunist 4ussia by other powers

• .ermany signed the "act and this calmed ?rench suspicions of .ermany=s aggression

• This "act was later viewed as being of good intent, but having no practical means of preventing

war

1 2hanges to 4eparations

The -ritish economist, Feynes, had warned that the amount established at 6ersailles, was too much to

expect from .ermany in reparations Two plans, in #/$% and #/$/, gave .ermany assistance from the

A*

•

8$(es ,"$n 9:2=?• .ermany fell behind in reparation payments to ?rance, so in @anuary #/$8,

?rance occupied the 4uhr valley on the ?ranco0.ermany 4hineland border)?rance=s intention was to take reparations in the form of coal ?rance only

withdrew her troops after the 1awes "lan was drawn up .ermany still had the

same amount to pay in reparations, but received a loan from the A*+ and

payments were scaled down so that it could be paid easier



• Bffects

• The 4uhr was evacuated in @uly #/$'

• .ermany was treated as an equal for the first time, and this paved the way forocarno #/$') and .ermany=s entry to the eague #/$D)

• .ermany=s economy improved under *tresemann died #/$/)

Youn% ,"$n 9:2:

*tresemann appealed to the A*+ for further assistance in paying reparations to

update the 1awes "lan) The !oung committee reduced .ermany=s liability

responsibility) to approximately a #I8 of the original sum, to be paid over '/

years ie until #/CC) 3t was to start in ay #/8

• Bffects

• *tresemann=s status as an international statesman grew, as did his popularity athome

• The realistic sum to be paid by .ermany promised good future relations between

.ermany, ?rance and -ritain

NB The !oung "lan collapsed because in Lctober #/$/, the 5all *treet 2rashoccurred in +merica, and this financial crisis spread to .ermany, and then other

Buropean powers .ermany could not afford to pay reparations #/8#0$, and <itler

refused to pay anything after #/88

• 2onclusion

• 3mprovements in international relations in #/$s, +01 above, were the result of

Epower diplomacy= and NOT the work of the eague of >ations whose main aim

was to keep peace

8eterior$tion in Re"$tions 9:2:-;:/

3n the #/8s relations between the powers deteriorated #/$/ *tresemann died and -riand and

2hamberlain were out of office Lctober #/$/, 5all *treet 2rash, led to a depression in Burope and

extremist political groups ?ascist, >azis) grew in popularity ussolini in 3taly and <itler in .ermany

offered economic growth to their Edepressed= peoples and their aggressive foreign policies led to the

*econd 5orld 5ar #/8/0%') 3n the #/8s neither power diplomacy, nor the eague of >ations, could

prevent war

The e$%ue o1 N$tions

Ori%ins

The idea of international co0operation was not a new one in #/#/ There had been earlier attempts, forexample: the 3nternational 4ed 2ross, .eneva #CD%), the 3nternational Telegraph Anion #CD'), the3nternational eteorological Lrganisation #CGC) and the 3nternational 2ourt, The <ague #C//)

The last of 5ilson=s fourteen points said that a eague of >ations should be set up, to keep peace after

#/#/ To ensure that it was established, 5ilson insisted that the eague of >ations should be written

into the Treaty of 6ersailles $Cth @une #/#/)



Ais

To keep peace

To improve living conditions of men and women world0wide

Or%$nis$tion

The eague first met in @anuary #/$ and each state had to take an oath covenant) to say they would

abide by the eague=s rules for international law and order

• +ssembly : Bach year, each state would send up to three delegates to the .eneva assembly to

discuss world problems Bach country had one vote, and a unanimous vote was needed to decide

action +s unanimity was never reached, resolutions were passed onto the council

• 2ouncil : The great powers -ritain, ?rance, 3taly and @apan) of #/$ sat permanently on the

council, with smaller nations who observed They met three or four times a year, and at times

of crisis -y a unanimous vote they could levy implement) the following sanctions against a

nation who broke peace ( this was known as Co""e&ti)e Se&urity The four basic steps of this

policy were:

• 3or"# ,u!"i& O*inion or oral sanction ( + polite warning, based on world publicopinion condemning the aggressive behaviour

• Bconomic or Tr$#e s$n&tions ( The eague stopped trading with the offender

• 8is$r$ent 0 "romoting arms reduction and eventual disarmament

• ilitary sanction or The se o1 Mi"it$ry or&e( +s a last resort the eague would impose

its will by force

• >o sanction could be used if a nation used its veto The idea was that collective action would

produce collective security, and thereby peace Anited we stand, divided we fall) The eague=s

responses were long0winded

• The 2ourt of @ustice : *et up in #C//, at The <ague, in <olland, this department dealt with legaldisputes between nations

• 3nternational abour Lrganisation 3L): 3ts first chairman was +lbert Thomas, and he collected

evidence world0wide, about working conditions <e wrote a code of good practice, whichincluded:

• *afety regulations, *ick pay, "ensions, aternity leave, Trade Anion rights, 4estrictions

of child labour

• 2ommissions : *pecial departments dealt with specific world problems

• *ecretariat : The first *ecretary .eneral was *ir Bric 1rummond, and he led the eague=s

administration department 2ivil *ervice)

*ome nations 9oined the eague late, eg .ermany in #/$D, A**4 in #/8% #C nations left the eague,

eg .ermany in #/88 because other nations would not disarm to her level, @apan in #/88 after invading

anchuria, 3taly in #/8G after invading +byssinia, A**4 in #/8/ dismissed after the >azi0*oviet "act

>ote: AMERICA NEVER JOINE8 THE EAGE O NATIONS This was because the A* 2ongress, thenunder 4epublican control, refused to accept 5ilson=s, who was a 1emocrat, plea to 9oin the eague

<owever, they did 9oin the 3L)



e$%ue o1 N$tions $t 3or' 9:20-9:;:/

*uccess in achieving its second aim 0 3mproving living conditions world0wide

• The 3L was so successful that the A*+ 9oined it 3n #/%' it transferred to the A>L

• The <ealth 2ommission stopped disease epidemics eg measles) ( today the 5orld <ealth

Lrganization 5<L)• The eprosy 2ommission helped eliminate leprosy

• The Transit and 2ommunication 2ommission standardized passports and visas, and radio codes

were also made common

• The andates 2ommission helped colonies to reach independence

• The 4efugee 2ommission helped resettle homeless and stateless people

The eague=s failure in its first aim ( To keep peace

• The powers improved international relations in the #/$s, rather than the eague 'ee notes

on interwar diploma"y )

• The eague did settle a few minor disputes in the #/$s, however in the 2orfu incident #/$8) it

had to refer the problem to the powers to solve• ?inland against *weden #/$0$#) ?inland and *weden were in dispute over the +aland

3slands in the -altic *ea The eague settled in favour of ?inland

• .ermany against "oland #/$#0$$) .ermany and "oland disputed control of Apper

*ilesia The eague settled in favour of "oland: an unpopular decision with the .erman

speaking people of Apper *ilesia, who said, quite rightly, that they had been denied

>*1)

• 3taly against .reece #/$8) +ka the 2orfu 3ncident, 3taly held .reece responsible forthe death of some 3talian Lfficers on the frontier of +lbania and .reece .reece refused

to compensate 3taly for the loss, and so 3taly bombarded the .reek island of 2orfu The

eague was approached about the conflict and referred the dispute to a 2ongress of

+mbassadors who persuaded .reece to make a financial settlement, after which 3taly

evacuated 2orfu >- The powers were keeping peace, again)

The eague ?ailed to bring about ultilateral 1isarmament

The eague proposed two main documents, trying to encourage disarmament These were The 1raft

Treaty of utual +ssistance #/$8) and The .eneva "rotocol #/$%) -oth of these asked member

nations to respect a certain level of disarmament, but were re9ected

#/$80% ( .eneva 1isarmament Talks including A*+ and A**4)

This failed because ?rance still felt insecure, and would not disarm 3n Lctober #/88 <itler withdrew

from the talks stating that if other powers did not reduce the level of their arms to .ermany=s level, he

would rearm .ermany to their level

NOTE? The on"y su&&ess1u" ste* to($r#s #is$r$ent too' *"$&e $t 3$shin%ton 9:29-2+ N$)$" Si@es

in ,$&i1i&7/ This ($s hoste# !y the SA+ not the e$%ue o1 N$tions7



The eague failed to control ma9or crises in the #/8s

The anchurian 0risis

#Cth *eptember #/8#, @apanese troops invaded anchuria and attacked the

industrial city of ukden 2hiang Fai *hek 2hinese nationalist eader) appealedto the eague and to the A*+ for help +merica protested and the eague made

a Eoral sanction= and sent a ytton 2ommission to anchuria led by *ir yttonwhose report condemned @apanese aggression Anperturbed undisturbed) @apan

renamed anchuria, Eanchukuo= in arch #/8$, and continued to occupy it 3n

#/88 @apan left the eague of >ations This was a significant step in further

breaking down the eagueSs authority, because this peace0keeping organization

did not have any say in matters of non0member nations The big powers weremore concerned with domestic issues >ational interests came before the

eague=s affairs) @apanese aggression was not halted, the eague=s Ecollective

action= had amounted to nothing

NB7 On"y Ger$ny $n# It$"y re&o%ni@e# J$*$n5s &ontro" in 4M$n&hu'uo57

•

The Abyssinian 0risis ()3;*D %• This involved the aggression of 3taly, led by ussolini, in +byssinia now

Bthiopia) ussolini wanted to create a ?ascist 4oman Bmpire and saw the <orn

of +frica as an ideal area for expansion 3taly already controlled ibya, Britrea

and 3talian *omaliland, so +byssinia would help link its possessions 3taly hadunsuccessfully tried to conquer the area in #C/D 3n Lctober #/8' ussolini was

successful against the meagre weak) troops of Bmperor <aile0*alassie +byssinia

appealed to the eague and within two weeks ussolini=s actions were

condemned and economic sanctions were imposed These sanctions were not

very good because 3taly still managed to obtain steel, copper and oil The

eague did ban arms sales to 3taly, but made +byssinia weak by not letting it

have any arms eitherH ussolini did not take the eague=s sanctions seriously and

he threatened war if his oil supplies were stopped -ritain argued in favour ofan oil embargo but the issue was complicated by secret diplomacy

• <oare0aval "act 1ecember #/8') :

• *amuel <oare -ritain) and aval ?rance) made an agreement that if ussolini

stopped fighting, he could have most of +byssinia The world press published the

pact, <oare resigned and the agreement failed eanwhile ussolini conquered

+byssinia in ay #/8D

ussolini had said E3f the eague had extended economic sanctions of oil 3 wouldhave had to withdraw from +byssinia in a weekR The eague had bungled its

negotiations and had, once again failed miserably to maintain peace

>LTB: The +byssinian affair destroyed the E*tresa ?ront= -ritain and ?rance had been

meeting with ussolini at *tresa in an attempt to unite against <itler=s .ermany The

actions of <oare and aval caused 3taly to side with .ermany from #/8D onwards

The e$%ue o1 N$tions 1$i"e# !e&$use it ($s (e$' 1ro the st$rt



ook at the following:

I#e$" e$%ue e$%ue in ,r$&ti&e ($s 3e$'

# +ll nations should be members BT >ot all nations were members eg A*+)

$ +ll nations should be equal partners BT >ot equal partners because ma9or powers in theeague made decisions in the 2ouncil

8 The eague should be able to make BT eague structure was weak, unanimity decisions quickly

and easily caused delays

% >ational interests should be second to BT >ations were more interested in their L5> the

league=s interests affairs, especially after #/$/ with the

economic crisis

' embers should obey the eague=s BT oral, Bconomic & ilitary sanctions were

sanctions ignored eg @apan #/8#

D Lffenders could trade with none eague members eg +byssinia 2risis ( #/8'ID)

G 3t was silly to use violence to stop violence



Germany

?eatures of ?ascism

# Lne leader ( a dictator

e$#er 3l 1uce ?hrer 2audillo

N$e ussolini <itler ?ranco

,$rty ?ascisti >azi ?alange

Country 3taly .ermany *pain

$ + fascist state is TOTAITARIAN one party state), so there would be no choice between parties in an

election

8 + dictator maintained his power by violence and fear "rivate armies were used eg ussolini=s

-lackshirts, <itler=s -rownshirts Q *turmabteilung or *tormtroopers) to protect the leader and attack

enemies eg 2ommunists)

% + dictator maintained his power by strict control of the media 2B>*L4*<3" denied people

information, and "4L"+.+>1+ forced fascist ideas onto people

' >ationalism was encouraged with the use of symbols, eg 3taly with the clenched fist and the sheath

of corn, and .ermany with the swastika, goosestep and straight0armed salute

D <itler united the ma9ority of .ermans by attacking minority groups <e said +4!+> people Teutonic,

blue eyed, blond haired) were a <B44B>6LF or master race <e said inferior races @ews, *lavs,.ypsies, !ellowI-lack skinned people) should be exterminated Aneconomic peoples eg the aged or

the disabled) or non0conforming +ryans homosexuals, socialists, @ehovah=s witnesses etc) were to be

exterminated

,o"iti&$" Grou*s

3n theory, the communists are opposite to the fascists, because 2ommunism preaches equality, whereas

?ascism believes in the superiority of one man over another 3n practice both 2ommunism and ?ascism

are Totalitarian

3ei$r Go)ernent

-ackground >otes

# eft wing Q 2ommunists

$ 4ight wing Q ?ascistsI>azis ie the extremist groups)

8 2onstitution Q 4ules by which a country is governed



% 5B3+4 .L6B4>B>T Q .ermany=s first democratic republican government #/#/08%), based at5eimar, a *pa town in the centre of .ermany

' .erman .overnments

a "re #/#% .erman government Q autocracy of Faiser

b #/#/08% .erman government Q 5eimar democratic government

<ead of *tate Q "resident elected)

<ead of .overnment Q 2hancellor elected)

#/8%0%' .erman government Q <itler=s dictatorship

D "arliament in two houses:

a 4eichsrat Q Apper <ouse

b 4eichstag Q ower <ouse

G 6oting *tructure

5eimar government was elected by universal suffrage all adults voted) "s were

elected by proportional representation "4) ethod Q $ votes taken before an " is

chosen This system caused too many small parties to be elected +s a result, no

single party held a ma9ority to form a government To solve this, a coalition

government was formed, but passing laws took longer because of disagreements*trong government Q Lne that passes laws quickly)

Ger$ny? The 3ei$r Go)ernent 9:9:-;=/

3ntroduction

+fter the ##th >ovember #/#C, .ermany had three problems to solve: peacemaking, rebuilding.ermany=s economy, and the creation of an adequate form of government Bventually, the 5eimar

constitution was written, which made .ermany a democratic republic This government failed by #/8%,

when +dolf <itler became dictator of .ermany

Re$sons 1or the 1$i"ure o1 the 3ei$r %o)ernent

•

5eaknesses of the 5eimar 2onstitution• <atred of the Treaty of 6ersailles signed by the 5eimar government

• 2hallenges from eft and 4ight wing groups

• ?ailure to solve economic problems

• <itler came to power



The 5eimar .overnment

eft wing groups rose against Faiser 5ilhelm 33=s government at Fiel, and in -avaria *ocialists in the

4eichstag demanded the abdication of the Faiser Ln the /th >ovember #/#C, the Faiser abdicated and

?riedrich Bbert became president ?rom ?ebruary #/#/, a >ational assembly met at 5eimar to write a

constitution The 4eichstag was elected, and passed laws The 4eichsrat could only delay legislation

The president could choose the chancellor, dissolve the 4eichstag and rule by decree in times ofemergency The chancellor in the 4eichstag chose the cabinet, and commanded a ma9ority of the votes

"rovision was made for a referendum on matters of acute controversy within the country, a *upreme2ourt was set up, and basic rights, such as freedom of speech, religion and movement were guaranteed

• 5eaknesses :

• 3t was a weakness to give the 4eichsrat delaying powers because laws could not

be passed quickly ( weak government

• 3t was a weakness to allow the president to rule by decree because democracy

could change to a dictatorship

• The constitution was over0optimistic because it was difficult to change from

autocracy to democracy overnight

Anpopularity of the Treaty of 6ersailles $Cth @une, #/#/)

Lne of the first tasks of the 5eimar government was to sign the Treaty of 6ersailles The .erman?oreign inister, 5alter 4anthenau a @ew), who upheld the 6ersailles agreement, was seen as a traitor

The treaty was very unpopular because it was a diktat, and because it was not based on the fourteen

points see previous notes)

Lpposition to the 5eimar .overnment from eft and 4ight 5ing .roups

Bbert=s government soon faced the *particist rising Two communists, 4osa uxemburg and Farliebknecht led this uprising -eginning in #/#C it reached its climax in @anuary #/#/, when it was

suppressed, and the leaders killed 4ight wing groups also rose up against the 5eimar government Thereturning soldiers were bitter and thought they should have remained fighting The ?ree 2orps was a

Eclub= of returning ex0soldiers 3n the Fapp "utsch armed rising) people protested at the Treaty and at

the governments acceptance

?ailure of the 5eimar .overnment to solve Bconomic "roblems

4eparations posed the greatest problems to .ermany after #/#/ The Treaty said .ermany must pay

PD,D million .ermany paid reparations through foreign laws in the early twenties ?rance invaded the

4uhr valley and took coal when .ermany failed to pay in #/$8 This invasion horrified .ermans who saw

the 5eimar government as weak

4esults of the ?rench occupation of the 4uhr

Bxtremist groups namely ?ascists and 2ommunists) grew in number in #/$8

The .erman mark dropped in value because in order to combat inflation, the 5eimar

government printed extra bank notes, without increasing the gold held in its treasury -ank

notes then dropped proportionally in value This led to <!"B43>?+T3L> .erman marks in

exchange for one dollar



.ermany gained loans from the A*+ *tresemann arranged the economic recovery of .ermany #/$80$/

The 1awes plan and the !oung plan staggered .ermany=s reparations over a period of time, andincluded A*+ loans Buropean powers gradually accepted .ermany: witness the ocarno "act #/$') and

the entry of .ermany to the eague of >ations in #/$D

Bconomic *lump

any .ermans gained faith in the 5eimar .overnment while *tresemann was in power, but his death,and the E5all *treet 2rash= in Lctober #/$/, saw the growth of extremist groups The 5all *treet 2rash

collapsed the .erman economy because the A*+ wanted her loans repaying The 5eimar governmentsuffered because the coalition of moderate right and left wing groups ended The ruling by decree and

the system of proportional representation caused political confusion in the 5eimar government

+utocracy was being forced onto a democracy and many small parties were being formed aw passing

was slow

Bnd of the 5eimar .overnment

The "resident, "aul 6on <indenburg, appointed three chancellors between #/8 and #/8$ -runing, 6on

"apen and *chleicher), but because these men could not command a ma9ority in the 4eichstag

<indenburg reluctantly appointed +dolf <itler to be chancellor, in @anuary #/88 <itler became dictatorof .ermany in +ugust #/8% after the death of "resident 6on <indenburg

The Rise o1 Hit"er

Re$sons 1or his rise

• 5eimar .overnment was weak

• The .erman people did not trust democracy; they preferred the autocracy of the Faiser

• aws could be delayed by the 4eichstag aws could not be passed quickly)

• "roportional representation produced weak 2oalition governments aws could not be passedquickly)

•

1emocracy could end if a president ruled by decree in an emergency• Bconomic problems were not solved

• >azism was popular 0 <e promised strong, national government <e said he would correct the

errorsIweaknesses of 5eimar rule, and end the Treaty of 6ersailles $Cth @une #/#/), including:

reparations, war guilt, disarmament

• <e promised full employment

• <e said he would get rid of lawlessness

• <e united all classes in society behind >azism:

• Apper 2lass @unkers) ( ?eared communism and saw their futures reviving, if .ermany

rearmed

• iddle 2lass ( 5anted the strengthening of the law

• 5orking 2lass ( 5anted employment

•

2hurches in .ermany ( .erman churches 2atholic and utheran) feared communism and+theism .odless society), and therefore were more sympathetic towards <itler

• <itler united the ma9ority of .ermans, by attacking the minorities



<itler=s Barly ife up to c#/#C) ?L4 3>?L4+T3L> "A4"L*B*)

<itler was born of the $th +pril #CC/, at -raunau am 3nn am Q on the, 3nn is the name of an +ustrian

river), in Apper +ustria <e was the son of a minor customs official Barlier, in #CGD, the family name

had been changed from *chickelgruber to <itler, because *chickelgruber was @ewish <e was educated

at inz, but he was not very academic; he had a talent for art 3n Lctober #/G, he moved to 6ienna,

attempting to get into the art academy, but he failed the entrance exam <e later blamed the @ews forthis) <e frequented -ierkeller, with other unemployed, where his hatred of the @ews and the *lavs

grew <e had part time 9obs ( eg postcard selling and as an unskilled mechanic

3n #/#$ he moved to unich in the province of -avaria 3n the ?irst 5orld 5ar he 9oined the -avarian

army, where he was promoted to corporal, and he was awarded the 3ron 2ross first class got it twice)

for being gassed <e was convalescing at the time of the peace treaty, and claimed he would never have

signed it $Cth @une #/#/)

Hit"er5s E$r"y ,o"iti&$" C$reer

+t the end of the ?irst 5orld 5ar he returned to unich, where he 9oined the .erman 5orkers "arty,

which became the >*1+" >ational *ocialist .erman 5orkers "arty) or >azi party <e became its ?hrerleader), and used the swastika as its emblem <e befriended Brnst 4ohm, the leader of the *+

*turmabteilung or *tormtroopers) which defended <itler and attacked the 2ommunists <e spoke at

meetings, often at -eer halls, where his active, and aggressive, policies appealed to all classes

Muni&h ,uts&h 2;r# No)e!er+ 9:2;/

+ putsch is an armed rising The unich putsch is compared to ussolini=s march on 4ome, but whereas

ussolini was successful, <itler failed to gain power Ln the $8rd >ovember #/$8, <itler tried to take

over the .overnment of -avaria The attempted coup d=Utat failed, because of mistiming <itler=s

rebels left the beer hall and collided with the police on their way to the state building *hots werefired, #D >azis were killed, and <itler, and his aid 4udolf <ess, were arrested The attempted coup

received widespread support, because the 5eimar .overnment was unpopular in #/$8 hyperinflationand the ?rench occupation of the 4uhr valley, @anuary #/$80$') Bstablished figures supported <itler,

eg .eneral udendorf gave support in camera) and 5ilhelm ?rick the unich chief of police was

actively involved <is men were supposed to be dealing with a false riot at the other end of the city, but

the diversion failed, and they ran into the "utsch)

$n#s!er% $n# I*risonent

<e was tried and sentenced for Treason in +pril #/$%, and used his trial to advertise >azi ideas <e was

supposed to serve five years but was imprisoned for only nine months, in the comfort of andsberg

2astle This lenient sentence for so serious a crime shows that the 9udiciary was sympathetic to right0

wing groups 5hile he was in prison he wrote ein Fampf y *truggle) which was partly

autobiographical, and partly about >azi ideas <ess acted as his amanuensis <is ideas included:

• The 5eimar .overnment was weak

• The Treaty of 6ersailles was unfair

• .ermany should increase its population ( Etake lands in the east by the power of the

sword= This would involve rearming, taking the "olish 2orridor by force, and a

likelihood of war)



• <e said the +ryan Teutonic people) race, which had blonde hair and blue eyes, was a

<errenvolk master race) <e said inferior races @ews, *lavs, "oles, .ypsies 4omanies),

Lrientals Fincaid), and -lacks) should be exterminated

<e was released after nine months, and he said that in future, he would come to power by democratic

means, rather than using violence

Strese$nn? Re&o)ery Co""$*se

5hen <itler was released, he found .ermany in the capable hands of .ustav *tresemann, who was

foreign secretary and chancellor, improved .ermany=s economy and international position, eg

• #/$%0$/ :

• <e improved the economy by arranging the 1awes #/$%) and !oung #/$/) plans, with

the A*+, to ease the payment of reparations

• @uly #/$': <e organised ?rench withdrawal from the 4uhr

• #/$': The ocarno "act improved relations between .ermany and ?rance

• #/$D: @oined the council of the eague of >ations

+s a result of the improvements in economic conditions, the >azis had poor results in elections during

.ermanySs M.olden !earsN under *tresemann 3n the #/$% elections they obtained only 8$ out of %/

4eichstag seats and in the #/$C elections this dropped to #8 seatsH

The death of *tresemann 8rd Lctober #/$/) and the 5all *treet 2rash $/th Lctober #/$/) caused the

.erman economy to collapse and so <itler realized his part would do better in the elections Note? ,oor

e&onoi& &on#itions EDtreist %rou*s *ros*er7

N$@i Re)i)$" 9:2:-;;/

<itler claimed that he knew there would be a crisis, and that he had been waiting, and prepared, for

the >azis to save .ermany <e gained financial backing from some @unkers and from two 4uhr *teelagnates anufacturer and 3nvestor): Frupp & Thyssen The deal was money to <itler in return fororders later <e expanded the existing scout movement who the <itler !outh which by #/$% had G

million members 3t extended to girls in #/$C with the -1 eague of .erman aidens) <e stressed

physical fitness, so they could fight in future, and he indoctrinated them with >azi ideas so they would

vote for him in future <e was shaping young minds 4allies were organised by @osef .oebbels, and he

and <itler whipped their audience into a frenzy of support +s a result, >azi seats in the 4eichstag

increased 3n *eptember #/8 they won #G of %/ seats and in @uly #/8$ that number rose to $8

<itler did >LT have an overall ma9ority, and so did not automatically become chancellor

Hit"er !e&oes Ch$n&e""or

"resident "aul 6on <indenburg used his power of decree in an emergency to appoint four chancellorsbetween #/8$088 3n ay #/8$, -rning was dismissed, and replaced by 6on "apen, who in turn was

replaced by .eneral *chleicher These three could not control the communists and the >azis in the

4eichstag and so reluctantly in @anuary #/88 6on <indenburg appointed <itler <indenburg=s idea wasthat <itler would be his puppet and only two other >azis were in the cabinet: .Vring and ?rick

<indenburg disliked <itler for two reasons:

● <itler was only an +ustrian 2orporal .erman snobbishness)

● <itler had stood against <indenburg in the presidential election of #/8$ <itler gained #8 million

votes; <indenburg gained #/ million votes "ersonal 9ealousy)



<itler=s appointment as chancellor is a vital step in the downfall of the 5eimar government

The Est$!"ishent o1 the N$@i 8i&t$torshi*

3t took <itler only #C months to change from 2hancellor to 1ictator of .ermany:

@anuary #/88 ( <itler became chancellor+ugust #/8% ( <itler became dictator

Burnin% o1 the Rei&hst$% 2>2;;/

Ln the night of the $Gth ?ebruary #/88, the 4eichstag was set ablaze set fire to) by a 1utch communist

student, 6an der ubbe, who was found guilty of arson and treason, and beheaded This shows the aw

2ourts were harsh towards left0wing groups) The .erman 2ommunists had not caused the blaze and

they tried to blame the >azis <itler used 6an der ubbe=s guilt as an excuse to discredit all

communists any historians believe that the young student was not really responsible, that he was setup ( all to convince the .erman people of the effectiveness and the urgency of the >azi regime)

The En$!"in% A&t 2;;;;/

+s a result of communist unpopularity, the >azis increased their votes in the arch #/88 election where

they gained $CC, or %8W, so <itler still had no 4eichstag ma9ority <e forced <ugenburg=s '$ nationaliststo form a coalition <itler now passed the Bnabling +ct, which gave executive power power to pass

laws) to the cabinet for four years, hereby <itler made all the decisions dictator)

Censorshi*

5ith the power of the Bnabling +ct, <itler banned all other political parties, so .ermany became

Totalitarian TL further weaken the communists, he banned the Trade Anions in #/8%, and workers hadto 9oin the >azi abour ?ront, led by 1r 4obert ey There was no freedom of speech, and <itler

imprisoned people without trial

RFh ,ur%e ;06;= - Lperation <umming birdIThe >ight of the ong Fnives)

<itler became increasingly suspicious of the intentions of Brnst 4Vhm, the leader of the three and a half

million working class, brownshirted, *+ <itler was told by .oebbels, .Vring and <immler that 4ohmwanted to be a military dictator with <itler as his puppet The *+ then disgraced themselves by not

saluting <itler, at a mayday parade <itler plotted 4ohm=s downfall <e gave them summer leave, and

its leaders were arrested <itler arrested 4ohm himself at -ad 5eisse in -avaria 4ohm=s chauffeur was

shot and 4ohm refused to commit suicide, so was shot in -erlin <immler gained the most, because his

** *chutz *taffel ( "rotection squad) replaced the disbanded *+ +t the same time, <itler=s other

enemies were rounded up and shot, including Bx0chancellor *chleicher 3n the 4eichstag next day

#IGI8%), <itler said he had executed over D traitors, though the number was nearer $, <e said hewas Esupreme 9udge with a licence to kill=

8e$th o1 Von Hin#en!ur% 2;=/

<indenburg=s death meant the cabinet could combine the roles of chancellor and president, so <itler

became fuhrer of the Third 4eich



8i# Hit"er !eh$)e #eo&r$ti&$""y

Yes+ !e&$use he h$# the *o(er o1 the En$!"in% A&t7 /

No+ !e&$use the 3ei$r &onstitution s$i# the *resi#ent shou"# !e e"e&te#7 /

i1e in N$@i Ger$ny 9:;;-;:/

97 Hit"er5s E&onoi& ,o"i&y

1uring the years #/8808/ <itler was popular because he was able to improve .ermany=s economy The

virtual abolition of reparations by the +llies in #/8# also helped The unemployed people went down

from '' million in #/8$ to less than X a million in #/8C The main reason for this was an increase in

government expenditure, in #/88 it was % billion, from #/8C08 it was 8 billion <itler found work for

people by beginning "ublic 5ork *chemes, eg the autobahns ( the splendid new roads of .ermany4earmament also helped to reduce unemployment via conscription and munitions factories "eople were

conscripted into the army so were no longer unemployed, and people gained employment producing

weapons ?irms involved with the production of weapons were encouraged to expand Frupp andThyssen produced steel parts, but later, weapons for <itler too The disadvantage of the expansion of

large firms was the smaller firms suffered <itler wanted to gain autarky, which means to make

.ermany economically self0sufficient, which involved expanded .erman lands The country producedersatz substitute) material to replace imported goods ?or example, plastics replaced rubber

.ermany needed to expand her lands to achieve self0sufficiency, so she had suitable lands for the

mining and production of products 4aw materials eg coal and iron from Apper *ilesia) needed

somewhere to be mined from, land was needed for farming and industry, and people needed to form a

workforce for the new areas 3f .ermany expanded beyond its #/#/ national boundaries war would

follow

27 N$@i ,ro*$%$n#$

<itler=s minister of "ropaganda was @osef .oebbels <itler=s ideas about race and nationalism were

taught in schools 3ntellectual life in .ermany was stifled kept under) by the lack of free expression

Aniversities were unable to play a significant role, as they were under constant fear of being

suppressed+ young person who did not belong to the <itler !outh ovement was unlikely to make progress in life,

and so nearly all young people were sub9ected to >azi propaganda constantly 3t did produce physically

fit youths, which <itler could conscript for war 3ndoctrinating >azi ideas to young people made them

support <itler, and they would vote for him when they were older not necessary after he became a

dictator) They would fight for him in war, and follow him to the bitter end

;7 The Chur&hes o1 N$@is

There were two ma9or branches in .ermany: the .erman utheran 2hurch "rotestants) and the 4oman

2atholic 2hurch The "rotestant 2hurches either 9oined the >azi controlled E.erman 2hristians= or found

their leaders persecuted and imprisoned ?or example, "astor >iemoller was opposed to <itler and was

sent to a concentration camp The 2atholic 2hurch signed a concordat with the >azi regime in @uly

#/88, by which the liberty of the 2hurch was guaranteed <itler did not adhere to this agreement, so

"ope "ius Y3 issued the Bncyclical Eit -rennender *orge= E5ith burning sorrow=) in which he accused



the >azi regime of breaking the 2oncordat and in which he forecast the dangers emanating from

.ermany arch #/8G)

=7 The ,erse&ution o1 the Je(s

3n the early years of <itler=s rule the @ews were persecuted 3n #/8' the >uremberg laws were passed,

which deprived .ermany=s D, @ews of citizenship ?or example the @ews were not allowed to vote,

receive medical, or rely on police protection, and sub9ected them to various indignities, such astraveling in separate parts of buses and trains, and the need to display a distinctive badge or sign to

shown that they were @ews 3n >ovember #/8C, a young @ew killed a .erman diplomat in "aris The>azis used this as an excuse to launch a violent revenge on @ews "lain0clothes ** troopers were issued

with pickaxes and hammers and the addresses of @ewish businesses They ran riot, smashing up @ewish

shops and workplaces /# @ews were murdered <undreds of synagogues were burned $, @ews were

taken to concentration camps Thousands more left the country This event became known as

Fristallnacht or EThe >ight of the -roken .lass= any .ermans watched the events of Fristallnacht with

alarm and concern The >azi controlled press presented Fristallnacht as the spontaneous reaction of

ordinary .ermans against the @ews ost .ermans did not believe this <owever, hardly anyoneprotested The few who did were brutally murdered Two ma9or groups persecuted the @ews, the press

and the .estapo .eheime *taats "olizei) and ** *chutz *taffel or Eprotection squad=) 3t protected

<itler from all political enemies such as the communists <immler was head of the .estapo and **, hisdeputy was <eydrich

Con&entr$tion C$*s

The ** ran the >azi concentration camps There were two types of >azi concentration camps:

abour camps: originally set up by .Vring to house political prisoners

Bxtermination camps: to eliminate Einferior= races in a policy of mass murder

genocide) known as the Efinal solution= or Eholocaust=

$!our C$*s

?or political prisoners mainly, eg 2ommunists 1achau was the first camp to beopened by .oring in arch #/88, for ', men -y #/8G it held $G, prisoners

The ** under <immler ran the camps

EDterin$tion C$*s

?or inferior races in the E?inal *olution= after #/%# >ot only @ews were sent The.ypsies, *lavs, "oles and 4ussians were also victims @ews were transported in cattle trucks

expecting to go to re0settlement camps in remote, rural areas, near railway lines Those who

survived the 9ourney were divided into two groups

The 4it5 Those individuals who are physically and psychologically equipped

to survive) !oung adults and selected essential workers would pass through a

gate marked E+rbeit acht ?rei= 5ork makes you free) ost were used as slavelabourers and were flogged if they refused or could not work 3n some camps

they were used for medical experiments eg at +uschwitz, 1r engele

experimented on twins) 5orkers were housed in cold, stark, insanitary

barracks +ll belongings were confiscated, hair removed and skin tattooed with

a number 2onfiscations were recycled They were given a small bowl for the

dual purpose of food vessel and a toilet They worked all daylight hours, in all

weather conditions 1iseases were rife or very common egI pneumonia andmalnutrition) Lnce unfit to work they were Eexterminated= with the Eunfit=



The 4n1it5

The young, aged and lame, were taken to gas chambers expecting to be

deloused in a shower ?ellow @ews kappos) were made to work these

chambers Barlier attempts to gas with exhaust fumes in lorries were

inefficient ** guards would pass canisters of Yyclon - prussic acid) through a

gap in the chamber wall and as it was pierced, the gas entered the showerroom through Ewater= roses Lpened doors revealed a pyramid of tangled

corpses -odies were cremated Barlier mass graces had been used, but intime corpses suppurated and the graves erupted +pproximately six million

@ews were exterminated in the <olocaust

E11e&ts o1 the Se&on# 3or"# 3$r on Ger$ny 9:;:-=/

97 E&onoi&

.ermany had been rearming since #/8%, but with the outbreak of war conscription and output from

munitions arms) factories increased +griculture was also part of the Ewar economy=: prime producewas sent as victuals supplies) to troops 5ith the increase in conscripted men, women and aged men

farmed and worked in factories, taught and ran hospitals +s .ermany began to lose the war, the <itler

!outh were employed, and by #/%', children were even conscripted to defend -erlin They also acted asnight watchmen during air raids

27 ,ro*$%$n#$

.oebbels made the most of >azi military successes before c#/%$, and <itler refused to accept defeat,

even in 4ussia, so the news of defeat at *talingrad @anuary #/%8) shocked ordinary .ermans

"ropaganda had led them to believe they were still winning

;7 A""ie# Bo!in% o1 Ger$ny

Though E-omber 2ommand= had bombed .ermany from #/%$, the raids increased after @une #/%%, when

the second front was opened -erlin, <amburg and 1resden were key targets of the 4+? >ote the

following statistics:

• 3n @uly and +ugust #/%8, %, civilians were killed in <amburg

• 3n ?ebruary #/%', 1resden, an architectural masterpiece, was razed to the ground

• #/8/0%' -ritish civilians killed in the blitz Q D', #/8/0%' .erman civilians killed by

aerial bombardment Q D,

• -ombing raids weakened and strengthened the morale of .ermans "roud >azis were

certainly shocked at the devastation The .erman economy was also damaged Asually

-omber 2ommand aimed to destroy dams, railways and factories 3t seems the target in1resden was people

=7 Resist$n&e

+s the .erman people became more aware of defeat gradually after #/%8), more .ermans resisted

<itler, though the effect of propaganda made most people either too afraid to resist, or unable toaccept defeat @ews were largely passive and did not resist the >azis, but anti0*emitism,

totalitarianism and brutality from a government led by a common +ustrian, caused real resentment



among some intellectuals and @unkers ?or example, 2ount 6on olkte led a network of .ermans who

helped resistance movements in Burope, and helped rescue some @ews +ttempts were made by youngeroffices to assassinate <itler, but these all failed

?or example in >ovember #/%8 at -erlin, <itler avoided a bomb plot by cancelling his visit to a factory

making new great coats for the 4ussian ?ront The best0known and nearly successful plot was:

• The *tauffenburg "lot @uly #/%%) • 2ount 2olonel Flause 6on *tauffenburg plotted with other high0ranking officers

against <itler, at <itler=s -avarian <eadquarters The 5olf=s air) <itler was

meeting the chiefs of staff in a bunker *tauffenburg arrived with a briefcase,

with a bomb in it <e puts it under the table, then as planned, goes to receive a

phone call The suitcase is kicked under the table accidentally, before it goesoff, so the bomb went off at the wrong end of the table *tauffenburg says it is

a success, but <itler was not killed, only in9ured Lne naval officer was killed

*tauffenburg and two others were shot, others were rounded up and faced trial,

but were guilty to start with, the trial was meaningless The convicted were

taken to a place with meat hooks in the ceiling, and hung them with piano wire

<itler made a movie of this to discourage others

7 Ger$ny5s in$" Co""$*se

+s A**4 approached .ermany from the east, .-IA*+ and 2anadian forces came from the west using

large amounts of artillery and tanks, with air cover <itler still believed #'th @uly #/%%) that he could

win the war, so ordered a counter0attack in the +rdennes, which failed 3n this desperate plight the 2 in

2 gave the following order on /th arch #/%' EThe capital will be defended to the last man and the

last bulletZ for the successful defence of -erlinZ every building, every house, every floor, every hedge,every shell, every crater, be defended to the utmost= -y #/th arch #/%', even <itler accepted

defeat, and he ordered that nay weapons that could be used by the enemy must be destroyed <is

forces in -erlin amounted to conscripted veterans and teenagers <itler and his wife committed suicide

in the ?hrerbunker 8I%I%') +dmiral 1oenitz was named ?hrer

Hit"er5s Hen&hen i7e7 The C"ose Inner Cir&"e "eople he Etrusted=)

Ru#o"1 Hess 1eputy ?hrer until #/%#, crashed his plane in *cotland on a peace mission <e suffered

from amnesia <e was tried at >uremberg, sentenced to life imprisonment at *pandau "rison, -erlin <e

died in #/CG in hospital 5e do not know whether is was heart failure or strangulation7 5as it even

<ess7

Jose1 Goe!!e"s7 "ropaganda chief from #/$/0#/%' <e committed suicide in #/%' in the fhrerbunker<is wife committed suicide after poisoning her six children

Her$nn GFrin%7 <ead of the uftwaffe <e was sentenced to execution, but committed suicide by

poisoning himself

Heinri&h Hi"er7 eader of ** and .estapo <e committed suicide in #/%', by poisoning

Ernst Roh7 eader of the *+ <e died 8th @une #/8%, in the 4ohm "urge <e was shot by the **

<itler arrested him, shot his chauffeur, then shot him

Jo$&hi Von Ri!!entro*7 >azi foreign minister <e was hanged in #/%D



M$rtin Bor$n7 "arty chairman after #/%# <e disappeared <e may have gone to *outh +merica, or

have been killed in bomb raids

Reinh$r#t Hey#ri&h7 <immler=s deputy and in charge of -ohemia <e was assassinated in "rague in

#/%$ $Gth ay, died on $/th)

E)$ Br$un7 istress and wife of <itler 2ommitted suicide in the bunker

The E11e&ts o1 N$@i Ru"e on Ger$ny

Youn% *eo*"e5s re$&tion to the N$@i re%ie

!oung people were among the most fanatical supporters of the >azi regime and the >azis had great

success in controlling them The >azis wanted to control young people because:

• They would be the future fighters for <itler in his war effort

• They would be loyal to <itler in any uprisings

The >azis used a range of methods to control young people:

• 3ndoctrination of >azi ideas

• 6iolence

• <itler !outh ovement

<owever many young people in .ermany were enthusiastic about life under the >azi regime, especially

as they en9oyed leisure opportunities >ot all young people supported the regime, however .roups

that opposed the >azis were:

• The E*wing= movement

• The Bdelweiss "irates

These groups opposed the >azis because they resisted the >azi control of their lives 1ue to their

opposition, the >azis acted against them by hanging the ring leaders and breaking up meetings

8i# the Ger$n ,eo*"e Bene1it 1ro Hit"er5s Ru"e

3t has been argued that if <itler had died in #/8CI/, he would have been hailed as the greatest .ermanleader of all time 2ertainly after #/8/, with the *econd 5orld 5ar and the ruination of .ermany, <itler

cannot receive the same praise

.overnment Anlike the 5eimar government, <itler=s government was strong ( it passed laws quickly

.ermany did not benefit from democracy <itler was a dictator and .ermany was totalitarian Bnabling

+ct: $8I8I88) 2ensorship prevented freedom of speech because they believed that propaganda gavepeople a biased view

+s the press published the positive side of .ermany, the morale of the people was boosted

-ut censorship and propaganda meant people had a distorted view of events This was bad in the long

run as the people were not informed about alternatives or the true state of events



The 9udiciary system and the law courts were known to be biased against the left wing, and in favour of

the right wing ( eg <itler=s trial #/$8) The bias got worse #/880%'), eg The -urning of the4eichstag #/88) and the *tauffenburg "lot @uly #/%%)



5ith regards to the economy ( <itlerSs government reduced inflation and unemployment, eg the

building of the +utobahns <e tried to make .ermany self0sufficient ?oreign trade improved, eg6olkswagen -ut women deprived of 9obs, which were given to men inorities lost their 9obs, eg the

@ews >uremberg aws, #/8D) The economic growth was wrecked by the burden of the war effort

<itler used the +rmed ?orces for much more than 9ust building an armyH The @unkers benefited from

rearmament Anemployment was reduced by conscription and the construction and working ofmunitions factories

The 2atholic 2hurch and its followers were supposed to be protected by the 2oncordat with the "ope

#/88), but in #/88 the 2oncordat was broken "rotestant ministers were also persecuted, eg pastor

>iemoller who was sent to +uschwitz "re9udice and intolerance were encouraged by propaganda, eg

against , .ypsies, *lavs, "oles and -lacks ?rom the onset of <itlerSs government until its downfall in

ay #/%', the minority groups in .ermany were persecuted, eg the @ews were exterminated after

#/%# The <olocaust)

The youth benefited from the <itler !outh ovement as they were encouraged to be healthy and fit

>arrow0minded youth resulted through propaganda and education 5omen, like men, benefited from

the effects of economic reform as they en9oyed more wealth in general 5omen depended on theincomes of men for their wealth 5omen lost 9obs #/880%#) then regained them as men were

conscripted 5omen were also sub9ect to sexist policies, eg medals for breeding ( gold cross for C

children

C$uses o1 the Se&on# 3or"# 3$r <itler=s ?oreign "olicy)

a <itler=s +ims

• To unite .erman speaking people using >*1 which had been denied at the Treaty of 6ersailles

• <e wanted lebensraum living space) in order to gain autar=y self0sufficiency)

• <e wanted to dominate Burope and the 5orld

To achieve any of these aims would involve breaking the Treaty of 6ersailles, and this could lead to war

b The aggression of <itler=s +llies

• 3taly : ussolini wanted a ?ascist04oman empire in the editerranean and +frica eg +byssinianinvasion in #/8')

• @apan : @apan wanted a >ipponese empire in the "acific, extending into 2hina and +ustralia

eg anchurian invasion in #/8#)

• .ermany, 3taly and @apan were hostile to 2ommunism A**4), and this way a cause of war and

vice versa 4ome0-erlin0Tokyo "act [ +xis ?orces)

c 1emocratic powers were passive

• A*+ : 3solated

• ?rance : ?rance was unlikely, and reluctant, to intervene against .ermany, because she could

not rely on -ritain=s and +merica=s support

• -ritain : -etween #/8% and #/8G, -ritain was sympathetic to .erman recovery -etween ay

#/8G and arch #/8/, -ritain appeased .ermany

These powers could have stopped ?ascist aggression earlier than #/8/



d The eague of >ations failed to keep peace

*ee previous notes

e 2onclusion

5ar was caused by a combination of Ea= to Ed=, but <itler=s aims and actions were the main cause ofwar

Re$sons 1or C$uses o1 3$r

• The *econd 5orld 5ar was caused by ?ascist aggression and the failure of democratic powers to

stop this aggression

• The rearmament of .ermany was a cause for war because it broke the Treaty of 6ersailles $Cth

@une, #/#/)

• The remilitarization of the 4hineland Gth march, #/8D) was a cause of war because it broke the

Treaty of 6ersailles and the ocarno "acts #/$')

• The 4ome0-erlin +xis Lctober #/8D) was a cause of war because it united the aggressive fascist

powers and divided Burope into hostile camps• 2hamberlain=s appeasement policy after may #/8G ( arch #/8/) was a cause of war because it

broke the Treaty of 6ersailles and Treaty of *t .ermain #th *eptember, #/#/)

• The +nschluss of .ermany with +ustria #8th march, #/8C) was a cause of war because it broke

the Treaty of 6ersailles and Treaty of *t .ermain #th *eptember, #/#/)

• The >azi annexation of the *udetenland after the unich conference $/th *eptember #/8C) was

a cause of war, because it broke the Treaty of *t .ermain

• The >azi occupation of 2zechoslovakia in arch #/8/, cause war because it defied the unich

agreement and ended -ritain=s appeasement policy

• The >azi0*oviet "act $/th +ugust #/8/) caused war because it sealed "oland=s downfall

• The >azi invasion of "oland #st *eptember #/8/) caused war because -ritain had guaranteed

"oland=s borders

C$uses o1 the Se&on# 3or"# 3$r '8etail,

Nine Ste*s to 3$r

# The 4earmament of .ermany

.erman rearmament began after <itler left #/8$0% .eneva 1isarmament 2onference, stating that as thepowers would not disarm to his level, he would rearm .ermany to their level -y #/8' rearmament was

well underway This involved conscription and munitions factories

4earmament alarmed the ?rench who, feeling insecure, reinforced the M$%inot "ine built between #/$/

and #/8%) This was a line of steel and concrete fortifications stretching from -elgium to *witzerlandand was called Ea gate without a fence= because .ermany would be able to avoid it and invade ?rance

via -elgium ?rance remained passive without -ritain=s support



-ritain was sympathetic towards .ermany and even signed an An%"o Ger$n N$)$" Tre$ty @une #/8')

allowing .ermany=s navy to be 8'W of the size of the 4oyal >avy <itler used his new found arms tosupport ?ranco in the *panish 2ivil 5ar #/8D0/) <itler sent the uftwaffe .erman +ir ?orce) to bomb

*panish 4oyal ?orces at .uernica on $Dth +pril, #/8G .uernica was leveled to the ground and ?ranco

went on to conquer the -asque areas of *pain <itler had used *pain as a practice ground to see how

strong his +ir ?orce was

$ The 4emilitarization of the 4hineland #/8D)

<aving broken the Treaty of 6ersailles once, <itler risked doing it a second time by marching 8,

troops into 2ologne on Gth arch #/8D ?rance, with $', troops mobilized, remained passive

because -ritain would not support her -ritain took the view that .ermany was Emarching into her own

back yard= To show that his remilitarization was popular, <itler held a plebiscite, which showed that

/CCW were in favour <e went on to build his own defensive fortification, the Sie%1rie# ine

8 The 4ome -erlin +xis Lctober #/8D)

Lriginally ussolini did not want to be <itler=s ally and in #/8' talks were held with -ritain and ?rance

at the Stres$ ront, but these came to nothing when -ritain threatened oil sanctions against ussoliniduring the +byssinian crisis This caused the Roe-Ber"in ADis in #/8D ussolini and <itler

strengthened their alliance on two occasions:

a The +nti02ommintern "act >ovember #/8G) with @apan

b The "act of *teel ay #/8/)

% -ritain=s policy of +ppeasement ayI@une #/8G ( arch #/8/)

+ppeasement in #/8C0/ was to maintain peace at all costs, even when it meant giving <itler what he

wanted, knowing that they were sacrificing the independence of smaller nations) >eville 2hamberlainbecame -ritish "rime inister on $Cth ay #/8G, and followed the policy of appeasing .ermany,

believing that all <itler wanted to do was unite .erman0speaking people 3n so doing, <itler would breakthe Treaty of 6ersailles $Cth @une #/#/) but 2hamberlain did not believe <itler would cause war

2hurchill disagreed, citing ein Fampf #/$%) where <itler had written that .ermany must regain lands

Ein the Bast Z by the power of the sword= 2hamberlain had misinterpreted <itler=s aims 5e know this

because we have the obvious benefit of hindsight, ie we can look back on history and see what had

happened)

' The +nschluss with +ustria #8th arch, #/8C)

+ustrian ?ascists wanted to unite with .ermany but *chuschnigg, the +ustrian 2hancellor, wanted

+ustria to be independent <e was unable to gain support from abroad ?rance and the ittle Bntente)

so agreed to meet <itler in -erlin <e was persuaded to accept an +ustrian >azi supporter as inster of

the 3nterior 4iotingIviolent protests in 6ienna increased under the >azi=s leadership and *chuschniggresigned <itler was then invited to establish control in +ustria and on #8th arch, #/8C troops from

the 5ermacht .erman +rmy) entered +ustria 3n a plebiscite on the Ans&h"uss a vote of //G'W in

favour was recorded This was Erigged= by biased questioning <itler made it seem that he had been

invited into +ustria, in fact he had incited the union



D <itler .ained the *udetenland $/th *eptember, #/8C)

The *udetenland was lost by +ustria in the Treaty of *t .ermain #th *eptember #/#/) and hereby

2zechoslovakia gained 8 million .erman speaking people +fter the +nschluss the *udeten .erman

leader, Fonrad <enlein, demanded a union with .ermany Anable to receive help from ?rance, the

2zech "remier, -enes, mobilized alone ?earing war, 2hamberlain met <itler on three occasions at

-erchtesgaden, .odesburg and at unich

• unich +greement $/th *eptember, #/8C)

• This was signed by <itler, ussolini, 2hamberlain and 1aladier -enes was not

present 3t said:

<itler could take the *udetenland the following day without a plebiscite

<ungary and "oland could take border districts from 2zechoslovakia

-ritain and .ermany would never go to war

• 2hamberlain=s 4eaction

• Ln his return to Bngland, 2hamberlain announced that he had gained Epeace

with honour, peace in our time= The ma9ority re9oiced, except 2hurchill

• <itler=s 4eaction

• 3n public <itler seemed satisfied, but in private he exploded saying Ethat fellow

2hamberlain has spoiled my entry into "rague=

G The ?all of 2zechoslovakia arch #/8/)

3n arch #/8/, <itler forced ithuania to give him emel where most people spoke .erman *o far

<itler had only taken .erman speaking territory, so 2hamberlain could still appease <itler <owever, in

arch #/8/, <itler threatened to bomb "rague, so the 2zechs surrendered 2hamberlain realized

appeasement had failed, so he began to rearm -ritain and guarantee peace in "oland

C >azi0*oviet "act $/th +ugust, #/8/) ( The 4ibbentrop0olotov "act

-y the summer of #/8/, <itler=s plans to invade "oland were complete <e realized that to invade

"oland mighty cause -ritain to attack him from the 5est but he was more concerned to avoid a 4ussian

attack from the east Therefore to avoid a war on two fronts, he arranged the >azi0*oviet >on0

+ggression "act, which said that if either country went to war the other would remain neutral <itler

gained the chance to invade "oland with a war on one front, if -ritain supported "oland *talin of A**4

gained time to rearm in case <itler attacked him later, and the chance to gain the eastern half of"oland This would provide the A**4 with a protective buffer zone

/ .erman 3nvasion of "oland #st *eptember, #/8/)

.erman tanks invaded "oland on the #st *eptember #/8/ using blitzkrieg tactics This is a lightning,

sudden attack co0ordinating air, then land forces) 2hamberlain sent an ultimatum a warning with a

threat) saying that if <itler did not withdraw from "oland, -ritain would declare war Ln 8rd*eptember, -ritain, followed by ?rance, declared war on .ermany



2auses of the *econd 5orld 5ar 0 6ocabulary

e!ensr$u: living space, eg <itler=s aim to take land from bordering states to achieve self0

sufficiency autarky)

Ans&h"uss: union, eg +ustria and .ermany arch, #/8C)

A**e$seent: to give into an aggressor little by little, in the hope of preventing war Bg -ritain

appeased .ermany ayI@une #/8G ( arch #/8/)

B"it@'rie%: lightning attack, co0ordinating air and land forces Bg .ermany=s attack on "oland #st

*eptember #/8/)

Rei"it$ri@$tion: rearming and area, eg .ermany remilitarized the 4hineland #/8D)

,"e!is&ite re1eren#u/? a vote on an issue, eg <itler=s plebiscites on remilitarization and the+nschluss of +ustria and .ermany <itler fixed his referendums in #/8D and for the +nschluss in #/8C, so

no0one expected him to have a plebiscite for the *udetenland <e fixed them by biased questioning)

"ti$tu: a warning with a threat, eg -ritain=s ultimatum for <itler to leave "oland by ##am on the

8rd *eptember #/8/

Bu11er @one: a protective barrier of land, eg Bastern "oland taken by the A**4 as protection against a

future .erman attack

Re$r$ent: manufacturing of weapons and conscription, eg .ermany after #/8%), -ritain after the

taking of *udetenland

Aut$r'y: self0sufficiency economically, eg .ermany under <itler to enable the country to avoid

imports

A%%ression: hostile or violent action, eg .ermany was aggressive towards 2zechoslovakia arch,#/8/) and "oland #st *eptember, #/8/)

8i't$t: none0negotiated decisionIarrangement, eg The unich +greement, forced onto 2zechoslovakia

#/8C)

,$ssi)e: to not take part in the action, eg -ritain and ?rance were passive towards the .erman

remilitarization of the 4hineland arch #/8D)

In&ite: devious planning, eg <itler incited the +nschluss arch, #/8C)



C$uses o1 the Se&on# 3or"# 3$r Su$ry/ ong0and0short term, immediate causes)

on% ter

a The h$rshness o1 the Tre$ty o1 Vers$i""es 2th June+ 9:9:/ on Ger$ny:

and losses I 4eparations I 5ar .uilt

b The 1$i"ure o1 the e$%ue o1 the N$tions to:

Feep peace I -ring about disarmament

Short ter

a Hit"er5s $%%ression:

<is aims I <is actions see steps to war: #,$,8,',D,G,C,/)

b The $%%ression o1 the other *o(ers:

3taly ( +byssinia #/8'), 4ome0-erlin +xis, +nti02ommintern "act, +lbania

@apan ( anchuria #/8#), +nti02ommintern "act >ovember, #/8G)4ussia ( >azi0*oviet "act, 3nvasion of "oland

c The #eo&r$&ies (ere too *$ssi)e

A*+ ( isolation

?rance ( would not do anything without -ritain=s support

-ritain ( sympathetic towards .ermany, eg +nglo0.erman >aval Treaty #/8') and later appeased herayI@une #/8G ( arch #/8/)

Ie#i$te

a .erman invasion of "oland #st *eptember, #/8/)

000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000



C$uses o1 the Co"# 3$r

The ,e$&e Tre$ties $t the En# o1 3or"# 3$r T(o

*ome peace treaties were signed after the war had ended, but many of the real decisions had already

been made at two meetings in #/%' at !alta and "otsdam NB7 Be1ore the ($r ($s o)er) 1uring these

talks and at the "aris "eace 2onference #/%D) a struggle developed between the 5estern powers and4ussia to see who could gain certain Buropean ob9ectives before the other

# Y$"t$

a 3n ?ebruary #/%', 4oosevelt, 2hurchill and *talin met at !alta, in the 2rimea in 4ussia

b 3t was agreed that .ermany should be disarmed, demilitarised and divided into zones, to be

occupied by -ritain, A*+ and 4ussia a ?rench zone was included later)

c -erlin was to be divided into zones as well and shared out amongst the above countries

-erlin would be in the 4ussian zone) + 9oint 2ontrol 2ommission was set up to govern-erlin

d *imilar arrangements were made for +ustria and 6ienna

e .ermany was to pay reparations Eto the greatest possible extent= of which half would go tothe *oviet Anion

f +rrangements were made to try war criminals

g 2ountries occupied by .ermany including her allies) were to be free to elect their owngovernments

h 3t was agreed that 4ussia should get eastern "olish territory

i "oland was promised .erman land to her west to compensate her, but 4oosevelt and

2hurchill refused to agree to *talin=s demand that "oland should get all .erman territory

east of the rivers Lder and >eisse

9 "oland was to gain 1anzig

k +s the 4ussians pushed the .ermans out of "oland they backed the establishment of acommunist government in ublin Mublin "olesN), even though there was a "olish

government0in0exile in ondon Mondon "olesN) <owever, *talin promised that ondon"oles would be included in the ublin Egovernment= and that there would be free elections

l 3t was secretly agreed that 4ussia would enter the war against @apan

m + charter for the Anited >ations should be composed at a meeting in *an ?rancisco

$ ,ots#$

a 3n @uly #/%' Truman A*+), +ttlee -ritain) and *talin A**4) met in a suburb of -erlin,

"otsdam

b The war with .ermany was over but no agreement was reached about her long0term future

beyond what had been decided at !alta see !alta points -\2)

c The -ritish and +mericans were annoyed because .ermany west of the Lder0>eisse ine had

been occupied by 4ussian troops and was being run by the pro02ommunist "olishgovernment

d The reparations question was raised again and each country was permitted to extract

reparations from its zone Lnly the A**4 took reparations

e 3t was agreed that .erman minorities were to be deported to .ermany

f Truman did not inform *talin about the nature of the atomic bomb, though the -ritish were

told about it during the conference The first bomb was dropped on <iroshima two days

after the conference had ended



g The war was ended without the need for 4ussian aid, and so did not take part in the

occupation of @apan8 The ,$ris ,e$&e Con1eren&e+ 9:=6 3>?L4+T3L>)

a $# countries were represented, though the defeated countries were allowed little to say

b The talks were dominated by the ?oreign *ecretaries from the A*+, -ritain and the A**4,

represented by olotov There were many instances of friction between the 5est and theA**4, especially as olotov=s actions were unpredictable

% The Ger$n $n# Austri$n ,e$&e Tre$ties 3>?L4+T3L>)

a +ustria and 6ienna were divided into four zones, but unlike .ermany she was allowed her

own government, because she was seen not as a defeated country but as a state liberate

from the >azisb The +ustrian government had limited powers and had a problem similar to that of .ermany,

the three western powers built up their zones and the A**4 insisted on squeezing

reparations from its zone, mainly in the form of food suppliesc 3t seemed that the A**4 was reluctant to make a permanent settlement but the 4ussians

became unexpectedly co0operative 3n ay #/'', a peace treaty was signed, possibly

because the 4ussians feared a merger between the western zones of .ermany and +ustriad +ustria was to be a neutral country and was forbidden to unite with .ermany

e + peace treaty was never achieved with .ermany because of the continued division of that

country

Me$nin% o1 Co"# 3$r

+t the end of the *econd 5orld 5ar, relations between the A*+ and the A**4 deteriorated, especiallyat "otsdam @uly #/%') and "aris #/%D) These two powers were rivals and the tension is called the 2old

5ar 3n Burope there was a little bloodshed but outside Burope there was more traditional warfareForea, 2uba, 6ietnam) Therefore, we say that the 2old 5ar is a conflict of political ideologies, using

propaganda, the threat of weapons and build0up of arsenals, but never actual fighting

Ori%ins o1 the Co"# 3$r

# The 2old 5ar began as a result of suspicions that the democratic west had about the A**4 and vice

versa +fter #/%' the A**4 feared a 5estern invasion of her new satellites and the west feared the

spread of arxism

$ 4elations between the ma9or powers got worse at the end of the *econd 5orld 5ar This occurred

especially at !alta ?ebruary #/%'), "otsdam @uly #/%') and "aris #/%D) +t "aris, olotov refused

to accept the west=s ideas about not taking reparations and about wanting free elections in BasternBurope

8 .ermany was divided into four occupation zones:

• -ritain .ot the ruinsH)

• ?rance .ot the wineH)

• A*+ .ot sceneryH 0 -avaria)

• A**4 .ained the lion=s share and surrounded -erlinH)

c 3n ?ebruary #/%G, peace treaties were signed with 3taly, ?inland, <ungary, 4omania and-ulgaria >o treaty was signed with .ermany



% 3n #/%D, 2hurchill at ?oulton, issouri said:

EAn iron curtain is descending on !urope etending from "tettin in the north to Trieste in the

south.4

' Bconomic Lrigins Lfficial +merica anti0*oviet policy began with the Tru$n 8o&trine arch #/%G)

where +merican aid was offered to Buropean countries which bordered onto 2ommunist countries This

was extended by the M$rsh$"" ,"$n @une #/%G) which offered aid outside Burope This was designed to

stop the spread of 2ommunism ( called CONTAINMENT This was officially the end of A* isolation from

#/#G ( #/%#

The A**4 set up Coin1or in *eptember #/%G, which *talin said was a news agency, but really it was a

means of M4ussifyingN the economic policies of the eastern bloc countries

3n @une #/%C, the three western powers united their zones with a new deutschmark This financial unionwas the forerunner of a political union 8 zones Q 5est .ermany) *talin was upset about this because

he believed that this was the 5estSs attempt to make .ermany strong again and that in the future this

could be dangerous for the A**4

D The +rms 4ace The A**4 was annoyed not to know about +merica=s atom bomb #/%') The A**4

gained the atom bomb in #/%/ and both sides began to stockpile arms

The Co"# 3$r Insi#e Euro*e

The ma9or powers often responded to each other in a tit for tat M3f you can do it, then 3 am also goingto do itHN) fashion being mutually suspicious, defensive and aggressive

# 1ivision of .ermany *ee map in your textbook)

• This was mentioned at !alta ?ebruary #/%') and at "otsdam @uly #/%') 3t was decided todivide .ermany into four occupation zones:

• -ritain I ?rance I A*+ I A**4

• -erlin lies ## miles within the 4ussian zone and it too was divided into four The powers 9ointlycontrolled the city and administered their occupation zones from -erlin

• -ritain, ?rance and the A*+ ran their zones on similar lines so that .ermany could recover The

A**4 however took away equipment eg they dismantled factories and other buildings for their

building material) as reparations in kind *talin=s aim was to reduce his zone so that the people

there would eventually accept communism as a better alternative

•

3n #/%D and #/%G discussions were held about .erman unity, but olotov refused 5ith thisdisagreement official +merican anti0*oviet "olicy began

$ 2ontainment

a The Truman 1octrine arch #/%G)

Truman outlined aid to be offered to countries in Burope that bordered onto communist

countries ie *talin=s satellites could also apply for aid) .reece and Turkey received aid and

did not become communist

<e nearly got it right The metaphorical line that separates the communist east from the democratic

west should not end at Trieste, because although !ugoslavia was communist it was independent of theA**4 under Tito) The satellites states were: -ulgaria, <ungary, 4omania, "oland, +lbania,

2zechoslovakia and Bastern .ermany



b arshall "lan @une #/%G)

arshall extended aid to any country in the world 3n all, #D nations received A*money by #/'#

8 The A**4=s 4esponses

• *talin refused to let his satellites receive any aid

• *talin set up 2ominform and 2omecon to control the policies and economies in the eastern bloc• To strengthen the A**4=s hold in Bastern Burope, the only none02ommunist country,

2zechoslovakia, was taken over in ?ebruary #/%C

% The 5est=s 4eaction @une #/%C)

-ritain, +merica and ?rance introduced a new deutschmark to bring financial unity to their three zones

The A**4 was offended This led to the -erlin blockade @une #/%C)

' -erlin blockade and airlift @une #/%C ( ay #/%/)

The 4ussians struck at what they thought was the west=s weakest point and -erlin was vulnerable,

because it was surrounded on all sides by communists Ln the $$nd @une #/%C in the night) the A**4closed and then blocked all road, rail and canal transport into -erlin, and they withdrew from their 9oint

control of the city 3n time the 5est realized that the A**4 did not want direct warfare but wanted to

oust the 5est from -erlin by siege tactics *o, in spite of their desire to solve this problem militarily,

they decided to use different strategies

• The -erlin +irlift or Lperation 6ictuals 6ictuals means supplies)

The 5est sent supplies by air, ie $I8 A* aircraft, #I8 4+? aircraft .oods

were landed every 8 seconds and the record for one day was #,% landings

They delivered food, clothing, medicines, drink and fuel, eg coal ( ',

tonnes were delivered per day total ( $8 million tonnes) The $ million 5est-erliners accepted rationing and to increase their chances of survival they built

a new airfield and extended two others The airlift was very expensive ( theamount of money spent is most likely exaggerated by 5estern propaganda

The siege ended in ay #/%/; one month after >+TL had been set up The

5est claimed a victory, but they knew that the A**4 could strike the same

blow on -erlin at any time in the future

D The 4esults of the -erlin blockade and +irlift

There were political, military and economic results for east and west



a "olitical ( .ermany is divided into two :

The 5est united its three zones as the ?ederal 4epublic of .ermany -41)The *oviets responded by naming their zone the .erman 1emocratic 4epublic

114) The communists used Edemocratic= as propaganda

b ilitary +pril #/%/) ( >+TL ( >orth +tlantic Treaty Lrganisation :

This was set up to bring military unity to the west 3t gave the A*+ the right tobase its troops in 5estern Burope 3ts membership included -ritain, A*+, ?rance, the

-B>BAY countries, 2anada, 3celand, 1enmark, >orway, 3taly, "ortugal , .reece, Turkeyand in #/'' 5est .ermany also 9oined >+TL=s headquarters was known as *<+"B

*upreme <eadquarters of +llied "owers in Burope) and it was based in "aris The

2ommander in 2harge 2 in 2) would always be an +merican >+TL was instantly

successful because the -erlin blockade was ended one month later 3n the long term it

was successful, because it achieved containment in Burope stopped the spread of

2ommunism in Burope)

c Bconomic @anuary #/%/)

-y forming 2omecon 2ouncil for utual Bconomic +ssistance) the A**4

centralized the economic polices of the satellites, eg their trade with theA**4

d ilitary #/'') ( 5arsaw "actThis was a belated response of the A**4 to >+TL 3t gave the A**4 the right

to base its troops in the satellite countries The "act was set up 9ust after 5est

.ermany 9oined >+TL

e ilitary ( The +rms 4ace

There was a steady build0up of arms: 3n #/%' the A*+ already had and used the atom bomb Theythought that it would take the *oviets at least another $ years to develop their own atom bomb

<owever, they were wrong as the A**4 had developed its own in #/%/ 3n #/'% the +mericans had the<ydrogen bomb and G years later in #/D# the *oviet followed suit Lther weapons were built and

included in the arms race, this increasing the tension between the superpowers 0 Barly 5arning *ystems,

3nterception missiles, *tar wars *atellite communication system) 3t is important to notice that all of

these are nuclear weapons 3n addition there was a steady build0up in the size of armies, constant

improvement in arms technology and a permanent effort to look for new allies

G Fhrushchev=s Frushchev) ?oreign "olicy and its effect on the 2old 5ar

*talin died in #/'8, and Frushchev became sole ruler in #/'D ?rom #/'D, Frushchev followed the policy

of de0*talinization, in domestic policy 3n foreign policy he did two things

a 2o0existence with the 5est The thaw in the 2old 5ar)This meant that he wanted to agree to differ with the west To show goodwill

to the west he agreed to grant +ustrian unity This was in the #/'' +ustrian

*tate Treaty +ustria claimed neutrality in Burope

b <e offered more freedom to the *atellites

They took advantage of this, as can be seen in the <ungarian 2risis #/'D)



C The <ungarian 4ising #/'D)

• ong term causes:

• >o traditional ties between <ungary and the A**4

• <ungarians disliked the *oviet occupation at the end of the *econd 5orld 5ar

• Bven some <ungarian communists were against the pro0*talinist regime in <ungary

• The <ungarian 2ardinal was arrestedIimprisoned in #/%/ and 2atholics resented this• <ungarians resented *oviet control via 2omecon @anuary #/%/) and the 5arsaw "act

#/'')

• *hort term causes:

• <ungarians expected more freedom under Frushchev

• The <ungarian 4ising [ +fter *talinSs death in #/'8 the oscow0controlled leader wasreplaced in Lctober #/'D by >agy <e came to office with liberal reforms and

encouraged no totalitarianism, less trade with 2omecon, free trade with the 5est, a

free press The A**4 was alarmed at the initial signs of MindependenceN and *oviet

tanks entered -udapest >agy offered talks, but he made the mistake of saying <ungary

was like +ustria, and that it should leave the 5arsaw "act This was seen as a final

confirmation that <ungary wanted to break free Tanks attacked the city on %th

>ovember #/'D Aniversity students took to the streets and demonstrated and toppledthe bronze statue of *talin >agy said this was a symbolic act, the rising was anti0*talin,

rather than anti0A**4

NB7 The 3est #i# nothin% to he"* Hun%$ry7

• 4esults :

• +bout $, people were killed and $, more imprisoned +ccording to <ungarian

sources more than $ thousand <ungarians went into internal exile

• *oviet control was restored, and >agy was arrested and tried in 4omania, then shot <e

was replaced by Fadar

• Frushchev=s policy with the satellites was failing

/ The -erlin 5all not the -erlin -lockadeH)

Frushchev tried to get the 5est to recognise the 114 Bast .ermany) <e met the A*+ on two occasions:

a "aris, #/D eeting with "res 1wight Bisenhower)

• The talks were wrecked by the A$ scandal

• A$Qspy plane with photographic equipment, which flies above the radar trap) .ary

"ower=s plane landed in the A**4, ay #/D)

• 3n "aris Frushchev asked Bisenhower for an apology

•

Bisenhower refused +nd this meant that the tension between the superpowers wasincreased)



b 6ienna, #/D# eeting with "res @? Fennedy)

• Frushchev wanted @?F to recognise the 114 and to arrange for the 5est to withdraw

from -erlin

• Fennedy refused and later, on the $'th @uly, he made a speech about 5est -erlin:

E-erlinZis more than a showcase of liberty 3t is even more than a linkwith the free world, a beacon of hope behind the iron curtain, and

escape hatch for refugees=

• Frushchev retaliated on the #8th +ugust, #/D#, by building a %km barbed wire fence

across -erlin

• Telephone and postal links ceased between Bast and 5est -erlin

• The fence became a wall with a crossing called 2heckpoint 2harlie

• The -erlin 5all was built for two reasons:

• A*+ would not recognise the 114

• To stop the flow of refugees from Bastern Burope into the 5est via -erlin

-etween #/%C and #/D the exodus amounted to $, people a month

Bstimated total $CC million This is very likely 5estern propaganda) 3t wasn=t9ust the quantity of people it was the quality, because Technocrats were

leaving 3n other words, Bast .ermany was losing all its professionals

• 5est -erliners protested and @?F sent his deputy to -erlin, - @ohnson to -erlin who

guaranteed freedom for 5est -erliners

• >othing else was done and the 5est -erliners felt betrayed The wall did not come

down until #/C/)

The Co"# 3$r Outsi#e Euro*e

Two foreign policies affected the 2old 5ar outside Burope:

# The 2ommunist Bast

The *oviets wanted to spread arxism around the world, and *outheast +sia was a likely area for

conflict, because the A**4 and 2hina led by ao Tse Tung after #/%/) bordered onto this area

$ The 5est

@ohn ?oster 1ulles, the A* *ecretary of *tate spoke of the E#oino theory5 which said that if onecountry in *outheast +sia fell to 2ommunism, the others would follow

ore$n 3$r 9:0-9:;/

'ee your textbooks and refer to the map showing the main eents of the orean *ar (19+,$

19+-).

• -ackground :

• +t the start of the $th 2entury, Forea was under 2hinese influence, but 4ussia and

@apan wanted to control it @apan wanted it as a base to attack 2hina from, and 4ussia

wanted it to protect its naval base at 6ladivostok

• #/%0': The 4usso @apanese 5ar @apan defeated 4ussia) and the treaty gave @apan the

right to annex Forea This lasted until #/%'



• #/%': +t "otsdam @uly) it was decided to divide Forea at the 8Cth parallel, with the

intention of re0uniting it, after free elections The A**4 opposed the elections so the

>orth of Forea became 2ommunist under Fim 3 *ung, and the *outh was +merica=s ally

under 1r *yngman 4hee >orth Forea was slightly stronger, because it had some

industry +lso, the *outh Forean leader, although representing democracy and

capitalism was very corrupt *o much so, that his people demanded unification with the

communist >orth, because they saw that conditions were better there• #/%/: A*+ and A**4 pulled out of Forea and left two inchoate under0developed)

governments The >orth invaded the *outh

• The 5ar :

• $'th @une #/' : >orth Forea crossed the 8Cth "arallel and invaded *outh Forea They

occupied *eoul, continuing across the rest of the south until only the area of "usan

remained threatened The +mericans sent a force from their naval base on @apan to

defend "usan eanwhile the A>L *ecurity 2ouncil met and used its military sanctionThis was achieved unanimously because the A**4 did not attend, as the A>L would not

recognize 2ommunist 2hina)

• *eptember #/' : + A>L force of #D nations led by .eneral ac+rthur made an

amphibious attack at 3nchon ?rom here they relieved *eoul and caused the >orthForeans to fight a war on two fronts The >orth Foreans were pushed back to the 8Cthparallel The A>L leader, Trygve ie, allowed ac+rthur to go into >orth Forea to hold

free elections

• ac+rthur advanced 9ust south of the !alu river border with 2hina, capturing "yong

!ang and killing thousands +t this point, 2hina feared a none0arxist neighbour in >orth

Forea, and after several warnings 3gnored by A*+), the 2ommunist 2hinese armiesinvaded without declaring war

• -y early #/'#, ac+rthur=s forces were south of the 8Cth "arallel, and *eoul had fallen

again, but the 2hinese had stretched their supply line, and were driven back to the 8Cth

parallel

• ac+rthur was not allowed to go into >orth Forea because the A>L said that 2hina was

not technically at war "resident Truman sacked ac+rthur, and this shows that theA*+, and not the A>L, was dominating the war

• "eacemaking @une #/'# to @uly #/'8)

• ?or two years, fighting continued along the +rmistice ine, near the 8Cth "arallel, while

peace talks were held at Faesong

• The >orth Foreans and *outh Foreans argued over petty matters eg seating

arrangements) trying to make time for one side to clinch a victory

• $Gth @uly, #/'8: "eace was made at "anmun9on, which said that Forea should be divided

at the 8Cth parallel, the *outh friendly to the A*+, and the >orth friendly to the A**4

•

4esults :• There was no improvement on the #/%' position, except Forean agriculture and society

was wrecked 8' million people had been killed futile war)

• *ince #/'8 there have been no signs of unity

• *eptember, #/%': *B+TL *outh Bast +sian Treaty Lrganisation) was set up as a "acific

version of >+TL, which gave +merica the right to base their troops in: -A""?+>T) (-ritain, A*+, "hilippines, "akistan, ?rance, +ustralia, >ew Oealand, Thailand

• 3n #/G', *B+TL was disbanded, because some members left), eg ?rance

Cu!$n Missi"e B$se Crisis



3mportant I Fey 1ates:

#C/C 0 2uban 3ndependence from *pain

#/8% 0 2uban 3ndependence from A*+

#/'$ 0 -atista regime in power

#/'/ 0 ?idel 2astro in power#/D#, @anuary 0 A*+ aid to 2uba ended

#/D#, +pril 0 +ttack at the -ay of "igs#/D#, 1ecember 0 2astro admitted his government was arxist

#/D$, #Dth0$/th Lctober 0 2uban issile -ase 2risis

ong Term 2auses

• 3n #C/C, 2uba gained independence from *pain, and thereafter, until #/8%, it was controlled by

the A*+, who invested in its economy mainly sugar and tobacco)

• ?14 granted its independence in #/8%, and in #/'$, -atista came to power <e was right wing,

and so acceptable to the A*+, but he was idle, inefficient and cruel

• "rofits dropped and the A* people with business interests complained• ?rom #/'G, the A* supported the rise of a young 8) 2uban lawyer, ?idel 2astro born, #/$G),

who led a band of 8 fighters called the $Dth of @uly ovement They helped him gain power in

@anuary #/'/

• <e began to nationalize industry, collectivize farms and censor the press This was in direct

imitation of *oviet 2ommunism)

• The A*+ realized too late that they had sponsored a arxist with their investments and profitson 2uba at risk +merican aid to 2uba ended in @anuary #/D#

• 2uban capitalists fled to the A*+ 3t was not until 1ecember #/D#, that 2astro admitted his

government was arxist -efore this he had been trying to get aid from both the A*+ and the

A**4

*hort Term 2ause The -ay of "igs)

• Bisenhower accepted the plan by a group of ex02uban nationalists to invade 2uba

• They were led by @osU 2ardona and supported by the 23+ The +mericans feared the spread of

2ommunism into +merica

• Ln the #Gth +pril #/D#, the groups landed in 2uba at the -ay of "igs, but they were completely

outnumbered and rounded up by 2astro=s forces

• The whole affair had been a debacle for the 23+ They realized that, due to the success of the

2uban 4evolution, 2uban citizens were not going to betray their new government They were

weary of a government like -atistaSsH) Fennedy, the new president, was embarrassed, and

denied his involvement This caused 2astro to make firmer links with the A**4

Brin'$nshi*? The Cu!$n Missi"e B$se Crisis is $ %oo# eD$*"e o1 !rin'$nshi*+ !e&$use the SA$n# the SSR *ushe# e$&h other to the !rin' o1 ($r+ then !$&'e# #o(n !e1ore ($r ($s #e&"$re#7/



The #/D$ 2risis

• 3n the summer of #/D$ 4ussian advisers visited 2uba, and agreed to build missile bases facing

?lorida The plan was for the missiles to be delivered to 2uba later 3t is now believed that

there were never any missiles on 2uba)

• Lctober #/D$ 0 a A$ spy plane photographed the bases, but when asked, 2astro denied they

existed• $$nd Lctober ( @?F, with his photographic evidence, broadcast to the +merican nation that the

bases were a threat to national security, and he followed this by a naval blockade of the island

• This was siege warfare and to prevent the A**4 making deliveries

• Fhrushchev, the *oviet leader, offered a compromise that if the +mericans removed their

missile bases from Turkey on the A**4 border), he would dismantle the bases on 2uba

• Fennedy refused and gave the ultimatum that he would invade 2uba on the $/th Lctober, if the

missiles were not dismantled

• Frushchev gave in on the $/th, and said he would remove the bases under A>L supervision

• 4esults :

• A*+ and A**4=s relations improved

• + hot"ine direct telephone link) between 5ashington and oscow was linked up

• #/D8 ( The Test ban Treaty to stop the testing of nuclear devices in the air• The A*+ claimed a victory, with Fennedy as a hero Lthers were concerned that he could have

taken the world into a nuclear war

• Fhrushchev never recovered from his humiliation, and was deposed in Lctober #/D%

• 2uba remained isolated until the #/Gs when it befriended 2hina

• arxism did not spread into +merica, apart from a short0lived regime in 2hile until #/G8)



Bxam ]uestions Taken from past 3.2*B examinations)

"apers # & % ]uestions

97 ?rance, .ermany and -elgium confirmed their boundaries as laid down in the Treaty of

6ersailles The 4hineland was confirmed as a demilitarized zone -ritain and 3taly 9oined in

guaranteeing these frontiers and the demilitarization

& summary of part of the o"arno !reaties

a) 5hat was the 1awes "lan7

b) 3n the #/$s the eague of >ations promised peace 5hy, then, did countries still

make treaties with each other7

c) 5as it the ocarno Treaties which made Burope peaceful by then end of the #/$s7

Bxplain your answer

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27 <ow important were the effects on international relations of @apanese expansionism in 2hina7Bxplain your answer ^C_

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;7 Ln Gth Lctober #/' +merican forces crossed the 8Cth parallel into >orth Forea They were

taking the war into 2ommunist territory The new 2hinese 2ommunist government was worried by the

+merican advance 3f the +mericans controlled airfields in >orth Forea, they would be close enough to

bomb 2hinese factories and power stations

a) 1escribe the events in #/' which led to the intervention of the A> in Foreab) 5hy did 2hina become involved in the Forean 5ar7

c) 5as the intervention of the A> in Forea successful7 Bxplain your answer

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=7 "hoto: + A* >avy ship in the foreground) alongside a *oviet freighter loaded with missiles for

2uba

a) 5hat was the MThawN in relations between the A**4 and the A*+ between #/'D0D7

b) 5hy was there a crisis over 2uba in #/D$7

c) <ow far was the improvement of relations between the two superpowers after #/D$

caused by the 2uban issile 2risis7 Bxplain your answer

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7 There are certain tasks the eague is expected to do 3t is expected to settle international

disputes peacefully, punish its members who go to war, and reduce armaments

a) 1escribe the structure of the eague of >ations

b) 5hy did the eague of >ations not give anchuria back to 2hina after #/8#7

c) 3s it true that the eague of >ations was a failure even before +dolf <itler came to power in#/887 Bxplain your answer



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67 "hoto: + photograph from a -ritish newspaper showing 3talian troops fighting, #/8D

a) 5hat actions were taken against 3taly by the eague of >ations following the invasion of

+byssinia7

b) 5hy did most countries condemn 3taly=s invasion and occupation of +byssinia7

c) <ow important was the invasion of +byssinia for the eague of >ations Bxplain your answer

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>7 +rticle %:

3n the event of an armed attack in Burope on one or more of the parties of the Treaty by any state of

group of states, each of the parties to the Treaty shall immediately come the assistance of the state or

states attacked

/rom the *arsaw !reaty of /riendship0 o$operation and 2utual &ssistan"e0 signed by &lbania0

3ulgaria0 e"hosloakia0 5ungary0 East Germany0 6oland0 Romania0 and the 'oiet 7nion0 14 2ay

19++.

a) 5hat arrangements were made by the +llies for the governing of .ermany after the defeatof the >azis7

b) 5hy was the arshall "lan introduced7

c) <ow important were the >orth +tlantic Treaty Lrganization >+TL) and the 5arsaw "act7Bxplain your answer

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7 "hoto of an A$ airplane

a) 5hat did Fhrushchev do to improve relations with the A*+ and 5estern Burope between#/''0D7

b) 5hy did relations between the A*+ and the A**4 become strained again in #/D0#7c) 5as the 2uban issile 2risis of #/D$ brought about mainly by the actions of the A**47

Bxplain your answer

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:7 1iagram I Lrganigram of the eague of >ations

a) 1escribe the work of two of the agencies or commissions of the eague of >ations

b) 5hy was the eague of >ations dominated by ?rance and -ritain7

c) <ow far did the eague of >ations achieve its aims in the #/$s7 Bxplain your answer

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907 @apan has been, and is, a loyal supporter of the eague, and hopes to remain so <owever,

@apan=s support will only continue if the eague accepts our policy of preserving peace and order in the

?ar Bast

!he 8apanese representatie at the eague of ation0 speaking after the publi"ation of the ytton

Report0 19-:.



a) 5hat were the aims of @apanese foreign policy in the #/8s7

b) 5hy was the ytton 4eport produced7c) <ow important were @apan=s attacks on 2hina in the #/8s7 Bxplain your answer

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997 2artoon: + -ritish cartoon about the .erman invasion of "oland in #/8/ + bulldog represents

-ritain and it is growling at the .erman burglar

a) 5hat was the policy of appeasement followed by -ritain and ?rance in the #/8s7

b) 5hy did -ritain and ?rance go to war against .ermany over "oland7

c) <ow far had <itler achieved his aims in foreign policy by the end of #/8/7 Bxplain your

answer

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927 "hotos: +merican landing craft approach *outh Forea, #/' I 2heering crowds in -udapest,

<ungary as the 4ussians agree to move out, Lctober #/'D

a) 1escribe how the Truman 1octrine was put into practice

b) 5hy did the Anited >ations intervene in Forea in #/'7

c) To what extent did the *oviet Anion increase its influence in the world between #/%' and#/D7 Bxplain your answer

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9;7 +s compensation for the destruction of the coal mines in northern ?rance and as part payment

towards the total reparations due from .ermany for the damage resulting from the war, .ermany gives?rance control of the coal mines situated in the *aar basin

&n extra"t from the !reaty of ;ersailles.

a) 5hat territorial terms of the Treaty of 6ersailles affected .ermany in Burope7

b) 5hy did .ermans dislike the other terms of the 6ersailles Treaty7

c) <ow far was the rise of the >azis to power the result of .erman dissatisfaction with theterms of the Treaty of 6ersailles7 Bxplain your answer

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9=7 "hoto: + .erman military parade through the streets of -erlin at the time of the -erlin Llympic

.ames, +ugust, #/8D

a) 3n what ways did <itler try to give the impression that .ermany was a great country7

b) 5hy did the >azis persecute minorities in .ermany in the #/8s7

c) <ow successful had <itler=s domestic policies been by #/8/7 Bxplain your answer

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97 5hat use could be made of the Treaty of 6ersaillesH Bach one of the points of that treaty couldbe branded on the hearts and minds of the .erman people until D million men and women are aflame

with rage and shame

&dolf 5itler writing in 2ein ampf%0 19:4.

a) 3n relation to the peace settlement of #/#/0$, what was meant by mandates and

plebiscites7b) 5hy was the Treaty of 6ersailles severe on .ermany7



c) <ow far had .ermans accepted the terms of the Treaty of 6ersailles by the end of #/$87

Bxplain your answer

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967 "hoto: Bnthusiastic 6iennese demonstrate in favour of the +nschluss, #$ arch #/8C

a) 1escribe the events of #/8C which led to +nschluss

b) 5hy did -ritian and ?rance permit the +nschluss7

c) 5ere <itler=s policies towards +ustria and 2zechoslovakia in #/8C0/ completely successful7

Bxplain your answer

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9>7 2artoon: +n +merican cartoon showing the arshall "lan giving help to Burope

a) 1escribe how "oland and 2zechoslovakia became 2ommunist0controlled as a result of the

*econd 5orld 5ar

b) 5hy did the wartime unity of the +llies break down in #/%'0G7

c) 5hich country had the more successful policies in Burope between #/%' and #/%/ ( the A*+

or the A**47 Bxplain your answer

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0000097 M.orbachev=s visit to Bast .ermany encouraged protests against the deeply unpopular

2ommunist regime +t a torchlight parade down the Anter den inden in Bast -erlin a crowd of

thousands to everyone=s surprise broke into chants of E.orby, .orby, .orby, save us= 3n anextraordinary turnabout, a *oviet leader was now hailed by Bastern Buropeans as a saviour from the

their own government=s tyrannyN

& des"ription of Gorba"he%s isit to East 3erlin in <"tober 19=9.

a) 5hat was .lasnost7

b) 5hy was *olidarity formed in "oland in #/C7c) <ow far was the collapse of *oviet 2ommunism due to the reforms of .orbachev7 Bxplain

your answer

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9:7 M*tresemann was ?oreign inister of the 5eimar 4epublic from #/$8 to his death in #/$/ <e

guided the return of .ermany to international status <e supported closer relations with the 5estern"owers 3n #/$D he shared the >obel "eace "rize with -riand of ?rance <itler, however, regarded

*tresemann as a traitor to the .erman causeN

a) 5hat was the unich "utsch7

b) 5hy was *tresemann=s foreign policy a success7

c) <ow far had 5eimar .ermany recovered from its earlier problems by #/$/7 Bxplain your

answer

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207 "hoto: "olitical prisoners at the Lranienburg concentration camp

a) 5hat was a >azi concentration camp7

b) 5hy did the >azis introduce the E?inal *olution=7



c) To what extent did .ermans turn against <itler during the course of the *econd 5orld 5ar7

Bxplain your answer

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297 The eague may be a difficult scheme to work, but the significant thing is that the "owers have

promised to make it work ankind has, in the short space of ten years, 9umped from the old order tothe new 5e are witnessing one of the great miracles of history

/rom a spee"h made in 19-,.

a) 1escribe two successes the eague of >ations had in the #/$s in solving disputesb) 5hy was the eague of >ations quite successful in the first ten years of its existence7

c) EThe good work of the eague was destroyed by the 1epression of the #/8s= 1o you agree7Bxplain your answer

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227 "hoto: +n +byssinian village bombed by 3talian aircraft in the invasion of #/8D

a) 1escribe the attacks that @apan made on 2hina in the #/8sb) 5hy was 3taly able to defeat the +byssinians7

c) <ow important for events in Burope were <itler=s pacts with 3taly and @apan7 Bxplain your

answer

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2;7 "hoto: The execution of a 6ietcong suspect during the Tet Lffensive, #/DC

a) 5ho were the 6ietcong and what part did they play in the 6ietnam 5ar7

b) 5hy did involvement in the war become increasingly unpopular in the A*+7

c) <ow successful was A* policy towards 6ietnam in the period #/D80G'7 Bxplain your answer

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2=7 "hoto: + ?reikorps unit in unich, ay #/#/

a) 1escribe the activities of the ?reikorps in .ermany, #/#/0$

b) 5hy were there so many uprisings and disturbances in .ermany in the years #/#/0$$7

c) <ow far was .ermany=s treatment in the 6ersailles peace settlement unfair7 Bxplain your

answer

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27 + @ew may not be a citizen of the 4eich <e has no vote <e may not fill public office

arriages between @ews and nationals of .erman or similar blood are forbidden

Extra"t from the uremburg aws0 'eptember0 19-+.

a) 1escribe the treatment of the @ews in >azi .ermany from #/8'

b) 5hy were the @ews persecuted by the >azis7

c) -y the end of the #/8s, did <itler rule .ermany by oppression or by popular support7

Bxplain your answer

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26 +rticle #D: *hould any member of the eague resort to war, it shall be regarded as having

committed an act of war against all other members of the eague, and this will end immediately alltrade and financial relations with that member

/rom the oenant of the eague of ations.

a) <ow did the eague of >ations hope to prevent future wars between nations7b) 5hy did the eague of >ations fail to restrict the aggression of @apan in the #/8s7

c) <ow far was the eague of >ations a failure7 Bxplain your answer

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2>7 M3 now have to inform the <ouse that in the event of any action which clearly threatened "olish

independence and which the "olish .overnment accordingly considered it vital to resist with their

armed forces, <is a9esty=s .overnment would feel themselves bound at once to lend the "olish

.overnment an assurance to this effectN

eille hamberlain speaking in the 5ouse of ommons0 -1 2ar"h 19-9.

a) 5hen <itler cam to power, what did he hope to achieve in foreign policy7

b) 5hy did -ritain go to war over "oland in #/8/7

c) <ow far was the Treaty of 6ersailles to blame for the outbreak of war in #/8/7 Bxplain youranswer

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27 M?rom *tettin to Trieste on the +driatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent

-ehind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of 2entral and Bastern Burope ( 5arsaw,

"rague, 6ienna, -udapest, -elgrade, -ucharest and *ofia +ll these famous cities and the populationaround them lie in the *oviet sphere and are sub9ect, not only to *oviet influence, but to a very high

and increasing measure of control from oscowN

*inston hur"hill speaking in /ultom0 2issouri0 7'& in 194>.

a) 5hat was decided at the !alta 2onference7

b) 5hy was Bastern Burope largely in the hands of the A**4 by #/%D7c) ELnly *talin of the +llies achieved what he wanted as a result of the war with .ermany= 1o

you agree7 Bxplain your answer

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2:7 ap: The 2uban issile 2risis

a) 1escribe the -ay of "igs incident

b) 5hy did the A**4 install missile bases in 2uba7

c) EThe 2uban issile 2risis was not as serious as it appeared at the time= 1o you agree7

Bxplain your answer

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;07 +s soon as 3 received my salary, 3 rushed out to buy the daily necessities y daily salary, as

editor of a magazine, was 9ust enough to buy one loaf of bread and a small piece of cheese +nacquaintance of mine, a clergyman, came to -erlin from a suburb with his monthly salary to buy a pair

of shoes for his baby -y the time he arrived, he could only afford to buy a cup of coffee

!he re"olle"tions of a woman who lied in 3erlin during 19:-.

a) 1escribe the effects of the hyperinflation of #/$8 on the lives of .erman people

b) 5hy did ?rance and -elgium occupy the 4uhr in #/$87c) <ow far did *tresemann restore pride and prosperity to .ermany7 Bxplain your answer

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;97 The 4eich "ress aw of % Lctober #/88 ordered that all editors had to be .erman citizens of

+ryan descent, and not married to a @ew They had to keep out of their newspapers Eanything which in

any manner is misleading to the public, tends to weaken the strength of the .erman 4eich, or offendsthe honour and dignity of .ermany=

a) 5hat was the Bnabling aw +ct) of #/887b) 5hy did <itler seek to control all forms of the media7

c) <ow far had <itler=s policies gained the support of the .erman people by #/8/7 Bxplain

your answer

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;27 ook at the statistics, and then answer the questions which follow

1ec #/#% %

1ec #/#/ />ov #/$# G

@an #/$$ #/$+ug #/$$ #,

@an #/$8 #C,

@ul #/$8 #D,

+ug #/$8 #,,

>ov #/$8 %,$,,

German 2arks needed to one 7' dollar%s worth of goods.

a) 1escribe the effects of hyper0inflation in .ermany in #/$8

b) 5hy did hyper0inflation occur in .ermany in #/$87

c) <ow far was *tresemann responsible for .erman recovery from #/$8 to #/$/7 Bxplain your

answer

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;;7 3 am beginning to understand some of the reasons for <itler=s amazing success <e is restoring

glory and colour to the lives of $th century .ermans This morning=s meeting was more than 9ust acolorful show There was a hush over the 8, people packed into the hall <e walked slowly down

the centre aisle while 8, hands were raised in salute 3n such an atmosphere no wonder that every

word <itler spoke seemed like a message sent from .od

/rom the diary of a German0 'eptember 19-4.

a) 5hat were the >uremberg aws #/8')7

b) 5hy were @ews persecuted in >azi .ermany7

c) EThe main reason the >azis were popular was their anti0@ewish policy= 1o you agree7

Bxplain your answer

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;=7 *tudy the sources, and then answer the questions which follow

*ource +

Today in the <all of irrors of 6ersailles the disgraceful Treaty is being signed 1L not forget itH

.ermany will press forward to reconquer its proper place among nations Then will come revenge forthe shame of #/#/

/rom a German newspaper on the day of signing of the !reaty of ;ersailles.

*ource -

@uly #/$# 8@uly #/$$ /

@uly #/$8 $$,'*eptember #/$8 #,8G,

>ovember #/$8 %G,,,

!he pri"e of a loaf of bread in German 2arks0 19:1$-.

a) *tudy *ource + 5hat can you tell from this source about .erman attitudes to the Treaty of

6ersailles7 *upport your answer with reference to the source

b) *tudy *ource - <ow far does this source show that inflation was a ma9or problem in

.ermany between #/$# and #/$87 Bxplain your answer

c) *tudy both sources <ow useful are these sources as evidence about the problems that

.ermany faces after #/#/7 Bxplain your answer

d) 5hy did the government have difficulty controlling the outbreaks of violence that occurredbetween #/#/0$87

e) <ow successfully did *tresemann overcome .ermany=s economic problems between #/$80$/7

Bxplain your answer

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;7 *tudy the sources, and then answer the questions which follow

*ource +

The new inistry of "ropaganda Bnlightenment has no other aim than to unite the nation behind the

ideal of the national revolution 3f this aim has been achieved then the people can 9udge my methods if

they wish: that would be unimportant, for the inistry would then have achieved its goal

@ospeh Goebbels speaking in 19--.

*ource -

1uring the #/8s, 3 myself was to learn how easily one is taken in by an untruthful and censored press

and radio in a totalitarian state Though, unlike most .ermans, 3 was able to read foreign newspapers

every day and listened regularly to foreign broadcasts, my 9ob meant the spending of many hours a day

in reading through the .erman press, checking the .erman radio, consulting with >azi officials andgoing to party meeting 3t was worrying to find that a steady diet of bias and lies made an impression

on one=s mind and often misled it 3t is difficult to escape the results of continuous propaganda

*illiam 'hirer0 an &meri"an ?ournalist0 writing in 19+9. 'hirer had lied in Germany during the 19-,s.

a) *tudy *ource + 5hat can you tell from this source about .oebbels= attitude towardspropaganda7 *upport your answer with reference to the source

b) *tudy *ource - <ow far does this source show that *hirer was impressed by >azi

propaganda7 Bxplain your answer

c) *tudy both sources 3s one of these sources more useful than the other as evidence on how

the >azis controlled the .erman people7 Bxplain your answer

d) >ame two media that .oebbels promoted using propaganda

e) <ow did the >azis use education to spread their ideas7f) 5hy were the >uremberg rallies effective7

g) 5as propaganda a more effective way of keeping the support of the .erman people thanterror7 Bxplain your answer

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;67 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow:

5e want a peace which will be 9ust 5e want a stern peace because the occasion demands it, but the

severity must not be for vengeance, but for 9ustice +bove all we want to protect the future against a

repetition of the horrors of this war

loyd George speaking about the 6aris 6ea"e onferen"e.

a) 1escribe what 2lemenceau and loyd .eorge each wanted to achieve in the peace settlement of

#/#/0$

b) 5hy did the Treaty of 6ersailles cause problems for .ermany in the years up to #/$87

c) 5as the Treaty of 6ersailles fair7 Bxplain your answer

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;>7 *tudy the cartoon Ancle *am leaning against a keystone, missing from the eague of >ations

bridge)

a) 5hat were the aims of the eague of >ations7

b) 5hy did the eague of >ations have some successes during the #/$`s7

c) <ow far can the failure of the eague of >ations in the #/8s be blamed on the .reat 1epression7

Bxplain your answer

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;7 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow

The -erlin 5all is an open attempt to remove the right to free movement throughout the city, in direct

opposition to the ?our "ower agreement reached in "aris on $ @une #/%/

@ean Rusk0 7' 'e"retary of 'tate0 speaking in &ugust 19>1.

a) 1escribe how the -erlin 5all affected the people living in -erlin

b) 5hy was the -erlin 5all built7c) <ow far can the decline of *oviet power in Bastern Burope be blamed on the *olidarity movement7

Bxplain your answer

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;:7 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow

3t was a beautiful autumn evening, the height of the crisis, and 3 went out into the garden into the open

air to smell it, because 3 thought it was the last *aturday 3 would ever see

& "lose adiser of 6resident ennedy talking about the eening of :A <"tober 19>:.

a) 1escribe relations between 2uba and the A*+ in the period #/'/0#/D#

b) 5hy was the A*+ concerned about *oviet missiles in 2uba7

c) Fhrushchev claimed that the 2uban issile 2risis was a victory for the *oviet Anion 1o you agree

with this view7 Bxplain your answer

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=07 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow

5e demand the union of all .ermans in .reater .ermany

+ll citizens shall have equal rights and duties

Extra"ts from the ai 6arty 6rogramme0 19:,.

a) 1escribe the ideas and policies of the >azi "arty in the #/$s

b) Bxplain why the >azi "arty had little success before #/8

c) MThe effects of the 5all *treet 2rash provided the main reason why <itler was able to become

2hancellor of .ermany by #/88N 1o you agree with this statement7 Bxplain your answer



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=97 *tudy the photograph, and then answer the questions which follow "hoto depicting thousand

of .erman men ready to work on the first highway or autobahn in #/88)

a) 1escribe the actions taken by <itler to reduce unemployment

b) 5hy did the >azis discourage women from going out to work7

c) <ow total was the control the >azis had over the .erman people before #/8/7 Bxplain your answer

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=27 *tudy the sources, and then answer the questions which follow

*ource +

-illion mark notes were passed on quickly because tomorrow one would no longer pay in notes but in

bundles of notes Lne afternoon 3 rang +unt ouise`s doorbell The door was opened slightly ?rom the

dark cam a distressed voice: M3`ve used sixty billion marks worth of gas y milk bill is one million -utall 3 have left is two thousand marks 3 don`t understand what is happening any moreN

/rom the autobiography of a German who lied through the hyperinflation of 19:-.

*ource -

The causes of hyperinflation were complicated but the .ermans did not see it that way They blamed

the reparations of the 5eimar 4epublic which had accepted reparations and was the government in

power during the chaos of #/$8 any middle0class .ermans never forgave the 4epublic for the harm

they believed it had done to them

/rom a 3ritish textbook0 199:.

a) *tudy *ource + 5hat can you tell from this source about the impact of hyperinflation on .erman

people7 *upport your answer with reference to the sourceb) *tudy *ource - <ow far does this source show that the 5eimar government was to blame for the

hyperinflation7 Bxplain your answer

c) *tudy both sources 3s one the sources more useful than the other as evidence about the

hyperinflation7 Bxplain your answer

d) 5hat were reparations7e) 1escribe how *tresemann brought the #/$8 crisis to an end

f) 5hy did the >azis stage a putsch in unich in >ovember #/$87

g) M3t was +merican loans rather than *tresemann`s policies that enabled .ermany to recover from the

disasters of #/$8N 1o you agree7 Bxplain your answer

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

00000=;7 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow

3f the eague had extended economic sanction on oil 3 would have had to withdraw from +byssinia

within a week

2ussolini speaking after his su""essful "onBuest of &byssinia.

a) 1escribe the successes of the eague of >ations in the #/$s



b) 5hy did the eague fail to deal with @apanese aggression against anchuria7

c) M3t was the +byssinian crisis that destroyed the eague of >ations as an effective peacekeepingbodyN <ow far do you agree with this statement7 Bxplain your answer

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00000

==7 *tudy the cartoon, and then answer the questions which follow + -ritish cartoon about the re0

militarization of the 4hineland in #/8D 3t shows a goose, dressed up as a >azi soldier with manyweapons, stepping on the ocarno Treaty)

a) 1escribe the events in the *aar in #/8'

b) 5hy did -ritain and ?rance allow .ermany to re0militarize the 4hineland in #/8D7

c) M<itler`s desire for lebensraum was the most important reason for the outbreak of war in #/8/N

<ow far do you agree with this statement7 Bxplain your answer

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00000

=7 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow

5e must fight this war if we are to live in a world where every country can shape its own future 5eare in 6ietnam because we have a promise to keep Lver the years we have made a national pledge to

help *outh 6ietnam defend its independence

6resident 8ohnson speaking to the &meri"an people in 19>+.

a) 5ho were the 6ietcong7

b) 5hy did the A*+ get involved in the war in 6ietnam7

c) <ow far can the +merican withdrawal from 6ietnam be blamed on military failure7 Bxplain your

answer

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

00000=6 *tudy the extract, and then answer the questions which follow

The rule of the working class means real democracy 3t means the use of power to get rid of middle and

upper class people 3t means the smashing of the ruling classes with all the brutality that the working

class can develop

Rosa uxemburg in late 191=.

a) 5ho were the *partacists7

b) 5hy did many .ermans hate the Treaty of 6ersailles7

c) To what extent did the 5eimar 4epublic recover after #/$87 Bxplain your answer

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

00000



=>7 *tudy the sources, and then answer the questions which follow:

*ource +

5e stilll know little about the dreadful events of 8 @une 5e only know that men whom <itler

constantly praised are dead 5e are told that they are now dead because they were involved in a

conspiracy -ut so far no evidence has been produced to prove this conspiracy

& 3ritish newspaper arti"le0 19-4.

*ource -

5ithout telling me, 4ohm made a plan with .eneral von *chleicher that the present regiime in .ermany

could not be continued; that the army and navy must be combined and that 4ohm ws the man for this

post 3 decided to put an end to this plan Therefore, 3 decided to dismiss 4ohm, to arrest him and a

number of *+ leader 3 gave orders to shoot those that were guilty of treason Bveryone will know infuture that treachery towards the state will end in certain death

5itler%s spee"h to the Rei"hstag0 1- 8uly 19-4.

a) *tudy *ource + 5hat can you tell from this source about the >ight of the ong Fnives7 *upport your

answer with reference to the sourceb) *tudy *ource - <ow far does this source show the extent of opposition to <itler7 Bxplain your

answer

c) *tudy both sources 3s one of these sources more useful than the other as evidence about <itler`s

leadership7 Bxplain your answer

d) .ive two features of the >azi totalitarian state

e) 5hat were the >uremberg rallies7

f) 5hy did <itler want to gain support of .ermany=s youth7g) <ow far did <itler use unlawful methods to achieve power in #/8808%7 Bxplain your answer

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