IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans summary

7/25/2019 IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans summary

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Transports in HumansBy:

Adeline lauren Jason Jayalie

Clarissa Owen Jovian Ong

Geralvin Marcello Noralim Rui Orlando



Organism

Organisms can !e classi"ed as unicellular and multicellular

Unicellular, consisting on a single cell # most!acteria $

Multicellular, consisting more t%an a single cell# including plants and animals $



&%y do we need a transportsystem'

Because we are acomple( multicellularorganism

One o) our maintransport system isblood system

&it% t%e %elp o)

transport system*%umans are a!le totransport o(ygen andot%er nutrients to everycell in our !ody



COMPOSITION OFBLOOD

OWEN JOVIAN ONG



55%45%

blood composition

plasma

bloodcells

Main constituents ofblood

Plasma

ed blood cell

!"ite bloodcell

Platelets



#$%

$%

plasma

&ate' comple(mi(tu'edissol)edsubstances

PL*SM*

Contains+

,-(c'eto'. p'oducts/ fo'

e(ample+ u'ea/ u'ic acid andc'eatinine0,Soluble p'oteins/ suc" as1b'ino2en/ p'ot"'ombin andantibodies0,food substances/ suc" as2lucose/ amino acids/ fats and

)itamins0,dissol)ed mine'al salts/ suc"as c"lo'ides/ sulfates andp"osp"ates of calcium/ sodium

and potassium0



RED BLOOD CELLOR ERYTHROCYTES

• It contains t"e pi2ment "aemo2lobin &"ic"is a special 3ind of i'on,containin2 p'otein0aemo2lobin combines 'e)e'sibl. &it"o(.2en0 T"is enables 'ed blood cells tot'anspo't o(.2en f'om t"e lun2s to all cells

in t"e bod.• It is a ci'cula'/ attened biconca)e disc0 T"e

cent'e of t"e cell is t"inne' t"an its ed2e/so it can inc'ease su'face a'ea to )olume'atio/ so di6usion can be done in a faste''ate

• It does not possess nucleus so it can sto'emo'e "aemo2lobin

• It is elastic and can tu'n bell,s"aped ino'de' to s7uee8e t"'ou2" na''o& )essels

• Its life span is 9,4 mont"s and it isp'oduced b. t"e bone ma''o&



• T"e'e a'e onl. 5$$$ to $$$$ &"ite bloodcell &"ile t"e'e is about 5 million 'ed bloodcells0

• T"e 'atio of 'ed blood cells to &"ite bloodcells is :$$+



!IT- BLOOD C-LL O L-;COC<T-

• Colou'less anddoes not contain

"aemo2lobin• as i''e2ula'

s"ape and containsa nucleus

• It can mo)e/c"an2e its s"ape

and s7uee8et"'ou2" t"e &allsof t"e t"innestblood capilla'iesinto t"e spacesamon2 tissue cells0



T<P-S OF !IT- BLOOD C-LL

lymphocyte phagocyte



P*=OC<T-S

P"a2oc.tes 3ill b. in2estin2

fo'ei2n substances0

!"ile p"a2oc.tosis is t"ep'ocess of en2ul1n2 o'in2estin2 fo'ei2n pa'ticle0



L<MPOC<T-S

as la'2e 'ounded nucleus/ t"e. &o'3 b. p'oducin2antibodies to 3ill bacte'ia o' fo'ei2n pa'ticle ente'in2ou' bod.



PL*T-L-TS O TOMB OC<T-S

• t"e. a'e not t'ue cell• T"e. a'e memb'ane

bound f'a2ments ofc.toplasm f'omce'tain bone ma''o&cells0

• T"e. pla. t"e pa't inblood clottin2



Functions of blood

1. As a transport medium to carrysubstances from one part of our

body to another2. Protect our body againstharmful organisms

3. Helps in blood clotthing

at ounds

J a s o n

J a y a

l i e



!ubstances transportedby blood

"igested foodsubstances

#aste Products Hormones

Heat $%ygen



Functions of plasma

1. &arries bloodcell

arries di'erent (inds of substa



Function of red blood cell

Main) to transport o%ygen to all

parts of our body

How'

!tep 1 !tep 2 !tep 3



ctions of hite blood c

T%ere are + ,inds o) w%ite !lood cells :a-$ .%agocytes!-$ /ymp%ocytes

hagocytes *ymphocyt

Main ) +o protect our body from

diseases



Function of plateletsMain ) +o help in blood clotting to preent

e%cessie blood loss

rocess)

1st

2nd 3rd

-th



re about blood clottin

0ndamaged !lood vessels in our !ody don1t clot!ecause t%ere1s an anti clotting su!stance called%eparin w%ic% is produced in t%e liver* w%en t%e

!lood vessels are damaged* t%e t%rom!o,inaseenyme neutralise t%e %eparin w%ic% causeclotting ta,e place

Heparin



!ummary

Plasma edbloodcell

#hiteblood cell

Platelets

2- Carries !lood

cell around t%e!ody

2- Transport

o(ygen to allparts o) our!ody

2- .roduce

anti!odies toprotect our !ody)rom diseases

2- Helps in

!lood clottingto prevente(cessive!lood loss

+- Carriesdi3erent ,inds o)su!stancearound t%e !ody

+- Carriese(cretorywaste products

+- 4igest%arm)ul particlesentering our!ody



$rgan transplantOrgan transplant is a process w%en a person1s

tissue or organ is damaged* it is replaced !yanot%er tissue or organ )rom a donor



+issue re/ection

Tissue re5ection occurs w%en t%e organ )rom t%e donor isre5ected !y t%e recipient1s !ody- T%is is !ecause t%e !loodtype o) t%e donor is di3erent )rom t%e !lood type o) t%erecipient-

#e can preent tissue re/ectionby)

2- Having a tissue matc%+- Consuming immunosuppressive drugs



Blood Groups/ong ago* large amount o) !lood lossmeans deat%-

T%ey tried to trans)use !lood )rom ot%er

people or animals* o)ten results in )atalresults-

# h y 0 T%e Red !lood cells agglutinate in t%erecipient1s !ody

T%e agglutinated !lood clumps and !loc,ing

t%e vessel and o!structed t%e !lood 6ow



&%at

causes t%eclumping o)

!lood

Antigens are located on

the surface of red bloodcells

$ur body also has itson antigens andantibodies, but thesenatural antibodies illnot react ith our onantigens .



lood roups



he circulatory system

4o you ,now t%at!lood 6ows t%roug%circulatory system'

By:Adeline /auren /ee



&omponents of the circulatory

system )2- Heart+- Arteries

7- Arterioles8- Blood capillaries9- enules

;- eins



4o you ,nowt%at arteries

carryo(ygenated!lood away

)rom %eart'



arteriolesarteries

Arteries!ranc%to )romarteriole

s-



B l o o

d c a

p i l l a r

i e s < Capillaries %ave walls t%atare made up o) only a single

layer o) 6attened cells calledendot%elium

=ndot%elium cell

is partiallypermea!le-

Capillaries !ranc%repeatedly * to

provide large sur)acearea )or e(c%ange o)

su!stance



enules and veins

Be)ore t%ecapillariesleave t%e

organ>tissuet%ey willunite and)orm smallveins called

venule-

enules willlater 5oinedtoget%er and

)orm veins

Arteries %ave t%ic,



More a!outarteries

Arteries %ave t%ic,elastic walls towit%stand t%e %ig%!lood pressure t%atcame directly )rom%eart-

T%e elasticity ena!lest%e artery to stretc%and recoil or spring!ac,- T%is %elps t%e

!lood spurts alongt%e artery and alsogive a rise to t%epulse-

&%en an artery

constricts* its lumen!ecome narrower* !ut

w%en an arterydilates t%e lumen will

!ecome wider-

ins uc ower



o r e a ! o

u t v e i n s uc ower

!loodpressure

compare to

!loodpressure in

arteries-

Contain less elastictissue- But t%ey%ave internal

valves along t%eirlengt% to prevent

!ac, 6ow- T%is

valves are calledsemi<lunar valves



=(ercising t%emuscles

increases t%e

pressuree(erted on t%eveins andmoves t%e!lood along

?uic,ly sincet%e movemento) !lood along

t%e veins is

assisted !y t%eaction o)s,eletal

muscles on t%eveins

+i



+issue

uidcan !e )ound in t%e tiny space !etween tisscells

How are su!stance trans)erred !etween



How are su!stance trans)erred !etweencapillaries and tissue cell'

Tissue 6uid

Meta!olic waste

4issolved )oodsu!stance ando(ygen

cell

Tissue 6uid Blood

T%e !lood transport t%e meta!olicwaste to t%e e(cretory organs )orremoval

Red !lood cells c%ange s%ape



Red !lood cells c%ange s%apeas t%ey 6ow t%roug% narrow!lood capillaries

i) t%e !loodcapillaries are

narrow* t%e red!lood cells can onlymove t%roug% t%elumen o) t%e !lood

capillaries in a line- T%e RBC mig%t !ecome!ell s%ape as t%ey passt%roug% narrow !lood

capillaries - T%eadvantages are:

<t%e diameter o) RBCis reduced it

<t%e cell increases itssur)ace area

< rate o) !lood 6ow is



"ouble &irculation in

MammalsBy: Clarissa

4o you ,now t%at

we %ave di3erentcirculation'



!ingle s "ouble circulation

ingle circulation in "s% 4ou!le circulation in mammals



"ouble cirulation

Pulmonary circulationconsist of)

• Pulmonary arteries w%ic%carry !lood to t%e lungs

• O(ygenated !lood isreturned to t%e %eart !y pulmonary eins

!ystemic circulationconsist of)

• O(ygenated !lood leavest%e le)t side o) t%e %eart andis distri!uted !y arteries toall parts o) t%e !ody

• eins carry t%e !lood )romall parts o) t%e !ody !ac, tot%e rig%t side o) t%e %eart-



Advantages

Blood entering t%e lungs is at alower pressure compared to!lood leaving t%e %eart-

!lood 6ows more slowly troug%t%e lungs* allowing sucient time)or t%e !lood to !e well

o(ygenated !e)ore it is returnedto t%e %eart-

Heart pumps o(ygenated !lood

l



tructure o) t%e Heart

% t e

r n a l

@nside t%epericardiu

m

0ses o) pericardial 6uids:• .revent damage

caused !y t%e )riction•

%oc, a!sor!ers

l



tructure o) t%e Heart

5 n t e

r n a l

T%e + sides o)t%e lungs are

seperated !y amuscular wall

called DM4"5A6!4P+UM7



Heart valves

T%ey are calledtricuspid and!icuspid valve

according to t%eamount o) 6aps

present in eac%valve

3 Flaps 2 Flap



&%at pat%s does!lood ta,et%roug% t%e

%eart''

i



2- Atria contract*)orcing !lood

into t%erela(ed

ventricle

+-entriclecontracts *A

valve close- T%is

produce Dlu!soundE

7-As ventriclecontract* atria

rela(- T%e atriastart to receives

!lood again

8-entricldesrela(- emi<lunar valves

close- T%isproducesDdu!E sound

9-Atria

contractsagain* t%ew%ole cyclerepeats



Facts a!out t%e cardiac cycle

Contraction o) t%e ventricles is calledentricular systole

Rela(ation o) t%e ventricles is calledentricular diastole

One%ear!eat

@t last )or -seconds

Average normal%eart!eat:

I+ !eats > minute



Blood pressure T%ey are

alwaysmeasured inDmmHgE



4iagrammatic representation o) !lood pressurein t%e circulatory system o) a mammal



Blood pressure c%art

@ t i s

a l w a y s

w r i t t

e n a s

A y s t o l i

c

p r e s

s u r e

> d i a s

t o l i c

p r e s

s u r e

.ressure c%anges in t%e



.ressure c%anges in t%e%eart

T%is is t%e diagram)rom le)t side o) t%e

%eart

T%e diagram )or t%erig%t side o) t%e %eartare also t%e same* !utwit% lower pressure



Main veins and arteries



eins

.ulmonary veins : !rings o(ygenated !lood)rom t%e lungs to t%e le)t atrium o) t%e %eart

Anterior # superior $ vena cava : returnsdeo(ygenated !lood )rom t%e %ead* nec, and

arms to t%e rig%t atrium.osterior # in)erior $ vena cava : !rings

deo(ygenated !lood )rom t%e liver* stomac%*intestines* ,idneys and %ind lim!s to t%e rig%t

atriumRenal vein : !rings deo(ygenated !lood )romt%e ,idneys to t%e posterior vena cava

Hepatic vein : !rings deo(ygenated !lood)rom t%e liver to t%e posterior vena cava

Hepatic portal vein : !rings deo(ygenated



Arteries

.ulmonary arteries : !rings deo(ygenated!lood )rom t%e rig%t ventricle to t%e lungs

Aorta : !rings o(ygenated !lood round t%e!ody

Hepatic arteries : !rings o(ygenated !lood tot%e liver

Mesenteric arteries : !rings o(ygenated !loodt%e stomac% and intestines

Renal arteries : !rings o(ygenated !lood to t%e,idney

@liac arteries : !rings o(ygenated !lood to t%e%ind lim!s



Coronary %eart disease

By :Rui Orlando



Coronary %eart disease

At%erosclerosis:w%en )at* c%olesterol* and ot%er su!stances !uild up int%e inner walls o) arteries* t%ese su!stance can narrowt%e lumen and !loc, t%e 6ow o) !lood- t%e !lood clott%at )orms in t%e artery is called t%rom!osis-

Hypertension



<Hypertension: %ypertension is t%e %ig% !lood pressure in t%e

arteries- &%en at%erosclerosis occurs t%e !lood pressure o) t%earteries will increase- @) t%e arteries cannot %old t%e pressure*t%e arteries may e(plode leading to deat% o) a person-

Hypertension

. ti i t



.reventive measure againstcoronary %eart disease



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IGCSE Biology Transport in Humans summary

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