IGCSE Biology Chapter 1

8/11/2019 IGCSE Biology Chapter 1

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CAMBRIDGE IGCSE

BIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1: CLASSIFICATION


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1.1 ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE SEVEN

CHARACTERISTICS

Biologyis the study of living things.

Living organisms have seven

characteristics which make them differentfrom non-living things.


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1.1 ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE SEVEN

CHARACTERISTICS

Characteristicsof living things

Movement- An action by an

organism or part ofan organism

causing a changeof position or place

Nutrition

- The taking inof nutrients for

growth andtissue repair

Reproduction

- The processesthat make more

of the same kindof organism

Respiration

- The chemicalreactions that break

down glucose in

living cells torelease energy

Sensitivity

- The ability todetect changes inthe environment

(stimuli) andresponse to them

Excretion

- The removal oftoxic materials,

waste products ofmetabolism andexcess substances

from the body

Growth

- A permanentincrease in sizeand dry mass by

an increase in

number of cells orsize of cells


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1.2 CLASSIFICATION INVOLVES GROUPING THINGS

Classificationmeans putting things into

groups.

The main reason of classifying living things isto make it easier tostudy them. For example,

we put humansand dogsinto one group

(the mammals) because they sharecertain

certain characteristics (having hair) that are

not found in other groups.


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1.3 BIOLOGISTS CLASSIFY LIVING THINGS

The first person to try to classify living things

in a scientific way was a Swedish naturalist

Carl Linnaeus.Carl Linnaeus introduced his system of

classification in 1735. He divided all kinds of

living things into groups called species.


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Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Hierarchy system of classification


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Equus caballus (horse) Equus burchelli (zebra)

Canis familiaris (dog) Canis lupus (wolf) Canis mesomelas (jackal)


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Dog-likemammals

Canis familiaris

Canis lupus

Canis mesomelas

Horse-likemammals

Equus caballus

Equus burchelli

Mammals


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1.4 EACH SPECIES HAS A BINOMIAL

Carl Linnaeus gave every living organisms

two names, written in Latin. This two-word

name is called binomial.The first name is the genus name and

begins with a capital letter. The second

name is the species name and begins witha small letter.

A wolf belongs to the genus Canisand the

species lupus. Its binomial is Canis lupus.


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1.6 THE ANIMAL KINGDOM CONTAINS MANY PHYLA

One of the best ways to tell if an organism is

an animal is to look at its cells under the

microscope. Animal cells do not have cellwalls.

There is a very large number of different

types of animals, classified into manydifferent phyla.


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Kingdom: Animals

Phylum: Arthropods

Phylum: Vertebrates

Class:

Crustaceans

Class:

Myriapods

Class:

Insects

Class:

Arachnids

Phylum:

Nematodes

Phylum:

Annelids

Phylum:

Molluscs

Class:

FishClass:

Reptiles

Class:

Amphibians

Class:

Birds

Class:

Mammals


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Phylum: Vertebrates (animals with backbones)

Class: Fish

Vertebrateswith scalyskin

Have gills Have fins

Class: Amphibians

Vertebrates withmoist, scale-less

skin

Eggs laid in

water, larva

(tadpole) lives in

water

Adult often lives

on land

Larva has gills,

adult has lungs

Class: Reptiles

Vertebrateswith scaly

skin

Lay eggs

with

rubbery

shells

Class: Birds

Vertebrateswith feathers

Forelimbs have

become wings

Lay eggs with

hard shells

Homeothermic

Have a beak

Class: Mammals

Vertebrates with hair

Have a placenta

Young feed on milk

from mammary

glands

Homeothermic

Have a diaphragm

Heart have four

chambers

Have different types

of teeth (incisors,

canines, premolars

and molars)

Cerebral hemispheresare well developed


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Fish

Caudal finStreamlined bodycovered in scales

Pelvic finAnal fin Pectoral fin

Operculum

covering gills


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Frog

Thin, moist skin

Eardrum


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Snake

Scaly skin


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Ocelot

Body covered with hair


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Phylum: Arthropods (invertebrates with jointed legs and exoskeleton)

Class: Crustacean

Arthropods

with more thanfour pairs ofjointed legs

Breathe throughgills

Class: Arachnids

Arthropods with four

pairs of jointed

legs

Breathe through

gills called

book lungs

Class: Insects

Arthropods

with three pairs

of jointed legs

Two pairs of

wings (one or

both may be

vestigial)

Breathe through

tracheae

Class: Myriapods

(centipedes andmillipedes)

Body consists ofmany segments

Each segment

has jointed legs


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Crab

Eye

Exoskeleton containing

calcium salts

Jointed legClaw


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Spider

Cephalothorax

Pedipalp

Abdomen

Eye

4 pairs of jointed legs


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Locust

Abdomen

Jointed legAntennaWing

Head

Thorax


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Centipede

Long, thin segmented body

Jointed legs on each segment


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Phylum: Annelids(worms with segmented

bodies but no legs)

Animals with bodies

made up of ring-like

segments

Phylum: Nematodes(worms with

unsegmented bodies)

Animals with long,

thin, unsegmented

bodies

Phylum: Molluscs(invertebrates with

unsegmented bodies

and may have a shell)

Animals with soft,

unsegmented bodies

May have a shell


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Earthworm

Position of anus Position of mouth

Clitellum

Segmented body


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Snail Squid

Coiled shell

Soft, unsegmentedbody

Soft, unsegmented

body with internal shell

Eye

Eye
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Nematode


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1.7 FLOWERING PLANTS MAY BE MONOCOTS OR

DICOTS

Plants are organisms that have cells with

cell walls made of cellulose.

Plants can be classified into two big groups:flowering plants and non-flowering

plants.

Flowering plants can be classified intomonocotyledonous plants (monocots)

and dicotyledonous plants (dicots).


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1.7 FLOWERING PLANTS MAY BE MONOCOTS OR

DICOTS

Characteristics of monocots and dicots


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1.8 VIRUSES ARE NOT TRUE LIVING THINGS

Viruses cause common diseases such as

colds and influenza, and also more serious

ones such as AIDS.Viruses are not considered to be alive.

Viruses can only reproducewhen they

entera living cell.


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1.8 VIRUSES ARE NOT TRUE LIVING THINGS

An influenza virus


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1.9 BACTERIA HAVE CELLS WITHOUT NUCLEI

Bacteria are single-celled organisms

whose cells do not have nuclei.

Some bacteria are harmful to us and causediseases such as tuberculosis (TB) and

cholera. However, many bacteria are

helpful.


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Uses ofbacteria

Making of yogurtand cheese

Treatment ofsewage

Making insulin


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Kingdom: Bacteria

Unicellular

Have no nucleus

Have cell walls

Bacteria


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1.10 FUNGI DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPHYLL

For a very long time, fungi were classified

as plants. However, now they belong in

their own kingdom.Some fungi causes food decay, while a

few cause diseases, including ringworm

and athletes foot. However, like bacteria,fungi have manydifferent uses.


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Uses of fungi

Eaten asmushrooms

Making alcohol andbread

Antibiotics


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Kingdom: Fungi

Unicellular (yeasts)

or multicellular(moulds and

mushrooms)

Have nucleus

Have cell walls

feeding hyphae

sporangium

containing

sporesspores

stolon

sporangiophore

Fungi


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1.11 KEYS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY UNKNOWN

ORGANISMS

A dichotomous key is a set of paired

contrasting descriptionswhich lead you

through to the identificationof anunknown organism.

Dichotomous means branching into two

and refers to the two descriptions tochoose from at each step.


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1.11 KEYS ARE USED TO IDENTIFY UNKNOWN

ORGANISMS

Example of using a dichotomous key

A

D

CB

FE
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IGCSE Biology Chapter 1

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