If you could help people or fix things in society (local or

national) what or who would you target?

PROGRESSIVEPROGRESSIVE ERAERA

1890s-19201890s-1920

A21A21ww9.2.139.2.13

ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSQUESTIONS► Who were the Progressives?Who were the Progressives?► What reforms did they seek?What reforms did they seek?► How successful were How successful were

Progressive Era reforms in Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920?the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

ORIGINS OF ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE PROGRESSIVE

REFORMREFORM

ProgressivismProgressivism

WHO? “Progressives”urban middle-class: managers & professionals; women

WHY? Address the problems arising from:

industrialization (big business, labor strife)urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption)immigration (ethnic diversity)inequality & social injustice (women & racism)

1920s

1890s

1901

1917

WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era”

ProgressivismProgressivismWHAT are their goals?►Democracy – government accountable to the

people►Regulation of corporations &

monopolies►Social justice – workers, poor, minorities►Environmental protection►Moral development

HOW?►Government (laws, regulations,

programs) HOW MUCH?????► Efficiency

value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution

Fostering EfficiencyFostering Efficiency► Many Progressive leaders

put their faith in scientific principles to make society better.

► In industry, Frederick Taylor began using time and motion studies to improve factory efficiency. “Taylorism” became an industry fad as factories sought to complete each job quickly by breaking tasks down into small parts & using standardized tools.

Reform Darwinism Reform Darwinism (opposite of Social Darwinism)(opposite of Social Darwinism)► Lester Frank Ward – Said

human beings were different than animals because we could think and plan ahead

► People succeeded because of their ability to cooperate, not compete

► Government could regulate economy, help poor, and promote education better than competition

► Those who agreed with this idea became the reformers of the early 1900’s

Literature: Naturalism & RealismLiterature: Naturalism & Realism► Realism focused on stresses and conflicts;

explored social class issues and human psychology

► Naturalism themes: People failed in life because of things they couldn’t control; Leaving society and economy unregulated didn’t always lead to the best result

► Authors included: Stephen Crane, Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and the “muckrakers”

Origins of ProgressivismOrigins of Progressivism“Muckrakers”-journalists and writers who exposed corruption

in politics and business (term first used by T. Roosevelt,1906)► Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890)► Ida Tarbell – The History of the Standard Oil Co (1902)► Lincoln Steffens – The Shame of the Cities (1904)► Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906)

Ida Ida TarbellTarbell

Lincoln Lincoln SteffensSteffens

MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL & STATE & STATE

REFORMSREFORMS

MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM►Utilities - water, gas, electricity,

sanitation ►Transportation – trolleys►Council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)

Shoe line - Shoe line - Bowery men Bowery men with gifts from with gifts from ward boss Tim ward boss Tim Sullivan, Sullivan, February, 1910February, 1910

MUNICIPAL REFORMMUNICIPAL REFORM

council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913)

COUNCIL

MEMBER

CITY MANAGE

R

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

strong mayor system

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

COUNCIL

MEMBER

MAYOMAYORR

CITY SERVIC

ES

CITY SERVICES

STATE POLITICAL REFORMSTATE POLITICAL REFORM►secret ballot►direct primary►Robert M.

LaFollette (regulation of big business and the Wisconsin Idea – a partnership between government and experts at University of Wisconsin)

►Initiative►Referendum►Recall►Seventeenth

Amendment (1913)

Robert M. LaFolletteRobert M. LaFollette, , Wisconsin Governor Wisconsin Governor

1900-061900-06

Direct Election Of SenatorsDirect Election Of Senators►Before 1913, each

state’s legislature had chosen U.S. senators. To force senators to be more responsive to the public, Progressives pushed for the popular election of senators.

►As a result, Congress passed the 17th Amendment in 1913.

STATE SOCIAL REFORMSSTATE SOCIAL REFORMS

►professional social workers ►Health codes►Zoning laws►Building codes►settlement houses - education,

culture, day care►child labor laws

Enable education & advancement for working class children

STATE SOCIAL REFORMSSTATE SOCIAL REFORMS►workplace & labor reforms

eight-hour work day eight-hour work day workers compensation laws workers compensation laws minimum wage lawsminimum wage lawschild labor lawschild labor lawsunionization unionization improved safety & health conditions improved safety & health conditions in factoriesin factories

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, 1911

► http://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/legacy/index.htmlhttp://trianglefire.ilr.cornell.edu/legacy/index.html

► http://www.bing.com/videos/search?http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=triangle+shirtwaist+factory+story+of+us&FORM=Vq=triangle+shirtwaist+factory+story+of+us&FORM=VIRE2&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=7ABC164FF736F27IRE2&adlt=strict#view=detail&mid=7ABC164FF736F2728A077ABC164FF736F2728A0728A077ABC164FF736F2728A07

After watching the video clip and researching the After watching the video clip and researching the website above, answer the following questions.website above, answer the following questions.

► If you were prosecuting a case against the Triangle If you were prosecuting a case against the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, what evidence would you use to Shirtwaist factory, what evidence would you use to show that the owners were culpable in this tragedy? show that the owners were culpable in this tragedy? (Provide 4 examples)(Provide 4 examples)

► If you were a state legislator, what new If you were a state legislator, what new laws/regulations would you support to protect people laws/regulations would you support to protect people from similar disasters? (Provide at least 3 examples) from similar disasters? (Provide at least 3 examples)

State Social Reform: Child LaborState Social Reform: Child LaborChild Laborers in Indiana Glass Works, Midnight, Indiana. 1908

Child Laborer, Newberry, S.C. 1908

“Breaker Boys” Pennsylvania, 1911

Shrimp pickers in Peerless Oyster Co. Bay St. Louis, Miss., March 3, 1911

Public EducationPublic Education►Education for the workplace

With more and more jobs available that required an education, public school systems saw a significant rise in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s.

►Expanding Higher EducationMany new colleges builtTraditionally, women’s educational opportunities lagged behind men’s, but this began to change.

►Public Libraries

Helping the Urban PoorHelping the Urban Poor

In early 1900’s, some public effort was made to try to help the poor

Salvation ArmyYMCAWomen’s clubsSocial GospelRevivalism Settlement houses

Settlement HousesSettlement Houses

►Hull-House – Jane Addams

Jane Addams (1905)

Hull-House Complex in 1906

Promoting Moral DevelopmentPromoting Moral Development►Some reformers

felt that the answer to society’s problems was personal behavior. They proposed such reforms as prohibition.

TEMPERANCE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTMOVEMENTGroups wishing to ban

alcohol:►Women’s Christian

Temperance Union (WCTU)►Anti-Saloon League Frances Willard Frances Willard

(1838-98), (1838-98), leader of the leader of the WCTUWCTU

Anti-Saloon League Campaign, DaytonAnti-Saloon League Campaign, Dayton

TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITIONTEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION►Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibition on the Eve Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th of the 18th Amendment, 1919Amendment, 1919

SOCIALISMSOCIALISMALTERNATIVES

Economic ReformEconomic Reform►Panic of 1893 prompted

some Americans to question the capitalist economic system.

►As a result, some workers embraced socialism. Eugene V. Debs organized the American Socialist Party in1901 and ran for Presidency 5 times, the last from a jail cell.

Debs encouraged workers to reject American capitalism

SOCIALISMSOCIALISMIndustrial Workers of the World (IWW or “Wobblies”):Radical labor union founded in 1905 with ties to

both socialist and anarchist labor movements. Wanted workplace democracy/self-management.

Socialists parade, May Day, 1910

Eugene V. Debs, Eugene V. Debs, founder founder

NATIONALNATIONAL REFORMREFORMRoosevelt, Taft & Roosevelt, Taft &

Wilson Wilson as Progressive as Progressive presidentspresidents

ESSENTIALESSENTIAL QUESTION QUESTIONHow effective were Progressive How effective were Progressive Era reformers and the federal Era reformers and the federal government in bringing about government in bringing about reform at the national level in reform at the national level in

the period 1900-1920?the period 1900-1920?

Assassination of President McKinleyAssassination of President McKinley,, SeptSept 6, 6, 19011901

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt:: the “accidental President”the “accidental President”Republican (1901-1909)Republican (1901-1909)

(The New-York Historical Society)

Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”► Formed upon 3 basic ideas:

conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. It aimed to help middle class citizens, and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor.

Anthracite miners at Scranton, Anthracite miners at Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1900Pennsylvania, 1900

Trust-BustingTrust-Busting

►By 1900, trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries.

►Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Roosevelt the “trust-buster”Roosevelt the “trust-buster”►Northern Securities Company (1904) ►Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act (1906)

strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission

““ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT ONE SEES HIS FINISH UNLESS GOOD GOVERNMENT RETAKES THE SHIP”RETAKES THE SHIP”

Consumer ProtectionConsumer Protection►Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle ►Meat Inspection Act (1906)

►Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

Chicago Meatpacking Workers, Chicago Meatpacking Workers, 19051905

"A nauseating job, but it must be done"

Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act► In response to

unsubstantiated claims and unwholesome products, Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. The Act halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.

Roosevelt & Roosevelt & ConservationConservation

►Used the Forest Reserve Act of 1891

►U.S. Forest Service (1906)

►Gifford Pinchot►White House

conference on conservation (1908)

►John Muir

Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot,

1907

Theodore Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt

& John & John Muir at Muir at

YosemiteYosemite19061906

CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION::National Parks and ForestsNational Parks and Forests

William William Howard TaftHoward TaftPresident 1909-13President 1909-13

RepublicanRepublican

Postcard with Taft cartoon

Taft’s Progressive Accomplishments Taft’s Progressive Accomplishments ► trust-busting ► forest and oil

reserves►Sixteenth

Amendment

►BUT: Caused split in Republican Party

Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy

(Taft has) “…completely (Taft has) “…completely twisted around the twisted around the policies I advocated and policies I advocated and acted upon.”acted upon.” -Theodore Roosevelt

Election of 1912Election of 1912►Woodrow Wilson►Progressive Party

(Roosevelt’s “Bull Moose Party”)►“New Nationalism”

Roosevelt’s political philosophy: only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice, and the executive power should be the steward of the public welfare.

Woodrow Woodrow WilsonWilsonTheodore Theodore

RoosevelRoosevelt cartoon, t cartoon, March 1912March 1912

1912 1912 PresidentiaPresidential Electionl Election

Wilson Reforms (1913-1916)Wilson Reforms (1913-1916)►“New Freedom” platform

attacked the ‘Triple Wall of Privilege’ — tariffs, banks, and trusts.

►Underwood Simmons Tariff lowered tariff rates, helping farmers

►Federal Reserve Act established the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the U.S.A.

►Federal Trade Commission Act►Clayton Anti-Trust Act►Keating-Owen Act banned items

made by child labor from being sold in interstate commerce. (Struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court 2 yrs later.) Wilson at the peak of his Wilson at the peak of his

power.power.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)► Strengthened the

Sherman Act with an anti-trust provision that prevented companies from acquiring stock from another company.

► Supported workers’ unions by declaring strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing perfectly legal.

Federal Reserve Act (1913)Federal Reserve Act (1913)► The Federal Reserve Act intended to

establish economic stability through the introduction of a Central Bank, which would be in charge of monetary policy in the U.S. The Federal Reserve Act made currency more flexible.

► The Federal Reserve Act gave the 12 Federal Reserve banks the ability to manage the money supply in order to ensure economic stability.

► The Fed also has the power to adjust the discount rate (impacting interest rates) and to buy & sell U.S. treasuries.

Federal Reserve SystemFederal Reserve System►Federal Reserve Act

WOMEN & WOMEN & SUFFRAGESUFFRAGE

ESSENTIALESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTIONTo what extent did economic To what extent did economic and political developments as and political developments as well as the assumptions about well as the assumptions about the nature of women affect the the nature of women affect the

position of American women position of American women during the period 1890-1925?during the period 1890-1925?

Women Lead ReformWomen Lead Reform►Many of the

leading Progressive reformers were women. Middle and upper class women entered the public sphere after graduating from the new women’s colleges. Colleges like Vassar and Smith

allowed women to excel

WOMENWOMEN►“women’s

professions”►“new woman”►clubwomen

The Women's Club of Madison, Wisconsin conducted classes in food,nutrition, and sewing for recent immigrants. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

A local club for nurses was formed in New York City in 1894. Here the club members are pictured in their clubhouse reception area. (Photo courtesy of the Women's History and Resource Center, General Federation of Women's Clubs.)

Three-Part Strategy for Three-Part Strategy for Winning SuffrageWinning Suffrage

► Suffragettes tried three approaches to winning the vote:1. Convincing state

legislatures to adopt the vote.

2. Pursuing court cases to test 14th Amendment.

3. Pushing for national Constitutional amendment.

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

►National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA)

►Carrie Chapman Catt

Ohio Woman Suffrage Ohio Woman Suffrage Headquarters, Cleveland, Headquarters, Cleveland, 19121912

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage►Alice Paul►National Woman’s Party►Nineteenth Amendment ►Equal Rights

Amendment

National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White National Woman’s Party members picketing in front of the White House, 1917House, 1917

19th 19th AmendmentAmendment

SuffragetSuffragette te

Banner Banner 19181918

(All: Library of Congress)

► http://womenshistory.about.com/od/suffrageoverview/a/suffrage_timeline.htm

► http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/crash-course-us-history-episode-31-womens-suffrage-video_89855481d.html

Woman suffrage before 1920Woman suffrage before 1920

RACE RACE RELATIONSRELATIONS

Limits of ProgressivismLimits of Progressivism►While the

Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it failed to make gains for African Americans. Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office.

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

Black Population, 1920Black Population, 1920

ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL QUESTIONQUESTIONBooker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discri-mination faced by black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. How appropriate were each of these strategies (considering the context in which each was developed)?