If there is time leftIf there is time left

Different categories for different Different categories for different word-classesword-classes

►NOUNS – number, possession NOUNS – number, possession ►VERBS – tense, person, participles VERBS – tense, person, participles ►ADJECTIVES – comparison ADJECTIVES – comparison ►PRONOUNS – number, (remnants of) PRONOUNS – number, (remnants of)

case, gender, possession case, gender, possession ►ADVERBS – comparisonADVERBS – comparison►ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, etc. are not ARTICLES, PREPOSITIONS, etc. are not

subject to such morpho-syntactic subject to such morpho-syntactic changeschanges

NounsNouns

1. Most nouns in English form their plural by adding –1. Most nouns in English form their plural by adding –s. s.

The –s is pronounced differently depending on the The –s is pronounced differently depending on the final sound of the noun in the singular.final sound of the noun in the singular.boyboyss /z//z/bagbagss /z//z/parkparks s /s//s/

If the last sound of the noun in the singular is /s, ʃ, ʧ, If the last sound of the noun in the singular is /s, ʃ, ʧ, ks, ʒ, ʤ/, -s is pronounced /ɪz/ and –es is added in ks, ʒ, ʤ/, -s is pronounced /ɪz/ and –es is added in writing..writing..wishwisheses /ɪz/ /ɪz/

2. Nouns ending in a consonant + y, form 2. Nouns ending in a consonant + y, form their plural as follows:their plural as follows:

y → i + esy → i + esbaby + s = y → i + es = babbaby + s = y → i + es = babiesieslady + s = y → i + es = ladlady + s = y → i + es = ladiesiesBUT keys, surveys, etc.BUT keys, surveys, etc.

3. Twelve nouns ending in –f (-fe): calf, 3. Twelve nouns ending in –f (-fe): calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, sheaf, shelf, thief, wife, wolf, form their plural as thief, wife, wolf, form their plural as follows:follows:

f(e) → v + es /vz/f(e) → v + es /vz/calf + s = f(e) → v + es = calcalf + s = f(e) → v + es = calvesves /vz/ /vz/knife + s = f(e) → v + es = kniknife + s = f(e) → v + es = knivesves

/vz//vz/

4. Nouns ending in 4. Nouns ending in –o–o, form their plural by adding , form their plural by adding ––eses..

tomatotomatoesespotatopotatoeses

BUTBUT nouns that are of foreign origin or belong to nouns that are of foreign origin or belong to musical terminology, just add –s in the plural.musical terminology, just add –s in the plural.

photosphotoskimonoskimonospianospianossopranossopranos

5. Some 5. Some nouns have no pluralnouns have no plural form and they can form and they can take either a singular or a plural verb:take either a singular or a plural verb:

fish (and all names of different kinds of fish)fish (and all names of different kinds of fish)sheepsheepdeer (and all animals that are hunted do not deer (and all animals that are hunted do not

have have plural forms when used by hunters)plural forms when used by hunters)

Irregular plurals:Irregular plurals:manman menmenwomanwoman womenwomenoxox oxenoxenchildchild childrenchildrenbrotherbrother brethren brethren footfoot feetfeettoothtooth teethteethgoosegoose geesegeesemousemouse micemicelouselouse licelice

PRONOUNSPRONOUNS

SubjectSubject Possessive IPossessive I Possessive IIPossessive II ObjectObject ReflexiveReflexive

II mymy minemine meme myselfmyself

youyou youryour yoursyours youyou YourselfYourself

hehe hishis hishis himhim himself himself

sheshe herher hershers herher herselfherself

itit itsits itsits itit itselfitself

wewe ourour oursours usus ourselvesourselves

youyou youryour yoursyours youyou yourselvyourselveses

they they theirtheir theirstheirs themthem themselvesthemselves

VerbsVerbsinfinitivinfinitiv

ee33rdrd

person person sgsg

past simplepast simple past past participleparticiple

present present participleparticiple

reguregularlar

walkwalk

begbeg

lovelove

wantwant

studystudy

walkswalks

begsbegs

lovesloves

wantswants

studiesstudies

walkedwalked

beggedbegged

lovedloved

wantedwanted

studiedstudied

walkedwalked

beggedbegged

lovedloved

wantedwanted

studiedstudied

walkingwalking

beggingbegging

lovingloving

wantingwanting

studyingstudying

irreirregulagula

rr

buybuy

singsing

cutcut

buysbuys

singssings

cutscuts

boughtbought

sangsang

cutcut

boughtbought

sungsung

cutcut

buyingbuying

singingsinging

cuttingcutting

AdjectivesAdjectivespositivepositive comparativecomparative superlativesuperlative

talltall

bigbig

easyeasy

tallertaller

biggerbigger

easiereasier

the tallestthe tallest

the biggestthe biggest

the easiestthe easiest

beautifulbeautiful more more beautifulbeautiful

the most beautifulthe most beautiful

goodgood

badbad

littlelittle

much/ much/ manymany

farfar

lastlast

betterbetter

worseworse

lessless

moremore

farther/ farther/ furtherfurther

laterlater

the bestthe best

the worstthe worst

the leastthe least

the mostthe most

the farthest/ the farthest/ furthestfurthest

the latest/ lastthe latest/ last

AdverbsAdverbs

positivepositive comparativecomparative superlativesuperlative

slowlyslowly slowlierslowlier slowliestslowliest

frequentlyfrequently more more frequentlyfrequently

most frequentlymost frequently

wellwell

badlybadlybetterbetter

badlierbadlierbestbest

badliestbadliest