If There is One Fact of Human Life We All Hold in Common

8/19/2019 If There is One Fact of Human Life We All Hold in Common

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If there is one fact of human life we all hold in common. It is our dependence on water.

Regardless of race creed social strata or historical era. We all rely on it for our very

survival.Through all of its uses in modern daily life. The average American consumes more than

fifty gallons of water per day. To reach the fixtures that place it at our fingertips. The water

isoften transported hundreds of miles from its source in the earth. Once it's reached the city

thousands of miles of. Underground water main carry the water into uildings. Word flowshot

and cold. At the art and science of pluming is ased on a fundamental law of nature. Water

flows downhill. !i"e nature's rivers. #an made a$ueducts are uilt on a downhill slope.Using

gravity. To propel the water. The pressure in pluming pipes is also created y gravity. Water is

pumped to the top of giant towers which are connected to the mains eneath thestreets. As long

as the tower is higher than the water's final destination. %ravity will maintain pressure. And force

the water through the pipes. In uildings that are taller than the watertower water is pumped to a

series of pressure tan"s in the uilding. &ach one using gravity. To feed the floors elow it. After

water is used gravity once again. arries it away. (ewagetreatment plants are uilt at the lowest

possile elevation. And sewer pipes are uild in an angle so that waste water can flow downhill

after the sewage has een treated it flows ygravity into the nearest waterway. Word is reclaimed

y the earth.

We've come to expect. &verything of modern pluming and rarely do we give it a second

thought. )ut *ust how crucial it is to our daily lives is made painfully evident y thepredicament.

Of developing countries. Who struggle to survive without its enefits. Indeed if our pluming

systems were to fail us our cities and towns would collapse li"e. +elpless%iants. Warming is

such a asic essential need. ,elivering a fresh clean potale water water they can e used and

then. #ore importantly. After it's used. ,isposed of properly.)ecause that sewage. If it's not

properly treated. Is a tremendous. ause of disease. And yet our standards of living are standards

of safety and sanitation. -eep that from ecoming areality in our world today. Today the

pluming industry is one of the largest in the world in terms of usiness and volume.(urprisingly most of America didn't have what we wouldconsider asic. Indoor pluming until as

recently as the turn of the century. )ut it's principles can e traced ac" thousands of years. This

is what is today. Ira$. It was here. On theonce fertile plain etween the Tigris and &uphrates

Rivers. That western civiliation was orn. #ore than fifty centuries ago. /rom the earliest days

of modern archaeology. Themysteries of our origins have slowly een unveiled in the ruins of


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ancient cities archeologists have found unmista"ale evidence that supports a fundamental

theory of the civiliation ofman"ind is in. &ggs or a elieve lin"ed to our aility to control the

flow of water coming in civiliation. 0ust aout every civiliation that we loo" ac" on into a

$uery that we study andadmire for their contriutions to arts and literature and science

technology. Also highly developed plumer. /resh water could e carried y hand. )ut disposing

of waste in excessrainwater in early cities re$uired. Ingenuity. And the earliest civiliations rose

to the occasion. ,rains were uilt eneath floors to carry away water. The remains of athrooms

andsimilar to modern septic tan"s. +ave een found not only in #esopotamia. )ut fifteen

hundred miles away in the industry. In what is now 1a"istan in western India. )uildings

datingac" to twenty six hundred ).. had private athing areas with drains in the floor.

There are very intelligent very inventive. And they came up with they figured out how most

effectively most efficiently. )y the sixth century ).. the city of )aylon had expanded into

athriving metropolis. /or centuries of learning and culture. )ut under -ing. The second.

)A)2!O3 grew to ecome the most magnificent city in the ancient world. The -ings ath

wasmost li"ely a shower poured over him y slaves. The palace had separate athrooms with

elaorate drains connected to a covered sewer system. The trains with raised. (eats alsoemptied

into the sewer which sloped downward to carry the waste water away at the palaces most famous

feature words. +anging %ardens an engineering feat. That the %ree"snamed it one of the (even

Wonders of the world. To irrigate the trees planted atop the seven metre high wall. +istorians

elieve the )aylonians used a mechanical device called ashould do. I should do fused a fulcrum

and wooden eam with a uc"et on the end to raise water from rivers to elevate. Troughs. I

suspect this is the way that this was done. If youhave a whole series of those three or four of

those you can actually live $uite high. )y two thousand ).. fresh water was flowing through

various forms of pipe. In hina amoo reedswere hollowed at the *oints and used to private not

only water ut natural gas to and from the ancient salt mines. On the island of rete the #inoan

-ings had athrooms with hot andcold running water. As early as fifteen hundred )... In -ingminuses palace had road -nossos archaeologists have found a large ceramic ath tu. Along

with the world's firstflushing toilet. The earliest pluming pipe. Was made of a"ed clay and

strong. )ut the ancient &gyptians with their advanced metallurgy s"ills. Were among the first to

ma"e pipe.Out of copper. The &gyptians pluming prowess was consistent with their expertise as

uilders. Wells were dug as deep as three hundred feet. And the 3orio. Or water wheel wasorn


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in &gypt. Interesting sidelight aout the &gyptians is that they may have een the first perhaps

only civiliation ever to uild. That's rooms for the dead. There are pyramids where"ind of

temporary resting places for the deceased to pass to the afterlife. (ome of the pyramids that have

een excavated. Turns out also had athrooms the %ree"s advanced theaudience science of

pluming to an unprecedented level. +ot and cold running water and athtus were all part of

daily life in ancient %reece. %iant a$ueducts carried water into thecities. And glorious fountains

displayed it. )ut magnificent as they were the accomplishments of. All these civiliations would

soon e eclipsed y the greatest society of plumers inhistory. The Romans.

The alifornia a$ueduct. )uilt in the one nine hundred seventy (. this manmade river is the

largest in a system of ac"ward doc"s that supply the !os Angeles area with water fromthe north

and the four hundred forty four miles. It is the longest one in the world.

#ore than a thousand years ago. Another great city thrived on water rought in y these marvels

of engineering. The magnificent structures that survive to this day have ecome acons for the

rilliance of the Roman &mpire. And not surprisingly. They carried millions of gallons of water

from the mountains fifty miles away. A feat. 3o civiliation it. &ver attemptedefore. Once it

reached the city. Water was distriuted through a grid of supply lines. Under the streets. )ut

made it all possile with the material that was to give pluming its name.!ed to the !atin.

1romise. #eans land. And the first Roman plumers were artisans who fashioned sheet lead into

everything from as"et frames. To the miles of lead pipe thatsupplied water to the hundreds of

fountains. 1ulic uildings and private homes throughout the empire. )ut perhaps most

importantly this running water was the life lood of one ofRome's most treasured. Institutions.

The alance. I thin" the most interesting thing aout Roman )a is in fact they were a "ind of

doesn't plan for the average woman and. That wastrue. )ecause of the extraordinary aundance

of water and all of these various ath rooms and hamers. )ut also ecause they were very

elaorately decorated. A scholar whorecently wrote aout the. )a of -ar"ala. +as said that this

was a way for giving the common people the chance to live the lives of the rich and famous the

emperors themselves touse these allots. As a means of giving the people. A "ind of. Wonderful

entertainment. /acility which would prevent them from thin"ing of other things li"e political

freedom forexample. The need. The splendor of the alance was a marvel avenging nearing.

#illions of gallons of water flowed in and out of the complexes. +eated y wood and coal fired


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furnacesto precise temperatures. 1roviding a ray of choices for the ather. There were separate

steam rooms and radiant heating throughout. Accomplished y pumping hot air throughchannels

eneath the floors. Waste water drained out of the uildings and into large sewer pipes that.

&mptied into the Tier River. The largest of these sewers the cloaca #aximapredated the first

a$ueduct y a half century. And is still used today as a storm drain. In fact. Its original purpose

was *ust that. The sources that read it a role. Was asically to ta"eaway the rainwater. It was only

an afterthought that waters. Will throw our stuff into it. (o they did their usiness of the system.

And doing their usiness was often a social event.1ulic latrines had as many as twenty seats

arranged in a circle. Water ran constantly eneath the seats washing the waste. Into the nearest

sewer. When the Roman !egions setout to con$uer the world. They rought their pluming. With

them. The ads of. A$uas (yllis were uilt y the emperor laudius in the first century A.,.. On

the side of a natural hotsprings. They were restored in the sixteenth century. And today they are a

popular tourist attraction. In what is now the &nglish town of. )ath water still flows through the

original stonechannels into the eighty y forty foot great ath. A "ind of scaled down version of

the ones ac" home in Rome. And after nearly two thousand years they're a testament to the

dooraility of Roman engineering. As it turns out. The &mpire itself was not so durale. And

finally fell. (o too did the (tate of the art of pluming. /rom oncord. 3ot a new civiliation.

)utwere asically they don't really give two hoots aout running water they're never in one place

long enough to en*oy hristianity. (tarted spreading throughout the Western world and.The early

hristians were not ig fans of athing and. I thin" one of the reasons is that. As I thin"

everyody "nows they were rather poorly treated y the Romans and. Thus theytended to re*ect.

Roman culture. Throughout the proverial ay with the athwater. With people crowded into

cities during the middle ages the unsanitary conditions roughtconse$uences that were nothing

less than deadly. Throughout what has een aptly named the dar" ages and tire population

suffered some of the worst health conse$uences inhistory. Thousands upon thousands lost their

lives to water orne diseases. The nature of which wouldn't e understood for centuries to come.

Typhoid. Typhus cholera dysentery. Theresulting conditions spawn the infamous. )lac" 1lague.

Which was spread y rats and. Insects and "illed an estimated one third of &urope's population.

Unaware that they were eingpoisoned y their own filth. 1eople attriuted their terrile

misfortune to the wrath of %od. The traces of pluming unsanitary practices the did exist during

the middle ages were inmonasteries. And in the castles of feudal lords guarded roes served as


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indoor prisons. 1ro*ection from a uilding which contained a seat on which. It went straight

down into the maid.Or the river or the %rand. And there are several surviving ones in &ngland. A

miserale menials would come and scrape away the day in the morning grandest admissions. (o

theinvaders. astles under siege everyody go a lot and you'd see this. The one thing that what it

was go through their oat through with the Renaissance came a renewed interest inhygiene. And

so egan the steady march toward. Indoor pluming. The first step was to ring the water into the

home. )y hand. Almost every have had a wash stand in the edroomwhich if they were luc"y

enough made would ring up with a *ug of hot water *ug of cold water and a it aout not always

e that matching hina. Ravishingly eautiful example stillsurvive. To this day these wash hands

stand sets. hamer pots of. &very description made up in form. What they lac"ed in function

and. &mptying them was simple enough. Openthe window and toss the contents on to the street.

This practice gave rise to the popular nic"name. %iven the modern toilet. In )ritain. The proper

eti$uette for emptying one's chamerpot was to warn passers y with the /rench phrase. %arlow

meaning. !oo" out for the water. This was an &nglish sied to ecome. %uardian !ou. And the

time honored term. !ou./or the origin of the popular nic"name 0ohn historians loo" to none

other than the 4ueen of &ngland. In this place the first had a ath once a month whether she need

to decide ontheir own handguns how %od's son and he invented. Operator is a machine. A water

closet. With proper flashing mechanism. In fifty ninety six. And the $ueen was also had one

madefor her ut she was too frightened.

And with these terrified. Ridiculed y his peers +erring's and produced only two of the toilets.

One hundred seventy years would pass efore his invention would resurface. What coulde more

simple than a tu for athing. )efore indoor pluming athtus were simply filled and emptied

y hand. It was from this elementary idea that modern ad some showersevolved. )ut not

without some colorful experiments along the way. The concept of the shower egan in ancient

times with waterfalls and uc"ets of water. )ut y the mid nineteenthcentury some intriguing

designs were in the wor"s. One of the earliest was the &nglish Regency shower. Which promptthe same water continually from the drain to his sister and overthe athers head. The American

5irginia still shower was a seeded affair with a hand operated pomp and ac" rush. There were

numerous variations including this self pumpingshower. Which comined to clean up with a

vigorous wor"out. )ut feel my realise is that the new fangled showers of today. Are nothing new

their predecessors date ac" to the mid.&ighteen hundreds. With the first &uropean settlers in


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3ew &ngland came the seeds of what was to ecome the most advanced pluming industry. In

the world. )ut it would ta"eseveral centuries to get there. (uddenly this was not a treasured

value. Of America y a large people where we ase. They really too" that. Once a month a

couple times a year.3onetheless the cities were uilt running water was a high priority. 3ot for

athing ut for fire fighting. The first water system in America. Was uilt in )oston in the mid

sixteenhundreds. )y seven hundred ninety five to supply firefighters with water. +ollow logs

were *oined together to create a water main. (tretching for miles from 0amaica 1ond to found

thefiremen would simply drill through the walls of these primitive pipes and plug the hole when

they finished. This is the origin of the term fireplug. )y the early seventeen hundreds 3ew2or"

ity had its own system of wooden mains. )ut they were hardly ade$uate to supply the growing

city with water. In one thousand thirty five 3ew 2or" uilds its first reservoir inmidtown

#anhattan. /ed y A$ua ,ots from the neary roton river. The reservoir filled several city

loc"s and lasted until the turn of the century. Went to underground water tunnelsthat supply

3ew 2or" to this day were uilt. onstruction on a third time it was egun in one nine hundred

seventy. And the first channel *ust recently went into service. One city watertunnel numer three

is completed in the year two thousand and twenty. It will straight sixty miles. And convey one

illion gallons of water per day. ,uring the early years in America.The %reat Outdoors proved

an appealing alternative to the chamer pots from the old country. )ut efore long. 2an"ee

ingenuity gave irth to an American institution. The outhouse.+ouses were asically the

athrooms. Of the early colonial settlers in this country. And some of them are $uite ordinary

The technology was simple enough. A deep hole in the earth.A seat in a wooden shed. With a

door. Outhouses continued to proliferate through the nineteenth century in America. Well eyond

the advent of the indoor toilet with the Indian. And inscame. Innovation. Thomas 0efferson

devised his own. Waterless into a privy at #onticello. A chamer pot connected to the outdoors

y a series of pulleys. Operated y servants.#eanwhile a new generation of inventors in &ngland

had revived. 0ohn +arrington's iarre invention and. Updated versions of the water closet

flooded the )ritish patent offices.American innovators weren't far ehind. )ut the general pulic

was slow to accept such a radical idea. The early water closets were -ona Rue %olderg

contraption. They were madeof metal. 5arious different parts. These parts. ,id not always fit

together well they left gaps. 1eople in closed. ases to ma"e them loo" li"e furniture. Waste used

to collect in thesethings so. It was very unsanitary. After a while smelled pretty ad and they


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didn't wor" very well. ompounding the prolem was the seemingly insurmountale nuisance of

sewer gasis lea"ing into homes. A trap (eal had already een invented and was in theory. A

rilliant solution. A U. shaped section of pipe a neat drains and toilet owls uses a simple law

ofphysics. To create a water seal loc"ing sewer gases from entering the home. )ut another law

of physics had een overloo"ed. The principle of venting aout the very is allow air tocome into

the drainage system. (o when that water falls. The air goes with it and it doesn't suc" the water

out of that trap. 5ery very simple. If the vehicle is unfair. It would e li"e agallon *ug when you

turn it over. Rememer that. %lug glug glug used to happen. That's what your drains would wor"

a lot. 3ot very well. Today. 5enting is a rudimentary part of everyplumers training. )ut /eel

"now how it all egan. There is a record. &ight hundred seventy for a plumer who. To the ages

of once someody can recover it somewhere along the way.Who left a diagram for a house that

had een having severe prolems with older inside the house. That was duplicated. /or other

homes and this "ind of egan. The. What we reallycan consider to e modern pluming.

#eanwhile across the Atlantic. The water closet continued to evolve. With improved designs in

the increasing availaility of running water. Theindoor toilet. +ad finally caught on. )ut perhaps

the most controversial figure in the history of the W... Is the most well "nown. +is name was

Thomas rapper. When this iographyof crapper was pulished in one thousand nine hundred

sixty nine. #any elieved it was a hoax. What followed was a string of. Independent

investigations and a heated deate withinthe industry. ,id crapper. Actually invent the forerunner

of the modern toilet. ,id the man actually exist. &ven today. Those who are privy to crap or

story. ontinue the deate. Aramsorn in film on the 3ew 2or" shit they age of eleven they

wor"ed as a plumer. And he got 1reston aided y the toilets and. Originally. The thing that crap

ut I et it was called thewater waste preventer. If you lift the lid of your lives. It's exactly the

same as when he developed it a hundred years ago. /rederic" conscious and was my great uncle.

And he wasapprenticed to Thomas crap in eight hundred seventy one and. These are his

apprenticeship papers and. +ere's the signatures. Thomas crap and did not invent a , pen he

did notinvent a dime to see system. Indeed he did not even invent the syphon. Which so much

fuss. Is made. 0ames Watt didn't invent the statement you need *ust made a good metronomeyou

didn't invent !et's see *ust. #ade it pretty gold is the same with crap a lot of people wor"ing on it

at the time he made one that wor"ed. Americans cannot get over the fact thatthere was a man.

(omething Tommy fittings. With a name li"e crap. That's amusing. And it's great. And it's fun.


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)ut that he invented the loo. And he ended with invented all the designafraid. I missed the pan.

Which is universally recognied today. Was designed y frigid temperatures in eight hundred

eighty four. That's my great uncle. /rederic" conference on and.This is the famous W.. plant the

)elfort. The first pedestal. Washed down. 1lus it. The earliest W..(. were in cation wood.

ainets. +iding all ut the inside of the owl ut oncethey came out of hiding the air of the

designer toilet egan. !ittle pedestal was decorated. &very conceivale fantastical form. I mean

literary If such glories for a while this. %ilding tothe wildest shapes and $uite wonderful two

reasons I would suggest one was ecause of the love of decoration Another was to hide the

exceedingly a modest o*ect. They weredealing with. )ut I discovered White's run in the assie

courts in ,araa where the *udges would have had to swing their legs over the ac" this one's

nec" came up so they couldn'tstand in front of it. (o you'd have had to read. When their legs

have een set on this one. With the proliferation of water closets came an unprecedented

aundance of sewage. Thecities of &urope were the first to pay the. Unseemly. onse$uences.

/or example was chec"ed. (tay with filth that had three 5ang's shall we say three rivers flowing

through it thefleet the Thames in the world ro"e stream. And they were all sha"es. With the

excrement of the hundreds of previous. And it ecame so ad that the streets too were filled

withexcrement. And people were as"ed find if they allowed their privy to have a flat this horrile

ree"ing stin"ing ree"ing stin". )ut in one thousand fifty eight !ondon's newly

formed.#etropolitan )oard of Wor"s undertoo" an historic pro*ect. Under the direction of (ir

0oseph )asil *et. The construction of !ondon's first sewer system. )eautiful )RI a cathedral.

Andthe !ondon throughout this great huge networ" of this eautiful gothic molting. Which

suggests that )astille to it. )uilt and. That y saved. The population of land. And indeed.

TheWild. I saw a good example in the nineteenth century.

All the way. In hicago. America's first. Integrated sewer system was uilt in eight hundred fifty

six. )ut the young city was facing a contamination prolem that sewers alone couldn'tsolve.

Increasing $uantities of raw sewage were dumped into the hicago River which. &mptied into!a"e #ichigan. The city's. Only source of drin"ing water. As more and more peoplestarted

coming to the city. They had to ta"e there's water inta"es and move them further and further into

the la"e. And it for a while. It wor"ed ut then. &ighteen. &ighty five. Therewas a tremendous.

/our day rain storm that *ust flushed all these primitive shores. Way out into the la"e. (old at the

water inta"e cris. Were inundated with those. With this pollutedmaterial. Twenty five percent of


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the attire population of the city of hicago perished from water orne diseases. ,uring that time.

holera typhoid. &tc. ,ysentery. (omething li"eseventy five thousand deaths. The hicago

River was the only viale conduit. The enormous daily flow of sewage from the growing city

hicago now faced a nearly insurmountaleprolem. These thousands and thousands of people

coming to live in this city. 1olluted.

+ad to e found the answer was a mind oggling feat of civil engineering. onnecting the

hicago to the display. River. A triutary of the #ississippi. 5ersing the direction of the

river.Through solid roc". With eight and a half thousand immigrants.

ould it too" a great deal to attempt a feat li"e this to actually reverse the flow. (uccess ut it

wasn't to e the last civil engineering milestone for the city of hicago. Within a fewdecades.

There would e another. At the turn of the late one thousand nine hundred eighty the telegraph

and telephone. And the steel chemical and petroleum industries. America.Along with %ermany.

+ad ecome a world leader an industry. With larger factories powered y electricity. And

multinational companies exporting new technologies around the world.In one nine hundred

thirteen +enry /ord created the first assemly line for ma"ing model T's. And mass production.

1luming in America had caught up with the rest of the world. Andthe industry flourished.

)athrooms were designed into new homes as a standard feature. Along with hot water heaters

and fully plum "itchens. )athtus and fixtures could hardly roll off assemly lines fastenough

to satisfy the demand as athrooms started getting uilt and. )athtus moved indoors. The

tradition of the center. It's "ind of arose around that period in which. Ta"ing a athonce a wee"

was considered this thing to do ut. Ta"ing a ath any more than that was considered. Waste of

time. Rather excessive Why would you do it more than once a wee" youwere already clean.

(tarting an old industry. (tarted pulishing a campaign for a ath. A day in America and society

and they distriuted. A lot of pamphlets. (ome of our recordsshow over one hundred thousand

pamphlets were distriuted to schools and customers throughout the United (tates. Urging themto ta"e a ath a day. 1luming pioneer 0ohn#ichael -O+!&R created his first athtu from an

iron horse trough in one thousand nine hundred three. Then in one thousand and eleven the color

company made the first one piecewith an apron. Which was soon to ecome the standard ath to

design new toilets and wash asins were made of victories hina with rass fixtures and color

coordinated sin"s tusand toilets were introduced in the twenty five years etween one nine


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hundred twenty nine and one nine hundred fifty four. #anufacturing numers s"yroc"eted with a

three hundredsixty seven percent increase in pluming product sales. The era of the professional

plumer had arrived. !ouis pastors germ theory wasn't widely accepted until eighty ninety. )ut

nowthe nature of water orne disease was well understood. /inally. ould see *ust how high the

sta"es of sanitary pluming were professional associations were formed informalapprenticeship

programs were put in place y the mid thirty's uniform pluming codes were legislated. And

manufactures estalish standards for pluming products. hicago. 3inehundred thirty. The

cemetery ship canal had successfully reverse the flow of the hicago River. Away from !a"e

#ichigan. And was hailed internationally. As one of the seven wondersof American engineering.

)ut with the population continuing to grow the city's prolems were far from over. At that time.

Through the canal that they had uilt of the 3orth (horechannel. The city was ta"ing. Twelve

thousand cuic feet of water per second. Out of !a"e #ichigan. To flush the system clean. )ut

even with that large amount of water it was stillmore or less that large open particularly.

Whenever it rained. We would have a fresh. Influx of pollution. Into the river itself. To address

the prolem the hicago sanitary district createdthe largest and most advanced sewage treatment

plant. &ver uilt. The facility uilt on a five hundred seventy acres plot a neary (tic"ney. Was

decidedly ahead of its time. When the&.1.A. said strict new standards for sewage treatment more

than thirty years later. The (tic"ney plant already exceeded them. )y nine hundred thirty nine the

(tic"ney plant wasprocessing one point two illion gallons per day of waste water. #a"ing it the

largest facility of its "ind in the world. )ut even that couldn't solve a prolem that continued to

plague thehicago sanitary district li"e. All older cities. hicago uses a comined sewer system

for oth. Terry waste. And rainwater collected in storm drains. The prolem. Intense rain

storms.On the average the Windy ity has one hundred of them a year. A little it of rain. It was

necessary to divert. This mixture of sewage water away from the sewer pipe ecause it

wouldflood plant.

The hicago River and. The. 1oints and. #ixture of polluted material. Would. At times theoverflow would ac" up into the asements of thousands of homes and scores of

highwayunderpasses would e flooded. %rinding traffic to a halt.

Once again. The challenge with the. Ingenious solution. Using the latest technology. &ngineers

dug a series of tunnels through the fa"e. )etween one hundred fifty and three hundredfeet elow


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the city. To literally. )ottle. The rainstorms. Tunnel is three hundred feet. The tunnel thirty feet.

Up to a illion gallons. Through the water is stored in the tunnels and inreservoirs until the storm

is over. Then it's pumped ac" to the surface and. Into the sewage treatment plant. To have a

powerful impact on the pluming industry. )y nine hundred fortythe War 1roduction )oard had

severely restricted the use of stealing copper and manufactures had to experiment with new. 3ew

materials such as cast iron and plastics. Theinnovations started a new wave of improved

pluming products. )ut it's continued ever since it was as recently as the one nine hundred forty

(. that Al #owen invented a faucet. #ostof us ta"e for granted and figured out a way to do it

with *ust one hand. )y manipulating the sand. The right mixture of clear water. 3ot a single hand

faucets are among the mostpopular around. #odern hot water heaters are all e$uipped with an

essential device invented in the thirty's y the Watts regulator company. Who still manufactures

them today. It's"nown in the trade. As a T.#.1. valve.

With out. A temperature and pressure really fell. The pressures inside of a water heater can uild

up to the extent that. 2our water heater me someday ta"e off and if you live in a threestory house

it could conceivaly go through the first floor and the second floor and the third floor and the

roof. And end up at a neighor's house maye a $uarter mile away. Thesethings used to happen

$uite commonly and they still happen once in awhile or in homes where the water heater does

not have a team. )ut this was a great invention that I'm sure as a.Untold lives in America. #ost

people don't even "now they had them. And what will they thin" of next. omputeried toilets

and remote control whirlpools are only the eginning.utting edge science is doing things with

waste water that even the Romans could never have dreamed possile.

The asics of save sanitary pluming are no longer a challenge for the modern world. )ut do the

innovations continue. In a word. 2es. The &arth from. #ar"et has exploded with newmaterials of

all "inds new designs new shapes. /rom the multitude of manufacturers. This new choice. /rom

0apan has a computer in it to control the flow of water. It also has aheated seat. A uilding found

to remove voters. And a remote controlled wash that. Which adds the function of a ig day to the

unit. +igh tech athrooms. omputeried temperaturecontrols. #ultifunction so. leaning


12/35

shower heads and waterproof wireless remotes for world pools that control everything from

lighting. To the flow of the 0ets. )ut the high techfeatures. There is a theme. To the new wave of

pluming products. And it's consistent with the latest. 1reoccupation of #innesota palate ease

around the world. Water conservation.(omeody such as myself or maye discussing pluming

history. Twenty five thirty forty fifty years from now will. #aye loo" ac" and. ,efine one of

the. Watersheds. Of pluminghistory. As the one nine hundred ninety two pluming products

efficiency Act which involved the federal government mandating that no toilet will flush with

more than one point sixgallons of water. The previous standard was three point five gallons.

They also put restrictions on. /lows the frosts and shower heads as well. I thin" it's the first step.

Of what is goingto e a continuing trend towards ma"ing. 1luming products more

environmentally friendly. The future is going to e re$uired that we ecome hristo he adds of

water. We deliver toyou. /resh potale safe water. In asically unlimited $uantities. And then we

ta"e that waste and we send it away. Our challenge is going to e to come to you and to continue

doingwhat we've een doing for the last ten years. Which is slowly. Reducing the level of water

consumption. )ecause it's going to e a attle that we're all facing (antee alif. Thiscommunity

of fifty four thousand was uilt in a desert valley *ust east of (an ,iego. There's virtually no

rainfall here. And (antee is at the end of the pipeline that supplies water to(outhern alifornia.

)ut despite the short supply of fresh water and droughts. This town is teeming with lush

greenery. And not one ut seven. Recreational la"es. It's a phenomenonthat would have een

impossile one hundred years ago. The (ecret. Recycled water. At this state of the art treatment

facility. Wastewater from (antee sewers is converted to crystalclear water. (o clean. That it meets

laoratory standards for drin"ing water. Once that chemically activated sludge has een removed

the water is filtered and put through an advancedprocess. Of iological and chemical treatment.

A million gallons of reclaimed waste water are fed to the la"es. &ach day. Another million

gallons are used to irrigate the community.The water is distriuted throughout (antee through an

underground pipeline system that is carefully laeled and color coded in purple. The standard

color to indicate we claimed water.,uring the three decades since (antee launched its

rea"through experiment doens of other communities around the country have implemented

their own reclaimed water programs.They can treat any "ind of water. The dirtier it is that the

war cost would you e treated if they've *ust processing treatment for water treatment so that

literally you could ta"e this.(ewage water very shortly and use it for for drin"ing water.


13/35

(hoc"ing use it sounds. &xperiments are currently underway for that very process. The delierate

and safe. Introduction ofrecycled waste water. Into potale water supplies. The importance of

"eeping waste water as far as possile from drin"ing water. Is one of pluming histories. #ost

important. Andexpensive lessons. 3ow. #odern technology. +as rought us full circle. If

man"ind has wal"ed the earth for roughly two million years. It's only during the last ten

thousandth of thattime that we've had what we consider. )asic modern pluming. !iving without

it is all ut. Unfathomale that my scene is our past. It is our future. It is the use of our

civiliation. !et'simagine going to wor" "nowing that you have a fifty percent chance of

surviving. That's the way it was for a lesser lindman a century ago. )ut now today's electricians

handle half amillion volts of electricity without ecoming seriously siles. 2ou'll e amaed to

discover how these guys deal with #odern #arvels on the history.


14/35

Artinya "eindonesia

0i"a ada satu fa"ta "ehidupan manusia6 "ita semua terus dalam umum.

Ini adalah "etergantungan "ita pada air. Terlepas dari ras "redo strata

sosial atau era se*arah. -ita semua mengandal"an untu" "ami sangat

survival.Through semua penggunaannya dalam "ehidupan sehari7hari

modern. Ameri"a rata7rata meng"onsumsi leih dari lima puluh galon

air per hari. Untu" mencapai perleng"apan yang menempat"annya di

u*ung *ari "ita. The isoften air diang"ut ratusan mil dari sumernya di

umi. (etelah itu mencapai riuan "ota mil dari. utama air awah tanah

memawa air "e dalam angunan. -ata flowshot dan dingin. 1ada seni

dan ilmu pipa didasar"an pada hu"um dasar alam. Air mengalir

menuruni u"it. (eperti sungai alam. #an memuat saluran air yang

diangun di atas menurun slope.Using gravitasi. Untu" mendorong air.

Te"anan dalam pipa pipa *uga diuat oleh gravitasi. Air dipompa "e atas

menara ra"sasa yang terhuung "e listri" awah thestreets. (elama

menara leih tinggi dari tu*uan a"hir air. %ravitasi a"an

mempertahan"an te"anan. ,an mema"sa air melalui pipa7pipa. 1ada

angunan yang leih tinggi dari air watertower dipompa "e serang"aian

tang"i te"anan di dalam gedung. #asing7masing mengguna"an

gravitasi. Untu" memeri ma"an lantai di awahnya. (etelah air

diguna"an gravitasi se"ali lagi. #emawanya pergi. tanaman

(ewagetreatment diangun pada elevasi terendah. ,an pipa saluran


15/35

pemuangan yang memangun di sudut sehingga air limah dapat

mengalir menurun setelah limah telah diperla"u"an mengalir ygravity

"e (elat #ala"a terde"at. Word dire"lamasi oleh umi.

-ami telah datang "e harap"an. (emuanya dari pipa modern dan *arang

"ita memeri"an erpi"ir dua. Tapi seerapa penting itu adalah untu"

"ehidupan "ita sehari7hari diuat menya"it"an *elas oleh

thepredicament. 3egara7negara er"emang. 2ang er*uang untu"

ertahan hidup tanpa manfaat. #emang *i"a sistem pipa "ami yang

gagal "ami "ota dan "ota7"ota "ami a"an runtuh seperti. +elpless%iants.

1emanasan adalah suatu "eutuhan penting dasar. #enyampai"an air

ersih air minum segar yang mere"a dapat diguna"an dan "emudian.

!eih penting. (etelah itu diguna"an. ,iuang properly.)ecause yang

limah. 0i"a tida" dioati. Adalah luar iasa. 1enyea penya"it. 3amun

standar hidup "ita adalah standar "eselamatan dan sanitasi. #en*aga dari

men*adi areality di dunia saat ini. (aat ini industri pipa adalah salah satu

yang teresar di dunia dalam hal isnis dan volume. Anehnya seagian

esar Ameri"a tida" memili"i apa yang "ita wouldconsider dasar. pipa

indoor sampai aru7aru ini pergantian aad. Tapi prinsip itu dapat

ditelusuri "emali riuan tahun. Ini adalah apa yang saat ini. Ira". Itu di

sini. 1ada theonce dataran suur antara (ungai Tigris dan &frat. )ahwa peradaan )arat lahir. !eih dari lima puluh aad yang lalu. (e*a" awal

ar"eologi modern. Themysteries dari asal usul "ita telah perlahan7lahan

telah diresmi"an di reruntuhan "ota "uno ar"eolog telah menemu"an


16/35

u"ti *elas yang mendu"ung teori fundamental dari ofman"ind

peradaan dalam. Telur atau percaya ter"ait dengan "emampuan "ita

untu" mengontrol aliran air yang datang dalam peradaan. +ampir

setiap peradaan yang "ita melihat "emali "e dalam $uery yang "ita

mempela*ari andadmire atas "ontriusi mere"a untu" seni dan sastra dan

ilmu pengetahuan te"nologi. 0uga sangat er"emang tu"ang ledeng. air

tawar isa dila"u"an dengan tangan. Tapi memuang sampah di

excessrainwater di "ota awal diperlu"an. -ecerdi"an. ,an peradaan

paling awal nai" "e "esempatan. (aluran air diangun di awah lantai

untu" memawa pergi air. (isa7sisa "amar mandi andsimilar "e septic

tan" modern. Telah ditemu"an tida" hanya di #esopotamia. Tapi seriu

lima ratus mil di industri. ,i tempat yang se"arang 1a"istan di India

arat. )angunan datingac" dua puluh enam ratus (# memili"i daerah

mandi priadi dengan saluran air di lantai.

Ada yang sangat cerdas sangat inventif. ,an mere"a datang dengan

mere"a menemu"an cara yang paling efe"tif yang paling efisien. Oleh

(# aad "eenam "ota )ael telah diperluas "e athriving metropolis.

(elama eraad7aad pemela*aran dan udaya. Tetapi di awah Ra*a.

-edua. )ael tumuh men*adi "ota yang paling megah di dunia "uno.

The -ings mandi wasmost "emung"inan mandi dituang"an di atas diadengan uda". istana memili"i "amar mandi terpisah dengan saluran air

yang rumit terhuung "e sistem saluran pemuangan tertutup. -ereta

dengan mengang"at. -ursi alsoemptied "e dalam selo"an yang miring


17/35

"e awah untu" memawa air limah *auh di istana fitur "ata7"ata yang

paling ter"enal. +anging %ardens prestasi re"ayasa. )ahwa

%ree"snamed itu salah satu dari Tu*uh -ea*aian dunia. Untu" mengairi

pohon yang ditanam di atas temo" tinggi tu*uh meter yang. (e*arawan

percaya )ael mengguna"an alat me"anis yang diseut ashould la"u"an.

A"u harus mela"u"an menyatu titi" tumpu dan alo" "ayu dengan

emer di u*ung untu" menai""an air dari sungai untu" mengang"at.

1alung. (aya menduga ini adalah cara ahwa hal ini dila"u"an. 0i"a

youhave seluruh rang"aian dari tiga atau empat orang yang Anda enar7

enar isa hidup cu"up tinggi. ,engan dua riu (# air tawar mengalir

melalui eragai entu" pipa. ,i ina amu reedswere diluangi pada

sendi dan diguna"an untu" priadi tida" hanya air tetapi gas alam "e dan

dari tamang garam "uno. ,i pulau -reta #inoan -ings memili"i

"amar mandi dengan air panas andcold er*alan. (edini seriu lima ratus

). .. ,i Ra*a minus istana telah ar"eolog -nossos luas telah

menemu"an a" mandi "erami" esar. (eiring dengan toilet firstflushing

dunia. Awal pipa pipa. Teruat dari tanah liat panggang dan "uat. Tapi

orang #esir "uno dengan "eterampilan metalurgi canggih mere"a.

Adalah di antara yang pertama untu" memuat pipe.Out temaga. #esir

pipa "eca"apan "onsisten dengan "eahlian mere"a seagai pemangun.(umur digali sedalam tiga ratus "a"i. ,an 3orio. Atau wasorn roda air

di #esir. sidelight menari" tentang #esir adalah ahwa mere"a

mung"in telah pertama mung"in hanya peradaan yang pernah


18/35

memangun. Itu "amar untu" orang mati. Ada piramida where"ind

tempat peristirahatan sementara agi almarhum untu" lolos "e a"hirat.

)eerapa piramida yang telah digali. Ternyata *uga memili"i "amar

mandi 2unani ma*u ilmu theaudience dari pipa "e ting"at elum pernah

ter*adi seelumnya. air panas dan dingin dan athtu semua agian dari

"ehidupan sehari7hari di 2unani "uno. saluran air ra"sasa memawa air

"e thecities. ,an air mancur yang mulia ditampil"an itu. Tapi megah

"arena mere"a prestasi. (emua peradaan ini a"an segera di"alah"an

oleh masyara"at teresar tu"ang pipa inhistory. Orang7orang Romawi.

The alifornia saluran air. ,iangun di salah satu semilan ratus tu*uh

puluh (. sungai uatan manusia ini adalah yang teresar dalam sistem

do" ela"ang yang memaso" daerah !os Angeles dengan air fromthe

utara dan 888 mil. Ini adalah salah satu terpan*ang di dunia.

!eih dari seriu tahun yang lalu. "ota esar lain er"emang di atas air

yang diawa oleh "ea*aian ini re"ayasa. (tru"tur megah yang ertahan

sampai hari ini telah men*adi nda" an untu" "ecemerlangan -e"aisaran

Romawi. ,an tida" mengheran"an. #ere"a memawa *utaan galon air

dari pegunungan lima puluh mil *auhnya. (euah prestasi. Tida" ada

peradaan itu. 1ernah attemptedefore. (etelah sampai di "ota. Air

didistriusi"an melalui *aringan dari *alur paso"an. ,i awah *alan. Tapimemuat semuanya mung"in dengan ahan yang memeri pipa

name.!ed "epada !atin. 0an*i. )erarti tanah. ,an tu"ang pipa Romawi

pertama yang pengra*in yang "uno lemaran timah "e segala sesuatu


19/35

dari "eran*ang frame. Untu" mil dari pipa timal thatsupplied air "e

ratusan air mancur. angunan puli" dan rumah7rumah priadi di

seluruh "e"aisaran. Tapi mung"in yang paling penting air ini er*alan

adalah darah "ehidupan dari satu ofRome paling erharga. !emaga.

-eseimangan. (aya pi"ir hal yang paling menari" tentang Roman )a

seenarnya mere"a adalah semacam tida" erencana untu" rata7rata

wanita dan. wastrue itu. -arena "elimpahan yang luar iasa dari air dan

semua dari eragai "amar mandi dan hamers. Tetapi *uga "arena

mere"a sangat rumit dihiasi. (eorang sar*ana whorecently menulis

tentang. )a dari -ar"ala. #engata"an ahwa ini adalah cara untu"

memeri"an orang iasa "esempatan untu" men*alani "ehidupan orang

"aya dan ter"enal "aisar sendiri touse surat suara terseut. (eagai

sarana memeri"an orang. (emacam. hiuran yang indah. /asilitas yang

a"an mencegah mere"a dari memi"ir"an hal7hal lain seperti "eeasan

politi" seagai contoh. -eutuhan. -emegahan "eseimangan adalah

pemalasan "ea*aian mende"ati. 0utaan galon air mengalir masu" dan

"eluar dari "omple"s. ,ipanas"an oleh "ayu dan atu ara furnacesto

suhu yang tepat. #enyedia"an ray pilihan untu" perenang. Ada "amar

uap terpisah dan pemanas erseri7seri di seluruh. ,ila"u"an dengan

memompa throughchannels udara panas di awah lantai. Air limahdialir"an "eluar dari angunan dan "e pipa saluran pemuangan esar

itu. ,i"osong"an "e (ungai Tier. 2ang teresar dari selo"an terseut

"loa"a #aximapredated saluran air pertama dengan setengah aad. ,an


20/35

masih diguna"an saat ini seagai pemuangan an*ir. /a"tanya. tu*uan

aslinya itu hanya. (umer yang memacanya peran. 1ada dasarnya

untu" ta"eaway air hu*an. Itu hanya seuah renungan ahwa perairan.

A"an melempar arang7arang "ami "e dalamnya. 0adi mere"a

mela"u"an isnis mere"a dari sistem. ,an mela"u"an isnis mere"a

sering *aman event.1ulic sosial memili"i seanya" dua puluh "ursi

diatur dalam ling"aran. Air erlari terus7menerus di awah "ursi

mencuci sampah. -e selo"an terde"at. -eti"a !egions Romawi setout

untu" mena"lu""an dunia. #ere"a memawa pipa mere"a. ,engan

mere"a. The ads dari. A$uas (yllis diangun oleh "aisar laudius di

A., aad pertama .. ,i sisi hotsprings alami. #ere"a di"emali"an pada

aad "eenam elas. ,an hari ini mere"a merupa"an daya tari" wisata

yang populer. ,i tempat yang se"arang "ota Inggris. air mandi masih

mengalir melalui stonechannels asli "e delapan puluh empat puluh "a"i

mandi esar. (emacam diper"ecil versi yang "emali "e rumah di Roma.

,an setelah hampir dua riu tahun mere"a u"ti dooraility re"ayasa

Romawi. Ternyata. -e"aisaran itu sendiri tida" egitu tahan lama. ,an

a"hirnya *atuh. ,emi"ian pula 3egara seni pipa. ,ari oncord. Tida"

peradaan aru. )utwere pada dasarnya mere"a tida" enar7enar

memeri"an dua teria"an tentang air yang mengalir mere"a tida" pernahdi satu tempat cu"up lama untu" meni"mati -risten. #ulai menyear di

seluruh dunia )arat and.The -risten awal tida" penggemar mandi dan.

(aya pi"ir salah satu alasan adalah ahwa. -arena saya pi"ir semua


21/35

orang tahu mere"a aga" uru" diperla"u"an oleh orang Romawi dan.

0adi theytended untu" menola". udaya Romawi. (epan*ang ayi

pepatah dengan air mandi. ,engan orang memadati "ota selama aad

pertengahan yang tida" sehat "ondisi roughtconse$uences yang tida"

"urang dari yang memati"an. (epan*ang apa yang telah aptly ernama

aad "egelapan dan populasi an menderita eerapa "onse"uensi

"esehatan teruru" inhistory. Riuan "ehilangan nyawa mere"a untu"

penya"it air ditanggung. (ifat yang tida" a"an dipahami selama eraad7

aad yang a"an datang. 1enya"it tipus. Tifus "olera disentri. "ondisi

Theresulting ertelur ter"enal. Waah +itam. 2ang disear"an oleh ti"us

dan. (erangga dan menewas"an se"itar sepertiga dari pendudu" &ropa.

#enyadari ahwa mere"a eingpoisoned oleh "otoran mere"a sendiri.

Orang disea"an "emalangan mengeri"an untu" mur"a Allah. 0e*a"

pra"te" tida" sehat pipa memang ada selama aad pertengahan yang

inmonasteries. ,an di istana feodal *uah di*aga men*aat seagai

pen*ara dalam ruangan. 1roye"si dari seuah angunan yang erisi "ursi

yang. Ia pergi lurus "e awah "e maid.Or sungai atau %rand. ,an ada

eerapa yang masih hidup di Inggris. (euah orang rendah sengsara

a"an datang dan mengi"is *auh hari di penerimaan termegah pagi. 0adi

theinvaders. -astil di"epung semua orang pergi anya" dan Anda a"anmelihat ini. (atu hal yang apa itu melalui perahu mere"a melalui dengan

Renaissance datang inhygiene minat aru. #a"a mulai #aret mantap

menu*u. pipa indoor. !ang"ah pertama adalah untu" memawa air "e


22/35

rumah. ,engan tangan. +ampir setiap memili"i erdiri mencuci di

edroomwhich *i"a mere"a cu"up memuat eruntung a"an memawa

dengan "endi "endi air panas air dingin dan sedi"it tentang tida" selalu

yang coco" hina. Ravishingly indah contoh stillsurvive. Untu" hari ini

mencuci tangan ini erdiri set. pispot dari. (etiap des"ripsi yang diuat

dalam entu". Apa yang mere"a "e"urangan dalam fungsi dan.

#engosong"an mere"a cu"up sederhana. Openthe *endela dan

melempar"an isi "e *alan. 1ra"te" ini memuncul"an *ulu"an populer.

#engingat toilet modern. ,i Inggris. &ti"et yang tepat untu"

mengosong"an pispot seseorang adalah untu" memperingat"an pe*alan

"a"i dengan dengan frase 1erancis. %arlow ma"na. #elihat "eluar untu"

air. Ini adalah &nglish u"uran untu" men*adi. Wali !ou. ,an wa"tu

dihormati *ang"a. !ou./or asal *ulu"an populer 0ohn se*arawan melihat

"e tida" lain dari Ratu Inggris. ,i tempat ini pertama telah mandi

seulan se"ali apa"ah dia harus memutus"an ontheir pistol sendiri

agaimana ana" Allah dan dia *adian. Operator adalah mesin. (euah

lemari air. ,engan me"anisme flashing yang tepat. ,alam lima puluh

semilan puluh enam. ,an ratu *uga memili"i satu madefor tapi dia

terlalu ta"ut.

,an dengan "eta"utan ini. ,ie*e" oleh teman7temannya +erring danhanya dua dari toilet yang dihasil"an. (eratus tu*uh puluh tahun a"an

erlalu seelum penemuannya a"an muncul "emali. Apa coulde leih

sederhana daripada a" untu" mandi. (eelum athtu pipa indoor yang


23/35

hanya diisi dan di"osong"an dengan tangan. Itu dari ide dasar ini yang

uru" yang modern eerapa showersevolved. Tapi tida" tanpa eerapa

e"sperimen warna7warni di sepan*ang *alan. -onsep "amar mandi

dimulai pada aman "uno dengan air ter*un dan emer air. 3amun pada

pertengahan nineteenthcentury eerapa desain menari" yang dalam

"arya. (alah satu yang paling awal adalah mandi -aupaten Inggris.

2ang cepat air yang sama terus7menerus dari cerat "e adi"nya dan

overthe "epala athers. American 5irginia masih mandi adalah urusan

unggulan dengan tangan "emegahan dioperasi"an dan si"at "emali.

Ada anya" variasi termasu" pumpingshower diri ini. 2ang

di"ominasi"an untu" memersih"an dengan latihan "eras. Tetapi

merasa menyadari saya adalah ahwa "amar mandi "etinggalan *aman

aru hari ini. )u"anlah hal yang aru pendahulu mere"a tanggal "emali

"e ratusan mid.&ighteen. ,engan pemu"im &ropa pertama di 3ew

&ngland datang enih apa yang men*adi industri pipa yang paling

canggih. ,i dalam dunia. Tapi itu a"an ta"eseveral eraad7aad untu"

sampai "e sana. Tia7tia ini u"an nilai erharga. Ameri"a oleh orang7

orang esar di mana "ita mendasar"an. #ere"a enar7enar mengamil

itu. (e"ali seulan eerapa "ali year.3onetheless "ota7"ota diangun

air yang mengalir adalah prioritas tinggi. )u"an untu" mandi tapi untu" pemadam "ea"aran. (istem air pertama di Ameri"a. ,iangun di

)oston pada pertengahan sixteenhundreds. ,engan 9:; untu" memaso"

petugas pemadam "ea"aran dengan air. log erongga ergaung


24/35

ersama7sama untu" memuat air utama. 1eregangan selama mil dari

0amaica 1ond untu" mendiri"an thefiremen hanya a"an mengeor

melalui dinding pipa7pipa primitif dan pasang luang "eti"a mere"a

selesai. Ini adalah asal dari "eran "ea"aran *ang"a. 1ada awal tu*uh

elas ratusan 3ew2or" ity harus sistem sendiri indu" "ayu. Tapi

mere"a tida" cu"up untu" memaso" "ota dengan pertumuhan dengan

air. ,alam seriu Thirty /ive 3ew 2or" memangun wadu" pertama

inmidtown #anhattan. #a"an oleh A$ua ,ots dari sungai roton

de"atnya. reservoir diisi eerapa lo" "ota dan erlangsung sampai

pergantian aad. 1ergi "e awah tanah paso"an tunnelsthat air 3ew 2or"

sampai hari ini diangun. -onstru"si pada "etiga "alinya itu dimulai di

salah satu semilan ratus tu*uh puluh. ,an saluran pertama aru7aru ini

pergi "e layanan. (alah satu "ota watertunnel nomor tiga selesai pada

tahun


25/35

sendiri. Waterless men*adi *aman di #onticello. (euah pispot

terhuung "e luar ruangan dengan serang"aian "atrol. ,ioperasi"an oleh

servants.#eanwhile generasi aru penemu di Inggris telah dihidup"an

"emali. 1enemuan aneh 0ohn +arrington dan. 5ersi teraru dari lemari

air meman*iri paten Inggris offices.American inovator tida" *auh di

ela"ang. Tapi masyara"at umum lamat untu" menerima ide radi"al.

!emari air awal yang -ona Rue %olderg alat. #ere"a logam madeof.

)eragai agian yang ereda. agian ini. Tida" selalu coco" ersama7

sama ai" mere"a meninggal"an "esen*angan. Orang7orang di tertutup.

-asus untu" memuat mere"a terlihat seperti furnitur. !imah yang

diguna"an untu" mengumpul"an di thesethings egitu. Itu sangat tida"

sehat. (etelah eerapa saat erau sangat uru" dan mere"a tida"

e"er*a dengan ai". 1eraci"an masalahnya adalah gangguan yang

tampa"nya dapat diatasi dari selo"an %asis ocor "e rumah. (euah (eal

perang"ap sudah ditemu"an dan dalam teori. (euah solusi rilian.

(euah U. erentu" agian dari pipa saluran air rapi dan mang"u"

toilet mengguna"an ofphysics hu"um sederhana. Untu" memuat segel

air memlo"ir gas selo"an memasu"i rumah. Tapi hu"um lain fisi"a

telah diaai"an. 1rinsip ventilasi tentang sangat adalah memung"in"an

tocome udara "e dalam sistem drainase. 0adi6 "eti"a air *atuh. udarater*adi dengan itu dan tida" menyedot air "eluar dari perang"ap itu.

(angat sangat sederhana. 0i"a "endaraan tida" adil. Ini a"an seperti

agallon "endi "eti"a Anda memali"nya. Ingat ahwa. %lu" glu" glu"


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diguna"an untu" ter*adi. Itulah yang saluran air Anda a"an e"er*a

anya". Tida" terlalu ai". +ari ini. 5entilasi adalah agian dasar dari

pelatihan everyplumers. Tapi #erasa tahu agaimana semuanya

dimulai. Ada re"or. ,elapan ratus tu*uh puluh untu" tu"ang ledeng yang.

Untu" usia setelah seseorang dapat memulih"an suatu tempat di

sepan*ang way.Who meninggal"an diagram untu" rumah yang telah

mengalami masalah erat dengan yang leih tua di dalam rumah. 2ang

diganda"an. Untu" rumah lain dan *enis mulai. Itu. Apa yang "ita

reallycan anggap seagai pipa modern. (ementara itu melintasi Atlanti".

!emari air terus er"emang. ,engan desain pening"atan dalam

mening"at"an "etersediaan air yang mengalir. Theindoor toilet.

A"hirnya tertang"ap. Tapi mung"in soso" yang paling "ontroversial

dalam se*arah W. .. Apa"ah yang paling ter"enal. 3amanya Thomas

rapper. -eti"a crapper iographyof ini diterit"an di >:?:. )anya"

yang percaya itu adalah tipuan. 2ang ter*adi selan*utnya adalah

serang"aian. investigasi yang independen dan perdeatan sengit

withinthe industri. Apa"ah crapper. (eenarnya mencipta"an ci"al a"al

dari toilet modern. Apa"ah orang itu enar7enar ada. )ah"an hari ini.

#ere"a yang mengetahui rahasia omong "osong atau cerita. !an*ut"an

perdeatan. Aramsorn dalam film pada "otoran 3ew 2or" mere"a usiaseelas tahun mere"a e"er*a seagai tu"ang ledeng. ,an ia mendapat

1reston diantu oleh toilet dan. (emula. +al yang omong "osong tapi

a"u ya"in itu diseut thewater limah pencegah. 0i"a Anda mengang"at


27/35

tutup hidup Anda. Ini persis sama seperti "eti"a ia mengemang"an itu

seratus tahun yang lalu. /rederic" sadar dan paman saya yang esar. ,an

dia wasapprenticed Thomas omong "osong di @9> dan. Ini adalah

ma"alah magang dan. )eri"ut tanda tangan. omong "osong Thomas dan

tida" mencipta"an seuah , pena dia notinvent sepeser pun untu"

melihat sistem. #emang ia ah"an tida" mencipta"an siphon terseut.

2ang egitu anya" rewel. Teruat. 0ames Watt tida" mencipta"an

pernyataan yang Anda utuh"an hanya memuat metronomeyou ai"

tida" mencipta"an #ari "ita lihat sa*a. #emuatnya cu"up emas adalah

sama dengan omong "osong anya" orang yang e"er*a di atasnya pada

saat ia memuat satu yang e"er*a. Ameri"a tida" isa melupa"an fa"ta

thatthere adalah seorang pria. (esuatu Tommy fitting. ,engan nama

seperti omong "osong. Itu lucu. ,an itu agus. ,an itu menyenang"an.

Tapi itu ia menemu"an toilet. ,an ia era"hir dengan menemu"an

semua designafraid terseut. A"u merindu"an panci. 2ang dia"ui secara

universal saat ini. ,irancang oleh suhu dingin di @@8. Itu paman saya

yang esar. -onferensi /rederic" di and.This adalah ter"enal W..

menanam )elfort. Alas pertama. #encuci. 1lus itu. The W..(. awal

erada di "ayu "ation. !emari. #enyemunyi"an semua tetapi dalam

mang"u" tapi oncethey "eluar dari persemunyian udara dari desainer toilet mulai. (edi"it alas dihiasi. (etiap entu" fantastis diayang"an.

#a"sud"u sastra 0i"a "emuliaan terseut untu" sementara wa"tu ini.

1enyepuhan tertalu paling liar entu" dan cu"up indah dua alasan saya


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a"an menyaran"an salah satu adalah "arena cinta de"orasi lain adalah

untu" menyemunyi"an sangat enda sederhana. #ere"a weredealing

dengan. Tapi saya menemu"an run White di pengadilan Assie di ,araa

di mana ha"im a"an harus mengayun"an "a"i mere"a di atas ela"ang

leher ini seseorang datang sehingga mere"a couldn'tstand di depannya.

0adi "au harus memaca. -eti"a "a"i mere"a telah ditetap"an satu ini.

,engan cepat dari lemari air datang "elimpahan elum pernah ter*adi

seelumnya dari limah. Thecities dari &ropa adalah yang pertama untu"

memayar. 1antas. -onse"uensi. #isalnya diperi"sa. Tinggal dengan

"otoran yang memili"i tiga 5ang ini a"an "ita "ata"an tiga sungai yang

mengalir melalui itu thefleet Thames di dunia pecah aliran. ,an mere"a

semua getar. ,engan "otoran dari ratusan seelumnya. ,an itu men*adi

egitu uru" ahwa *alan7*alan terlalu penuh withexcrement. ,an orang

ditanya menemu"an *i"a mere"a memiar"an mengetahui rahasia

mere"a untu" memili"i seuah flat erau mengeri"an ini au erau

usu". 3amun dalam seriu lima delapan !ondon aru

formed.#etropolitan ,ewan 1e"er*aan mela"u"an seuah proye"

erse*arah. ,i awah arahan (ir 0oseph )asil *et. 1emangunan sistem

saluran pemuangan pertama !ondon. Indah )RI "atedral. Andthe

!ondon seluruh *aringan esar ini esar molting gothic yang indah ini.2ang menun*u""an ahwa )astille untu" itu. ,iangun dan. )ahwa

dengan menyelamat"an. 1opulasi tanah. ,an memang. Alam liar. (aya

melihat contoh yang ai" pada aad "esemilan elas.


29/35

(epan*ang per*alanan. ,i hicago. Ameri"a pertama. sistem saluran

pemuangan terpadu diangun pada @;?. Tapi "ota muda menghadapi

masalah pencemaran yang selo"an sa*a couldn'tsolve. mening"atnya

"uantitas limah mentah yang diuang "e (ungai hicago yang.

,i"osong"an "e ,anau #ichigan. -ota. 7(atunya sumer air minum.

-arena sema"in anya" peoplestarted datang "e "ota. #ere"a harus

mengamil ada inta"e air dan memindah"an mere"a sema"in *auh "e

dalam danau. ,an untu" sementara wa"tu. Itu e"er*a tapi "emudian.

,elapan elas. ,elapan puluh lima. Therewas a luar iasa. adai hu*an

empat hari itu hanya memerah semua pantai primitif. 0alan "eluar "e

danau. ,i*ual dengan o"s asupan air. Tergenang dengan mere"a.

,engan pollutedmaterial ini. ,ua puluh lima persen dari populasi

pa"aian dari "ota hicago inasa dari penya"it yang terawa air. (elama

wa"tu itu. -olera tifus. ,ll ,isentri. (esuatu li"eseventy lima riu

"ematian. The hicago River adalah satu7satunya saluran yang laya".

Aliran harian esar limah dari "ota er"emang hicago se"arang

menghadapi insurmountaleprolem hampir. Ini riuan dan riuan orang

yang datang untu" hidup di "ota ini. Tercemar.

Telah ditemu"an *awaannya adalah pi"iran memingung"an feat te"ni"

sipil. #enghuung"an hicago "e layar. (ungai. (euah ana" sungai#ississippi. 5ersing arah atuan padat river.Through. ,engan delapan

setengah riu imigran.

)isa utuh anya" untu" mencoa suatu prestasi seperti ini untu" enar7


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enar memali""an arus. (u"ses tapi itu tida" men*adi yang tera"hir

tongga" te"ni" sipil untu" "ota hicago. ,alam fewdecades. A"an ada

lagi. 1ada pergantian a"hir >:@= telegraf dan telepon. ,an industri "imia

a*a dan minya" umi. America.Along dengan 0erman. Telah men*adi

pemimpin dunia industri. ,engan pari"7pari" yang leih esar

didu"ung oleh listri". ,an perusahaan multinasional menge"spor

te"nologi aru se"itar world.In satu :> +enry /ord mencipta"an *alur

pera"itan pertama untu" memuat model yang T. ,an produ"si massal.

1ipa di Ameri"a telah terperang"ap dengan seluruh dunia. industri

andthe er"emang.

-amar mandi yang dirancang "e rumah aru seagai fitur standar.

(eiring dengan pemanas air panas dan dapur sepenuhnya tega". )athtu

dan perleng"apan hampir tida" isa roll off lini pera"itan fastenough

untu" memenuhi permintaan seagai "amar mandi mulai mendapat"an

diangun dan. )athtu pindah ruangan. Tradisi pusat. Ini semacam

muncul se"itar periode itu di mana. #engamil athonce seminggu

dianggap hal ini untu" dila"u"an6 tetapi. #engamil mandi leih dari itu

dianggap. )uang7uang wa"tu. Aga" erleihan #engapa Anda

mela"u"annya leih dari se"ali seminggu youwere sudah ersih.

#emulai seuah industri tua. #ulai menerit"an "ampanye untu" mandi. (uatu hari di Ameri"a dan masyara"at dan mere"a

didistriusi"an. )anya" pamflet. )eerapa recordsshow "ami leih dari

seratus riu pamflet diagi"an "e se"olah7se"olah dan pelanggan di


31/35

seluruh Ameri"a (eri"at. #endesa" mere"a untu" mandi sehari. pelopor

pipa 0ohn#ichael -O+!&R diuat a" pertamanya dari palung "uda

esi di >:=. -emudian pada >=>> perusahaan warna diuat yang

pertama piecewith celeme". 2ang segera men*adi standar mandi untu"

merancang toilet aru dan as"om teruat dari "emenangan hina

dengan perleng"apan "uningan dan warna ter"oordinasi tenggelam

tusand toilet diper"enal"an dalam dua puluh lima tahun antara satu :


32/35

sistem ersih. Tetapi ah"an dengan itu se*umlah esar air itu (tillmore

atau "urang yang teru"a esar "hususnya. (etiap "ali hu*an. -ami a"an

memili"i segar. #asu"nya polusi. -e sungai itu sendiri. Untu"

mengatasi masalah terseut hicago "aupaten sanitasi createdthe

teresar dan paling ma*u pari" pengolahan limah. 1ernah diangun.

/asilitas diangun di atas lima ratus tu*uh puluh e"ar plot (tic"ney di

de"atnya. Adalah *elas dari wa"tu "e depan. -eti"a the&.1.A. "ata

standar aru yang "etat untu" pengolahan limah leih dari tiga puluh

tahun "emudian. The (tic"ney tanaman sudah meleihi mere"a. ,engan

:: pari" (tic"ney wasprocessing satu titi" dua miliar galon per hari

dari air limah. #en*adi"annya fasilitas teresar dari *enisnya di dunia.

Tetapi ah"an yang tida" isa memecah"an masalah yang terus

mengganggu thehicago "aupaten sanitasi seperti. (emua "ota tua.

hicago mengguna"an sistem saluran pemuangan gaungan untu"

"eduanya. limah Terry. ,an air hu*an di"umpul"an dalam saluran

adai. #asalah. hu*an yang intens storms.On rata7rata Windy ity

memili"i seratus dari mere"a setahun. (edi"it hu*an. +al itu perlu untu"

mengalih"an. ampuran ini air limah *auh dari pipa saluran

pemuangan "arena wouldflood tanaman.

hicago River dan. Itu. 1oin dan. ampuran ahan tercemar. A"an. 1adasaat overflow a"an cadangan "e dalam ruang awah tanah dari riuan

rumah dan se*umlah highwayunderpasses a"an an*ir. %rinding lalu

lintas erhenti.


33/35

(e"ali lagi. Tantangan dengan. solusi cerdi". #engguna"an te"nologi

teraru. Insinyur menggali serang"aian terowongan melalui palsu.

Antara seratus lima puluh dan tiga hundredfeet awah "ota. Untu"

harfiah. )otol. )adai hu*an. Terowongan tiga ratus "a"i. Terowongan

tiga puluh "a"i. (ampai satu miliar galon. #elalui air disimpan dalam

terowongan dan inreservoirs sampai adai era"hir. #a"a itu dipompa

"emali "e permu"aan dan. -e dalam pari" pengolahan limah. Untu"

memili"i dampa" yang "uat pada industri pipa. ,engan semilan ratus

fortythe ,ewan 1rodu"si 1erang telah sangat diatasi penggunaan

mencuri temaga dan manufa"tur harus ere"sperimen dengan yang

aru. ahan aru seperti esi cor dan plasti". Theinnovations memulai

gelomang aru diting"at"an produ" pipa. Tapi itu terus se*a" itu aru7

aru ini seagai salah satu semilan ratus empat puluh (. ahwa Al

#owen menemu"an "eran. #ostof "ita amil untu" dieri"an dan

menemu"an cara untu" mela"u"annya hanya dengan satu tangan.

,engan memanipulasi pasir. ampuran yang tepat dari air *ernih. Tida"

"ran tangan tunggal antara mostpopular se"itar. pemanas air panas

modern semua dileng"api dengan perang"at penting dicipta"an dalam

tiga puluh oleh perusahaan regulator Watts. 2ang masih memprodu"si

mere"a hari ini. It's"nown dalam perdagangan. (eagai T.#.1. a "atup.

,engan "eluar. (uhu dan te"anan enar7enar *atuh. Te"anan dalam

pemanas air dapat memangun hingga se*auh itu. pemanas air Anda me


34/35

suatu hari nanti lepas landas dan *i"a Anda tinggal di seuah rumah

threestory itu diayang"an isa melalui lantai pertama dan lantai dua

dan lantai tiga dan atap. ,an era"hir di rumah tetangga mung"in

seperempat mil *auhnya. Thesethings diguna"an untu" ter*adi cu"up

sering dan mere"a masih ter*adi sese"ali atau di rumah7rumah di mana

pemanas air tida" memili"i tim. Tapi ini adalah penemuan esar yang

saya ya"in seagai a.Untold tinggal di Ameri"a. -eanya"an orang

ah"an tida" tahu mere"a telah mere"a. ,an apa yang a"an mere"a

pi"ir"an eri"utnya. toilet ter"omputerisasi dan pusaran air remote

control yang hanya eginning.utting ilmu tepi mela"u"an hal7hal

dengan air limah yang ah"an orang7orang Romawi tida" pernah isa

ermimpi mung"in.

,asar7dasar +emat pipa sanitasi tida" lagi tantangan agi dunia modern.

Tetapi mela"u"an inovasi terus. ,alam seuah "ata. Iya nih. )umi dari.

1asar telah meleda" dengan newmaterials dari segala macam desain aru

entu" aru. ,ari anya" produsen. 1ilihan aru ini. ,ari 0epang

memili"i "omputer di dalamnya untu" mengontrol aliran air. +al ini *uga

telah aheated "ursi. (euah angunan ditemu"an untu" menghapus

pemilih. ,an mencuci di"endali"an remote itu. 2ang menamah"anfungsi hari esar untu" unit. -amar mandi erte"nologi tinggi.

temperaturecontrols "omputerisasi. #ultifungsi sehingga.

#emersih"an "epala shower dan remote nir"ael tahan air untu" "olam


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dunia yang mengendali"an segala sesuatu dari pencahayaan. Untu"

aliran 0ets. Tapi techfeatures tinggi. Ada tema. Untu" gelomang aru

produ" pipa. ,an itu "onsisten dengan teraru. -easyi"an dari

#innesota langit7langit meringan"an seluruh dunia.

conservation.(omeody air seperti saya atau mung"in memahas se*arah

pipa. ,ua puluh lima tiga puluh empat puluh lima puluh tahun dari

se"arang a"an. #ung"in melihat "e ela"ang dan. Tentu"an salah satu.

,A(. ,ari pluminghistory. (e"arang. Te"nologi modern.

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If There is One Fact of Human Life We All Hold in Common

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Transcript of If There is One Fact of Human Life We All Hold in Common