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If monkeys have taught us anything, its that youve got to learn how to love before you learn how to live.-Harry HarlowThis Week, March 3, 1961Harry Harlow (1905-1981)

Harry Frederick (Israel) HarlowPrimate StudiesMaternal SeparationDependencySocial IsolationPresident of APAThe Nature of Love 19581967 National Medal of ScienceRevolutionized Child CarePublished WorksThe Human ModelFrom Learning to LoveUsed as leverage for mother love studies; Speech scolding psych for not studying love; Only primatologist to ever win medal; 2Harry Frederick IsraelBorn October 31, 1905Fairfield, IA

ParentsAlonzo Harlow IsraelWanted to be a doctorInventorGarage and Battery BusinessMable Rock HarlowBought a general store No churchWanted children to be more successful than them; parents lived for their children; wanted Harry to marry rich girl; No Episcopalians in area4Family1 of 4 boysRobert, Delmer, Harry, HughMost competitiveAll attended Stanford UniversityDelmer diagnosed with Potts DiseaseMoved to New Mexico

Harry only one to graduate Stanford; Potts disease=tuberculosis of the spine; lost everything in a flood; Moved back to IA to start over5Young HarryBored by scienceHated idea of agricultureDaydreamer, Artist, PoetRanked highest in class on aptitude test

13th of 71 overall in high school class; read poem pg 166StanfordEnglish major Freshman yearTook notes in verseInfluenced by:Calvin Stone: Animal BehavioristWalter Miles: Vision Expert; Rat ResearchLewis Terman: Stanford Binet IQ TestTook zoology but quit b/c couldnt stand dissection; called working with rats rodentology; difficulty pronouncing Rs7Name ChangeInfluenced by Lewis TermanTook fathers middle name as last nameAdvice to avoid prejudice

Avoid Jewish prejudice even though Harry not Jewish due to last name Israel8ZeitgeistTelegraphTelephoneElectricity in homesAutomobilesWWII

Electric household appliances; children sent away from parents for protection9ZeitgeistLove not subject of PsychologyLoving interaction between parents and children discouragedB.F. SkinnerBaby tenderG. Stanley HallStrict discipline for adolescentsBad behavior caused by bad parentingPunish more, cuddle less

Psych not seen as a science; baby tender=box so dont have to touch baby except to bathe & scheduled rec time; Emotions unnecessary/unimportant; sentimental nature = defect10ZeitgeistJ. B. WatsonScientific standards for parentingBabies only feel rage, fear, and loveNational Congress of MothersRaising a Baby the Government Way-Molly Ladd-TaylorArnold GesellNo adopting young children

No playing w/ baby; A.G. believed genes determine all, dont adopt until older to see if something wrong with child11Changing TimesRene Spitz & James RobertsonFilmed how children were treated in hospitals and orphanagesFoundling home v Womens PrisonHarry Bawkin, William Goldfarb, David Levy, Loretta BenderStudied need for love/nurture

Kids broken after time in hospitals/orphanages; Kids in prison turned out healthier than foundling home; not persuasive like HH12Changing TimesWilliam GoldfarbWealthy families children to orphanagesPoor families children to foster homesGenetics would say that children in orphanages would be more intelligent than children in foster homes

Not the case; finally made some people second guess current standards of parenting; slap in the face to child welfare13First Job1930UW-MadisonAssistant Professorship$2750/yr

Discouraged by Terman b/c shyness and speech impediment14They expected to place me in a California junior college, and with every Wisconsin winter, I wish to God they had.First Job4 Psychology Faculty3 PhD StudentsBasement of Administrative BuildingMade fun of by studentsIntolerance of difference normalTeased for impediment; used puns in class to combat nervousness; called retard/moron/etc16First ExperimentsRat studiesPavlov-esque experiment conditioning catsConditioning frogsFailure ended up in newspaper1st claim to fameIdea for primate subjects over game of bridge

Kicked out of building for rat smell; electric shock but stopped cats b/c one escaped; wasting tax money on seeing if frogs smarter than scientists17Clara MearsOne of Harrys studentsIn gifted programMore than friendsMarried May 7, 1932Robert Mears Harlow born November 16, 1939Richard Frederick Harlow born December 10, 1942

Had to give up psych career b/c wouldnt hire spouses; became dress buyer for department store18Jiggs & Tommy1st Primate ExperimentChildrens games as puzzlesShaped holes puzzle2nd ExperimentBad temperFinding food under cups

Orangutan; Died 1 yr later; baboon; crush on female student & behaved whenever she was there19Abraham MaslowHarlows 1st Graduate StudentDoctoral dissertation on hierarchy of relationships in primatesRuler and Serf pattern

Monkeys read body language; using sex to assert power20The Makings of Goon Park1932 approved to build outdoor cagesAccidentally turned into a buildingReprimanded for building without permissionGandhi the Spider Monkey ate at dinner table Allowed poor students to live there in exchange for work1933 appeared on campus mapExplain goon park; EC for football players to help; not in trouble bc borrowed monkey to university pres; 21When we were finished, we were horrified to see how much these Outdoor Observation Cages looked like real buildings!Marriage IssuesClara filed divorce August 14, 1946Finalized September 6, 1946Clara granted custody of both sonsMoved to Rhode Island to live with her brotherSplit everything else 50/50; she took none of his belongings23Wisconsin General Test Apparatus (WGTA)Cube shaped cageOne side opened for primates to solve puzzlesNew puzzlesTreats under colored cupsDifficulty progressedMonkeys can analyze relationships between colors and shapesHalf-brained monkeys

Reusing same monkeys=monkeys learn faster; advocate against rapid disposal of research animals; depended on tray/patterns/shape; Kurt Goldstein soldiers w brain damage thought couldnt learn24Margaret KuenneFellow researcherEloped in Iowa to avoid her losing her jobMarried February 3, 1948Two ChildrenPamelaJonathan

Attracted to HHs intelligence; proving psych as science; eventually had to quit job but still allowed to edit HHs papers25New LabEarly 1950sOld cheese factoryRecruited students to renovateDiplomas in Curiosity

Students could use lab for whatever they wanted; 26Monkey BusinessBreeding monkeysDiseased monkeys caused for parents deathsOrphaned monkeys would not socializeDiet or disease?Babies would not eatClung to cloth in their cagesInterest in mother love developed

Baby monkeys choosing comfort over food; Students initially uninterested27Contact Comfort ExperimentCloth Mother vs Wire MotherComfort vs FoodBabies choose cloth motherReach to wire mother for foodImmediately go to cloth mother when frightened

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I Wire mother translates to cold parenting (feed but dont play or hold); spent equal time with both regardless of who provided food; no time w/ wire mom if cloth had food28Issues/ New IdeasWire moms babies very dysfunctionalCloth moms babies still dysfunctionalHug, but never huggedAttention shift to give and take of relationshipsSeymour Levine experiment with ratsOverprotection from parent creates rats that cannot function in adult lifeBabies need interaction and interest to develop properly

Baby rats handled by scientists for certain amount of time turned out better; mild trauma/stress caused prep for life experiences29Warmth, Movement, and PlayHot vs Warm vs Cold MotherDespised cold motherSwinging vs Rocking vs Stationary MotherMore movement/interaction=better developmentRough play vs TagTaught social skillsLearned nonverbal communication

When enough is enough, boundaries, good sportsmanship, pleasure in company of others30

Peggy Kuenne HarlowContributed to Harrys experiments and conducted her ownDiagnosed with breast cancer 19671971 finally made Professor of Educational Psychology at UW-MadisonDied August 11, 1971HHs alcoholism worsened; research hit home bc preparing for loss in family31IsolationBabies isolated for 6 months-1 yearCould not see out of their cageWhen removed:LifelessStarved to death if not force fedAttacked by others because of timidity Had childrenApatheticKilled and maimed their childrenHH interested bc loss of Margaret plunged him into depression and alcoholism; struggle w/ success seeing it as I can only go down from here; experiment didnt result in depression only antisocial32The Pit of Despair (1962)Vertical Chamber ApparatusFirst few days attempted escapeLearned HelplessnessLifelong impact after only half of a week

Finally created depression in monkeys33Repairing the DamageSocial RemedyRe-paired with cloth mom30 minute playdate 5 days a weekStudy duplicated with living motherNo significant difference between groupsIncreased positive effects with increased playtime

HH always tried to find remedy when he created pain in primates34Repairing the DamageBaby TherapistsIsolated monkeys paired with normally developed babyBaby would cuddle older monkey until older monkey felt safeIsolated monkeys could return to normal lifeWorked for 6 month isolates, not for 1 year isolatesMonkey See, Monkey DoFor 1 year isolatesSee other monkeys interacting before real socializationEventually paired with baby therapistSuccess!

Absolutely adorable; seeing before socializing worked for 1 yr isolates but took 6 months to accomplish35CriticsFeminist movementBruno BettleheimLeading expert on Autism in the 1960sAccussed HH of creating autistic monkeys with refrigerator mothersHH disagreed and argued for BiologyPossible that Autistic children create refrigerator parentsMother-Infant Bonding: A Scientific FictionHH & Bowlby Retort: focus on importance of mothers to development, NOT trying to bind women to the homeDisliked supporting moms at home/being told by males; HH to get rise out of people; @ relig school pic 2 monkeys mating sermon on the mount36Third Times the CharmRemarried ClaraMarch 19722nd honeymoon in England, Scotland, IrelandLived happily ever after

The EndDeveloped Parkinsons1974 Resigned from UW-MadisonMoved to Tucson, ArizonaThe Human Model publishedParkinsons progressed rapidlyDied December 6, 1981From Learning to Love published by Clara 5 years after his death

Clara became research assistant in AZ, Clara edited human model; Read poem pg 255; had sense of humor until end38QuestionsDo you think that the treatment of the monkeys is justified by the importance of the information gained?Do you think there was a better way that this information could have been proven?A proposal has been made to replicate these studies, should it be allowed?How do you think childcare would be different if these studies were never done?If monkeys have taught us anything its that youve got to learn how to love before you learn how to live.ReferencesBlum, Deborah. (2002). Love at goon park: Harry Harlow and the science of affection. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.