1

IEX8175 RF Electronics

Avo Otstelekommunikatsiooni õppetool,

TTÜ raadio- ja sidetehnika inst.avo.ots@ttu.ee

2

Labs

Laboratory works are on 10th of October, 7th of November, 21st of November, 5th of December room II-407. Marika Kulmar, marikak@lr.ttu.ee

Telephony

TDM/TDM/Circuit SwitchCircuit Switch

Digital Trunk Digital Trunk SubsystemSubsystem

Digital Trunk Digital Trunk SubsystemSubsystem

Line Line ConcentrationConcentration

Line Line ConcentrationConcentration

AdministrationAdministrationMaintenanceMaintenance

BillingBilling

AdministrationAdministrationMaintenanceMaintenance

BillingBilling

Call ControlCall ControlConnection ControlConnection Control

FeaturesFeatures

Call ControlCall ControlConnection ControlConnection Control

FeaturesFeatures

Common ChannelCommon ChannelSignaling ComplexSignaling ComplexCommon ChannelCommon ChannelSignaling ComplexSignaling Complex

Sw

itch

ing

Net

wo

rk

Standards-Based Standards-Based Packet Infrastructure LayerPacket Infrastructure Layer

(IP, ATM)(IP, ATM)

Standards-Based Standards-Based Packet Infrastructure LayerPacket Infrastructure Layer

(IP, ATM)(IP, ATM)

Open Call Control LayerOpen Call Control Layer(SIP, H.323, MGCP, etc.)(SIP, H.323, MGCP, etc.)

Open Call Control LayerOpen Call Control Layer(SIP, H.323, MGCP, etc.)(SIP, H.323, MGCP, etc.)

Open Service Open Service Application LayerApplication Layer

(JAIN, AIN, TAPI,(JAIN, AIN, TAPI,JTAPI, XML etc.)JTAPI, XML etc.)

Open Service Open Service Application LayerApplication Layer

(JAIN, AIN, TAPI,(JAIN, AIN, TAPI,JTAPI, XML etc.)JTAPI, XML etc.)

Open/Standard Interface

Open/Standard Interface

4

QoS – Quality of Service

ITU-T E.800 Recommendation

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QoS – Quality of Service

ITU-T E.800 Recommendation

6

7

Hierarchical QoS

Customer # 1 VLAN

VoIP

VideoConf

VideoStream

Data p1

Internet

Data p2 Cust 1

Cust 2

Cust 3

Cust 4

Cust n

MPLS VPNInternet

GigE

10 GigE

MPLSTunnel

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Physical Layer - I.

Photonic

Path

Multiplex Section

Regen. Section

STM-N

Signal

Light

Pulse

VC and MS Overhead

Payload and Path Overhead

TerminalRegenerator

Optical Conversion

Terminal

Map internal signal and RS OH

into STM-N signal

Map Payload and Path OH into VC

Map VC and MS OH into internal

signal

Services (E1, E2, E3, E4, Video, etc.)

Regen. Section

Physical

Layers

9

S T M 1

9 columns 261 columns

270 columns

VC CapacitySectionoverhead(SOH)

1st

2nd

Order of transmission

10

125 μsec

9 Rows

Section Overhead

270 x N Columns

9xN Columns

STM-N VC capacity

STM-N frame

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Rate Hierarchy

SDH

Level

Line Rate

(Mbit/s)

SPE Rate

(Mbit/s)

Optical

Level

Electrical

Level

STM-1 OC-3 STS-3

STM-4 OC-12 STS-12

STM-16 OC-48 STS-48

STM-64

155.52

622.08

2488.32

9953.28 OC-192 STS-192

STM-256 39813.12

150.336

601.344

9621.504

38486.016 OC-768 STS-768

SONET

2405.376

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Uni- and Bi-directional

– Only working traffic is shown

– Subnetwork (path) or multiplex section switching for protection

A

CE

BF

D

Uni-directional Ring(1 fiber)

C-A

A-CA

CE

BF

D

Bi-directional Ring(2 fibers)

C-A

A-C

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Synchronization in Voice Networks

Network Clock

• Asynchronous transport network uses pulse stuffing and is transparent to E1 timing

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14LT CBLT LT

E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M14

0.000001 ppm

LT

f120ppm

f220ppm

f320ppm

f420ppm

f520ppm

f620ppm

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• Timing distribution is done using embedded E1 facility• Asynchronous transport network is transparent to E1 timing

Synchronization Distribution

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14

20ppm

LT CBLT LT

E4 prop. E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M13

0.000001 ppm

20ppm

LT

Dedicated TimingE1

15

• SDH used in point-point configuration• Direct replacement for async transport• SDH terminals free-run at 20ppm. Not network synchronized. No pointer adjustments so no issues with E1/E4 mapping jitter !

f120ppm

f220ppm

f320ppm

f420ppm

f520ppm

f620ppm

Network Clock(Stratum 1)

DS0Switch

CB

E1

M14 M14 CBLT LT

E4 STM-16 E4 E1E1 E4 prop. E4 E1

M14 M14

0.000001 ppm

SDHNE

SDHNE

Initial SDH Deployments

16

BC

DF

A

G E

Router

Router

Router

Router

Mesh Topology Networks

• Cross-Connects are nxn switches

• Interconnects S D H streams

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1

2

3

22

23

24

Write slots in order of arrival

Read slots according to connection permutation

24 23 12

Time-slot interchange

24 23 12abcd b a d c

a

b

c

d

… …

Time-Slot Interchange (TSI)

• Write bytes from arriving TDM stream into memory• Read bytes in permuted order into outgoing TDM stream• Max # slots = 125 sec / (2 x memory cycle time)

Incoming TDM

stream

Outgoing TDM

stream

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Linkshttp://www.packetizer.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPLS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_Digital_Hierarchy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM

http://www.juniper.net/solutions/literature/solutionbriefs/160019.pdf