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IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme

2003 Annual Report

Edited byPamela Murphy

Executive SecretaryIEA Solar Heating and Cooling

Programme

Morse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, N.W.

Washington, DC 20009USA

February 2004

Table of Contents

3Table of Contents

4 Implementing Agreement

5 Chairman’s Report

10 Feature Article: International Collaboration–Is it worth it?

15 Task 22: Building Energy Analysis Tools

22 Task 24: Solar Procurement

32 Task 25: Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of Buildings

36 Task 26: Solar Combisystems

42 Task 27: Performance of Solar Facade Components

48 Task 28/ECBCS Annex 38: Sustainable Solar Housing

54 Task 29: Solar Crop Drying

59 Task 31: Daylighting Buildings in the 21st Century

67 Task 32: Advanced Storage Concepts for Solar Buildings

70 Task 33: Solar Heat for Industrial Processes

77 Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43:Testing and Validation of Building Energy Simulation Tools

84 Address List

4Implementing Agreement

BACKGROUNDThe International Energy Agency,based in Paris, was established as anintergovernmental organization inNovember, 1974 under theAgreement on an InternationalEnergy Program (IEP) after the oilshock of 1973/1974.The 26Member countries of the IEA arecommitted to taking joint measuresto meet oil supply emergencies.They also have agreed to shareenergy information, to co-ordinatetheir energy policies and to co-oper-ate in the development of rationalenergy programmes.

The IEA’s policy goals of energysecurity, diversity within the energysector, and environmental sustain-ability are addressed in part througha program of international collabo-ration in the research, developmentand demonstration of new energytechnologies, under the frameworkof over 40 ImplementingAgreements.

The Solar Heating and CoolingImplementing Agreement was oneof the first collaborative R&Dprograms to be established within

the IEA, and, since 1977, itsparticipants have beenconducting a variety of jointprojects in active solar,passive solar and photo-voltaic technologies, primar-ily for building applications.The overall Programme ismonitored by an ExecutiveCommittee consisting ofone representative fromeach of the 20 membercountries and the EuropeanCommission.

SHC Member Countries

CURRENT TASKSA total of thirty-four Tasks (projects)have been undertaken since thebeginning of the Solar Heating andCooling Programme. The leadershipand management of the individualTasks are the responsibility ofOperating Agents. The Tasks whichwere active in 2003 and theirrespective Operating Agents are:

Task 22 Building Energy Analysis Tools

United States

Task 24 Solar Procurement

Sweden

Task 25 Solar Assisted Air Conditioning of

BuildingsGermany

Task 26 Solar Combisystems

Austria

Task 27 Performance of Solar Facade

ComponentsGermany

Task 28Sustainable Solar Housing

Switzerland

Task 29Solar Crop Drying

Canada

Task 31Daylighting Buildings in the

21st CenturyAustralia

Task 32Advanced Storage Concepts for

Solar BuildingsSwitzerland

Task 33Solar Heat for Industrial Processes

Austria

Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43Testing and Validation of Building

Energy Simulation ToolsUnited States

The Solar Heating & Cooling

Implementing Agreement

AustraliaAustriaBelgium CanadaDenmarkEuropean Commission

GermanyFinlandFranceItaly

JapanMexicoPortugalNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwaySpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited States

OVERVIEWAnother year has passed, and theSolar Heating and Cooling (SHC)Programme continued its work onaccelerating the solar marketthrough funding R&D of solar tech-nologies and market-orientedprojects.As a means to recognizethe achievements being made in thefield of solar energy at the interna-tional level, the SHC Programmeawarded its first SHC SOLARAWARD at a special ceremony atthe ISES World Congress in Sweden.In addition, the ExecutiveCommittee of the SHC Programmehosted an industry brainstormingmeeting to discuss what actions theSHC Programme could or shouldundertake to support industry inexpanding the markets for solarheating, cooling, daylighting and solarbuildings. Industry representativesfrom the European Solar ThermalIndustry Federation (ESTIF) and theGerman Solar Association (BSI)participated in this discussion. TheCommittee also once againcollected data on the solar thermalcollector market in IEA countries,and initiated work in two newareas—PV/Thermal Systems andSolar Resource Management Basedon Satellite Data.

In 2003, the SHC Programmeworked to expand the solar marketand to address design and technol-ogy issues facing solar energy. As aresult of an SHC/industry brain-storming session, the Committeecompiled and ranked a list of possi-ble new areas of work, and agreedto hold another industry/trade asso-ciation workshop in 2004. Tosupport its market work, the

Executive Committee published areport on the results of thecollected data on the use of solarcollectors in the Member countries.The report, Solar Thermal CollectorMarket in IEA Member Countries, isavailable on the SHC web site, iea-shc.org and an updated version ofthis report will be prepared in early2004.

As for Task work,The ExecutiveCommittee approved one new Taskand the Task Definition Phase fortwo other Tasks. The newlyapproved project is SHC Task34/ECBCS Annex 43:Testing andValidation of Building EnergySimulation Tools, which is a collabo-rative Task with the IEA EnergyConservation in Buildings andCommunity Systems Programme.

The new work to begin in 2004 isPV/Thermal Systems, which isproposed to be a collaborative Taskwith the IEA Photovoltaic PowerSystems Programme, and SolarResource Management Based onSatellite Data, which is proposed tobe a collaborative Task with the IEAPhotovoltaic Power SystemsProgramme and the IEA SolarPACESProgramme. The ExecutiveCommittee also approved thecompletion of three projects—SHCTask 22: Solar Building EnergyAnalysis Tools, SHC Task 24: SolarProcurement, and SHC Task 26: SolarCombisystems. It is with sadness thatthe Committee says farewell to Mr.Michael Holtz and Dr. Hans Westling,two of the three Operating Agents,as Mr.Werner Weiss of SHC Task 26is the Operating Agent for the newSHC Task 33: Solar Heat for

5Chairman’s Report

Chairman’s Report:Highlights

of 2003

Mr. Michael RantilExecutive Committee Chairman

Formas, Sweden


Industrial Processes. In particular,the Committee would like to giveMr. Michael Holtz, the OperatingAgent of SHC Task 22, a specialgoodbye. Mr. Holtz has beeninvolved in Task work since the startof the SHC Programme over 25years ago beginning with SHC Task 8:Passive and Hybrid Solar Low EnergyBuildings and then SHC Task 12:Building Energy Analysis and DesignTools for Solar Applications

Participation in the Programmeremains strong with 20 Membercountries and the European Unionactively participating in its work. This

year, an observer from South Africaattended the June ExecutiveCommittee. In addition to SouthAfrica, the Executive Committee hasbeen in communication with thefollowing countries that have beeninvited to join the Programme: Brazil,China, Czech Republic, Egypt,Greece, South Korea and Turkey.

With the approval of another 5-yearextension of the SHC Programmeby the CERT, the Committee hasbegun to prepare a new StrategicPlan. The process began in 2003 andwill continue in 2004 with a final Plancompleted by the end of the year.

This process is providing theCommittee the opportunity toassess the Programme’s work and itsimpact on the national solarprograms of the Member countries.It is my belief that this assessmentwill show that collaborative work iscost efficient and that we will findsound strategies that are appropriatefor the new challenges we are facing.

Michael Rantil

Notable achievements of theProgramme’s work during 2003 arepresented below. The details ofthese and many other accomplish-ments are covered in the individualTask summaries later in this report.

Task 22: Building Energy AnalysisToolsThis Task was completed in 2003,and SHC Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43:Testing and Validation of BuildingEnergy Simulation Tools, will continuework in this area. Experts this yearfocused on completing Task reports,which can be downloaded from theSHC Task 22 page on the SHC website, iea-shc.org. Overall, the realbenefit of the Task’s accomplishmentsis the creation of a workable(enforceable) performance-based

building energy efficiency codecompliance method, whichpromotes/encourages the use ofrenewable energy technology toachieve the required minimumenergy performance level. Wheninnovative solar and energy efficiencytechnologies are not blocked fromthe marketplace, due to restrictiveprescriptive energy codes and stan-dards, these sustainable, renewableenergy technologies will hopefullyflourish in the marketplace.

Task 24: Solar ProcurementThis Task was completed in 2003.Work this focused on finalizingprojects. The main aim of this Taskwas to increase the use of solarwater heating systems by encourag-ing coordinated large-scale purchas-

ing. By focusing primarily on smalldomestic active solar water heatingsystems, but also larger commercialsystems the experts reached theirobjectives—to reduce marketing,and distribution and hardware costs,and to improve system perfor-mance—and substantial cost andprice reductions of 7-30% werereached.

Task 25: Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings Twelve solar assisted cooling demon-stration projects are in operation.And, detailed measurement data areavailable and were analyzed fromabout 8 systems. Based on the data,insights about overall energybalances as well as technical prob-lems and shortcomings of systems

Highlights of 2003


were achieved and – in some cases– could be solved.

Task 26: Solar Combisystems This Task was completed in 2003.The further development and opti-misation of systems and their designsby Task 26 participants has resultedin innovative systems with betterperformance-cost ratings.Andcombined with the investigation ofarchitectural integration of thecollector arrays as well as the dura-bility and reliability of solar combisys-tems, end users can have greaterconfidence in this technology’s appli-cation.

Task 27: Performance of SolarFacade ComponentsTwo methodologies were applied.The first was developed for environ-mental impact assessment and thensuccessfully applied to "solar collec-tors" in one case study and to a"wooden frame window with adouble glazed sealed unit" in asecond case study. The secondmethodology for Failure Mode andEffect Analysis was used in threecase studies: Double GlazingUnit/Insulated Glazing a DoubleGlazed Sealed Unit, Argon filledLow-e Coated Glazing, and SolarCollector. This is a collaborative Taskwith the IEA Energy Conservation inBuildings and Community SystemsImplementing Agreement.

Task 28/ECBCS Annex 38:Sustainable Solar HousingMarketing success stories for sustain-able housing projects, programs orproducts were documented andanalyzed by a professional marketingconsultant firm.The objective was to

identify common threads suggestingeffective marketing strategies withinthe framework of classical marketapproaches.This Subtask receivedsubstantial reinforcement from theNorwegian State Housing Bank,which is funding a publication onthese results. This is a collaborativeTask with the IEA EnergyConservation in Buildings andCommunity Systems ImplementingAgreement.

Task 29: Solar Crop DryingThe Coir Pith solar drying system inIndia continues to operate well andthe operators appear to be satisfied.While waiting for the monitoringsystem to be installed, unconfirmedfeedback suggests that the solarsystem supplied 60% of the heatingduring the dry season and 40%during the monsoon season. (CoirPith is a powder found on the shellsof coconuts, which after processing,is widely used as a fertilizer).

Task 31: Daylighting Buildings in the21st CenturyA report on a user behavior modelcalled Lightswitch is being drafted.Lightswitch is a stochastic model thatpredicts how office occupants inter-act with manually and automaticallycontrolled lighting and blind systems.The Lightswitch algorithm has beenimplemented into an online daylight-ing analysis tool that can be accessedvia www.buildwiz.com.This tool hashad 1000 users in the last sixmonths and is being used as a teach-ing tool. The intention is to inte-grate this model into daylight analysissoftware packages developed in thisTask.

Task 32: Advanced Storage Conceptsfor Solar BuildingsTask activities began in July 2003.One of the first activities that gotunderway was work on a state-of-the-art report on the heat/cold stor-age solutions for solar houses.

Task 33: Solar Heat for IndustrialProcessesTask activities began in November2003 with the main activity being thefirst experts meeting in Gleisdorf,Austria in December.A total of 22participants from 7 countriesattended the meeting. This is acollaborative Task with the IEASolarPACES ImplementingAgreement.

Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43: Testingand Validation of Building EnergySimulation ToolsThe Task began in September 2003,and the year’s activities consistedprimarily of recruiting participants,defining projects, and developingproject plans. Based on the two TaskDefinition Workshops that wereconducted, a Work Plan andInformation Plan were finalized. Thisis a collaborative Task with the IEAEnergy Conservation in Buildingsand Community SystemsImplementing Agreement.

NEW ACTIVITIES

PV/Thermal SystemsThe objectives of this Task is to catal-yse the development and marketintroduction of high quality andcommercial competitive PV/ThermalSolar Systems and to increasegeneral understanding andcontribute to internationally


accepted standards on performance,testing, monitoring and commercialcharacteristics of PV/Thermal SolarSystems in the building sector. TheTask is a collaborative effort with theIEA Photovoltaic Power SystemsProgramme.

Solar Resource Management Basedon Satellite DataThe objective of this Task is toexploit the emerging potential ofsatellite-based solar resource infor-mation techniques in response tothe solar industry’s expressed needfor improved spatial and temporalcoverage, worldwide standardization,better reliability and access anddevelopment of customized prod-ucts. The first Task DefinitionWorkshop will be held in February2004 in Spain. It is to be is a collab-orative effort with the IEAPhotovoltaic Power SystemsAgreement and the IEA SolarPACESAgreement.

MANAGEMENT ACTIONS

SHC Solar AwardThe Programme will present anaward at the ISES World Congress inSweden in June 2003 to a person,organization or company that haspresented outstanding leadership orachievements, with links to the IEASolar Heating and CoolingProgramme, in the field of solarenergy at the international levelwithin one or more of the followingsectors: technical developments,successful market activities, or infor-mation.

Programme and Policy Actions■ The CERT approved a 5-year

extension of the ImplementingAgreement.

■ The Committee approved the finalmanagement report of Task 22,Task 24 and Task 26.

■ The Committee approved a newpolicy on Sponsor membership inthe Implementing Agreementbased on the guidance from theIEA.

■ The Committee produced a newProgramme slide show to cele-brate its 25th anniversary.

■ The Committee sent the SHCexhibit to the IEA Technology Fairin Paris, the ISES World Congressin Sweden and the CISBATConference in Switzerland.

■ The Programme hosted a jointreception with the IEA PVPSProgramme at the ISES WorldCongress in June 2003.

■ Communication continued withthe following countries that havealready been invited to join theImplementing Agreement – Brazil,China, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece,Republic of South Korea, SouthAfrica, and Turkey.

Executive Committee Meetings2003 MeetingsThe 53rd Executive Committeemeeting was held in June 2002 inPotsdam, Germany.A full-day jointmeeting was held with the EnergyConservation in Buildings andCommunity Systems prior to thismeeting. The 54th ExecutiveCommittee meeting was held inNovember 2002 in Wellington, NewZealand.

2004 MeetingsThe 2004 Executive Committeemeetings will be held 3-5 May inHelsinki, Finland (with a joint meetingwith the IEA Photovoltaic PowerSystems Programme on the 3rd)and 15-17 November in Canada orPuerto Rica.

Internet SiteThe Solar Heating and CoolingProgramme’s website continues tobe updated and new pages added asneeded. The site plays an increas-ingly important role in the dissemi-nation of Programme and Taskinformation.At this time, final docu-mentation and reports have beenadded for SHC Task 22; SolarBuilding Energy Analysis Tools, SHCTask 24: Solar Procurement, andSHC Task 26: Solar Combisystems.The Executive Committee continuesto encourage the posting of as manyProgramme and Task reports aspossible to the web site. In 2004,the Webmaster will work to addPDF files of the highly requestedreports from completed Tasks to theweb site. The address for the site iswww.iea-shc.org.

Future WorkshopsThe Programme will organize anIndustry Forum in conjunction withthe GleisdorfSOLAR conference on9-11 September 2004 in Gleisdorf,Austria.

COORDINATION WITH OTHER IEAIMPLEMENTING AGREEMENTS ANDNON-IEA ORGANIZATIONSThe IEA Energy Conservation inBuildings and Community SystemsProgramme is collaborating in threeSHC Programme Tasks—SHC Task


27: Performance of Solar FacadeComponents, SHC Task 28/ECBCSAnnex 38: Sustainable Solar Housing,and SHC Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43:Testing and Validation of BuildingEnergy Simulation Tools.A jointmeeting was held June 2003 inGermany to facilitate the continuedcollaborative work between theProgrammes.

The IEA Buildings RelatedImplementing Agreements (BRIA) iscomposed of the seven building-related IEA ImplementingAgreements. The SHC Chairmancontinues to support the work ofthis group.

The IEA Photovoltaic Power SystemsProgramme is working with the SHCProgramme in the development oftwo new Tasks on PV/ThermalSystems and Solar ResourceManagement Based on SatelliteData. A joint meeting will be held inMay 2004 in Finland to facilitate thecontinued collaborative workbetween the Programmes.

The IEA Energy Storage Programmeand SHC Programme continue toshare information on relevant

current Tasks, particularly on SHCTask 32:Advanced Storage Conceptsfor Solar Thermal Systems in LowEnergy Buildings.

FEATURE ARTICLEEvery year the SHC Annual Reporthas included a feature article onsome aspect of solar technologiesfor buildings. This year’s article issomewhat different in that it doesnot focus on a particular technology,but is rather more introspective. Thearticle answers the question, throughspecific illustrations, "WhyInternational Collaboration for SolarEnergy Work?"

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn closing, I would like to thank theOperating Agents,Working GroupLeader, participating experts,Executive Committee Members andour Advisor, Fred Morse, for theirwork. I would especially like to thankour Executive Secretary, PamelaMurphy, for her help over the pastyear in preparation and reporting ofthe meetings and numerousProgramme activities as well as help-ing to run this active IEAProgramme.

10Feature Article

SOLAR R&DFacing leaner government budgetsand approaching national Kyotocommitments, many countries arere-evaluating and re-prioritizing theirinternational work. During thisprocess, countries must determine ifthe benefits of international collabo-ration out weigh the costs, and if theresults of the work meet nationalpriorities.

The IEA’s Solar Heating and CoolingProgramme (SHC), an internationalprogramme comprised of 20Member countries and theEuropean Union, has held strongduring the ebb and flow of nationalfunding for the past 25 years.Governments have continued tosupport the SHC Programmebecause they have seen their invest-ments in this international partner-ship payoff, and the internationalteams of experts consistentlyproduce valuable results and prod-ucts—beyond what one countrycould ever do on its own.

Solar technology is now at the stagewhere it must gain the confidence ofthe market and achieve economiccompetitiveness with other energytechnologies. For this to occur, workis still needed in areas, such as:

■ Improving current technologies,■ Making products more cost

competitive,■ Continuing R&D on materials and

processes that can improve build-ing performance (e.g., elec-trochromic and thermochromicmaterials for controllable windows,phase change materials, energystorage materials, transparent insu-lation, etc.),

■ Finding ways to better integrate

and optimize solar components inenergy efficient buildings, and

■ Testing and certifying componentsand products.

Even with the most generousgovernment incentives and funding,solar technologies will not besuccessful in the marketplace ifconsumers and investors do notbelieve that the technology works,and that it is safe and reliable.Therefore, international partnershipsare increasing the role that industryplays to create a balance betweengovernment and industry supportfor solar.

International Collaboration —Is it worth it?

Pamela MurphyMorse Associates Inc.

United States

The areas of work funded in2003 by the IEA Solar Heatingand Cooling Programme.

Task 22: Building EnergyAnalysis Tools

Task 24: Solar Procurement

Task 25: Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings

Task 26: Solar Combisystems

Task 27: Performance of SolarFacade Components

Task 28: Sustainable SolarHousing

Task 29: Solar Crop Drying

Task 31: Daylighting Buildingsin the 21st Century

Task 32: Advanced StorageConcepts for Solar Buildings

Task 33: Solar Heat forIndustrial Processes

Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43:Testing and Validation ofBuilding Energy SimulationTools

11Feature Article

Countries and industries workingtogether on solar heating and cool-ing projects yields both technical andgovernmental benefits, as illustratedby the SHC Programme’s currentwork described below.

TECHNICAL BENEFITS

Serving As The Ultimate TestProcedure And Field-Test Arena■ IEA BESTEST (Building Energy

Simulation Test and DiagnosticMethod) focuses software tests onareas that are of a universalcommon interest. Having anumber of countries participatingin this work with different climatesand building construction practiceshelped to find common areas ofmodeling, and to prioritize themaccording to test models of energyefficiency technologies. This inputhas helped to keep IEA BESTESTfrom straying into test areas thatare not a priority to the building-energy simulation community. Inaddition, the international aspect ofthe field trials led to the develop-ment of a test specification that iseasily understood by a wide varietyof people conducting simulations.

■ There has been collaborativeparallel development of softwaretest procedures for differentaspects of models by various coun-tries (e.g., building thermal fabric,unitary space cooling equipment,gas-fired furnaces, radiant heatingand cooling, daylighting, economiz-ers, etc) with minimal duplicationof effort. Conducting field-tests ofothers’ projects is more easilycoordinated because of the SHCframework that was formulatedduring SHC Task 8, rigorously

pursued in SHC Task 12/ECBCS ,Annex 21, SHC Task 22, and nowin SHC Task 34/ECBCS Annex 43.

■ Field studies on the integration ofdaylighting and electric lightingsystems are being conducted inbuildings in various parts of theworld. The goal of this work is todetermine the impact of userresponse on energy savings. Theamount of daylight, unlike thequantity of electric lighting, is notunder the control of the designeras it varies in quantity and in distri-bution with the seasons and theweather. Countries workingtogether are critical for this workas energy savings from the use ofdaylight will vary substantiallydepending on the climate condi-tions as well as the occupants’responses to visual and thermalcomfort.

Sharing Technical Expertise Benefits All■ The main know-how on solar

assisted air conditioning – at leastin Europe – using desiccant coolingtechnology is in Central andNorthern European countries,namely Germany and Sweden,while the need for summer air-conditioning is greater in warmerclimates.Therefore, internationalcollaboration creates a win-win-situation—industries with theknow-how located in colderEuropean countries are developingnew markets and learning aboutthe specific application conditionsof their technology in warmerclimates, such as Mediterraneancountries.And, Mediterraneancountries are establishing an envi-ronmentally friendly technology for

building air-conditioning and help-ing to develop local markets forsolar technologies.

Solar desiccant cooling demonstrationunit with interactive poster (right) – acenter of attraction at the GermanAirConTec, the major German trade fairfor air conditioning and ventilation,which was connected with the Light &Building trade fair in Frankfurt, Germany.

Industry workshop at the Light &Building Trade Fair in Abu Dhabi. ■ A new integrated adaptive lighting

control technology was initiallytested and monitored by 21 usersin 14 office rooms at the SolarEnergy and Building PhysicsBuilding (LESO-PB/EPFL) inLausanne, Switzerland. Now thetechnology is to be tested andmonitored in buildings in otherSHC Task 31 countries to prove itseffectiveness under various climaticconditions.The use of this adaptivecontroller will result in the devel-opment of revised software with

12Feature Article

existing control systems used inother countries and associatedhardware such as motorized blindsto use with these adaptivecontrollers. It will benefit the elec-trical, controls and blind industriesand professional designers as theywill be able to produce moreenergy efficient and comfortablework environments throughoutthe world.

Combining Resources Benefits All■ International co-operation allowed

more designs and ideas for solarcombisystems (systems thatprovide both space and waterheating) to be analyzed andreviewed than one country couldever cover. For over four years, 35experts from nine European coun-tries and the USA, and 16 solarindustries worked together tofurther develop and optimize solarcombisystems for detached single-family houses, groups of single-family houses and multi-familyhouses.As a result, standardizedclassification and evaluationprocesses, and design tools weredeveloped for combisystems.Also,the further development and opti-mization of systems and theirdesigns has lead to more innova-tive systems with better perfor-mance-cost ratings. It also allowedfor aspects such as architecturalintegration of the collector arrays,durability, and reliability to beaddressed.

■ Twelve countries working togetherhave collaborated on a variety ofaspects confronting the perfor-mance of solar façade compo-nents—development of a window

energy rating, definition of theneeds of a general energy perfor-mance assessment methodologyfor solar facade components (e.g.,solar shading devices, double enve-lope facades, transparent isolationmaterials, daylighting devices andwindow-wall interfaces), conduct-ing performance testing of chro-mogenic glazing, and addressing theEuropean Directive on the EnergyPerformance of Buildings.

■ Countries are developing newdesign solutions for sustainablehousing, but no single builder, oreven national program could allo-cate the resources needed tomatch the extent of what has beenaccomplished in SHC Task 28:– Learning from the experiences

from over 50 constructed housingprojects systematically analyzed bya standard data collectionprocess.

– Exploring innovative strategies,which open up through the appli-cation of construction techniques,new components and configura-tions of systems not common oreven known in one's own coun-try.

– Learning ways to achieve thesame high performance by differ-ent means, be it conservation orextensive use of renewableenergy with trends and sensitivi-ties drawn from both computermodeling and analysis of monitor-ing results.

– Learning how others marketsustainable housing, products andideas as illustrated in 20 successstories.

– Testing the robustness ofconcepts by their performance inextreme climates (e.g., Sweden),

difficult markets (Swiss homebuyer demand for perfection) orconstrained finances (low incomehousing in Scotland, Germany, andAustria).

– Benchmarking the performanceof solutions in multiple dimen-sions—costs, durability, environ-mental impact over the buildinglife span, and user/market accep-tance.

GOVERNMENTAL BENEFITS

Providing The Basis For Codes &Standards ■ Communication continues with a

number of CEN TechnicalCommittees, including 89, 156, 229,which are addressing buildingenergy calculation methods anddeveloping building energy analysistool test cases. Discussions wereinitiated on how CEN and SHCTask 22 can cooperate in the devel-opment and promulgation of testcases for evaluating building energyanalysis tools. As a result of this,France (CSTB) has used BESTESTto test simulation tools used inconjunction with the developmentof CEN Standards.

■ A liaison status was granted toSHC Task 26 with the Europeanstandards organization underCEN/TC 312 “Thermal solarsystems and components” byResolution 7/99.This decision wasbased on work done to classifysolar combisystems based on theirhydraulic scheme, and the develop-ment of test procedures. Theseaspects are of great practical rele-vance for industry, planners andinstallers.

■ National and international buildingenergy standard making organiza-tions are able to use the test casesdeveloped in SHC Task 22 tocreate standard methods of testsfor building energy analysis toolsused for national building energycode compliance.

Developing Test Procedures■ Internationally acknowledged dura-

bility test procedures for chro-mogenic glazing and materials forsolar collectors (reflectors,absorbers, glazing) were developedby countries working together inSHC Task 27.

■ Test procedures for predicting thethermal performance of solarcombisystems were designed andevaluated.The focus on simplifyingtesting resulted in the AC/DC testmethod and the DirectCharacterization (DC) testmethod. In addition to the devel-opment of test methods, test facili-ties for solar combisystems weredesigned and built in five Europeancountries.

■ The American Society of Heating,Refrigerating, and Air-ConditioningEngineers (ASHRAE) publishedStandard 140-2001 in 2001.Standard 140 incorporates the IEABESTEST suite of test cases devel-oped under SHC Task 12/ECBCSAnnex 21, which are primarilyrelated to building thermal fabricheat transfer. During 2003,ASHRAE Standard 90.1, which isused for regulating energy effi-ciency in commercial and non-low-rise residential buildings, wasrevised to require use of Standard

140 for testing software used inbuilding energy efficiency assess-ments. This is significant because itmandates formalized softwareevaluation using test proceduresdeveloped under SHC researchactivities.

The committee overseeing ASHRAEStandard 140, SSPC 140, has beengiven the status of a StandingCommittee which means as newtest cases become available fromTask 22 and other sources they canbe reviewed and integrated into arevised version of ASHRAE Standard140. Recently SSPC 140 approvedpublic review of proposedAddendum A to Standard 140 thatincludes the test cases of HVACBESTEST Volume 1, which weredeveloped under SHC Task 22 andare related to unitary space coolingmechanical equipment. Currently,SSPC 140 is responding to publicreview comments, and publication ofAmendment A is expected during2004.

Developing Design Tools■ In the area of combisystem charac-

terisation, the scheme named FSCProcedure, introduced by theFrench participant, has turned outto become a major tool for solarcombisystems.The FSC schemehas similarities with f-chart, thewell-known design tool for solarwater heaters. Data was used tocharacterise some 10 genericsystems, and the characteristicfunctions obtained for each ofthem became the primary back-ground information for the simpledesign tool “CombiSun” for archi-tects and engineers.With this tool,solar combisystems can be easilycompared and properly sizedaccording to specific requirementsfrom the practice.

Testing Software ■ International collaboration on

normes development is efficientfor governments where policy atti-tudes are similar, and provides ameans to avoid re-inventing thewheel and to share expertise. As aresult, international collaboration inthis area allows governments to bemore efficient with their internalresources.

NATIONAL IMPACT■ Countries are adopting IEA’s

BESTEST procedures as a standardmethods of test. In theNetherlands,TNO has developedtheir Energy Diagnosis Reference(EDR) based on BESTEST. TNOhas developed the EDR to satisfythe European PerformanceDirective (EPD) of the EuropeanUnion. The EPD emphasizesperformance-based standards ()and requires certification of soft-ware used to show compliance

13Feature Article

14Feature Article

with energy performance stan-dards. IEA BESTEST also hasbeen referenced in codes andstandards in Australia and NewZealand.

■ The U.S. National Associationof State Energy Officials hasreferenced the Home EnergyRating Systems (HERS)BESTEST for certification ofhome energy rating software.HERS BESTEST, which isconceptually based on the IEABESTEST, was developed fortesting software that is usedspecifically in conjunction withHERS. A number of othercountries, such as The Netherlands,Belgium, Luxembourg,Australia andNew Zealand are using BESTESTas a standard method of testingbuilding energy analysis tools fortheir national energy codes orhome energy rating software.

■ Sweden held a solar procurementcompetition for Solar DomesticHot Water (SDHW) systems aspart of SHC Task 24. The goal ofthis competition was to develop asolar domestic hot water systemthat could replace the electric hotwater systems that are used inmany detached houses with elec-tric heating in Sweden. Fourteensystems from Sweden, Germany,Denmark and Austria entered thecompetition. Uposun HW 300, anew system with a plastic collectorfrom Uponor AB won the compe-tition, and six systems receivedhonorable mention. As a result ofthe competition, the averageperformance of marketableSDHW systems in Sweden

improved, the price for SDHWsystems in Sweden decreasedapproximately 20%, and a SDHWsystem testing facility was estab-lished.

■ Failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA), which is widely used inother industrial sectors (e.g., carand airplane), was recently used bySHC Task 27 on solar componentsto anticipate critical damages. Thisproject, lead by France, focused onmethodological approaches for fail-ure mode analysis of solar compo-nents. FMEAs have beenperformed for a Double GlazedUnit of a window in France andthe United States, and for a specificdesign of a solar collector inFrance.

■ Integrating solar components intothe façade of a building is not anew concept, however, integratingthe solar thermal collectors of asolar combisystem is. Façadecollectors are suitable for new

buildings and for the renovation ofold buildings as well as for homesand larger buildings. By becomingpart of a building’s architecture, theoptions for their applicationimproves as some architects andplanners are opposed to collectorsbeing tacked on the roof of abuilding as they detract from thebuilding design.

Two Austrian solar engineeringcompanies, as part of SHC Task 26,tested facades to evaluate the ther-mal behavior of the systems. Onetest façade was mounted on a two-family home. And the other testfaçade was mounted on a brick wallof an office building. The initial testresults were positive.

■ SHC Task 28 documents producedon sustainable solar housing havebeen adapted by the participantsin Austria, Germany, andSwitzerland to produce a Germanlanguage sourcebook for planners.And the Task’s final product—adesign handbook—will be able tobe produced in national languagesand customized to local buildingcultures.

IS IT WORTH IT?Is the investment of time, money andpeople worth it? Each country willcontinue to determine this for itself,but the impact that solar heating andcooling technology has on theworld’s energy supply will continueto depend on international collabo-ration.

Uposun HW 300—Winner of the SHC SolarProcurement Competition in Sweden.

15Energy Analysis Tools

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe overall goal of SHC Task 22 wasto establish a sound technical basisfor analyzing solar, low-energy build-ings with available and emergingbuilding energy analysis tools. Thishas been achieved by accomplishingthe following objectives:

■ Assess the accuracy of availablebuilding energy analysis tools inpredicting the performance ofwidely used solar and low-energyconcepts.

■ Collect and document engineeringmodels of widely used solar andlow-energy concepts for use in thenext generation building energyanalysis tools.

■ Assess and document the impact(value) of improved buildingenergy analysis tools in analyzingsolar, low-energy buildings, andwidely disseminate research resultsto tool users, industry associationsand government agencies.

ScopeSHC Task 22 investigated the avail-ability and accuracy of buildingenergy analysis tools and engineeringmodels to evaluate the performanceof solar and low-energy buildings.The scope of the Task is limited towhole-building energy analysis tools,including emerging modular typetools, and to widely used solar andlow-energy design concepts. Theprimary audiences for the results ofthe Task are building energy analysistool developers and national andinternational building energy stan-dard making organizations.

However, tool users, such as archi-tects, engineers, energy consultants,product manufacturers, and building

owners and managers, are the ulti-mate beneficiaries of the research,and have been informed throughtargeted reports and articles.

MeansParticipants carried out research inthe framework of two Subtasksduring the initial phase of the Task:

■ Subtask A:Tool Evaluation■ Subtask B: Model Documentation

During a Task Extension Phase, theParticipants focused on two newSubtasks:

■ Subtask C: Comparative Evaluation■ Subtask D: Empirical Validation

Tool evaluation activities includedanalytical, comparative and empiricalmethods, with emphasis given to“blind” comparative evaluation usingcarefully designed test cases and“blind” empirical validation usingmeasured data from test rooms orfull-scale buildings. Documentation ofengineering models used existingstandard reporting formats andprocedures. Final reports are on theSHC Programme Task 22 web site,www.iea-shc.org/task22/index.html.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January1996, and with the approved 30-month extension, was completed inJune 2003.

ParticipationA total of eleven countries partici-pated in the Task throughout itsduration.They were:

TASK 22:

Building Energy Analysis Tools

Michael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation

Task 22 Operating Agent for theU.S. Department of Energy

Ron JudkoffNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryTask 34 Operating Agent for the

U.S. Department of Energy


Australia FranceSpain UKCanada GermanySweden USAFinland NetherlandsSwitzerland

TASK ACCOMPLISHMENTSThe objectives of SHC Task 22 haveall been reached. A summary ofSubtask research and codes & stan-dards activities completed ispresented below.

Codes and Standards ActivitiesA key audience for the researchundertaken within this Task isnational and international buildingenergy standard making organiza-tions. These organizations can usethe test cases developed in Task 22to create standard methods of testsfor building energy analysis toolsused for national building energycode compliance.

A significant achievement was thepublication of American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)Standard 140-2001 in 2001.Standard 140 incorporates the IEABESTEST suite of test cases devel-oped under SHC Task 12 andECBCS Annex 21, which are primar-ily related to building thermal fabricheat transfer. During 2003,ASHRAEStandard 90.1, which is used forregulating energy efficiency incommercial and non-low-rise resi-dential buildings, was revised torequire use of Standard 140 for test-ing software used in building energyefficiency assessments. This wasimportant because it mandatesformalized software evaluation using

test procedures developed underIEA research activities.

The committee overseeing ASHRAEStandard 140, SSPC 140, has beengiven the status of a StandingCommittee which means as newtest cases become available fromSHC Task 22 and other sources theycan bereviewed and integrated intoa revised version of ASHRAEStandard 140. Recently SSPC 140approved public review of proposedAddendum A to Standard 140 thatincludes the test cases of HVACBESTEST Volume 1, which weredeveloped under SHC Task 22 andare related to unitary space coolingmechanical equipment. Currently,SSPC 140 is responding to publicreview comments, and publication ofAmendment A is expected during2004.

Other countries are adopting IEA’sBESTEST procedures as standardmethods of test. In the Netherlands,TNO has developed their EnergyDiagnosis Reference (EDR) basedon BESTEST. TNO has developedthe EDR to satisfy the EuropeanPerformance Directive (EPD) of the

European Union. The EPD empha-sizes performance-based standards(norms) and requires certification ofsoftware used to show compliancewith energy performance standards.IEA BESTEST also has been refer-enced in codes and standards inAustralia and New Zealand.

Regarding collaboration withISO/CEN, communication continueswith a number of CEN TechnicalCommittees, including 89, 156, 229,which also are addressing buildingenergy calculation methods and thedevelopment building energy analysistool test cases. Discussions wereinitiated on how CEN and SHC Task22 can cooperate in the develop-ment and promulgation of test casesfor evaluating building energy analysistools. As a result of this initiative,France (CSTB) has used BESTEST totest simulation tools used in conjunc-tion with development of CENStandards.

Subtask A: Tool EvaluationThis Subtask was concerned withassessing the accuracy of availablebuilding energy analysis tools inpredicting the performance of widelyused solar and low-energy concepts.Three tool evaluation methodologieswere employed:

1) Analytical Tests2) Comparative Tests3) Empirical Validation Tests

This subtask ended in 2000. Therelated follow-on work thatoccurred in 2001 and 2002 isdescribed in the subsections forSubtask C and Subtask D.Workaccomplished for Subtask A on each


of these tool evaluation efforts issummarized below.

■ Analytical Tests: All planned activ-ities were completed. TheWorking Document, along with aquestionnaire, a recommendedimplementation process, and aseries of one-page summaries ofuse experience, was distributed to40 leading building energy analysistool authors throughout theworld.The purpose was to informcode authors of the existinganalytical tests, and to obtain theirviews and recommendations onthe importance and value ofanalytical tests for tool evalua-tion/validation. This WorkingDocument was used as a startingpoint for continued research byASHRAE (see Development of anAnalytical Verification Test Suite forWhole Building Energy SimulationPrograms – Building Fabric, by J.Spitler, S. Rees, and D. Xiao,Oklahoma State University,Oklahoma, US; published byASHRAE,Atlanta, Georgia, US,2001).

■ Comparative Tests: The HVACBESTEST suite of test cases –series E100 - E200 – wascompleted and a final reportprepared. A Diagnostic Logic FlowDiagram of the E100 - E200 seriestest cases is shown in Figure 2.Examples of the types of problemsfound when building energy analy-sis simulation tools are run throughthese tests are shown in Figure 3.

■ Empirical Validation Tests: IowaEnergy Center :The final report onempirical validation exercisesconducted at the Iowa Energy

Center’s Energy Resource Station(ERS) is on the SHC Program Task22 web site. The report addressesthree validation exercises based onexperiments involving mechanicalequipment conducted at the ERS:

1) Constant Air Volume withTerminal Reheat

2) Variable Air Volume withTerminal Reheat

3) Very Variable Air Volume withTerminal Reheat

A few conclusions from the ERSempirical validation exercise are asfollows:

■ The Energy Resource Station andthe collected data represent anexcellent source for empirical vali-dation of building energy analysistools for actual commercial build-ings and equipment.

■ The building energy analysis toolsevaluated had good agreement

Figure 2: HVAC BESTEST Diagnostic Logic Flow Diagram – E100- E200, Steady-StateAnalytical Verification Test Cases


with the measured data. Most ofthe building energy analysis simula-tions studied showed smalldisagreements, similar to themeasurementuncertainty.

■ The building energy analysis toolstested made accurate predictionsof the mean values and showedgood agreement with fast dynam-ics. These results should increaseconfidence in the use of simulationtools to model the types of HVACsystems used in the study.

■ The comparison of measured data

to the predictions from multiplesimulation programs helpedimprove the models and theexperiments. The use of multiplesimulation tools is essential in eval-uating the validity and accuracy ofthe measured data. Measurementerrors were identified in the firstround of the exercises. Theseerrors were fixed for subsequentrounds.

■ Empirical Validation Tests,Electricité de France (EDF):Thefinal report on the ETNA andGENEC test room empirical vali-

dation exercises, prepared byFrance (EDF), was distributed totool authors and researchersthroughout the world and postedon the SHC Programme Task 22web site.The report contains thefinal results of all Task Participantsfor the “blind” and “non-blind”empirical validation exercise, basedon experiments involving buildingthermal fabric heat transfer usingseveral test conditions in theETNA and GENEC passive solartest facilities. The final reportconcludes that the data collectedfrom the ETNA and GENEC test

Software Error Description % Disagreement ResolutionCASIS No extrapolation of performance data Possibly up to 10% Manually fixed*

power (E110, E100)CASIS Convergence Algorithm E200 would not run Manually fixed*

(convergence problem)CASIS Fan heat added to coil load 4% sensible coil load Fixed

(≤ 4% power f (SHR))CASIS ID & OD fan power did not include 2% power (mid PLR) Fixed

COP f (PLR) degradationCLIM2000 Verification of new model improvements up to 50% COP Fixed

for earlier modelCLIM2000 Compressor/fan power does not include 20% power (low PLR) Fixed

COP f(PLR) degradation 13% power (mid PLR)CLIM2000 Possible performance map extrapolation problem 10% power (E110, E100) Revision in progressDOE-2.1E Minimum supply temperature coding 36% COP (base case) Fixed(JJH ver < W54) error in early RESYS2 systemDOE-2.1E Coil/Zone load difference inconsistent 5% sensible coil load Authors notified(JJH ver 133) with fan power for RESYS2 at low SHR. (at low SHR)DOE-2.1E COIL-BF-FT insensitivity 1% power (E185) Authors notified(JJH ver 133)DOE-2.1E Fan power does not include COP 2% power (mid PLR) Authors notified(JJH ver 133 & f(PLR) degradation (RESYS2 and PTAC)ESTSC ver 088)DOE-2.1E Coil/Zone load difference inconsistent 2% sensible coil load Authors notified(ESTSC v 088) with fan power for PTAC at low SHR. (at low SHR)PROMETHEUS Compressor COP f(PLR) calculated externally 20% power (low PLR) Authors plan to fix

if no external calcTRNSYS-TUD Use of some single precision variables in the code. 45% power (low PLR) Fixed(realistic ctrl) 14% power (mid PLR)TRNSYS-TUD Wrong data compiled for Coil Latent Load output. 4% power (E150) Fixed(realistic ctrl) 3% lat. coil (E170)*Current results include non-automated version of the fix.

Figure 3: Examples of tool problems found through HVAC BESTEST, Volume 1, Cases E100-E200


cells represents an excellentsource of data for empirical valida-tion of simulation tools, and thatthe test specification clearlydescribed the test apparatus andthe test data. In general, the toolpredictions of energy and temper-ature are in close agreement withthe measured test room data.However, in the study using theETNA test cell there was a consis-tent difference between measuredversus simulated overall averageheat conduction that was laterfound to be caused by differencesin thermal properties listed in thetest specification versus as-builtproperties and/or unspecified ther-mal bridges in the test cell walls,floors and ceiling as constructed.This difference was identified usingan innovative data analysis tech-nique described below, andconfirmed empirically in laterexperiments that thermally charac-terized the test cell heat loss coef-ficients of the ETNA test cell walls.

■ ParameterEstimation/IdentificationTechnique: A final report of thisinnovative building energy analysistool validation method is on theSHC Programme Task 22 web site.The method involves two steps: 1)checking model validity, and 2)diagnosis.

Model validity is checked using resid-uals analysis, where the residuals arespecific differences betweenmeasured and simulated results.Diagnosis is accomplished by identi-fying changes in model parametervalues that are required for a signifi-cant model behavior improvement.

The diagnostic approach requiredinnovative application of rigorousmathematics to accomplish sensitiv-ity analysis and calculation optimiza-tion needed to achieve a reasonablediagnosis. As noted above, thismethod was applied to EDF’s empir-ical study using the ETNA test cellsand uncovered an experimental defi-ciency indicating that specified ther-mal conductivity values were lowerthan the as-constructed valuesand/or that unspecified (and there-fore not modeled) thermal bridgescould exist. This analysis helped theresearchers better understand thesimulation tool results.

Subtask B: Model DocumentationThis Subtask is concerned with thecollection and documentation ofexisting engineering models, and thecreation of a models library accessi-ble by object-oriented (modular)simulation tool developers. TaskParticipants selected the NeutralModel Format (NMF) as the stan-dard format for “hard” (computer-machine readable) modeldocumentation.

A final report has been preparedwhich documents the forty plusengineering models specified in theNeutral Model Format, and is avail-able on the SHC Programme Task 22

START PROBABLE CAUSE OF DISAGREEMENT DIAGNOSE (GOTO)

Dynamic Load; 15% Outside Air; C1, C2E300 D Continuous ID fan; and/or (CONTINUE (C))

Performance f(EDB, EWB, ODB, PLR)A

E310 & (E310-E300) D Latent Load Removal B1 thru B10(CONTINUE (B))

A

E320 & (E320-E300), D Infilt ration, Psychrometrics(E330-E320)

A100% Outside Air:

E330 & (E330-E300) D Psychrometrics and/or Performance f(EDB, EWB)

A

E340 & (E340-E300), D Infiltration/Outside Air Interaction(E330-E340)

A

E350 & (E350-E300) D Thermostat Setup and/orPerformance f(EDB, EWB)

AUndersized System:

E360 & (E360-E300) D Equipment Capacity, Zone Temp. and/orPerformance f(EDB, EWB, PLR)

A

E400 & (E400-E300) D Economizer w/ Temperature Control

E410 & (E410-E300) D Economizer w/ Temperature Control + Compressor Lockout

E420 & (E420-E300) D Economizer w/ Temperature Control + ODB Limit

E430 & (E430-E300) D Economizer w/ Enthalpy Control

E440 & (E440-E300) D Economizer w/ Enthalpy Control +OD Enthalpy Limit

A

STOP

ABBREVIATIONS A = Agree; D = Disagree. For the E300 series agreement/disagreement is determined relative to example simulation results or other user provided results and the sensitivity case.

Figure 4: HVAC BESTEST Diagnostic Logic Flow Diagram – E300- E440, dynamic caseswith outside air


web site. Also, a web site has beencreated to allow code authorsaccess to these models,http://home.swipnet.se/nmf.

Subtask C: Comparative EvaluationThis Subtask developed a number ofcomparative tests on basic energymodeling capabilities.Task Expertsdeveloped useable test case specifi-cations and results sets for thefollowing energy modeling topics:

■ Radiant Floor Heating Systems(RADTEST)

■ Gas-Fired Furnaces, extension toHVAC BESTEST

■ Mechanical Cooling: HVACBESTEST,Volume 2 – Cases E300-E545

■ Ground Coupled Heat Transferfrom Floor Slabs and Basements,extension to the original IEABESTEST suite of test cases

The completed final reports forRADTEST and the Gas-FiredFurnaces extension to HVACBESTEST are posted on the SHCProgramme Task 22 web site.Thefinal report for HVAC BESTEST,Volume 2 is expected to be availablein 2004. During 2003, the test speci-fication and initial results for GroundCoupled Heat Transfer from FloorSlabs and Basements was packagedas a working document; the groundcoupling work is being continued aspart of the new SHC Task 34/ECBCSAnnex 43.

The gas-fired furnace HVACBESTEST cases include eight Tier 1analytical verification test cases thathave “analytical/semi-analytical” solu-tion results and three Tier 2 compar-

ative test cases that do not havesuch solution results. Simulation toolresults for the Tier 1 test casesshowed good agreement versus thepublished solution results. For theTier 2 cases, slightly more diversityexists among the simulation toolresults. The test cases were success-ful in discovering errors or deficien-cies in the simulation tools. Forexample, prior to performing thetests, the EnergyPlus simulation tool’sfurnace model did not have capabil-ity to simulate part load perfor-mance or account for parasiticelectric power such as that used by adraft fan; the tool authors madecorrections to improve the model.

The RADTEST final report docu-ments a comparative diagnosticprocedure for testing the ability ofwhole-building simulation programsto model the performance of radiant

heating and cooling systems. For thispurpose, RADTEST includes 13 testcases beginning with one of the orig-inal IEA BESTEST cases. Among thesimulation tools that were tested, thedifferent approaches to modelingradiant heating and cooling systemsled to satisfying results. The simpleapproach of modeling with an activetemperature layer to provide coolingor heating load to an active zoneyields good agreement among thesimulation tools.

HVAC BESTEST Volume 2 is acontinuation of the Volume 1 steady-state analytically solvable cases forunitary space cooling equipment.Features of the Volume 2 test casesthat are not present in Volume 1include: hourly varying weather, inter-nal gains and set point conditions,outside air mixing, infiltration, andvarious economizer control

CONTINUE (C) PROBABLE CAUSE OF DISAGREEMENT DIAGNOSE (GOTO)

C1 E500 D Dynamic Load or ODB; Intermittent ID fan; C3 thru C8,and/or performance f(EDB, EWB, ODB) a so:

A A1 thru A6,B1 thru B10

C2 (E500-E300) D Outside Air Sensitivity, Fan Operation, Internal Gains

A

C3 E500, Apr. 30 v. Jun 25 D Performance f(ODB) B2, B6

A

C4 E510, (E510-E500) D PLR Sensitivity B5

A

C5 E520 DC5 E522 D Performance f(EDB) B3C5 E525, (E525-E520) D

A

C6 E530, (E530-E500) D Dry-Coil Sensitivity A1 thru A6

A

C7 E530, Apr. 30 v. Jun 25 D Dry-Coil Performance f(ODB) A2, A6

A

C8 E540 D Dry-Coil Performance f(EDB) A3C8 E545, (E545-E540) D

A

END

Figure 5: HVAC BESTEST Diagnostic Logic Flow Diagram – E500- E545, DynamicCases without Outside Air


Software Error Descriptiona % Disagreementa,b ResolutionCODYRUN Inconsistent accounting of fan heat 14% compressor consumption Fixed

(main issue), and dry coil modeling in 9% peak power (E300, E310)neural network performance mapping

CODYRUN Moisture balance calculation 1% comp. consumption(E360) Fixed4-5% peak power(E360, E300-E320)

CODYRUN IDB does not float above set point 14% comp. cons.(E320-E340) Fixedwhen equipment is overloaded 1% comp. Cons. (other E3xx)

0-1% peak power (E300 series)CODYRUN Thermal balance calculation, amalgamation Up to 4% total consumption Fixed

of air infiltration and outside air mixing, Up to 3% peak consumptionand thermal capacitance input error

CODYRUN DF/PLR not properly accounted for in ID 8-18% ID and OD fan cons Fixedand OD fan consumptions. 1-3% total consumption(E500-E525)

CODYRUN Neural network performance calculation. 21% peak hour sensible coil load Fixed1% total consumption(E360 only)

CODYRUN Balancing of zone air conditions and 36-53% peak latent coil load Fixedequipment performance parameters 2-6.5% peak consumption(E520, E522 only)

DOE-2.1E-ESTSC Misleading documentation for 30-115% latent coil loads Authors notified,BF = f(PLR) curve, affects cases with 7-22% total consumption Input fixedcontinuous fan operation and typical (E300-E350, E400-E440)range of PLRs

DOE-2.1E-ESTSC Hard-wired lower limit on EWB used 65-109% fan consumption Fixedwith performance data 6-8% total consumption

(low EDB E520, E540 only)DOE-2.1E-ESTSC Single-pass HVAC calculation with 20-50% peak latent coil load No Change,

1-hour time step (E320-E340, E400). Fixed in Peak humidity (E310, E350, E545) EnergyPlus

DOE-2.1E-ESTSC Variation of zone humidity ratio in 10-25% daily humidity ratio No Change,dry coil cases with constant set point (E530 specific day results) Fixed in and cooling on EnergyPlus

ENERGYPLUS Documentation improvement for when Possible fatal errorc Fixedperformance data for ARI rating conditionsnot included

ENERGYPLUS Latent cooling load calculation Negligible FixedENERGYPLUS System control during part loading 1-2% consumptiond and total Fixed

peak power (E300 series)ENERGYPLUS Weather data interpolation with 0-1% consumptiond Fixed

sub-hourly time steps 0–2% total peak power (E300 series)

ENERGYPLUS Economizer compressor lockout allowed as E410 gives same results as Case E400 Authors notifiedinput, but not implemented in the software

ENERGYPLUS Moisture balance 8-32% humidity ratio (E500-E525); Fixednegligible consumption

HOT3000 Outside air not properly modeled 4% total consumption, 5% sens. coil, Fixed9% lat. coil (E330 only)

HOT3000 System performance parameters based 3% peak consumption Authors notifiedon zone conditions from previous time step (E310, E520 only)

a Acronyms and abbreviations used in this column are described in the Nomenclature (Section 2.7).b Specific cases or conditions relevant to the described disagreement(s) are included in parenthesis.c Fatal error occurs if ARI-condition data point not used for curve fit normalization. d Compressor + OD fan

Figure 6: Summary of Software Problems Found Using HVAC BESTEST, Volume 2, Cases E300-E545


schemes. Analytical solutions werenot possible for the Volume 2 testcases. Diagnostic Logic FlowDiagrams of the HVAC BESTEST,Volume 2, Cases E300-E545 areshown in Figures 3 and 4. Examplesof the types of problems foundwhen building energy analysis simula-tion tools are run through thesetests are shown in Figure 5.

Subtask D: Empirical ValidationThis Subtask is concerned with vali-dating building energy analysis toolenergy predictions with performancedata from a highly controlledcommercial test facility. The follow-ing energy systems were tested inthe Iowa Energy Resource StationTest Facility, with the performancedata used in the validation of partici-pating building energy analysis tools:

■ Daylighting/HVAC Interaction■ Economizer Control

The final report for Daylighting/HVAC Interaction is on the SHCProgramme Task 22 web site. Twodaylighting tests using empirical testdata were developed to evaluate theability of whole-building energyanalysis simulation programs to accu-rately model lighting, heating, andcooling energy consumption in acommercial building. The compari-son of daylighting illuminance calcula-tions by the simulation tools tomeasured light levels showed defi-ciencies in the models under condi-tions of excessive daylight. Resultsshow that the models can predictlighting power within 15% of themeasured values for a daylight-controlled space. Results from thiswork also show a reduction in cool-

ing energy for the daylight-controlledspaces as compared to the non-daylight controlled spaces. A signifi-cant finding of this work showed thatthermal stratification within a roomaffects the heating energy require-ments to maintain the spacetemperature. Because many simula-tion tools do not account for spatialtemperature variation within theconditioned zone, differences willoccur between model predictionsand actual energy usage. RegardingEconomizer Control tests, all testshave been completed but the draftfinal report remains to be prepared.Publication of the draft final report isexpected during 2004.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003As 2003 was the last year of theTask, the activities consisted of finaliz-ing the products developed forSubtasks C and D, and of publishingand distributing them. These areincluded in the full final list of keypublications and reports below. Apublic website has been developed(www.iea-shc.org/task22/index.html),and documents have been placed onthat site and can be downloaded.Other activities included planning fora new Task that would continuework on software evaluation, whichwas approved as a joint Task with the

Energy Conservation in Buildingsand Community SystemsProgramme—SHC Task 34/ECBCSAnnex 43.

Apart from that, work on bringingevaluation test procedures devel-oped under IEA SHC research intocodes and standards (norms) hascontinued and will be continuingbeyond the time frame of the Task.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYBecause of the nature of the Task—tool evaluation and emerging toolresearch—links with industry take asomewhat different form than otherIEA SHC Programme Tasks.Theprimary audiences for SHC Task 22research are building energy analysistool authors and national and inter-national building energy standardmaking organizations.

For tool authors, a number of linkshave been established. TheAnalytical Solutions WorkingDocument was distributed for theiruse and comment, and was a startingpoint for continued analytical testverification research by ASHRAE. Anumber of prominent tool authorsparticipated in the HVAC BESTESTand RADTEST comparative tests,and in the EDF and Iowa Energy

Energy systems were tested at the Iowa Energy Resource Station Test Facility.


Resource Station empirical validationexercises.

The tool authors are formally docu-menting use of IEA tool testingprocedures. For example, fivepapers by software developersrelated to tool evaluation test proce-dures created under SHC Task 22were presented at the conference ofthe International BuildingPerformance Simulation Association,September 2003 in Eindhoven,Netherlands. An additional paperdescribing one of the new testprocedures developed under SHCTask 22 was also presented at theEindhoven conference.

Abstracts for four papers by soft-ware developers related to softwaretesting using SHC Task 22 work havebeen accepted for the CanadianESim conference scheduled for June2004 in Vancouver. Additionalpapers by software developersrelated to SHC Task 22 test proce-dures and earlier procedures devel-oped under SHC Task 12/ECBCSAnnex 21 have appeared regularly atASHRAE meetings in the US. In thisway the SHC Task 22 research iseffectively linked to the needs andrecommendations of the world’sleading building energy analysis tooldevelopers.

The results of SHC Task 22 researchare used as prenormative informa-tion in the establishment of nationaland international building energycodes and standards. For example,the IEA BESTEST cases were usedby ASHRAE to develop a standardmethod of test for evaluating build-ing energy analysis programs as

described above under “TaskAccomplishments, Codes andStandards Activities”. Also, the U.S.National Association of State EnergyOfficials has referenced HERSBESTEST for certification of homeenergy rating software. HERSBESTEST, which is conceptuallybased on IEA BESTEST, was devel-oped for testing software that isused specifically in conjunction withHome Energy Rating Systems(HERS). A number of other coun-tries, such as The Netherlands,Australia and New Zealand are usingBESTEST as a standard method oftesting building energy analysis toolsfor their national energy codes orhome energy rating software.

Through these kinds of industrylinks, the participants of SHC Task 22have ensured the valuable use of itsresearch results.

MAIN REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONSA Working Document of Subtask A.1Analytical Tests.P.Tuomaala,VTT Building Technology,Espoo, Finland. 1999.

Empirical Validation of EDF ETNA andGENEC Test Cell Models.S. Moinard, Créteil University, France,and G. Guyon, Electricity of France,Moret sur Loing, France. 1999.

Models for Building Indoor Climateand Energy Simulation.A. Bring, P. Sahlin, and M.Vuolle,Swedish Royal Institute ofTechnology, Stockholm, Sweden.1999.

Simulation Model Network.(SIMONE), web site of NMF engi-neering models, http://home.swip-net.se/nmf, BrisData, Stockholm,Sweden. 1999.

Empirical Validation of Iowa EnergyResource Station Building EnergyAnalysis Simulation Models.J.Travesi, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain, G.Maxwell, Iowa State University,Ames, Iowa, US, C. Klaassen, IowaEnergy Center,Ankeny, Iowa, US, andM. Holtz,Architectural EnergyCorporation, Boulder, Colorado, US.2001.

International Energy Agency BuildingEnergy Simulation Test and DiagnosticMethod for HVAC Equipment Models(HVAC BESTEST) Volume 1: CasesE100 – E200.J. Neymark, J. Neymark & Associates,and R. Judkoff, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory, Golden,Colorado, US. 2002.

Using Parameters Space AnalysisTechniques for Diagnostic Purposes inthe Framework of Empirical ModelValidation.E. Palomo Del Barrio, LEPT-ENSAM,Talence, France and G. Guyon, EDF,Moret sur Loing, France. 2002.

Radiant Heating and Cooling TestCases (RADTEST).M.Achermann and G. Zweifel,G.,Hochschule Technik + ArchitekturLuzern, Luzern, Switzerland. 2003.

Building Energy Simulation Test andDiagnostics Method for Heating,Ventilating and Air-ConditioningEquipment Models (HVAC-BESTEST):Fuel-Fired Furnace Test Suite.


J. Purdy and I. Beausoleil-Morrison,CANMET Energy TechnologyCentre, Natural Resources Canada,Ottawa, Canada. 2003.

Specifications, Experimental Data andModel Results for the EmpiricalValidation of Building Energy AnalysisTools for HVAC-Daylighting InteractionTests.G. Maxwell, P. Loutzenhiser, IowaState University,Ames, Iowa and C.Klaassen, Energy Resource Station,Ankeny, Iowa, US. 2003.

International Energy Agency BuildingEnergy Simulation Test and DiagnosticMethod for Heating,Ventilating andAir-Conditioning Equipment Models(HVAC BESTEST): Cooling EquipmentTest Cases E300-E545.J. Neymark, J. Neymark & Associates,and R. Judkoff, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory, Golden,Colorado, US. 2004 (expected).

Specifications, Experimental Data andModel Results for the EmpiricalValidation of Building Energy AnalysisTools for Economizer Control Tests.G. Maxwell, P. Loutzenhiser, and C.Klaassen, Iowa State University andEnergy Resource Station. 2004(expected).

MEETINGS IN 2003Fifteenth Experts MeetingApril 23 Delft, Netherlands(held in conjunction with the TaskDefinition Workshop for SHC Task34/ECBCS Annex43 on April 24-25)


TASK 22 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS(Please note that these are contactdetails as of the end of Task 22, June2003.)

Operating AgentMichael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation 2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201Boulder, Colorado 80301United States

AustraliaP.C.Thomas ArupLevel 10201 Kent StreetSydney NSW 2000

CanadaIan Beausoliel-MorrisonCANMET Energy Technology CentreNatural Resources Canada580 Booth Street, 13th FloorOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4

Julia PurdyCANMET Energy Technology CentreNatural Resources Canada580 Booth Street, 13th FloorOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4

FinlandPekka TuomaalaVTT Building TechnologyEnergy Systems Research GroupP.O. Box 1804 (Lampomie henkuja 3,Espoo)FIN-02044 VTT

Mika VuolleHelsinki University of TechnologyHeating,Ventilating & AirConditioningOtakaari 4Fin-02150 ESPOO

France Joseph OjalvoElectricite de France, DepartmentSEVELes RenardieresRoute de Sens, Ecuelles77818 Moret-sur-Loing Cedex

Elena PalomoLEPT-ENSAMEsplanade des Arts et Metiers33405 Talence Cedex

François Garde (observer)LGI -- University of Reunion IslandIUT de Saint-Pierre40 avenue de Saveto97410 Saint Pierre

Thierry Mara (observer)LGI -- University of Reunion IslandFaculté des Sciences of Technologies15 Avenue René Cassion, BP 715197715 Ste. Clatilde

GermanyClemens Felsmann and GottfriedKnabeTechnische Universität DresdenInstitut für Thermodynamik undTechn. GebäudequsrüstungHelmholtzstr. 1401062 Dresden

Martin BehneKLIMASYSTEMTECHNIKEsdorn Jahn GmbHKeplerstraße 8/7010589 Berlin

NetherlandsWim Maassen (observer)TNO Building and ConstructionResearchPostbus 492600 AA Delft

Wim Plokker (observer)TNO Building and ConstructionResearchPostbus 492600 AA Delft

SpainJuan TravesiDepartamento De EnergíasRenovables, CIEMATAvda. Complutense, 2228040 Madrid

SwedenPer Sahlin and Alex BringEQUA Simulation AB(formerly Bris Data AB)P.O. Box 1376172 27 Sundbyberg

SwitzerlandGerhard Zweifel, MatthiasAchermann, Reto von Euw, and SvenKropfHochschule Technik + ArchitekturLuzernAbt. HLKCH-6048 Horw

United KingdomDavid Bloomfield, Foroutan Parand,and Elizabeth SilverBuilding Research EstablishmentBucknalls LaneGarstonWatford Wd2 7 JR


United StatesRon Judkoff National Renewable EnergyLaboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401

Joel NeymarkJ. Neymark & Associates2140 Ellis StreetGolden, Colorado 80401

Gregory Maxwell and Simon WinataMechanical Engineering DepartmentIowa State University2025 Black Engineering BuildingAmes, Iowa 50011

Curtis J. KlaassenIEC Energy Resource StationDMACC, Building 232006 S.Ankeny BoulevardAnkeny, Iowa 50021

Bill Beckman (observer)Solar Energy Laboratory1500 Engineering DriveUniversity of WisconsinMadison,Wisconsin 53706

27Solar Procurement

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objective of SHC Task 24was to create a sustainable, largermarket for active solar water heatingsystems (mainly domestic systems).

This objective has been achievedthrough major cost and price reduc-tions for all cost elements, includingmarketing and installation, as well asperformance improvements andjoint national and internationalpurchasing.

MeansThe work in Task 24 was dividedinto two Subtasks, each co-ordinatedby a lead country:

■ Subtask A: Procurement andMarketing (Lead Country:Netherlands)

■ Subtask B: Creation of Tools (LeadCountry: Denmark)

The objectives of Subtask A were:

■ To raise interest in active solarthermal solutions.

■ To form buyer groups to purchasestate-of-the-art and innovativesystems.

The objectives of Subtask B were:

■ To collect, analyse and summariseexperience.

■ To create tools to facilitate thecreation of buyer groups and therealisation of projects and procure-ments. These tools have beenincluded in a manual: “Book ofTools.”

■ To define a process for prototypetesting and evaluation, using exist-ing methods.

DurationThe Task was initiated on April 1,1998 and was completed on March31, 2003.

ParticipationA total of six countries participatedin the Task – Belgium (joined in2002), Canada, Denmark,Netherlands, Sweden andSwitzerland.

TASK ACCOMPLISHMENTSThe aim of the cooperative procure-ment efforts of SHC Task 24 was toincrease the use of solar water heat-ing systems by encouraging coordi-nated large-scale purchasing.Theobjectives were to reduce market-ing, distribution and hardware costsas well as to improve system perfor-mance. This Task also aimed to helporganisations meet environmentalcommitments.The procurementefforts focused primarily on smalldomestic active solar water heatingsystems, but also included largercommercial systems. Substantial costand price reductions of 7-30% wereachieved through this work.

Subtask A: Procurement andMarketingThe main task of Subtask A was tocreate a larger and sustainablemarket for active solar water heatingsystems. This was done by creatingbuyer groups and raising generalinterest, mainly through projectscarried out by these buyer groups.The extra challenge for SHC Task 24compared to other procurementprojects was that solar water heatersare not widely accepted productsyet, unlike elevators, housing appli-ances and light bulbs, for example.

TASK 24:

Solar Procurement

Hans WestlingPromandat AB

Operating Agent for Formas, theSwedish Research Council for

Environment,Agricultural Sciencesand Spatial Planning

28Solar Procurement

One of the biggest challenges forSubtask A proved to be the forma-tion of buyer groups. Finding (repre-sentatives of) buyers willing to investa lot of time and effort in buying andmarketing a relative unknown prod-uct as a solar water heater was noteasy.Within SHC Task 24 buyergroups were organised for projectsaiming at the realisation of solarwater heaters in new estates, exist-ing houses and large systems.

A First Round of procurements withsmall national projects and a lowdegree of joint international collabo-ration took place.A Second Roundwas planned which was to haveincreased international collaborationand tendering. However, it was notpossible to fulfil this objective ofextended international activitieswithin the timeframe of SHC Task24.

SHC Task 24 aimed at initiating10,000 solar systems. During thecourse of the Task, contracts forapproximately 4,200 systems (recal-culated to domestic systems) weresigned, 3,785 of which were installed.Most of the systems were installed inthe Netherlands, mainly becausestrategies for systematic marketdevelopment had already beendeveloped and tested in that coun-try. In other countries, like Denmark,it appeared to be very difficult torealize systems, primarily due toexternal influences, such as the aboli-tion of subsidies.

The main results of Subtask A can besummarised in the following accom-plishments:

■ Many buyer group approacheswere developed.

■ There has been a lot of synergybetween the countries. Knowledge,experiences and tools have beenshared.

■ A cost reduction of 7-30% wasachieved.

■ The projects running will continueafter the end of the Task and Taskresults will be used by others. Forexample,Task results will be usedin the European Union project“Soltherm Europe Initiative.”

■ Future co-operation between theexperts’ organisations is alsoexpected.

Subtask B: Creation of ToolsThe main tasks of Subtask B were tocollect, analyse and summarise expe-rience, and to create tools to facili-tate creation of buyer groups andrealization of projects and procure-ments.

A brochure “Large Scale SolarPurchasing – A Business Opportunity”and a background report“Opportunities for Large-ScalePurchase of Active Solar Systems”were produced at the beginning ofthe Task with the purpose of attract-ing interest in the Task and givingbackground information on themarket and technology of solarwater heaters.

To facilitate the procurementprocess, within the Task and forfuture projects, a document wasprepared to document the experi-ences of the Task and have in oneplace procurement information,guidelines, etc. This manual, "Book ofTools/Business Tools" is a web-based

report and available on the SHCTask 24 web page on the SHCProgramme web site, www.iea-shc.org . The "Book of Tools" consistsof different sections. Some examplesare:

■ Procurement: Explanation of theprocurement process and exam-ples of successful procurementprojects in other branches.

■ Do’s and Don’ts: Experience fromSHC Task 24 projects and analysesof non-Task projects.

■ Projects: Documentation of 21cases or projects realised within oroutside SHC Task 24.

■ Business Tools:A number of usefuldocuments for the procurementprocess or campaigns in generalelaborated by SHC Task 24.

■ Downloads and References:Comprehensive list of referenceliterature with links and downloads.This section also contains anarchive of internal Task documents(minutes of meetings, statusreports, etc.)

The main results of Subtask B can besummarised in the following accom-plishments:

■ SHC Task 24 website including theSHC Task 24 manual “Book ofTools/Business Tools.”

■ Brochure and background report(published at the beginning of theTask): Large Scale Solar Purchasing –A Business Opportunity -Opportunities for Large-ScalePurchase of Active Solar Systems

■ Evaluation reports of the 1stRound of the Task.

■ Six newsletters.

29Solar Procurement

Extended International CollaborationMany of the procurements have, toan increasing extent, been communi-cated to international media and tothe European Commission’s “OfficialJournal.” It is the first time thatcountries have tried to spread theirrequests for proposals (RFPs)directly by using a website down-loading mechanism for the fullrequest for proposals, as was thecase for the Swedish project, whichother countries then replicated.

As part of the Swedish project, anumber of different systems had theopportunity to be carefully tested.The test results and experiencewere communicated to the respec-tive manufacturers as valuable mate-rial for further refinement of theirsystems.

IIn Figure 1 are examples of areas,where two or more Task 24 coun-tries have initiated collaborativework for procurement documentsor models for more efficientprocesses.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003As the Task ended in March 2003,the main activities consisted of final-izing ongoing work.

■ The SHC Task 24 website wasupdated, in particular the “BusinessTools” section.Tender and contractdocuments, case descriptions,campaign guidelines, spreadsheetsand relevant reports, brochuresand marketing material wereuploaded as were all relevant Taskinternal documents (minutes ofmeeting, status reports, etc.).The

Task 24 website is available on theSHC website www.iea-shc.org.

■ The final report on the Swedishprojects was translated into English(“Report on Activities in Swedenfor the Period 1998-2002 in IEASHC Task 24 Active SolarProcurement”) and was uploadedto the website.

■ The experience derived from theactivities in SHC Task 24 wasincluded in a Final Manage-mentReport at the end of the Task. Itwas drawn up by the OperatingAgent in collaboration by the lead-ers of Subtask A and B and theother Task experts.The report isavailable on the website.

Apart from the above activities,Subtask A will be followed up andsome projects will continue to run,for example in the EU project“Soltherm Europe Initiative.”

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYIn the preparatory phase of SHCTask 24, industry was involved andcontributed to the objectives andwork plan of the Task.The contribu-tions came from important manufac-turers in the countries that startedthe Task and from the supplierorganisation ASTIG (in 2003 itbecame ESTIF).

During the Task, the solar industrywas involved in various ways. Someexamples are given below.

■ Parallel to the semi-annual expertsmeetings, industry workshops wereorganised.At these workshops,various buyer groups were

Figure 1. Areas of collaboration in SHC Task 24.

30Solar Procurement

presented and discussed, anddiscussions were organised onissues such as the aim and set-upof SHC Task 24 and how to dealwith international tenders.Theresults of these discussions wereused in the Task.Apart from theworkshops, visits to solar factoriesand excursions to solar thermalprojects were organised in closeco-operation with national indus-tries.

■ The ASTIG and ESTIF supplierorganisations were asked forcomments on the standard tenderdocuments produced during theTask. Comments from ASTIG werereceived and incorporated, but noreaction was received from ESTIF.In general, before every semi-annual experts meeting, there wasa meeting with ASTIG/ESTIF andthe Subtask A Leader.

■ A charter for solar water heatersand a code of conduct for highquality installation of solar waterheaters intended for installerswere developed.The system qual-ity charter was based mainly onthe European quality standards forsolar water heaters and was meantto fill in the gap until the “SolarKeymark” quality label was devel-oped.The quality charter forms thebasis for the tender documentsdeveloped within the frameworkof this Task.

■ On a national level, there are manyexamples of collaboration withindustry and manufacturers.Thenational experts of the participat-ing countries also consulted withtheir national branch organisations

before every meeting. Industryinvolvement was a standardagenda point at each expertsmeeting.

To sum up, it can be said that inpractice industry was involved duringthe Task, both on a national andinternational level.The main achieve-ments were to work together torealise uniform quality standards forboth systems and installation workand to incorporate these standardsin the system tenders of the variousbuyer groups.There also has beenco-operation in new market devel-opment approaches, such as usingthe internet.

MAIN REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS Large Scale Solar Purchasing – ABusiness Opportunity.A brochure produced in coopera-tion with IEA CADDET RenewableEnergy Technologies Programme,1998.

Opportunities for Large-scale Purchaseof Active Solar Systems.A report produced cooperationwith CADDET Renewable EnergyTechnologies Programme, 1999.

Book of Tools /Business Tools.Produced by Klaus Ellehauge as aweb manual, available on the IEASHC Programme website, www.iea-shc.org.

IEA Task 24 Active Solar Procurement -Evaluation after the 1st Round 1998-2001.Special Evaluation Report compiledby Klaus Ellehauge,Task 24 Subtask BLeader, in collaboration with all TaskExperts. May 2001.

Report on Activities in Sweden for thePeriod 1998-2002 in IEA SHC Task24 Active Solar Procurement.November 2003. Compiled by HansIsaksson, December 2002.Thisreport is also available in Swedish.

In addition to the publicationsmentioned above, conferencepapers, national brochures, leafletsand manuals have been producedduring the years in the countriesparticipating in SHC Task 24, whichcan be seen in appendices in theabove documentation and minutesof SHC Task 24 Experts Meetings.

MEETINGS IN 2003Eleventh Experts MeetingMarch 20-21Canada

31Solar Procurement

TASK 24 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS(Please note that these are contactdetails as of the end of Task 24,March 2003.)

Operating AgentHans WestlingPromandat ABP.O. Box 24205SE-104 51 StockholmSweden

Belgium Luc De Gheselle3E nv.Verenigingsstraat 39B-1000 Brussels

CanadaDoug McClenahanCANMET/Natural ResourcesCanada580 Booth StreetOttawa, Ontario K1A OE4

Michael NobleEnerWorks280 Cheapside StreetLondon, Ontario, N6A 2A2

DenmarkKlaus EllehaugeVestergade 48 HDK-8000 Aarhus C

Torben EsbensenEsbensen Consultants A/SMollegade 54DK-6400 Sonderborg

Lotte GramkowEsbensen Consultants A/SMollegade 54DK-6400 Sonderborg

NetherlandsPeter Out Ecofys Research and ConsultancyP.O. Box 8408NL-3503 RK Utrecht

Frank ZegersEcofys Research and ConsultancyP.O. Box 8408NL-3503 RK Utrecht

SwedenHans IsakssonK-Konsult StockholmP.O. Box 47044SE-100 74 Stockholm

SwitzerlandMarkus PortmannBMP Sanitär und EnergieKirchrainweg 4Postfach CH-6011 Kriens

Christian VöllminSSES, Swiss Solar Energy Societyc/o Sopra Solarpraxis AGHombergstrasse 4CH-4466 Ormalingen

32Solar Air Conditioning

TASK 25:

Solar Assisted AirConditioning of Buildings

Hans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for

Solar Energy Systems ISE

Operating Agent for the GermanFederal Ministry of Economics and

Labour (BMWA)

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main objective of SHC Task 25is to improve conditions for themarket introduction of solar assistedair conditioning systems in order topromote a reduction of primaryenergy consumption and electricitypeak loads due to air conditioning ofbuildings.Therefore the project aimsare:

■ Definition of the performancecriteria for solar assisted coolingsystems considering energy, econ-omy and environmental aspects,

■ Identification and further develop-ment of promising solar assistedcooling technologies,

■ Optimization of the integration ofsolar assisted cooling systems intothe building and the HVAC systemfocusing on an optimized primaryenergy saving - cost performance,and

■ Creation of design tools anddesign guidelines for planners andHVAC engineers.

The work in SHC Task 25 is carriedout in the framework offour Subtasks.

Subtask A: Survey of SolarAssisted CoolingThe objective of Subtask Awas to provide a picture ofthe state-of-the-art of solarassisted cooling.Thisincludes the evaluation ofprojects realized in the past.

Subtask B: Design Tools andSimulation ProgramsThe objective of Subtask Bis to develop design toolsand detailed simulation

models for system layout, systemoptimization and development ofadvanced control strategies of solarassisted air conditioning systems.Themain result will be an easy-to-handledesign tool for solar assisted coolingsystems dedicated to planners,manufacturers of HVAC systems andbuilding engineers.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and Environmental BenefitsThe objectives of Subtask C are toprovide an overview on the marketavailability of equipment suitable forsolar assisted air conditioning and tosupport the development andmarket introduction of new andadvanced systems. Design-guidelinesfor solar assisted air conditioningsystems will be developed and targetgroups dealing with solar assisted airconditioning will be addressed atworkshops and in brochuresproduced in national languages.

Subtask D: Solar Assisted CoolingDemonstration ProjectsSeveral demonstration projects are

Example of a system design for solar assisted airconditioning of a hotel in Madrid, Spain that usesmethods developed in SHC Task 25. This configura-tion of collector size and storage volume leads to aminimum in the cost of saved primary energy(expressed in _-cent per kWh of primary energy).This cost figure allows identification of the ‘best’combined energy-cost performance.


carried out and evaluated in theframework of SHC Task 25.Theobjectives are to achieve practicalexperience with solar assisted cool-ing in real projects and to make datafor the validation of the simulationtools available.The aim is to studythe suitability of the design andcontrol concepts and to achieve reli-able results about the overall perfor-mance of solar assisted airconditioning in practice.

DurationThe Task was initiated in June 1999and will be completed in November2004. ACTIVITIES DURING 2003

Important Task activities were:

■ Finalization of a technical reporton finished and ongoing R&Dprojects in the participating coun-tries on new technologies (solar,cooling) which are useful for solarassisted air conditioning.

■ Finalization of the handbook forplanners, entitled Solar Assisted Air-Conditioning in Buildings - AHandbook for Planners.

■ In several countries national work-shops with professionals werecarried out.

■ The desiccant cooling demonstra-tion model was shown at the Light& Building Trade Fair in Abu Dhabiin January 2003.

■ The first detailed results frommany of the Subtask D demonstra-tion systems were obtained.

Subtask B: Design Tools andSimulation ProgramsWork on mathematical models forall key components of solar assistedair conditioning systems has beencompleted; some componentmodels are also available for

TRNSYS (adsorption chiller, single-effect absorption chiller).A completeversion of the WINDOWS designtool with user-friendly interface isavailable and being tested by Taskparticipants. Reference load files for21 combinations of buildings (hotel,office, seminar room) and climatesare available.

Subtask C: Technology, MarketAspects and Environmental BenefitsThe handbook for planners, which isa major result of Subtask C, wasfinished. The study on completedand ongoing national R&D work onnew components was finished. Newwork was started on the creation ofa tool for decision-making (“deci-sion-tree”) in an early phase of aproject.Also a multi-colouredbrochure about solar assisted airconditioning is in preparation whichwill be produced in several nationallanguages.

Subtask D: Solar assisted coolingdemonstration projectsTwelve demonstration projects arepart of Task 25.All systems are inoperation. From about 8 systemsdetailed measurement data wereanalyzed and are available. Insights

Chamber for Trade & Commerce build-ing in Freiburg, Germany. A desiccantcooling system (10200 m3/h) with 100m2 of solar air heating collectors is usedto air condition the seminar room ontop of the building. The plant is beingmonitored under the framework of SHCTask 25, Subtask D.

Solar collector of the world’s largestsolar assisted cooling system in Greeceat the Sarantis cosmetics factory (2700m2 collector area).


on the overall energy balances aswell as technical problems andshortcomings of systems wereachieved, and in some cases couldbe solved.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2004Subtask A has been completed.Work in Subtasks B and C will befinished in May 2004.This includesseveral dissemination activities, suchas participation at internationalconferences and trade-fairs on air-conditioning, production and distrib-ution of the brochure andworkshops with professionals innational languages.The design toolwill be ready for providing it tousers. Subtask D will continue untilNovember 2004. Monitoring of thesystems will continue during summer2004 and all results (energybalances, operation experiences andproblems, lessons learned) will bedocumented in a technical report.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2003Solar Assisted Air-Conditioning inBuildings - A Handbook for Planners.Springer Vienna, New York, 2003(ISBN 3-211-00647-8).

Ongoing Research Relevant for SolarAssisted Air Conditioning of Buildings.Technical Report (available on theSHC Task 25 web page at www.iea-shc.org).

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004Technical Report about the SubtaskD projects.

Multi-colour brochure on solarassisted air conditioning for profes-sionals in national languages.

MEETINGS IN 2003Eighth Expert MeetingApril 3-4Palermo, Italy

Ninth Expert MeetingOctober 13-14Barcelona, Spain

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004 Tenth Expert MeetingApril 19-20Lisbon, Portugal(including participation atCLIMAMED Conference in Lisbonon April 16-17)

Eleventh Experts MeetingTo be determined


TASK 25 NATIONAL CONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentHans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems ISEHeidenhofstr. 5D-79100 FreiburgGermany

AustriaMichael Neuhäuser (leader Subtask C)Arsenal ResearchFaradaygasse 3, Objekt 2101030 Vienna

Wolfgang StreicherTechnical University GrazInffeldgasse 25A-8010 Graz

FranceJean-Yves Quinette (Leader Subtask D)Tecsol105, rue Alfred Kastler - Tecnosud -B.P. 434,F-66004 Perpignan

GermanyUwe Franzke (Leader Subtask B)Institut für Luft- und KältetechnikBertolt-Brecht-Allee 20D-01309 Dresden

GreeceConstantinos A. BalarasGroup Energy ConservationIERSD, National Observatory ofAthensMetaxa & Vas. PavlouR 15236 Palea Penteli

IsraelGershon GrossmanTechnion HaifaHaifa 32000

ItalyFederico ButeraPolitecnico di Milanovia Bonardi, 320133 Milano

JapanHideharu YanagiMayekawa MFG.Co., LTD.,2000,Tatsuzawa Moriya-Machi,Kitasoma-GunIbaraki-Pref. 302-0118

MexicoWilfrido RiveraUniversidad Nacional Autonoma deMexicoApdo. Postal #34 Temixco 62580Morelos

NetherlandsDaniel MaronTNO Building & ConstructionResearchSchoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 492600 AA Delft

PortugalJoão Farinha MendesDER / INETI, Edificio GEstrada do Paco do Lumiar, 221649-038 Lisboa

SpainJordi CadafalchUniversitat Politècnica de CatalunyaC/ Colom, 11E-08222 Terrassa (Barcelona)

36Solar Combisystems

TASK DESCRIPTIONSolar heating systems forcombined domestic hot waterpreparation and space heating, socalled solar combisystems areincreasing their market share inseveral countries. Much is alreadyknown about solar domestic hotwater systems, but solar combisys-tems are more complex and haveinteraction with extra subsystems.These interactions profoundly affectthe overall performance of the solarpart of the system.

The general complexity of solarcombisystems has led to a largenumber of widely differing systemdesigns, many only very recentlyintroduced onto the market.Afterthe first introduction of combisys-tems during 1975-1985, when thedesign of non-standard andcomplex systems by engineers wasthe rule, a new period began in1990.At this time, solar companiesthat were interested in selling lesscomplex and cheaper systemsbegan to take over from the engi-neers and design combisystems.However, the current designs werethe result mainly of field experi-ences and have not yet been care-fully optimized. As a result, therewas substantial potential for costreduction, performance improve-ment and increase in reliability, areasSHC Task 26 would begin toaddress.

Scope and Main Activities SHC Task 26 reviewed, analyzed,tested, and compared, optimizedand improved designs and solutionsof solar combisystems for :

■ detached single-family houses,■ groups of single-family houses, and■ multi-family houses or equivalent

in load with their own heatinginstallations.

The Task did address solar districtheating systems, systems withseasonal storage and central solarheating plants with seasonal storage.

To accomplish the objectives of theTask, the Participants carried outresearch and devel-opment in theframework of the following threeSubtasks:

■ Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults (Lead Country:Switzerland)

■ Subtask B: Development ofPerformance Test Methods andNumerical Models forCombisystems and theirComponents (Lead Country:TheNether-lands)

■ Subtask C: Optimization ofCombisystems for the Market(Lead Country:Austria)

Besides 37 experts from 10 coun-tries, 16 companies from almost allthe participating countries took partin the work.Their contributions

TASK 26:

Solar Combisystems

Werner WeissAEE, ArbeitsgemeinschaftERNEUERBARE ENERGIE

Institute for Sustainable TechnologiesOperating Agent for the Austrian

Ministry of Transport, Innovation andTechnology

Solar Combisystem with facade-inte-grated collector array in Germany.(Source: Wagner & Co, Germany)


made the results of the Task morerelevant to the solar heating industryin general.

DurationThe Task was initiated on December1, 1998 and completed onDecember 31, 2002.

ParticipationA total of eight countries haveparticipated in the Task throughoutits duration.These were:

Austria NetherlandsDenmark SwedenFrance SwitzerlandGermany USA

Two other countries, Finland andNorway participated, but notthroughout the whole duration.Finland participated from December1998 to December 2001. Norwayjoined the Task in October 1999 andparticipated until December 2002.

All participating countries have beenvery active and have participated inthe work in all the Subtasks.Between 26 and 30 expertsattended each meeting, with verylittle exchange of persons frommeeting to meeting, ensuring goodcontinuation in the work.Theexperts comprised both researchersfrom universities and research insti-tutions, and engineers from privatecompanies.

TASK ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Subtask A: Solar CombisystemsSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResultsOn one hand, Subtask A was a

service subtask for the other twosubtasks, especially in the first andthe last year of SHC Task 26 opera-tion. Parameters and referenceconditions were defined, which thenwere used for the system perfor-mance simulation in Subtask C andas a background for the develop-ment of test methods by Subtask B.As planned, Subtask A produced andpublished—after one year of inten-sive co-operative work—anoverview of the solar combisystemson the market in the participatingcountries.This color booklet becamethe main reference for all subse-quent work in the Task.At the sametime, this booklet was a good ‘flag’attracting the attention of architects,engineers, industry and public officesto the ongoing Task work.

The second main activity of SubtaskA was the co-ordination and editingof the design handbook for solarcombisystems, was published byJames & James. This handbookcontains all of the main results ofSHC Task 26, and includes importantchapters directly related to specificSubtask A activities.

There were also more specific activi-ties of Subtask A.At the beginning,criteria were defined for the analysisof solar combisystems, resulting in aclassification of solar combisystemsbased on their hydraulic scheme—this was pre-normative work withresults passed to the TechnicalCommittee CEN/TC 312 in chargeof European standards for solarheating systems—and in a numberof considerations over durability andreliability of solar combisystems.These aspects are of great practical

relevance for industry, planners andinstallers. Subtask A focused particu-larly on the stagnation behaviour ofsolar collectors, collector arrays andsolar combisystems. New resultshave been obtained, which are signif-icant advances from the point ofview of durability and reliability ofsolar heating systems with a largecollector area leading to consider-able excess heat in summer time.Design rules have been defined forcollectors, collector arrays andcollector loops. One different way toaddress this issue is to move todrainback technology for the collec-tor loop. With growing collectorareas, architectural integration ofcollector arrays into roofs andfacades becomes increasingly impor-tant for a large market penetrationof the technology. This topic wasaddressed by Subtask A, with signifi-cant advances as well. Finally, in co-operation with the Operating Agent,Subtask A organised seven well-attended Industry Workshops inconjunction with the regular Expert’sMeetings.

In summary, all of the objectives ofthe Subtask A work plan wereachieved, some of them even to alarger extent than originallyexpected.

Subtask B: Development of perfor-mance test methods and numericalmodels for combisystems and theircomponentsIn Subtask B, a major step was takenin the development of tools forcharacterisation, comparison andassessment of prototypes and prod-ucts.Test procedures for revealingthe thermal performance of test


procedures were designed and eval-uated.Attention towards the simplifi-cation of testing resulted in theAC/DC test method and the DirectCharacterisation (DC) test method,both having a 6-day core phase andmaking assumptions for the heatdistribution system. The DC testprocedure does not even require anumerical model to reveal theannual system performance.Anothertest method, the 12-day ConciseCycle Test (CCT) method, also takesinto account the control of the heatdistribution system. The alreadyavailable CTSS (Component Testing -System Simulation) method acted asreference. Every method has specificcharacteristics with respect to accu-racy, reproducibility and possibilityfor extrapolation of test results forother operational conditions andsystem sizes.

Parallel to the development of testmethods, test facilities for solarcombisystems were designed andbuilt.Test facilities are available nowand will be ready soon in fiveEuropean countries.Tests have beenrestricted to comparison testing withCTSS, but soon DC and CCT testswill be carried out. Construction oftest facilities required more effortthan planned.That is why, in the timeframe of SHC Task 26, reproducibilitytesting of one system in differentlaboratories could not be carriedout. Participants discussed whetheror not to introduce one or more ofthe simpler solar combisystem testmethods as work item to CEN, theEuropean standards organisation. Itwas decided to wait until more vali-dation experience and moresupport from industry is available.

The comfort aspect of solarcombisystems was accounted forthrough the development of asimple hot water comfort testmethod.Three combisystem heatstores were tested successfully usingthis procedure. Apart from modeldevelopment for the test methoddesign, choice and development ofnumerical models took place inSubtask C.

Subtask C: Optimisation ofCombisystems for the Market In Subtask C, nine systems weremodelled in detail. This is twosystems less than proposed in therevised work plan from March 2001,but a change was needed due to lessmanpower available and the financialsituation of some participants. Oneof the conclusions of this subtask isthat it is very difficult and timeconsuming to find common refer-ence conditions for the differentsolar combisystems and computethe results in order to delivercomparable results, as also wasfound in Subtask B. In addition, thesimulation models used for parts ofthe combisystems had to be deeplyanalyzed in order to know how touse them to achieve results close toreality. Each participant will distributethe system simulation models sepa-rately in order to prevent propri-etary information from beingdisseminated. Nevertheless, thedetailed system reports provide agood overview and show whichparameters have high and whichhave low significance for the frac-tional savings.The main parametersseem to be collector area, azimuthand slope, storage volume, controlstrategy and settings, and hydraulics.

The optimisation of systems is, ofcourse, a multi-dimensional effortand therefore again complicated.First results show, that optimisedsystems that take into account mini-mum store volumes for the auxiliaryheater, prevent water from beingmixed to lower temperatures(second thermodynamic law), oper-ate the collector at low temperatureand use as few pumps as possible,show similar good performance.These conclusions will be drawn inthe report on the comparison of thesystems.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003Activities were focused on editingthe book, Solar Heating Systems forHouses – A Design Handbook forSolar Combisystems.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYSixteen companies from almost allthe participating countries are takingpart in SHC Task 26.The IndustryWorkshops, which were jointly orga-nized by Subtask A and the Task’sOperating Agent, received positiveresponses from industry. Between11 and 50 industry representativesattended each workshop.

LINKS WITH CEN TC 312A liaison status has been granted to

Solar combisystem with 22.7 m2 façade-integrated collector in Austria


SHC Task 26 with CEN/TC 312"Thermal solar systems and compo-nents," by Resolution 7/99. CMC(CEN Management Center) hasrecorded as interface between theCEN/TC 312 and SHC Task 26.

The Subtask A Leader, J.-M. Suter,attended the November 2001CEN/TC 312 meeting in Athens,Greece. At this meeting the liaisonofficer reported on the progress ofSHC Task 26 work, especially on:(1) the classification of combisystemsdeveloped within Subtask A andpublished 2000 in the colouredbooklet ‘Overview of SolarCombisystems.’, and (2) The devel-opment of test procedures withinSubtask B. CEN/TC 312 acknowl-edged the extensive information andpassed the following resolution #2.

The possible work item for CEN ontest procedures for solar combisys-tems was discussed. It was agreed tostart this work after validation of theproposed test methods and whenmore practical experience with test-ing is available. Still open is whichtest methods the work item shouldcontain, probably CTSS and DC butmaybe more.

KEY REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONSThe main results of SHC Task 26 area design handbook, several technicalreports, design tools and proceed-ings from six industry workshops,many of which can be downloadedfrom the Task page on the web siteof the SHC Programme, www.iea-shc.org

Solar Heating Systems for Houses – ADesign Handbook for SolarCombisystems.This book summarises all the resultsof SHC Task 26. The focus is on heatdemand of buildings, different systemdesigns and built examples, building-related aspects like space require-ments of the systems andarchitectural integration of collectorarrays, performance as well as dura-bility and reliability of solar combisys-tems, and last but not least,dimensioning and testing of solarcombisystems. Published by Jamesand James (Science Publishers).

CombiSun Design ToolIn the area of combisystem charac-terisation, the scheme named FSCProcedure, introduced by the Frenchparticipant, has turned up tobecome a major powerful tool forsolar combisystems.The FSC schemehas similarities with f-chart, the well-known design tool for solar waterheaters. Data from Subtask C hasbeen used to characterise some 10generic systems. The characteristicfunctions obtained for each of them

are the main background informa-tion for a simple design tool–calledCombiSun–for architects and engi-neers.With this tool, solar combisys-tems can be compared and properlysized according to specific require-ments from the practice.

Technical ReportsThe technical reports documentspecific results and findings of SHCTask 26 and provide details andbackground information on the topicpresented. The following technicalreports are available on the SHCProgramme web site:

■ Comparison of solarcombisystems, architecturaland reliability/durability aspects

■ Performance test of solarcombisystems

■ Optimization of solarcombisystems

MeetingsProceedings of Industry WorkshopsOslo, Norway,April 8, 2002Rapperswil, Switzerland,October 10, 2001Delft, the Netherlands,April 2, 2001Espoo, Finland, October 9, 2000Borlänge, Sweden,April 3, 2000Stuttgart, Germany, October 4, 1999



Operating AgentWerner WeissAEE INTEC Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBAREENERGIEInstitute for Sustainable TechnologiesFeldgasse 19A-8200 GleisdorfAustria

AustriaIrene Bergmann and RobertHausnerAEE INTECArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBAREENERGIEInstitute for Sustainable TechnologiesFeldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf

Wolfgang Streicher andRichard HeimrathTechnical University of GrazInstitut für WärmetechnikInffeldgasse 25A-8010 Graz

DenmarkSimon Furbo, Louise Jivan Shah and Elsa AndersenSolar Energy Center DenmarkTechnical University of DenmarkDepartment of Buildings and EnergyBuilding 118DK-2800 Lyngby

Klaus Ellehauge andLine Louise OvergaardSolar Energy Center DenmarkTeknologisk Institut DK-8000 Aarhus C

FinlandPetri KonttinenHelsinki University of TechnologyAdvanced Energy Systems P.O. Box 2200FIN-02015 HUT

FranceThomas LetzASDERBP 45299, rue du GranierF-73230 Saint Alban-Leysse

Philippe PapillonClipsol-RechercheZ.I.F-73100 Trevignin

Rodolphe MorlotCSTBEnergie, Environment Interieur etAutomatisimesRoute des Lucioles Boite postale 209F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex

GermanyHarald Drück and Henner KerskesStuttgart UniversityITWPfaffenwaldring 6D-70550 Stuttgart

Klaus Vajen andUlrike JordanKassel UniversityDpt. of Mech. EngineeringSolar and System TechnologyD-34109 Kassel

NetherlandsHuib VisserTNOBuilding and Construction ResearchDivision Building & SystemsP.O. Box 49NL-2600 AA DelftVisiting address:Schoemakerstraat 97NL-2628 VK Delft

NorwayMichaela Meir, Markus Peter andBjørnar SandnesUniversity of OsloDepartment of PhysicsP.O.BOX 1048, BlindernN-0316 Oslo

SwedenPeter KovacsSP-Swedish National Testing &ResearchInstituteBox 857S-501 Boras

Chris Bales andKlaus LorenzHögskolan DalarnaSolar Energy Research Center -SERC EKOSS-78188 BorÄnge

Bengt Perers andStefan LarssonVattenfall Utveckling ABThe Swedish National Power BoardP.O. Box 1046S-61129 Nyköping

SwitzerlandJean-C. HadornSwiss Research ProgramCH-1035 Bournens


Jean-Marc SuterSuter ConsultingPostfach 130CH-3000 Bern 16

Ueli Frei, Peter Vogelsanger andBeat MenziSPF-HSRPostfach 1475CH-8640 Rapperswil

Philippe Dind, Olivier Renoult,Jacques Bony and Thierry PittetSchool of Engineering (EIVD)Route de Cheseaux 1CH-1400 YVERDON-LES-BAINS

United StatesWilliam A. BeckmanUniversity of WisconsinSolar Energy Lab1500 Engineering DriveMadison,Wisconsin 53706

TASK 26 INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS

AustriaChristian HolterSOLIDHerrgottwiesgasse 188A- 8055 Graz

Martin BergmayrSolarteam GmbHJörgmayrstraße 12A-4111 Walding

Peter PrasserSonnenkraft GmbHResselstrasse 9A-9065 Ebental

DenmarkEmanuel BrenderBatec A/SDanmarksvej 8DK 4681 Herfolge

Finland Janne JokinenFortum Advanced Energy SystemsP.O. Box 100FIN-00048 Fortum

France Philippe PapillonClipsolZone IndustrielleF-73100 Trevignin

GermanyThomas Krause and Dagmar JaehnigSOLVIS- Solarsysteme GmbHMarienberger Straße 1D-38122 Braunschweig

Andreas SiegemundConsolar Energiespeicher- undRegelungssysteme GmbHDreieichstrasse 48D-60594 Frankfurt

NorwayJohn Rekstad SolarNor ASErling Skjalgssons gate 19 BN-0267 Oslo

SwedenBo Ronnkvist Borö-Pannan ABBangardsuagen 1S-95231 Kalix

SwitzerlandM.C. JobinAGENALe Grand PréCH-1510 MOUDON

Fritz SchuppisserSOLTOP Schuppisser AGSt. Gallerstrasse 7CH-8353 ELGG

Josef JenniJenni Energietechnik AGLochbachstrasse 22CH-3414 Oberburg

NetherlandsErwin JanssenATAG Verwarming B.V.P.O. Box 105NL-7130 AC Lichtenvoorde

Edwin van den TillaartDaalderop B.V.P.O. Box 7 NL-4000 AA Tiel

Paul KratzZonne-Energie Nederland De Run 5421 NL-5504 DG Veldhoven

42Solar Facade Components

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe objectives of this Task are todetermine the solar visual and ther-mal performance of materials andcomponents, such as advanced glaz-ing, for use in more energy efficient,comfortable, sustainable buildings, onthe basis of an application orientedenergy performance assessmentmethodology; and to promoteincreased confidence in the use ofthese products by developing andapplying appropriate methods forassessment of durability, reliabilityand environmental impact.

ScopeThe work is focusing on solar facadematerials and components selectedfrom the following:

■ Coated glass products■ Edge sealed glazings, windows and

solar façade elements■ Dynamic glazing (i.e., elec-

trochromic, gasochromic and ther-mochromic devices, thermotropicand other dispersed media)

■ Antireflective glazing■ Light diffusing glazing■ Vacuum glazing■ Transparent insulation materials■ Daylighting products■ Solar protection devices (e.g.,

blinds)■ PV windows■ Solar collector materials, including

polymeric glazing, facade absorbersand reflectors.

MeansThe work in Task 27 is carried out inthe framework of three subtasks:

■ Subtask A: Performance (LeadCountry: Netherlands)

■ Subtask B: Durability (LeadCountry: Sweden)

■ Subtask C: Sustainability (LeadCountry: France)

Main DeliverablesSubtask A: Performance■ A further developed coherent

energy performance assessmentmethodology to enable compari-son and selection of differentproducts and to provide guidancefor their assembly and integrationinto building envelope elements.

■ A structured data base of compo-nents and façade elements topresent data in a consistent andharmonised form, suitable forproduct comparison and selectionand for simulation of performancein specific applications.

■ Recommended calculation and testmethods for solar and thermalperformance parameters insupport of international standardsdevelopment.

Subtask B: Durability■ A validated methodology for dura-

bility assessment of advanced solarbuilding materials.

■ An estimation of the service life-time based on degradation ofperformance for selected materialstested.

■ Recommended standard testprocedures for service life testingof selected materials and compo-nents.

Subtask C: Sustainability■ A review of international knowl-

TASK 27:

Performance of SolarFacade Components

Michael KöhlFrauhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems

Operating Agent for theForschungszentrum Jülich


edge base, tools, actions andrequirements related to glazing,windows and solar components.

■ An overview of the FMEA toolcapabilities, adaptation to the fieldof glazing, windows and solarcomponents, and guidelines forusing it in the assessment of possi-ble shortening/reduction of theservice life.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January2000. Subtask C was completed inDecember 2003. Subtasks A wasextended until end of 2004 andSubtask B will continue until end of2005.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003Overall, good progress was achievedon the main issues of performance,durability and sustainability.

Subtask A: PerformanceThe extended report on perfor-mance indicators and terminologywas completed. More emphasis wasput on fenestration rating tools as a

result of a respective workshopduring the April Experts meeting.Awork plan for the extension wasprepared that includes a generalenergy performance assessmentmethodology and performance test-ing of solar control devices anddaylight redirecting devices.A finalreport will be available the beginningof 2004. Results of modelling theperformance of buildings equippedwith switchable glazing werecompared.This work will beextended for another year.

Subtask B: DurabilityThe general methodology for dura-bility assessment has been definedand disseminated through articlesand conference papers.The adapta-tion of durability assessmentmethodology to specific chro-mogenic requirements was carried

out. Two different samples (elec-trochromic and gasochromic) wereexposed to natural weathering inGrenoble (France) and Freiburg(Germany) for comparison withaccelerated testing.Activities in durability testing ofswitchable glazings were finished,despite not having reached all goalsdue to funding problems.A finalreport will be prepared the begin-

ning of 2004, which will includerecommendations for test proce-dures.

Candidate materials for durabilityand reliability assessment of staticsolar materials are investigated in theframework of the following casestudies:

■ Anti-reflective and polymeric glaz-ing materials

■ Reflectors■ Solar facade absorbers

Initial risk analysis was performed,and samples are being exposed onoutdoor test facilities at differentlocations with monitoring of therelevant optical properties andclimatic data.

The first round of acceleratedscreening tests is nearly completedfor all the case studies.This work indurability testing needs more timebecause the comparison of thedegradation after the acceleratedtests with the degradation in realoperation is necessary for the devel-opment of the life time tests. Inaddition, some of the samples arevery durable and need more timefor outdoor exposure for enabling areliable detection of the degradationphenomena.

Subtask C: SustainabilityA first attempt of data processingwas completed for examplesperformed on reference products.The methodology report (nominalservice life prediction and anticipa-tion of premature termination),application to an example as well asthe terminology report and the stateof the art report were completed.

View of the test box for outdoor expo-sure and meteorological instruments atCSTB in France.

Outdoor-weathering of reflector andabsorber samples in Freiburg, Germany.


Methodology for environmentalimpact assessment was developedand exemplarily applied to “solarcollectors” in one case study and toa “wooden frame window with adouble glazed sealed unit” in asecond case study.

Methodology for Failure Mode andEffect Analysis was used within threecase studies:

■ Double Glazing Unit / InsulatedGlazing a Double Glazed SealedUnit

■ Argon filled Low-e Coated Glazing(Major contributions from AspenResearch, USA)

■ Solar Collector

Two of three case studies werefinished. The case study on argonfilled low-e coated glazing will befinished in 2004 and serve as a start-ing point for a project on service lifeprediction tools for completesystems.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2004Subtask A: PerformanceSome experts will concentrate onthe issue of simplified tools for cool-ing and ventilation plus lightingissues, as the transparent simplemethodologies close to EN13790/EN832 are favored by build-ing authorities.This is importantbecause the countries of theEuropean Union have to implementnationally the Energy PerformanceDirective for Buildings. The experi-mental work will be focused on solarshading and daylight devices.

Subtask B: DurabilityThe extension of the work for the

next two years will focus on durabil-ity tests static solar materials and thejoint case study on service lifeprediction tools for completesystems.

This work is aimed at adopting andcomparing existing tools for servicelife prediction of selected systemswith the purpose of improving exist-ing durability test methods for quali-fication of the systems. It will beconducted in parallel with the othersub-projects concerningwindow/wall interfaces, insulatingglass units and chromogenics.

The first objective is to integrate amaterials oriented approach toservice life prediction with a systemoriented approach for the selectedsystems of solar collectors.Theanalysis starts with a Failure Modesand Effect Analysis, FMEA, of thecomplete system.Then, by makinguse of the methodology for initialrisk analysis, IFMA, on each materialand materials combinations, the riskassociated with each degradationmechanism of materials or materialscombinations is estimated. In the riskassessment, the expected service lifeassociated with each failure mecha-nism identified is also estimated.Based on this analysis the criticalfactors determining the long-termperformance and service life of thesolar collector are possible to rank.

The second objective is then to criti-cally review the existing qualificationtest standards for the selectedsystems with respect to durabilityassessment.Are the proposed testmethods and qualification criteria inagreement with the risk assessment

made? Are test methods missing orcan some test methods be excludedfrom the existing qualification stan-dards? Can some system tests bereplaced by materials or materialscombination tests?

The third objective is to make use ofexisting data on service life on mate-rials, components and completesolar collectors for data fusion toestimate reliability versus servicetime relationship for each kind ofsystem type studied.To estimate theservice life of the systems also theso-called factor method described inISO 15686-1 will be criticallyreviewed and its limitations for esti-mating service life clarified.

Work will focus on:

■ FMEA analysis of selected systemsfor study.

■ Adoption of the initial failure modeanalysis (IFMA) of the B1 method-ology to identify and estimate therisks associated with the most criti-cal degradation mechanisms andfailure modes of the completesystems selected for study.

■ Analysis and critical review ofexisting qualification test standardsfor the selected systems.

■ Assessment of a service life predic-tion by applying the data fusiontool to all existing data on servicelife duration for each selectedsystem.

■ Adoption of the factor method forservice life prediction of theselected systems.

■ Recommendations for future workon qualification test standards onthe selected systems.


A series of case studies are planned.They are:

■ Window/wall interface ■ IG-Units■ Solar Collectors■ Chromogenic glazings (if the

manufacturers would be inter-ested)

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYNine companies from five countriesare participating in SHC Task 27.Through these industry links, theparticipants of SHC Task 27 canensure the valuable use of itsresearch results. See the list of SHCTask 27 national contact persons forfurther details.

MEETINGS 2003Seventh Experts MeetingApril 1-4, 2003Lisbon/PortugalWith a workshop with local industryand research institutes.

Eighth Experts MeetingOctober 6-9, 2003Freiburg/GermanyWith a workshop with local industryand research institutes.

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004Ninth Experts MeetingMay 16-19, 2004Lund/Sweden

Tenth Experts MeetingOctober, 2004Rosenheim/GermanyIn conjunction with the“Rosenheimer Fenstertage”



Operating AgentMichael KöhlFraunhofer ISEHeidenhofstr. 279110 FreiburgGermany

BelgiumMagali BodartUniversité Catholique de LouvainArchitecture et ClimatPlace du Levant 11348 Louvain-la-Neuve

CanadaHakim ElmahdyNational Research Council ofCanadaInstitute Research in ConstructionMontreal RoadM-24, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6

DenmarkSvend SvendsenTechnical University of DenmarkDepartment of Civil EngineeringBuilding 1182800 Lyngby

Karsten DuerVELUX A/SMaskinvej 42860 Soborg

FinlandIsmo HeimonenVTT Building and TransportBuilding Physics and Indoor ClimateP.O. Box 180402044 VTT

FranceJean-Luc ChevalierCSTB Centre Scientifique etTechnique du Batiment24, Rue Joseph-Fourier38400 Saint-Martin d'Heres

Denis CovaletEDF - Electricité de France DivisionRecherche et DévelopmentSite des Renardieres77818 Moret-sur-Loing

Xavier FantonSaint-Gobain RechercheB.P. 135 93303 Aubervilliers

Richard MitancheyENTPELe Laboratoire des Sciences del´Habitatde l´Ecole des Travaux Publics del´EtatVaulx-en-Velin

GermanyMichael Freinbergerift. RosenheimTheodor-Gietl -Straße 7-983026 Rosenheim

Joachim GöttscheFH AachenSolar-Institut JülichAbteilung Solares BauenHeinrich-Mussmann-Str. 552428 Juelich

Werner PlatzerFraunhofer ISEHeidenhofstr. 279110 Freiburg

Helen Rose WilsonInterpane E & BmbH c/o FraunhoferISEHeidenhofstr. 279110 Freiburg

Dirk JoedickeFLABEG GmbH & Co. KGGlaserstr. 193437 Furth i.Wald

ItalyMaurizio CelluraDEAF - Università di PalermoViale delle ScienzePalermo90128

Michele ZinziENEAVia Anguillarese 30100060 S.Maria Di Galeria, Roma

NetherlandsDick van DijkTNO Building and ConstructionResearchDepartment of Sustainable Energyand BuildingsP.O. Box 492600 AA Delft

NorwayIda BrynErichsen & Horgen A/SP.O. Box 4464 Torshov0403 Oslo

PortugalMaria João CarvalhoInstituto de Technologias Energeticas(INETI)Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 221649-038 Lisboa


SwedenBo CarlssonSP Swedish National Testing andResearch InstituteMaterials Technology Section forPolymersBox 85750115 Boras

Björn KarlssonVattenfall Utveckling ABSolar Energy814 26 Älvkarleby

Arne RoosUniversity UppsalaThe Angstrom LaboratoriumBox 53475121 Uppsala

SwitzerlandStefan BrunoldInstitut für Solartechnik SPFHochschule Rapperswil HSROberseestrasse 108640 Rapperswil

Hans SimmlerEMPA EidgenössischeMaterialprüfungs- undForschungsanstaltÜberlandstr. 1298600 Dübendorf

United StatesDragan CurcijaUniversity of MassachusettsCenter for Energy Efficiency andRenewable EnergyEngineering Lab Building160 Govenors Dr.Amherst, MA 01003-2210

James FairmanAspen Research Coorp.1700 Buerkle RoadWhite Bear Lake, MN 55110

Gary Jorgensen, Roland PittsNRELNational Renewable EnergyLaboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, CO 80401-3393

Mike RubinLawrence Berkeley NationalLaboratory University of CaliforniaMS 2 - 3001 Cyclotron RoadBerkeley, CA 94720

48Sustainable Solar Housing

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe goal of this Task is to helpparticipating countries achieve signifi-cant market penetration of sustain-able solar housing by the year 2010,by providing home builders, institu-tional real estate investors and bankswith:

■ A Task web site illustrating builtprojects, exemplary in design, livingquality, low energy demand andenvironmental impact.

■ Documentation sets of ExemplarySustainable Solar Housing as a basisfor local language publications tocommunicate the experience frombuilt projects and motivate planersto develop marketable designs.

■ A handbook: MarketableSustainable Solar Housing: withguidelines, graphs and tablesderived from building monitoring,lab testing and computer modeling.

■ Demonstration buildings withpress kits for articles andbrochures in local languages toincrease the multiplication effectbeyond the local region.

■ Workshops after the Task conclu-sion presenting the results of theTask.

ParticipationSharing the work of the Task thisperiod are experts from 16 coun-tries:

AustriaAustraliaBelgiumBrazil CanadaCzech RepublicFinlandGermany

DurationThe Task was initiated in April 2000and is planned for completion inApril 2005.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003During the year 2003 the emphasiswas on producing material forprecisely defined publications to becompleted by the end of the Task.The goals of this work are tocommunicate results from researchon market strategies for builders,give design advice to planners,inspire building clients with demon-stration buildings, and offer insightfrom detailed data analysis forenergy consultants.The topics ofenergy and ecology over the buildinglifetime are well covered, andeconomics and costs are to be moreadequately addressed.A workinggroup is examining the importanttopic of sustainable housing in hotclimates. Following is a sample ofactivities and results by Subtask andworking groups.

Subtask A: Market-Assessment andCommunication Marketing success stories for sustain-able housing projects, programs orproducts were documented andanalyzed by a professional marketingconsultant firm.The objective was toidentify common threads suggestingeffective marketing strategies withinthe framework of classical marketapproaches.An example is a SWOTanalysis (strengths, weaknesses,opportunities and threats). TheSubtask received substantial rein-forcement from the NorwegianState Housing Bank, which is backingthe publication of Subtask A results.Work in 2003 for this publication

TASK 28 / ECBS ANNEX 38:

Sustainable Solar Housing

S. Robert HastingsArchitecture, Energy and

Environment GmbHOperating Agent for the Swiss

Federal Office of Energy

Italy JapanNetherlands New ZealandNorway SwedenSwitzerlandUK/Scotland


included:■ Documentation of 20 marketing

success stories of which 13 wereselected for detailed analysis bySEGEL, a professional marketingconsultant in Norway

■ Completion of seven sustainablehousing market audits by nationalparticipants

■ Evaluation of seven marketingstrategies by the firm Dutch firm,MoBius Consult

Subtask B: Design and Analysis Work in 2003 consisted of research-ing and documenting technologiesfor high performance housing.Combinations of technologies were

also investigated.Technology solutionsets (TSS) were defined to achievestrategy 1: minimizing losses or 2:maximizing use of renewable energy.

Through computer modeling thesensitivity of key design parametersfor the strategies were quantified formany combinations of the three Task28/38 house types and threeclimates.An example of results fromthe modeling work is the usability ofpassive solar gains through windowsdepending on the heat lossesthrough the building envelope. Forexample, a middle apartment, withneighboring apartments to the sides,above and below, has minimal heatlosses.Accordingly, heat produced bythe occupants and the use of appli-ances cover the heat losses throughlate autumn and again starting earlyin spring. Auxiliary heating is onlyrequired during mid-winter whenthe days are short and the sun isweak. As a result, a middle apart-ment profits little from passive solargains and increasing the proportionof window to facade increases theauxiliary heating needed. This is seenin Figure 1a. In the best case, namely,where a very low U-value glass isused, auxiliary heating is insensitiveto the window to facade proportion.By contrast, a top corner apartmentwith exposure on four surfaces has alonger heating season and can profitmuch more from passive solar gains,as can be seen in Figure 1b. By anal-ogy, a single family detached houseor end unit row house also canprofit more from passive solar gainsthan a middle row house.

Subtask C: Demonstration Subtask C focused on producing

Figure 1a. Auxiliary heating for a middle apartment as a function of glass to facade areaand glass type in Zurich. (Source: L. Junghans, AEU Gmbh, Switzerland)

Figure 1b. Auxiliary heating for a top corner apartment as a function of glass to facadearea and glass type in Zurich. (Source: L. Junghans, AEU Gmbh, Switzerland)


brochures presenting demonstrationhousing projects in the planning orrecently completed stages.Anne Lienof the Netherlands prepared atemplate for text content and graph-ics along with a document definingwhat projects qualify as a SHC Task28/ECBCS Annex 38 Demo.Theenergy performance must be lessthan half current building standardperformance. Currently 10 demon-stration projects are on the IEA SHCweb site for Task 28 under "results."Brochures have been completed forthe following demonstrationprojects:

■ Passive housing in Vienna,Austria■ Demonstration houses in

Hannover-Kronsberg, Germany(Berthold Kaufmann)

■ Demonstration house in Kassel,Germany Berthold Kaufmann)

■ ISIS demonstration housing projectin Freiburg, Germany (ChristelRuss)

■ Kanagawa Zero energy house,Japan1 (Motoya Hayashi)

■ Kankyokobo Sunny Eco-House,Japan1 (Motoya Hayashi)

■ Prefabricated house with PV, Japan(Motoya Hayashi)

■ Demonstration house in MonteCarasso, Switzerland (DanielPahud)

Subtask D: Monitoring andEvaluation Data sets from monitored and builthousing projects, exemplary for theirextreme low energy use, wereanalyzed and missing data wascollected.Work on the technicalreport:“Design Insights from theAnalysis of 50 Sustainable Solarhouses” has begun. And, these data

sets provided thebasis for a bookproduced forGerman-speakingcountries, which isexpected to be avail-able in January 2004.

LCA Working GroupThe Life CycleAnalysis groupcompleted the firstdraft of a workingdocument presentingresults on thesustainability ofselected demonstra-tion projects.The Taskis using the definitionof sustainability fromthe 1987 BrundtlandCommission ReportOur CommonFuture:“Maintainingthe environmental,social and economic system in sucha way as to meet the need of thepresent generation without compro-mising the ability of future genera-tions to meet their needs.”

The working document of theSubtask reviews analysis methodsused by the group, describes theunderlying principles and limitations.The methods are then used to eval-uate selected cases.A final chapterdeals with life cycle analysis of vari-ous technical solutions for sustain-able solar housing. The first casestudy “The Solar Housing EstateGelsenkrichen” illustrates two impor-tant facts:

■ As the heating energy consump-tion is dramatically reduced as a

result of extreme insulation and airtightness, the proportion of energyconsumed in the building processincreases and also needs carefulconsideration.

■ The energy consumed duringconstruction and then demolitionvaries greatly among house typesas a result of materials andconstructions selected.

It is interesting to compare thecumulative energy demand over a 50year building life time to the opera-tional energy demand. In thesehouses, about 25 kWh/m_a are usedfor construction, maintenance anddecommissioning over their assumedlifespan.This amount is considerablecompared to the primary energydemand for heating purposes of

Figure 2a. Demonstration project in Gelsenkirchen,Germany. Source: C. Petersdorff, ECOFYS, Germany

Figure 2b. Cumulative energy demand over the houselifetime vs. heating energy over the same period. Source: C. Petersdorff, ECOFYS, Germany

Diverse house models in GelsenkirchenConstruction ■ Heating

Prim

ary

ener

gy M

Wh


approximately 45 kWh/m_a duringthe same time.

Regarding the energy for construc-tion it is notable that the houses inlight construction results in signifi-cantly lower energy use comparedto the masonry houses (20%). Onemajor factor is the presence orabsence of a basement, due to thelarge amount of embodied energy inreinforced concrete.The difference,in the case of light frame construc-tion above grade, is an increase of22% of the life cycle energy when abasement is included.

Hot Climates Working GroupA mini-workshop was held inconjunction with the Novemberexpert meeting with the followingpresentations, which will subse-quently be part of a publication onsustainable housing in hot climates:

1. “Solar Sustainable Housing inMalaysia” Keynote (P.Woods,Malaysia)

2. “Lifecycle-thinking for SustainableHousing in Warm Climates,A CaseStudy” (R. Hyde,Australia)

3. “Case studies of high performancehouses in Warm climates”(Nobuyuki Sunag, Japan)

4. “Misawa House Case study”(Motoya Hayashi, Japan)

5. “Case Studies from Iran” (V.Ghobadian, Iran)

6. “Simulation Method for Solution SetAnalysis” (Kenichi Hasegawa,Japan)

WORK PLANNED FOR 2004Subtask A: Task Communication andMarket AnalysisAdditional success stories will beanalyzed, strategies to more effec-tively market sustainable solar hous-ing identified based on the analysisand results published in the docu-ment sponsored by the NorwegianState Housing Bank.

Subtask B: Design and AnalysisComputer analysis of technologysolution sets (combinations of tech-nologies optimized by housing typeand climate) will be completed,graphs produced and design guide-lines extracted from the trendsevident in the results. A full draft ofthe design handbook, including basicprinciples, strategies with technicalsolution sets and descriptions of thetechnologies will be completed.

Subtask C: DemonstrationAdditional demonstration projectswill be documented in SHC Task28/ECBCS Annex 38 brochures inthe form of PDF files available on

Task 28 page of the SHC web site,iea-shc.org. It is interesting to seethat some projects produce moreenergy than they consume, thanks tovery energy saving construction andthe integration of large PV systems.Figure 3 illustrates one such “energyplus house.”

Subtask D: Monitoring & TestingIn the first half of 2004, data setsfrom 42 projects will be analyzedand a technical report for energyconsultants prepared. Trends, insightsfor planning, and critical indicators ofperformance will be reported.

LCA Working GroupIn 2004, the working group will eval-uate three or more demonstrationprojects and examine the ecologicalimpact of a sample of technologiessolution sets selected from SubtaskB. Results will be reported in aworking document, with conclusionsintegrated in the Design Handbook.

Hot Climates Working GroupA publication will be drafted report-ing on exemplary built projects inthe participating countries andexamining technologies that userenewable energy to providecomfort. Climates represented aretaken from Australia, Brazil, Italy, Iran,Japan and Malaysia and thereforecover both hot and humid climatesas well as hot and dry climates.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYMany Task experts represent specificindustries, for example,AriseTechnologies (Canada),ABB and theState Housing Bank (Norway), andColdwell Banker (USA). In addition,many experts are from private

Figure 3. A plus energy demonstrationhouse in Austria.Source: Uwe und Karin Kroiß, Kirchberg-Thening, Austria


energy consulting firms that workwith designers, and are therefore indirect contact with the designprofession.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2003A Comparison of Energy Regulationsin 12 Countries Based on IEA 28/38Reference Buildings.Smeds, J.,Wall, M. & Hastings, R.,Working Document.

Demonstration Buildings - Designs,Monitoring and Evaluation.Voss, K.,Working Document.

Energy Targets for Simulations ofTypical Solutions for High PerformanceHousing.Wall, M. & Hastings, R.,WorkingDocument.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004 Design Insights from the Analysis of50. Sustainable Solar Houses.C. Russ,Technical Report.

Wohnbauten mit geringemEnergieverbrauch - 12 Gebäude:Planung, Umsetzung und Realität(Housing with Minimal Energy Use -12 Buildings: Planning,Application andReality).C. Hofmann, R. Hastings & K.Voss,Muller Publishing, Heidelberg(Germany) ISBN 3-87907-356-2,January 2004.

Creating the Environment Brief.R. Hyde, et. al. Planned for commer-cial publication in mid-2004.

Additional brochures on demonstra-tion projects from Austria, Germany,Norway, Sweden, Switzerland andthe UK will be published on the IEASHC web site throughout the year.

MEETINGS IN 2003Subtask: B WorkshopJanuary 26-27 Siegen, Germany

LCA WorkshopJanuary 28Cologn, Germany

7th Expert MeetingApril 7-9Prague, Czech RepublicLCA WorkshopSeptember 22Zurich, Switzerland

Subtask B WorkshopOctober 6-7Wallisellen, Switzerland

8th Expert MeetingNovember 4-6Fraser Island,Australia

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004Subtask B Workshop January 29-30Wallisellen, Switzerland

LCA Working GroupJanuary 29-30Wallisellen, Switzerland

9th Experts MeetingApril 26-28Norway

10th Experts MeetingOctober Scotland


SHC TASK 28/ECBCS ANNEX 38 CONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentRobert Hastings(Subtask B Co-Leader)Architektur, Energie & UmweltGmbHKirchstrasse 1CH-8304 Wallisellen, Switzerland

AustriaGerhard FaningerIFFUniversity of KlagenfurtSterneckstrasse 15A-9020 Klagenfurt

AustraliaRichard Hyde(Hot Climates Working GroupLeader)Department of ArchitectureThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAUS-4072 Brisbane

BelgiumAndre DeHerde Architecture et ClimatUniv. Catholique de LouvainPlace du Levant 1B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve

BrazilMarcia RibeiroFed. Univ. of Minas GeraisRua Inconfidentes 355/J001BR-Belo Horizonte, MG CEP-30140-120

CanadaPat CusackArise Technologies Corp.321 Shoemaker St.CDN-Kitchener, Ontario, N2E 3B3

Czech RepublicMiroslav SafarikZECM Envir. InstituteKodanska 10CR-10010 Praha 10

GermanyChristel Russ (Subtask D Leader)Fraunhofer ISEInst. for Solar Energy SystemHeidenhofstr. 2D-79110 Freiburg

FinlandJyri NieminenVTT Building & TransportBuilding PhysicsP.O. Box 1803FIN-02044 VTT

ItalyFrancesca SartogoPRAUVia Costabella, 34/36I-00197 Roma

JapanMotoya HayashiMiyagigakuin Womens' College9-1-1 Sakuragacka AobakuJ-981-8557 Sendai

NorwayAnne Gunnarshaug Lien (Subtask CLeader)Enova SFInnherredsv. 7AN-7014 Trondheim

NetherlandsPeter Erdtsieck (Subtask A Leader)MoBius consult bv.Diederichslaan 2NL-3971 PC Driebergen -Rijsenburg

New ZealandAlbrecht StoeckleinBuilding Research Assoc.Private Bag 50908NZ-Porirua

SwedenMaria Wall(Subtask B Co-Leader)Dept.of Constr.& Arch.Lund UniversityP.O. Box 118SE-221 00 Lund

ScotlandGökay DeveciFaculty of Design & TechnologyRobert Gordon UniversityGarthdee Rd.UK-Aberdeen, Scotland

United StatesGuy HoltColdwell Banker6317 NE Antioch Rd.USA-64119 Kansas City MO

54Solar Crop Drying

TASK DESCRIPTIONOne of the most promising applica-tions for active solar heating world-wide is the drying of agriculturalproducts. In a recent study, thepotential amount of energy thatcould be displaced using solar in thismarket was estimated to bebetween 300 PJ and 900 PJ annually,primarily in displacing fuel-fireddryers for crops that are dried attemperatures less than 50°C.Theuse of solar energy for thesemarkets is largely undeveloped.Wood and conventional fossil fuelsare used extensively at present. Inmany countries, more expensivediesel and propane fuels are replac-ing wood. Three key barriers toincreased use of solar crop dryingare the lack of awareness of thecost-effectiveness of solar dryingsystems, the lack of good technicalinformation and the lack of goodlocal practical experience.

The objective of the Task is toaddress the three barriers above byproviding technical and commercialinformation and experience gainedfrom the design, construction andoperation of full-scale, commerciallyviable solar drying systems for a vari-ety of crops and a number ofgeographical regions where solar isexpected to have the greatestpotential. Crop grower and proces-sor industry associations will be keypartners in dissemination of theresults.

DurationThe Task was initiated in January2000 and is planned for completionin June 2005. This includes an exten-sion to allow for monitoring anumber of the delayed projects.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003Panama – Coffee DryingThe solar system was ready for thelate 2002 harvest, however, theharvest was much smaller than antic-ipated and some operational prob-lems were encountered. The projectwas further hampered by the sadpassing of one of the key membersof the client team.

Regarding the harvest, this dryingfacility was constructed in connec-tion with an initiative of Café Duranto introduce coffee growing to aneconomically depressed lowlandregion of Panama. As such, therewere many unknowns, none ofwhich were related to the solardrying system.

Operational problems with the solarsystem centred around the lack offamiliarity with the control andmonitoring system on the part ofthe plant personnel. An example isthat the monitoring computer hadbeen turned off and it appeared thatthe computer had been used forother office functions. A visit by oneof the Task participants duringJanuary identified these problems.Minor equipment problems werecorrected and plans were put inplace to resolve the operationalissues.

Another problem is that the systemoperators tend not to trust automa-tion and are manually overriding theoperation of the variable speed fan.We are currently addressing ways togain their confidence.

Data which was collected prior tothe shutdown of the drying systemafter the harvest indicates that the

TASK 29:

Solar Crop Drying

Doug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.

Operating Agent for NaturalResources Canada

55Solar Crop Drying

solar system supplied between 20%and 30% of the total drying energyand operated at approximately 20%efficiency during the months ofJanuary and February.

Post harvest, we have continued tocollect weather data from the moni-toring system which is useful notonly in gaining a better understand-ing of the microclimate around theplant and the solar panels but alsoserves to confirm the continuingoperation of the some of thesensors and the monitoringcomputer.

We have heard from the client thatalthough they expect the 2003/4harvest to be better than last year’s,they do not expect that the harvestwill allow the plant to run at fullcapacity. Apparently they have expe-rienced problems with the crop irri-gation system and also have not hadthe degree of pollination requiredfor full yield. It is important torecognize that this plantation wasstarted from scratch in an area ofPanama where coffee growing hasnot been tried before. It is notsurprising that there are learningexperiences all round.

Costa Rica – Coffee DryingEarly in the year an agreement toinstall a solar system on an existingcoffee drying facility was reachedwith the cooperative Coopeldos inthe western mountains of CostaRica.

There has been good progress atthis installation. The solar panelswere installed in September and theduct work was essentially complete

at the time of writing. It is expectedthat the monitoring system will beinstalled by the end of the year andthe system commissioned in time tooperate for a good part of this year’sharvest season.

India – Coir Pith DryingThe solar system continues to oper-ate well and the operators appear tobe satisfied. The monitoring systemat the Task site has not yet beeninstalled. We are waiting for thesecond Task project in India to becompleted so that both monitoringsystems can be installed in one trip.Unconfirmed feedback suggests thatthe solar system on this projectsupplied 60% of the heating duringthe dry season and 40% during themonsoon season.

Preliminary discussions have beenheld with other operations nearbyregarding the installation of addi-tional solar drying systems. Thesediscussions are being led by theSolarwall® representative in India.Coir Pith is a powder found on the

shells of coconuts, which afterprocessing, is widely used as a fertil-izer.

India – Cardamon DryingFor various commercial reasons, adifferent site was chosen for theproject over the one which wasinitially proposed. A verbal agree-ment was reached to install a solarsystem on a MAS Industries plantnear Vandanmedu. Negotiationswith the owners have been ongoingand numerous design changes forboth the system and the building arebeing considered. Material for thesolar panels is already in stock inIndia and can be shipped to the siteon short notice.

An additional benefit for this newsite is the owner’s affiliation with theIndian Spice Board who has agreedto provide some funding assistancefor the project. Also, the participa-tion of the Spice Board shouldenhance the visibility of the projectand improve the possibility forfollow-on installations.

A solar system was installed on an existing coffee drying facility in the western moun-tains of Costa Rica. The system is expected to be commissioned in time for this year’sharvest season.

56Solar Crop Drying

China – Biomass DryingThis project in Lianghe, China, isproposed for a facility where fuelbriquettes are manufactured bycombining coal and straw. Initially,the project did not involve mechani-cal drying, however, the owners arenow intending to include a dryingchamber and boiler. Input from Task29 has included both the design andinstallation of the solar air heatingsystem and the design of themechanical drying system.

During the year, construction on thebuilding has continued and the mate-rial for the solar system has beenshipped to the site. However, thisproject has not been completed asplanned primarily due to financialissues on the part of the client. Themain problem seems to be that theorganization responsible for theplant is being converted to a privatecompany and the financing of thisentity going forward is not clear. Wehave been told that the privatizationprocess should be completed soonbut a definitive schedule is not avail-able. Once these matters have beenresolved, then the financial issuesrelated to the project funding can bedealt with. Our latest informationsuggests that the construction canresume soon after the privatizationbut this has not been confirmed.

In the meantime, the Task team hasprovided revised duct design toallow for certain site conditions andimproved operation.

China – Jujube DryingThe project started the year posi-tively. Progress was achieved in theconstruction of a small pilot unit,

which is now operating. However,economic problems continue toplague the main project and we areworking to help resolve these. Thewalls of the new drying facility havebeen completed for some time withthe solar roof remaining to be

finished. Materials for the solarpanels are on site.

The Task team has attempted toidentify sources of government assis-tance but have not yet found theappropriate channel. Furthermore,obtaining correct and consistentinformation from the client contin-ues to be a challenge and we areworking at a number of levels inattempts to improve this.

Pending a final decision on theCardamom project, we will likelyabandon the large system for thisTask but may monitor the smallerpilot project.

Zimbabwe – Tobacco DryingThere have been some changes inthe original Dutch participation teamand the project has been assumedby Egbert Gramsbergen ofGramsbergen Solar. There have alsobeen some changes at the TobaccoResearch Board (TRC) in Zimbabwe

Project StatusPanama – Coffee Drying System monitoring continuedCosta Rica – Coffee Drying Solar system installation completed

System commissionedMonitoring system installedSystem monitored

India – Coir Pith Drying Monitoring system installedSystem monitored

India – Cardamon Drying Solar system installedSystem commissionedMonitoring system installedSystem monitored

China – Jujube Drying Facility construction completedSystem commissionedMonitoring system installedSystem monitored

China – Biomass Drying Facility completedSolar system installedMonitoring system installedSystem monitored

Zimbabwe – Tobacco Drying System report completed

The system at a jube drying facility inChina was built to test feasibility whilefunding was secured for a full produc-tion facility. It is intended that operatingdata from this pilot will be used to helpdesign a large scale plant.

57Solar Crop Drying

which resulted in a long period of nocommunication. Progress is furthercomplicated by the political situationwhich affects all matters in thatcountry.

We are hoping that the situation willimprove and that the TRC has keptthe equipment in operating condi-tion. If this is the case, we hope thatfurther communication will providemore complete feedback on theproject. At the very least, we expectto report on the early system expe-rience.

United States – Various ProjectsThe USA projects are not officiallypart of the Task but we do intend toinclude reference to them in ourfinal report. These projects include:

■ Walnut drying in California■ Prune drying in California■ Grain drying in New York■ Wool drying in New York■ Chicken manure drying in New

York

ACTIVITIES PLANNED FOR 2004The following activities are expectedto be completed in 2004:

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYThe Task continues to maintainexcellent links with industry assummarized below:

■ The owners of the Panamaniancoffee processing plant have indi-cated an interest in building asecond facility which will use onlydry chaff and solar as the energysources. If this is successful, it couldshow the way for other coffeeproducers in the area to reduce or

eliminate their dependence onwood or fossil energy fuels. In theshort term, however, the owner’spriority is improving the harvest.

■ The completion of the system inCosta Rica should further demon-strate the feasibility for using solarcrop drying systems in the region.The Canadian supplier of the solarpanels has now engaged a repre-sentative in Costa Rica to helpfurther commercialize the productin the Central American region.

■ A major international coffee indus-try conference is held each year inCosta Rica. Preliminary discussionshave been held to highlight thePanama and Costa Rica SHC Task29 projects at this conference.

■ The owners of the briquettefactory in China have expressed aninterest in the manufacture andmarketing of Solarwall® productsin that country but this initiativewas not advanced in 2003. It ispossible that the privatization ofthe company may enhance thechances of success but it is still tooearly to tell.

■ The support of the India SpiceBoard has been obtained inconnection with the proposedcardamom project. It is hoped thatupon successful completion of thisproject, the Spice Board will helpto promote the technology toother sites.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2003No official reports were published in2003.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004The Task plans to publish anothernewsletter in 2004 to provideupdated information on the activeprojects.

MEETINGS IN 2003There were no task expert meetingsheld in 2003. It is a policy of the Taskto hold meetings in countries wherethere are active projects. The tworemaining countries are India andChina but it was decided that itwould be more productive to holdthese meetings when the projectsare completed and operating.

The Canadian team which is respon-sible for most of the projects didmeet regularly throughout the year.

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004As discussed above, the Task expertsdo hope to meet in India and Chinain 2004 but the timing will be deter-mined by the progress of theprojects.

58Solar Crop Drying

TASK 29 NATIONAL CONTACTPERSONS

Operating AgentDoug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.38 Morden Neilson WayGeorgetown, ON L7G 5Y8

CanadaDoug McClenahanAlternative Energy DivisionCANMETNatural Resources Canada580 Booth St.Ottawa, ON K1A 0E4

John HollickConserval Engineering Ltd.200 Wildcat RoadDownsview, ON M3J 2N5

NetherlandsEgbert GramsbergenGramsbergen SolarTus 75507 MG Veldhoven

United StatesPeter LowenthalSolar Energy Industries Association1616 H Street N.W., 8th FloorWashington, DC 20006-4999

59Daylighting Buildings

TASK 31:

Daylighting Buildings in the 21st Century

Nancy RuckUniversity of Sydney

Operating Agent for StandardsAustralia International

TASK DESCRIPTIONSHC Task 31 seeks to make daylight-ing the typical and preferred designsolution for lighting buildings in the21st century.The intent is to inte-grate human response with theapplication of daylighting systems,shading and electric light controlstrategies and to ensure the transferof the Task’s results to building designprofessionals, building owners, andmanufacturers.

The Task is focusing on commercialbuildings, both new and existing,including office, retail and institutionalbuildings, such as schools. Institutionsfrom 14 countries in Europe, NorthAmerica,Asia,Australia and NewZealand are now collaborating in theSHC Task 31 work programme.Emphasis is on communication withbuilding owners, professional design-ers and industry by including indus-try in the work programme, andholding round table discussions ateach experts meeting.

To carry out the work programmethere are four main Subtasks eachwith 4-5 project areas:

■ Subtask A: User Perspectives andRequirements,(Lead countryCanada);

■ Subtask B: Integration andOptimisation of DaylightingSystems (Lead Country USA),

■ Subtask C: Daylighting Design Tools(Lead Country: Germany)

■ Subtask D: Daylight PerformanceTracking Network and DesignSupport (Lead Country: France)

DurationSHC Task 31 was initiated in

September 2001 and will becompleted in September 2005.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003A summary of Subtask researchactivities is presented below:

Subtask A: User Perspectives andRequirementsData are now being collected in anumber of laboratory and field stud-ies (see Table 1). The project on theapplication of assessment methodshas now been combined with aSubtask B project on laboratory andfield studies for greater coordinationof research and application.

The studies include user surveys onoccupant reactions to daylighting,shading and electric lighting controlstrategies. Many projects are nowusing luminance mapping camerasfor documenting the luminous envi-ronment.The inclusion of webcams(time lapse monitoring) is also beingconsidered. In some of the buildingsmonitoring has been completed andthe data is now being analysed.These include the ENTPE buildingresearch programme on manual andautomatic blinds in France and themonitoring of adaptive controls inthe LESO building in Switzerland.Anew project from the DanishBuilding and Urban ResearchInstitute (DBUR) on integrated solarshading, daylighting and electric light-ing has now commenced.The intentis to develop a design decision tooland simulation algorithms for shadingand control systems.An EU fundedproject Ecco-Build has alsocommenced with the aim of devel-oping a new generation of controldevices for solar shading systems,


electric lighting and HVAC systems.An outcome will be the simultane-ous optimisation of building energyconsumption and visual and thermalcomfort.A large mock-up facility ofthe New York Times HeadquartersBuilding is being built in New York totest integrated automated shadingand dimming control systems.Theperformance of two shading andcontrol systems are to be investi-gated.

Laboratory and Field Studies inProject AB1A brief description of the laboratoryand field studies is as follows:

■ The SWIFT (Switchable FaçadeTechnologies)-PhilipsLighting,Eindhoven, Netherlands. Useracceptance/preference study todetermine user-friendly controlstrategies for switchable glazingsProject has been completed.Report being drafted.

■ The Productive Office 2005, HUT,Finland. Survey of lighting demandin offices/laboratory measure-ments and user survey –a draftreport has been written

■ ISE New Building, Freiburg,Germany: Post occupancy evalua-tion of an energy-efficientcommercial building.The officeshave a semi automated motorizedexternal split blinds and manuallycontrolled ambient electric lightingwith individual task lamps.The datacollection has been completed andthe analysis ongoing. First resultson switching probabilities havebeen drafted.There was no visualcomfort survey.

■ LESO Building, Lausanne,Switzerland. User acceptance and

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energy performance of manual andautomated integrated lighting andblind control.The data collectionhas been completed and dataanalysis ongoing.There are usercomfort and visualisation studies

■ ENTPE field study 1, Lyon, France:Occupant use and acceptance ofmotorized Venetian blinds with aremote, Data collectioncompleted. Report to be drafted.

■ ENTPE field study 2, Lyon, France:Occupant use and acceptance ofpurely manually controlled Venetianblinds. Data collection completed.Report to be drafted

■ National Research Council, Canada(NRC) Daylighting Laboratory:User acceptance of automaticlighting controls, energy benefits;durability of motorised blinds.Differences in occupant alertnesswith clear and diffuse glazing.Thisproject is in the planning stage.

■ Politechnico di Torino, Italy.Assessment of lighting controls inschools In planning stage

■ LBNL -Test Facility, Berkeley, USA:Studies of electrochromic glazings-energy savings and user accep-tance-Calibration completed andtesting commenced.

■ International Solar ResearchCentre, Berlin, Germany -Development of auto adaptivecontrols for shading with a usersurvey. In planning stage.

■ DBUR, Denmark. Integratedcontrol of solar shading, daylightand electric lighting. –Developing adesign decision tool, implementingsimulation algorithms for shadingand control systems, testing a newintegrated lighting and shadingcontrol device. Now testing

■ Ecco Build Project To develop a

new generation ofcontrol devices forsolar shading systems,glare control systems,electric lighting andHVAC systems for thesimultaneous optimi-sation of buildingenergy consumptionand comfort. In plan-ning stage

■ Times HeadquartersBuilding, New York,USA:To test and inte-grate automatedshading and dimmingcontrol system, lightingenergy measurements,luminance and illumi-nance data as well asoccupant studies willbe included. A fullscale model is nowbeing planned andconstructed.

■ T Building, Deakin Campus,Australia Testing integrateddaylighting and electric lightingcontrol systems re energy andvisual optimisation for a lowenergy building. Measurements areunderway.

A report on a user behaviour modelcalled Lightswitch is being drafted asan IEA Report. Lightswitch is astochastic model that predicts howoffice occupants interact with manu-ally and automatically controlledlighting and blind systems.TheLightswitch algorithm has beenimplemented into an online daylight-ing analysis tool that can be accessedvia www.buildwiz.com.This tool hashad 1000 users in the last sixmonths and is being used as a teach-

ing tool. Future development will bewith BCHydro and a coupling withLEED is planned.The model iscurrently being integrated into thedynamic thermal simulation programESP-R. It is intended that the modelbe integrated into daylight analysissoftware packages in Subtask C.Surveys on architects needs, the useof daylight simulation tools and aguide on the use of algorithms insoftware are also being planned inSubtask A

Subtask B: Integration andOptimisation of Daylighting SystemsProgress has been made in the coor-dination of field and test room stud-

The adaptive controller was monitoredat the LESO building in Lausanne,Switzerland.


ies with Subtask A. Several of thefield tests initiated in Subtask Binvolve both energy measurementsand human factors studies.TheSubtask B web site address ishttp://gaia.lbl.gov/iea31,

The roadmap is being further devel-oped. Subtask B continues toexplore electronic means to handlethe complexity of the designprocess.The roadmap is to beexplicitly related to a decision-making process in design; and to tooluse, construction, and calibrationoperations.A tool has been devel-oped at Deakin University to includevideo clips of key actors comment-ing on their role in the designprocess.

There has been considerableprogress in the testing of adaptivecontrols to take into account userresponse to integrated lighting andshading controls.The AdControlexperiment in the LESO’s researchoffice building in Lausanne,Switzerland has been completed.This project was designed to explorehow auto adaptive controls canimprove either energy savings oroccupant satisfaction or both.Theexperiment has been found success-ful in meeting user preferences andmaintaining energy savings derivedfrom smart controls.A comparisonof three situations (manualcontroller, smart non-adaptivecontroller, smart adaptive controller)showed that the adaptation to user'spreferences, while not impairing theenergy savings, allowed a significantincrease of acceptation by the users(from 75 % to 95 %).The focus isnow on which algorithms are most

effective in various control systems.

The project on lighting controls alsohas a web site: http://iea31.epfl.ch.The content of this website includestechnical reports (i.e., the first draftof the “Control System DesignGuide”), descriptions of projectsfrom which information can befound on advanced control systems(including a list of published papers,theses, internal reports, and weblink). __Projects currently docu-mented are AdControl (EPFL);Athelio (TUB), Ecco-Build (EPFL),and Edificio (EPFL) where clicking oneach reference will obtain the pdfdocument on the paper.

Subtask C: Daylighting Design ToolsA final working document on userexpectations of design tools hasbeen completed.The following workhas been carried out in the countriesassociated with Subtask C.

■ Switzerland. In the project on algo-rithms and plug-ins, the digitalbased goniophotometer has beenvalidated with a virtual test set-upbased on a forward tracing algo-rithm (Tracepro).A special tech-nique to record the specularcomponent of systems has alsobeen developed and tested. Datasets for a wide variety of systemshave been recorded and will beincluded in future activities of theSubtask.

■ Germany.Additional validationwork on the numerical goniopho-tometer based on the commercialforward ray-tracer OptiCad hasbeen carried out including stan-dard glazing, prismatic elements

and laser cut panels.As a standard,a full directional hemisphericaltransmittance and BTDF datasetfor a serraglaze sample is to becarried out. This will be measuredin the EPFL goniophotometer andadditionally be calculated with theEPFL and IBP numerical goniopho-tometers. A draft report ongoniophotometry is to becompiled that will contain informa-tion on existing real goniopho-tometers, numerical goniopho-tometers, performance criteria,validation results, descriptions ofavailable datasets, and the system-database.

■ USA. At LBNL the DELightprogram is basically finished and asimple user interface has been set-up. From this documentation, aprototype internet representationfor the online tool catalogue forSubtask C will be developed.

■ Japan.At Kyushu University, valida-tion work on the “All Sky Model”has been completed and aRadiance description now exists.Areport will be compiled and newwork started regarding applicationof the “CIE standard general sky” inpractical daylighting design.This islinked to CIE-TC3-37 “Guide forthe application of the CIE generalsky.”

■ France. A CIE TC 3.33 paper(Fawaz Maamari) has defined anumber of different test cases.Thisdocument is to be turned into anofficial IEA Task 31 report.

Validations according to the definedtest cases have been performed for


the lighting tools Lightscape, Dialux,and Radiance and for Inspirer andGenelux.The results are available onthe Task 31 web page.This on-linesite will be used as a future valida-tion and benchmark site. he web siteand will provide other related infor-mation including the validationreport of IEA Task 21.

Subtask D: Performance TrackingNetwork and Design Support GroupsThe public section of the web serverstructure can be accessed at:www.iea-shc.org/task31. It includesinformation on performance of solu-tions, and examples of solutions, vali-dation data sets, PowerPointpresentations, and a web catalogueof tools.The internal web sitewww.iea-shc.org/task31/memberscontains literature examples and aliterature survey is being carried outon productivity by ENTPE, France.Astandard format for the entry ofnoteworthy buildings is beingplanned.

Material for support groups nowincludes a list of presentations byMarc Fontoynont of France in 2002-2003, including:

■ “Optimal selection of shadingdevices,” French Federation ofShading Device Manufacturers,Workshop, Paris,

■ “Daylighting monitoring and effi-cient lighting,”Training ofProfessional Engineers andArchitects,Aix en Provence,France,

■ “Indoor transparency andsecondary daylighting in officebuildings”ARCHINOV Seminar,Association for Innovation inArchitecture, Paris,

■ “Potential for standardization in thefield of daylighting”, ConseilNational Francais de l’Eclairage,Paris,

■ “Performance of daylight guidanceSystems”, Conference presenta-tion,

■ “Characterization of glazings fordaylighting applications”, CEKAL

Workshop, Glazing CertificationAssociation, Batimat Building Fair,Paris, and

■ “Windows as lighting sources: opti-misation of shading techniques”.National Federation of IndoorArchitects (FNSAI), BatimatBuilding Fair, Paris.

Technical VisitsA technical visit was made to theNational Museum in Wellington andthe daylit gallery was subsequentlymonitored for illuminance levels withan aural questionnaire carried outwith participants.The results are tobe compared with the measure-ments from the National Gallery ofCanada.These were recorded at thelast experts meeting in Ottawa,Canada.A technical visit was alsomade to the Energie Ouest Suisse(EOS) building in Lausanne,Switzerland.The EOS building has160m of aluminium light shelves onone façade.A visit was also made tothe LESO Building on the EPFLcampus which features anidolicsystems, automatic blind controlsand electrochromic glazing and tothe LESO lighting laboratories.Participants’ subjective impressionsof the daylit environments in thesebuildings was recorded. A report isbeing prepared.

CISBAT Conference, Lausanne,Switzerland300 persons attended the CISBATConference. SHC Task 31 partici-pants who presented daylightingpapers included Marilyne Andersenand Jean-Louis Scartezzini (Specularcomponent in a BTDF Assessmentbased on Digital Imaging); Jan DeBoer (Incorporation of Numerical

A full scale model of the Times Headquarters Building in New York City, USA isplanned and constructed. It will be used to test and integrate automated shading anddimming control system, lighting energy measurements, luminance and illuminancedata as well as occupant studies.


Goniophotometry into DaylightingDesign); Fawaz Maamari et al(Reliable Datasets for LightingPrograms Validation), ChristophReinhart et al (Lightswitch:A Modelfor Manual Control of Lighting andBlinds); Stephen Selkowitz(Perspectives on Advanced Facadeswith Dynamic Glazings andIntegrated Lighting Controls); MarkLuther et al (Case Studies in theDevelopment towards a DaylightingRoadmap); and Antoine Guilleminand Nicolas morel (ExperimentalAssessment of Three AutomaticBuilding Controllers). It is intendedto provide further papers for aspecial issue of the publicationEnergy and Buildings on daylightingin the near future.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2004Subtask A:■ An internal website for Subtask A.■ A report on the Lightswitch

model.■ A measurement protocol for lab

and field studies.■ A report form for field studies.■ A report on an overview of visual

assessment methods.■ A multi-year test plan for test

rooms and buildings.

Subtask B:■ Benchmarks for the performance

of conventional buildings to bedetermined from a number ofcountries so that benefits fromdaylighted buildings can be claimed.

■ A generic roadmap for the designprocess to be further developed.

■ Further case studies to be exam-ined as reality checks on the roadmap format

■ A tool to display the effects of

changing specific parameters,preferably by adapting an existingtool.

■ Exploration on improved controlsystems and a more detailed R &D plan

■ A master list of projects developedwith Subtask A in which eitherhuman factors or controls or bothwill be studied.

Subtask C:■ Working document on survey on

daylighting software.■ Report on the All Sky Model vali-

dation and implementation intoRadiance.

■ Measurement of serraglaze sampleand the generation of datasetsbased on the numerical goniopho-tometer.

■ Report on goniophotometry.■ 1st draft of operational on-line

catalogue.■ Continuous testing of softwares

and integration in validation inter-net site.

Subtask D:■ Further relevant papers to be

included in web site.■ Further noteworthy buildings to

be included in the database, includ-ing the National Gallery of Ottawa,Canada.

■ PowerPoint presentations are tobe created for the different profes-sions and industries.

■ The infrastructure ofcountry/regional support groupsto be set up.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYFurther links with industry havebeen established particularly withcontrol industries and architects to

encourage the uptake of adaptivecontrollers in buildings. Round tablediscussions with building owners andprofessional designers have estab-lished further links and will becontinued.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004■ Report on manual lighting control

model ■ Document on roadmap■ Document on data display and

visualization formats for reportingtest results

■ Document on test protocol forfield studies

■ Document on test plan for testrooms and buildings

■ Survey questionnaire on architects’needs

■ Draft working document on plug-in interface specification

■ Numerical photogoniometerperformance rating specification

■ PowerPoint presentations for archi-tects and industry

■ Reports on noteworthy buildingsfor database

MEETINGS IN 2003Fourth Experts MeetingApril 14-17, 2003Wellington, New Zealand

Fifth Experts MeetingOctober 7-11, 2003Lausanne, Switzerland

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004Sixth Experts MeetingMarch 22-26, 2004Tokyo, Japan

Seventh Experts MeetingDate to be determinedItaly



Operating AgentNancy RuckUniversity of SydneySydney NSW 2006Australia

AustraliaStephen CoyneCentre for Medical, HealthEnvironment PhysicsSchool of Physics & ChemicalSciences Queensland University of TechnologyGPO Box 2434Brisbane, 4001

Phillip GreenupOve Arup and PartnersSydneyE-mail: [email protected]

Mark LutherBuilt Environment Research GroupDeakin UniversityGeelong,Victoria

BelgiumMagali BodartUniversité Catholique de LouvainArchitecture et ClimatPlace de Levant 11348 Louvain-la-Neuve

Arnaud DeneyerBelgian Building Research [email protected]

CanadaGuy NewshamNational Research CouncilIndoor Environment ResearchProgram1500 Chemin Montreal Road (M-24)Ottawa, Ontario K1A OR6

Christoph ReinhartNational Research Council,Canada Institute for Research inConstruction1500 Chemin Montreal RoadOttawa, Ontario KIA OR6

DenmarkKjeld Johnsen and JensChristoffersenDanish Building and Urban ResearchEnergy and Indoor Climate DivisionPostboks 119DK-2970 Hørsholm

FinlandLiisa HalonenHelsinki University of TechnologyOtakaari 5 A02150 Espoo

Jorma LethovaaraHelsinki University of TechnologyLighting LaboratoryPO Box 3000 FIN-02015 HUT

FranceMarc Fontoynont, Fawaz Maamari,ENTPE/DGCBRue Maurice Audin69518 Vaulx-en-Velin, CedexLaurent Escaffre and ChristopheMarty IngeluxE-mail:[email protected]:[email protected]

GermanyJan de Boer and Hans ErhornFraunhofer-Institut für BauphysikNobelstrasse 1270569 Stuttgart

ItalyValentina SerraPolitecnico di TorinoViale Mattioli 3910125 Torino

Anna PedllegrinoDipartimento di Energetica-Facolta di Architettura-Politecnico di TorinoViale Mattioli 3910125 Torino

JapanKoga,YasukoDept. of Architecture And UrbanDesignKyushu UniversityE-mail: [email protected]

New ZealandKit CuttleUniversity of AucklandPrivate Bag 92019Auckland

Michael Donn and WernerOsterhausVictoria University of WellingtonCentre for Building PerformanceP.O. Box 600Wellington 1

NorwayBarbara MatusiakNorwegian University of Science andTechnologyhFaculty of Architecture, Planning andFine Arts7034 Trondheim


SwitzerlandNicolas Morel, Jean-Louis Scartezzini,Antoine Guillemin, Marilyne

AndersenSolar Energy & Building Physics Lab.École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne1015 Lausanne

SwedenHelena Bülow-HübeLund UniversityDivision of Energy and Building

DesignDepartment of Construction and

ArchitectureP.O. Box 118S-221 00 Lund

Nils SvendeniusLund UniversityDepartment of AtomicSpectroscopySölvegatan 14S-223 62 LundLars R BylundPELK Design GroupDrottningsgatan 71 CSE-11136 Stockholm

United KingdomJohn MardaljevicInstitute of Energy & Sustainable

Development Leicester UK LE7 9SU

United StatesWilliam CarrollLawrence Berkeley National

LaboratoryMailstop 90 - 3026Berkeley, CA 94720

Steve Selkowitz Lawrence Berkeley National

LaboratoryBuilding 90-Room 3111Berkeley, CA 94720

67Solar Building Storage

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe main goal of this Task is to inves-tigate new or advanced solutions forstoring heat in systems providingheating or cooling for low energybuildings.

The first objective is to contribute tothe development of advanced stor-age solutions in thermal solarsystems for buildings that lead tohigh solar fraction up to 100% in atypical 45N latitude climate. Thesecond objective is to proposeadvanced storage solutions for otherheating or cooling technologies thansolar, for example systems based oncurrent compression and absorptionheat pumps or new heat pumpsbased on the storage material itself.

The ambition of the Task is not todevelop new storage systems inde-pendent of a system application.Thefocus is on the integration ofadvanced storage concepts in a ther-mal system for low energy housing.This provides both a framework anda goal to develop new technologies.

The Subtasks are:

■ Subtask A: Evaluation andDissemination (Subtask Leader tobe confirmed, contingent uponfunding)

■ Subtask B: Chemical and Sorption(Subtask Leader to be confirmed,contingent upon funding)

■ Subtask C: Phase Change Materials(Austria is the Subtask Leader)

■ Subtask D:Water (Subtask Leaderto be confirmed, contingent uponfunding)

Duration The Task was initiated in July 2003and will be completed in December2006.

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003The Task work was not split intoSubtasks during this first year inorder to achieve a common under-standing of all projects in the Task,independent of the technologies thyfollow (water, PCM, sorption orchemicals)

Activities during the year included:

■ Work began on a state-of-the-artreport on the heat/cold storagesolutions for solar houses.

■ Methodological aspects werediscussed for the future evaluationof projects (should LCA be takeninto account, which criteria are themost relevant).

■ The basic criteria to be consideredfor the evaluation of systems werediscussed and proposed: Energyperformance;Availability;Environment; Integration;Economics.

■ Reference conditions for thecommon SHC Task 32 referencesystem were discussed and firstideas were evaluated. Cooling loadand the way to undertake theperformance of a system that doesboth heating and cooling wasdiscussed.

■ Chemical storage concepts werestudied and found to be more anassisted heat pump concept than atrue storage solution. However,these concepts can achieve a highsolar fraction when solar is avail-able, but they need another heatsource in wintertime.

TASK 32:

Advanced StorageConcepts for Solar

Buildings

Jean-Christophe HadornBASE Consultants SA

Operating Agent for the SwissFederal Office of Energy


■ A web site was designed and willbe online in 2004. It will include asummary of the Task,Task newsand Task documents.

■ Experts decided, regarding the goalof a high solar fraction, that target-ing more than 50% solar is anobjective that the solar marketwould like to achieve, and notnecessarily 100% now.

WORKED PLANNED FOR 2004Activities planned include:

■ Preparing a State-of-the-Artreport.

■ Selecting evaluation criteria.■ Defining reference conditions.■ Describing projects in each storage

technology on a common basis.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004State-of-the-Art Report on theHeat/Cold Storage Solutions forSolar Houses

Report on Reference conditions

Report on the projects to beconsidered in Task 32 evaluation

MEETINGS IN 2003First Experts MeetingJuly 10-11Lausanne, Switzerland

Second Experts MeetingDecember 9-11Petten, Netherlands

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004Third Experts MeetingJune 8-10 (tentative)Arvika, Sweden

Fourth Experts MeetingDecember 1-3Graz,, Austria



Operating AgentJean-Christophe HadornBASE Consultants SA51 Chemin du DevinCH-1012 LausanneSwitzerland

AustriaProf.Wolfgang StreicherInstitute of Thermal EngineeringGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 25, 8010 Graz,Austria

Waldemar WagnerAEE INTECArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBAREENERGIEA-8200 Gleisdorf, Feldgasse 19

DenmarkSimon FurboSolar Energy Center DenmarkTechnical University of DenmarkDepartment of Buildings and EnergyBuild. 118DK-2800 Lyngby

Finland (observer)Dr.Ari LampinenJyväskylä University

FranceThomas LetzASDER299 rue du Granier BP 45F-73232 ST ALBAN LEYSSE Cedex

GermanyHarald DrueckInstitut fuer Thermodynamik undWaermetechnik (ITW)Pfaffenwaldring 6D-70550 Stuttgart

Hans-Martin HenningThermal Systems and ComponentsFraunhofer Institute for Solar EnergySystems ISEHeidenhofstr. 2D - 79110 Freiburg

Norway (observer)Jacob StangSINTEF Energy Research ASN-74XX Trondheim

Spain (observer)Luisa F. Cabeza (Mrs.)Escola Universitària PolitècnicaUniversitat de LleidaJaume II, 69SP - 25001 Lleida

SwedenChris BalesLecturer and Researcher inEnvironmental Engineering (Energy) Högskolan Dalarna Solar Energy Research Center SERC Dept. of Mathematics, NaturalSciences and Technology S-78188 Borlänge

SwitzerlandStéphane CitherletHESSO-EIVD-LESBATCPCH - 1401 Yverdon-les-Bains

Peter VogelsangerSPF Hochschule für TechnikRapperswilOberseestr. 10CH-8640 Rapperswil

Netherlands (observer)Jacob van BerkelEntry technologySpoorbaanweg 153911 CA RhenenNL - KvK Utrecht 30142996

Klaas VisscherEnergy research Centre of theNetherlands (ECN)P.O. box 1NL - 1755 ZG Petten

70Industrial Heat Processes

TASK 33:

Solar Heat for Industrial Processes

Werner WeissArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE

ENERGIEInstitute for Sustainable Technologies

Operating Agent for the AustrianMinistry of Transport, Innovation and

Technology

TASK DESCRIPTIONAround 60 million square meters ofsolar thermal collectors wereinstalled by the year 2000 in theOECD countries. Until now, thewidespread use of solar thermalplants has focused almost exclusivelyon swimming pools, domestic hotwater preparation and space heatingin the residential sector.

The use of solar energy in commer-cial and industrial companies iscurrently insignificant compared tothe use in swimming pools and thehousehold sector. Most solar appli-cations for industrial processes havebeen used on a relatively small scaleand are mostly experimental innature. Only Just a few large systemsare in use worldwide. However, ifone compares the energy consump-tion of the industrial, transportation,household and service sectors inOECD countries, the industrialsector has the highest energyconsumption at approximately 30%,followed closely by the the trans-portation and household sectors.

The major share of the energy,which is needed in commercial andindustrial companies for productionprocesses and for heating produc-tion halls, is below 250°C.The lowtemperature level (< 80°C)complies with the temperature levelthat can easily be reached using solarthermal collectors already on themarket.The principles of operationof the components and systemsapply directly to industrial processheat applications.The uniquefeatures of these applications lie ointhe scale on which they are used,system configurations, controls

needed to meet industrial require-ments, and the integration of thesolar energy supply system with theauxiliary energy source and theindustrial process. For applicationswhere temperatures up to 250°Care needed, the experiences arerather limited and suitable compo-nents and systems are missing.Therefore, for these applications thedevelopment of high performancesolar collectors and system compo-nents is needed.

To be able to make use of the hugepotential for solar heat in the indus-try and to open a new marketsector for the solar thermal industry,SHC Task 33 is going to carry outpotential studies, it will investigatethe most promising applications andindustrial sectors for solar heat, andit will optimize, develop and testsolar collectors for medium temper-ature applications (up to approxi-mately 250°C).The development ofintegral solutions for solar thermalenergy applications for given indus-trial processes (based on the"PINCH-concept") is also one of themain topics of this Task. In additions,the development of design tools(based on TRNSYS simulations) anda software tool for fast feasibilityassessment, economic analyses aswell as the design and the erectionof pilot plants in co-operation withthe industry are planned.

Scope of the TaskThe scope of the Task is on solarthermal technologies for convertingthe solar radiation into heat, (i.e.,starting with the solar radiationreaching the collector and endingwith the hot air, water or steam


transferred to the application.) Thedistribution system, the productionprocess and/or the optimization ofthe production process are not themain topics of the Task. However,influences on the production processand the distribution system arisingfrom the solar character of the heatsource will be studied in the frame-work of the Task.

Applications, systems and technolo-gies, which are included in the scopeof this task, are:

■ All industrial processes where heatup to a temperature level ofapprox. 250°C is needed.

■ Space heating of production orother industry halls is addressed,but not space heating of dwellings.

■ Solar thermal systems using air,water, low pressure steam or oil asa heat carrier, i.e. not limited to acertain heat transfer medium inthe solar loop.

■ All types of solar thermal collec-tors for an operating temperaturelevel up to 250°C are addressed:uncovered collectors, flat-platecollectors, improved flat-platecollectors - for example hermeti-cally sealed collectors with inert

gas fillings, evacuated tube collec-tors with and without reflectors,CPC collectors, MaReCos(Maximum Reflector Collectors),parabolic trough collectors.

To accomplish the objectives of theTask, the Participants are carryingout research and devel-opment inthe framework of the following fourSubtasks:

■ Subtask A: Solar Process HeatSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults (Lead Country: Spain)

■ Subtask B: Investigation of IndustrialEnergy Systems (Lead Country:Austria)

■ Subtask C: Collectors andComponents (Lead Country:Germany)

■ Subtask D: System Integration andDemonstration (Lead Country:Germany)

Collaboration with other IEAProgrammesDue to the complementary back-ground and know-how of the partic-ipants of the SHC and theSolarPACES Programmes, significantsynergies were expected fromcollaboration.Therefore, it was

agreed to co-operate with theSolarPACES Program on a "moder-ate level" according to the SHC"Guidelines for Co-ordination withother Programs."

DurationThe Task was initiated on November1, 2003 and will be completed onOctober 31, 2007.

ACTIVITIES DURING 19992003Since SHC Task 33 started its activi-ties in November 2003, the mainactivity in 2003 was to organize andcarry out the first Experts Meeting,which was held in Gleisdorf, Austriafrom 4 – 6 December. In total, 22participants from 7 countriesattended the meeting.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2004A summary of the work planned inthe four subtasks is presented below.Subtask A: Solar Process HeatSurvey and Dissemination of TaskResults

Potential StudiesAvailable data on industrial heatdemand will be analyzed withrespect to the potential applicationof solar thermal energy, classified bytemperature ranges, industrialsectors and processes. For this,unified criteria will be used in orderto compare the data, bringingtogether the experience from previ-ous and ongoing projects in this field(Austrian project PROMISE, EU-Projects POSHIP and PROCESOL).Available data on industrial heatdemand will be collected for each ofthe represented countries. Data forother selected countries not repre-sented in the Task—but with high

This production hall in Bludesch, Austria uses a flat plate collector (87 m2) for spaceheating. The operating temperature is 20 - 80°C. Source: AEE INTEC, Austria


solar radiation and a high potentialfor solar industrial heat application—will be collected from data bases,such as of the IEA (World EnergyOutlook) and other internationalorganizations.

Documentation and Analysis ofCase Studies Case studies found in literature orcarried out by participants regardingthe integration of solar heat intoproduction processes will be docu-mented and analyzed.

Review of Systems and Applicationsin all Participating CountriesIn order to get as much informationas possible from projects carried outin the past an overview on realizedand projected systems will beconducted. For this survey a formwill be developed which makes theprojects comparable and reflects themain performance criteria in theenergetic and economic area. In asAsfar as this is available, monitoringresults on solar process heat plantswill be collected and analyzed.

In order to organize the availableinformation, materials such as ques-tionnaires and lists of projects avail-able from other projects (POSHIP,IEA-Task 25) will be updated andadapted.

Review of Solar Collector andSystem Technology Available on the MarketA review of the national solarmarket will be given by each partici-pant in order to collect and distrib-ute the information about theavailable solar collectors and solarsystem technology available.This

information will be maintained andupdated throughout the period ofthe Task.

Organization of Two IndustryWorkshops Workshops targeted at industriesnot directly involved in the Task andatto other potential users of the Taskresults.The "industry workshops" willbe organized in conjunction with theTask meetings in Brussels andMexico.

Publication of the First Newsletter The newsletter will present SHCTask 33 work and results. Theintended audience is the solar indus-try.The newsletter will be producedin English and then translated intonational languages, and it will postedon the Task web site and sent it isgoing to be send to the industry viae-mail.

Subtask B: Investigation ofindustrial energy systems

Identification of energy-relevantcharacteristicsCharacteristics, parameters, indica-tors of energy supply processes willbe identified so that they can thenbe documented, classified andassessed. Industrial processes areusually supplied by a heating systemwith steam, thermo-oils or hotwater, and powered by the incinera-tion of fossil fuels. Most energysupply systems operate at varyingtemperatures and loads during theday, the week and the year.Characteristics of load curves ofindustrial production processes withthe potential to use solar heat willbe documented and analyzed

regarding peak hours and stop timesand compared with supply loads ofsolar thermal systems.

Identification of Typical TemperatureDifferences Identification of the second lawlosses in industrial energy supplysystems in order to get informationabout necessary levels of heat supplyin selected industrial sectors.

In classical energy supply systems,high levels of temperature in thesupply system (steam, hot water)lead to smaller and cheaper equip-ment for heat distribution (smallvolumes) and heat transfer (highƒT), without increasing energy costs.This results in rather high "secondlaw losses" that should not beaccepted with solar heated produc-tion.As solar energy is used, highertemperatures become more expen-sive and larger equipment withsmaller temperature differencesbecomes more economical. On theother hand, few industries will beready to replace their existing heatdelivery system as a whole and solarheat has to be supplied at thetemperature level of the existingsteam or hot water system.

Expansion of Existing HeatIntegration Models Expand models, such as PINCH-technology, to solar energy and/orexpansion of design tools for solarheating systems to industrialprocesses.The minimum energydemand of a production system andthe maximum potential for heatrecovery can be found through heatintegration models like the PINCH-theory.This theory will be adapted


to the temperature and load curvesof solar thermal systems in order tofind the optimal integration for atime-dependent user.

Subtask C: Collectors andComponents

Medium Temperature CollectorDevelopmentsSome of the available collectors aresuitable for application in systemswith medium operating tempera-tures. But there also are develop-ment possibilities to improvecollectors so that they can be oper-ated at medium temperatures. Newcollector developments andimprovements are necessary toachieve a better cost/performanceratio as is presently achieved formedium temperature systems.Thecollectors to be investigated may be,for example, double glazed flat platecollectors with anti-reflection coatedglazing, hermetically sealed collectorswith inert gas fillings, CPC collectors,MaReCos (Maximum ReflectorCollectors), vacuum tube collectorswith and without reflectors, andparabolic trough collectors. In theseactivities, investigations on materialssuitable for medium temperaturecollectors will play an importantrole.

The aim is to achieve improvementswith respect to the thermal perfor-mance and, even more so, withrespect to collector costs for themedium temperature range from80°C - 250°C.

Medium Temperature CollectorTestingThere is a broad range of experi-

ence in collector testing for operat-ing temperatures below 100°C.Most of the testing laboratoriescarry out the tests with water as thefluid and up to a maximum tempera-ture of 100°C.Therefore, only veryfew test results are available forhigher operating temperatures. Insimulation programs, an extrapola-tion of the collector performancedetermined at low temperaturemeasurements (up to 100°C) ismade to describe the collectorperformance at higher temperatures.Definitively, these extrapolationsoften have a high uncertainty.Thisresults in system design calculationswith uncertain component dimen-sioning results.The is present situa-tion surely is undoubtedly a majorbig obstacle in designing mediumtemperature process heat systemswith the needed accuracy forsuccessful pilot systems. Therefore,the testing of suitable collectors atmedium temperatures and theexchange of the experiencesamongst of different testing labora-tories is very important.

It is suggested to carry out a round-robin test on a medium temperaturecollector with efficiency measure-ments at 160°C or higher.Theresults will be discussed with respectto improving the testing proceduresin the ISO 9806 and EN12975 stan-dards.A cComparison of outdoorand indoor measurements (usingsolar simulators) will be carried out.

Test and Qualification Standards formedium temperature collectors upto 250°CAn important task for the widespread commercial application of

solar collectors in industrialprocesses will be the developmentof some Test and QualificationStandards that allow the assessmentof such different technologies as flatplate collectors (stationary, usingglobal radiation) and parabolictroughs (tracking, using direct radia-tion) with a view to their respectivesuitability for a particular application(in terms of the degree of compli-ance with specific requirements).Whilst comprehensive standards andprocedures already exist for thenon- or low-concentrating collec-tors, the methods used for concen-trating systems are not yet describedin standards.The envisioned aim ofsome kind of "unified" standardwould be a major added value forrom the co-operation between theSHC, and SolarPACES Programmes,relieving potential customers andmanufacturers alike of much doubtand uncertainty. Due to the inherentdifferences of the technologies to becharacterized, this will be a challeng-ing task. The aim is to contribute toa unified standard for mediumtemperature collectors.

Subtask D: System Integration andDemonstration

Design GuidelinesDevelopment of a structured designapproach that provides guidancewith respect to the criteria andsequence of decisions during thesystem design process.The result willbe a kind of roadmap, leading fromthe analysis of the intended applica-tion (with methods developed inSubtask B) and evaluation of differ-ent technological solutions (e.g.,direct coupling of a solar system to a


particular process versus integrationof solar heat into the overall"conventional" energy system, heatstorage or fossil back-up, etc.) to thedefinition of basic system designparameters (e.g., size and tempera-ture level of the solar contribution)and the selection of appropriatecomponents.

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYThe Task defines two levels of partic-ipation for the solar industry:

■ Level 1 An industrial y participant at thislevel should expect to participate inan annual workshop organized bySHC Task 33 and to receive at leastonce during the Task duration a visitfrom of a Task participant, and toanswer technical and marketingquestions on solar heat for industrialapplications (this activity is part ofthe system survey and the dissemi-nation activity of Subtask A).

■ Level 2 An industrial y participant at thislevel should expect Level 1 commit-ment and to participate in all Taskmeetings and to bring informationand feedback from the market. Level2 participation should be seen inclose connection with the mainparticipant of the country of originof the industry.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004Potential studies on solar heat forindustrial processes in the participat-ing countries and the most promis-ing industrial sectors for solarthermal systems;

Report on the state-of-the-art ofthe solar collector technology,system concepts and system costs inthe participating countries; review ofexisting and projected solar processheat systems.

First industry Newsletter

MEETINGS IN 2003First Experts MeetingDecember 4 – 6Gleisdorf, Austria

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004Second Experts MeetingMarch 29 – 30Brussels, Belgium

Third Experts MeetingOctober 4 – 5 or 10 - 12Mexico


TASK 33 NATIONAL CONTACTS

Operating AgentWerner WeissAEE INTEC Arbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE

ENERGIEInstitute for Sustainable TechnologiesFeldgasse 19A-8200 GleisdorfAustria

AustriaDagmar Jähnig and Thomas MüllerAEE INTECArbeitsgemeinschaft ERNEUERBARE

ENERGIEInstitute for Sustainable TechnologiesFeldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf

Hans Schnitzer and ChristophBrunner

Joanneaum ResearchElisabethstrasse 16/1A-8010 Graz

Gernot GwehenbergerTechnical University of GrazRNSInffeldgasse 25cA-8010 Graz

AustraliaWes SteinLucas Heights Science & Technology

CentreNew IllawarraRd, Lucas HeightsNSW, PMB 7Bangor NSW 2234

Czech RepublicBohumil HorákVSB- Technical Universtity of Ostrava17. listopadu 15CZ 70833 Ostrava-Poruba

Eva KudrnovaTechnology Centre AS CRRozvojova 135165 02 Prague 6

GermanyKlaus Vajen and Elimar FrankKassel UniversityDepartment of Mechanical

EngineeringSolar and System TechnologyD-34109 Kassel

Andreas HäberlePSE GmbHChristaweg 40D-79114 Freiburg

Klaus HennekeDLRInstitut für TechnischeThermodynamikD-51170 Köln

Matthias RommelFraunhofer ISEHeidenhofstrasse 2D-79110 Freiburg

MexicoClaudio EstradaCIE-UNAMPrivada Xochicalco, S/N, Col. CentroCuernavaca, Mor., Mexico

PortugalMaria Joao CarvalhoINETIEdificio H, Estrada do Paço doLumiar, 221649-038 Lisboa

SpainEsther Rojas BravoCIEMAT-PSAAvda. Complutense, 22, Edificio 4228040 Madrid

Eduardo ZarzaCIEMAT-PSAP.Box 22,Tabernas04200-Almería

Hans SchweigerAIGUASOL EngineeringPalau 4, 2o 2°08 002 Barcelona

SwedenPeter Kovacs and Henrik QuicklundSP-Swedish National Testing &

Research InstituteIndustrig. 4Box 857S-501 Boras

Svante NordlanderHögskolan DalarnaSolar Energy Research Center -

SERCEKOSS-78188 Borƒnge

Björn KarlssonVattenfall Utveckling ABThe Swedish National Power BoardP.O. Box 1046S-61129 Nyköping


TASK 33 INDUSTRY PARTICIPANTS

AustriaChristian HolterSOLIDHerrgottwiesgasse 188A- 8055 Graz

Gerald JungreithmayrSolution GmbHNeue Landstraße 70/1A-4655 Vorchdorf

GermanyMarkus Peterdp2 - Energienutzung mit VerstandMichelsweg 29D- 59494 Soest

Georg BrakmannFichtner Solar GmbHSarweystrasse 3D-70191 Stuttgart

IsraelAlain DahanSOLEL Solar Systems3 Hac'shara st., Bosch Industry Zone Beit-Shemesh 99107

77Building Simulation Tools

TASK DESCRIPTIONThe goal of this Task is to undertakepre-normative research to develop acomprehensive and integrated suiteof building energy analysis tool testsinvolving analytical, comparative, andempirical methods.These methodswill provide for quality assurance ofsoftware, and some of the methodswill be enacted by codes and stan-dards bodies to certify softwareused for showing compliance withbuilding energy standards. This goalwill be pursued by accomplishing thefollowing objectives:

■ Create and make widely available acomprehensive and integratedsuite of IEA Building EnergySimulation Test (BESTEST) casesfor evaluating, diagnosing, andcorrecting building energy simula-tion software.Tests will addressmodeling of the building thermalfabric and building mechanicalequipment systems in the contextof innovative low-energy buildings.

■ Maintain and expand as appropri-ate analytical solutions for buildingenergy analysis tool evaluation.

■ Create and make widely availablehigh quality empirical validationdata sets, including detailed andunambiguous documentation ofthe input data required for validat-ing software, for a selected numberof representative design conditions.

ScopeThis Task will investigate the availabil-ity and accuracy of building energyanalysis tools and engineeringmodels to evaluate the performanceof innovative low-energy buildings.Innovative low-energy buildingsattempt to be highly energy efficient

through use of innovative energy-efficiency technologies or a combina-tion of innovative energy efficiencyand solar energy technologies. To beuseful in a practical sense such toolsmust also be capable of modelingconventional buildings.The scope ofthe Task is limited to building energysimulation tools, including emergingmodular type tools, and to widelyused innovative low-energy designconcepts. Activities will includedevelopment of analytical, compara-tive and empirical methods for eval-uating, diagnosing, and correctingerrors in building energy simulationsoftware.The audience for theresults of the Task/Annex is buildingenergy simulation tool developers,and codes and standards (normes)organizations that need methods forcertifying software. However, toolusers, such as architects, engineers,energy consultants, product manu-facturers, and building owners andmanagers, are the ultimate beneficia-ries of the research, and will beinformed through targeted reportsand articles.

MeansAt this time a number of projectshave been defined. These will beassigned to specific subtasks pendingthe outcome of discussions amongthe SHC and ECBCS executivecommittees. For the purpose ofthis preliminary work plan, it is usefulto define the terms "comparativetests" and "empirical validation." Incomparative testing, a BESTEST-typecomparative/diagnostic evaluationtest procedure is written and soft-ware programs are compared toeach other. Advantages of compara-tive tests include ease of testing

TASK 34/ECBCS ANNEX 43

Testing and Validation ofBuilding Energy Simulation Tools

Ron JudkoffNational Renewable Energy Laboratory

Operating Agent for the U.S.Department of Energy


many parameters, and that simplebuilding descriptions may be used;the major disadvantage is lack of anytruth standard in comparisons forcases where analytical solutions arenot possible. In empirical validation,software is compared with carefullyobtained experimental data. Theadvantage of empirical tests is thattrue validation of the models may beaccomplished within the uncertaintyof the experimental data; disadvan-tages are that gathering high qualityexperimental data is expensive andtime consuming, making it difficult totest the individual effects of manyparameters.

Proposed comparative tests include:

■ BESTEST ground-coupled heattransfer with respect to floor slaband basement constructions

■ BESTEST multi-zone heat transfer,shading, and air-flow

■ Radiant heating and cooling ■ HVAC BESTEST heat pumps

Within the comparative test cases,analytical verification tests for evalu-ating basic heat transfer and mathe-matic processes in building energyanalysis tools will be included wherepossible.

Proposed empirical validation testsinclude:

■ Shading/daylighting/load interaction ■ Radiant heating and cooling■ Systems, components, and controls■ Buildings with double-skin facades.

When a number of building energysimulation programs are testedagainst the same empirical data set,

comparative tests are also possible.Such comparative tests can helpidentify deficiencies in the empiricalexperiment if they exist, or broad-based deficiencies in the currentmodeling state of the art.

DurationThe Task was initiated in September2003, and will be completed inDecember 2006.

ParticipationA total of twelve countries haveparticipated in the two planningworkshops conducted during 2003for this Task. They are:

Australia Czech ReublicJapan SwitzerlandBelgium FranceNetherlands United KingdomCanada GermanySweden United States

ACTIVITIES DURING 2003A summary of Subtask research andcodes & standards activitiescompleted is presented below.

Codes and Standards ActivitiesA key audience for the researchundertaken within this Task isnational and international buildingenergy standard making organiza-tions. These organizations can usethe test cases developed in SHCTask 22 to create standard methodsof tests for building energy analysistools used for national buildingenergy code compliance.

ASHRAE Standard 140-2001 incor-porates the IEA BESTEST suite oftest cases developed under IEA SHCTask 12 and ECBCS Annex 21, which

are primarily related to building ther-mal fabric heat transfer. During2003,ASHRAE Standard 90.1, whichis used for regulating energy effi-ciency in commercial and non-low-rise residential buildings, was revisedto require use of Standard 140 fortesting software used in buildingenergy efficiency assessments. Thiswas important because it mandatessoftware evaluation using test proce-dures developed under IEA researchactivities.

SSPC 140 is the cognizant commit-tee for ASHRAE Standard 140.During 2003 SSPC 140 approvedpublic review of proposedAddendum A to Standard 140 thatincludes the test cases of HVACBESTEST Volume 1, which weredeveloped under IEA SHC Task 22and are related to unitary spacecooling mechanical equipment.Currently, SSPC 140 is responding topublic review comments, and publi-cation of Amendment A is expectedin the near future.

The Netherlands (TNO) has devel-oped their Energy DiagnosisReference (EDR) based on BESTEST.TNO has developed the EDR tosatisfy the European PerformanceDirective (EPD) of the EuropeanUnion. The EPD emphasizes perfor-mance-based standards and requirescertification of software used toshow compliance with energyperformance standards (normes).

Elsewhere, IEA BESTEST has beenreferenced in codes and standards inAustralia and New Zealand. France(CSTB) has used BESTEST to testsimulation tools used in conjunction


with development of CENStandards.

Communication continues with anumber of CEN TechnicalCommittees, including 89, 156, 229,which are also addressing buildingenergy calculation methods and thedevelopment building energy analysistool test cases. Discussions werecontinued on how CEN and SHCTask 22 can cooperate in the devel-opment and promulgation of testcases for evaluating building energyanalysis tools.

ProjectsThis year was dedicated to planningand task formation. Activities during2003 consisted of recruiting partici-pants, defining projects, and develop-ing project plans. Based on the twotask definition workshops that wereconducted, a Work Plan (includingInformation Plan) was developed bythe Operating Agent. The Work Planwas approved by the SHC ExecutiveCommittee in November 2003.

WORK PLANNED FOR 2004

Ground Coupled Floor Slab andBasement Comparative Tests (Leader: US/NREL)

Develop BESTEST-GC User’s Manualfor ground-coupled heat transfer testcases. Conduct field trials of user’smanual using hourly (or sub-hourly)building energy simulation softwareprograms. Perform iterations of fieldtrials for both user’s manual andsimulation software improvements.Test sequence will include:■ Steady state 3D analytical solution

for rectangular slab.

■ Harmonic 3D analytical solution forrectangular slab and basement.

■ Basic heat ground heat transfertests that cannot be solved analyti-cally

■ Solar interaction with building massand the ground using internal gainsas solar surrogate.

Multi-Zone Heat TransferComparative Tests(Leaders: US/NREL, Japan, Switzerland)

■ Review of the exploratory work byTimo Kalema conducted in IEASHC Task 12 / ECBCS Annex 21.

■ Write a test specification usable byhourly (or sub-hourly) detailedbuilding energy simulationprograms.The specification willstart with very simple typical officemulti-zone configurations. Later,more complex cases that includeair-flows between zones may beused to compare results from zonalmodels, network models, coarseCFD, and full CFD models to eachother.

■ Conduct field trials using the testspecification with several hourly (orsub-hourly) building energy simula-tion software programs, some ofwhich may be linked to zonal,network, coarse CFD, or full CFDmodels.

■ Use the results from the simula-tions to improve the test specifica-tions and the simulation programs.Conduct two iterations of thisprocess during 2004; additional iter-ations are expected over thecourse of the project.

Shading/Daylighting/Load InteractionEmpirical Tests(Leaders: Switzerland, US/Iowa)

Conduct series of EMPA test cellexperiments

■ “Steady-state” heat losses/determi-nation of total thermal loss coeffi-cient H

■ Transient test cell response (timeconstant)

■ Glazing only■ Glazing with external shading

screen (textile)■ Glazing with internal shading screen

(textile)■ Glazing with external venetian

blinds (painted aluminum slats)■ Glazing with internal mini-blinds■ Window (Glazing with frame)■ ERS experiments:Window

with/without mini-blinds/externalshading device

Year 1■ Winter Tests– Internal shading with screens (A)

and muslin fabric (B)– Dimmable lighting controls in both

sets of test rooms.

■ Spring/Summer Tests– Internal shading with screens (A)

and muslin fabric (B)– South room’s external shading with

fins and overhang.– Dimmable lighting controls in both

sets of test rooms.

Comparative and Empirical Tests(Leader: Switzerland)■ Finish project planning■ Literature review ■ Create revised test specification for

EMPA-3D / HTAL-room■ 3D-modelling■ Simulations with 1D/2D-models


Heat Pump Comparative Tests(Leader: Canada)■ Determine if there is interest in

expanding HVAC BESTEST casesto cover heat pumps

■ Perform literature review regardingexisting work on validation andtesting of heat pump models

■ If there is enough interest, thensubmit a detailed project plan fordevelopment of a test specificationto the Operating Agent, and beginwork

Systems, Components, and ControlsEmpirical Tests(Leader: Germany/TUD)Goal of 2004 activities is to refineproject plan, and begin work.■ Determine which tests already

exist. Literature review ‡ overview,catalog

■ Send information to potentialparticipants and get feedback.

■ Extend/update existing tests; definenew tests

Double-Facade Empirical Tests(Leader: Germany/FraunhoferInstitute)Goal of 2004 activities is to developa project plan, and begin work.

Virtual Centre Proposal (Leader: Switzerland)■ Develop a proposal to create an

entity dedicated to the coordina-tion of building simulation softwaredevelopment activities includingvalidation and testing

■ Present the proposal to ECBCSand SHC Executive Committees

OtherContinue work outside the scope ofthis task related to bringing evalua-

tion test procedures developedunder IEA research into codes andstandards (normes).

LINKS WITH INDUSTRYThe primary audiences for the IEAtool evaluation research are buildingenergy analysis tool authors andnational and international buildingenergy standard (norme) makingorganizations. For tool authors, anumber of links have been estab-lished. Activities of previous relatedTask 22 research effectively arelinked to the needs and recommen-dations of the world's leading build-ing energy analysis tool developers.This link continues in Task 34/43. Forexample, 5 papers by softwaredevelopers related to use of toolevaluation test procedures createdunder Task 22 were presented at theconference of the InternationalBuilding Performance SimulationAssociation, September 2003 inEindhoven, Netherlands. Abstractsfor four papers by software develop-ers related to Task 22 work havebeen accepted for the CanadianESim conference scheduled for June2004 in Vancouver. Additionalpapers by software developersrelated to use of Task 22 test proce-dures have appeared regularly atASHRAE meetings in the US.

The results of IEA tool evaluationresearch are used as prenormativeinformation in the establishment ofnational and international buildingenergy codes and standards, asdiscussed above under codes andstandards activities. The IEABESTEST cases were used byASHRAE to develop a standardmethod of test for evaluating build-

ing energy analysis programs. Also,the U.S. National Association ofState Energy Officials has referencedHERS BESTEST for certification ofhome energy rating software. HERSBESTEST, which is conceptuallybased on IEA BESTEST, was devel-oped for use specifically in detached-residential applications. A number ofother countries, such as theNetherlands,Australia and NewZealand are using BESTEST as astandard method of testing buildingenergy analysis tools for theirnational energy codes or homeenergy rating software.

REPORTS PUBLISHED IN 2003As 2003 was a year for Task forma-tion and development of projectplans, only the following reportsrelated to task formation weredeveloped.

Building Energy Analysis Tool TestMethods,Task 34/43 Concept Paper.November 2002.

Testing and Validation of BuildingEnergy Simulation Tools,Task 34/43Annex Document.20 May 2003. To be updated during2004.

REPORTS PLANNED FOR 2004As this is the first full year for projectwork, no final reports are planned.Draft reports covering the followingtopics are expected:

■ Revised ground coupled heattransfer test specification andresults

■ Multi-zone heat transfer compara-tive test specification and results

■ Shading/Daylighting/Load


Interaction: test procedures, testcell specifications, empirical datasets, and simulation results

■ Radiant Heating and Cooling: liter-ature review documentation,comparative test specification,simulation results, and empiricaltest project plan

■ Project plans and test specificationsfor : heat pump comparative tests;systems, components and controlsempirical tests; and double-façadeempirical tests

■ Virtual Centre Proposal

MEETINGS IN 2003First Task Definition WorkshopApril 24-25, 2003Delft, Netherlands

First Experts Meeting/Second TaskDefinition WorkshopSeptember 29-30, 2003Duebendorf, Switzerland

MEETINGS PLANNED FOR 2004Second Experts MeetingApril 5-7, 2004 Munich, Germany

Third Experts MeetingAutumn 2004Dates and location to be determined.


TASK 34/ECBCS ANNEX 43 NATIONALCONTACT PERSONS

Operating AgentRon Judkoff National Renewable Energy

Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401

AustraliaP.C.Thomas ArupLevel 10201 Kent StreetSydney NSW 2000

BelgiumJean LebrunUniversity of Liege

CanadaJulia PurdyCANMET Energy Technology CentreNatural Resources Canada580 Booth Street, 13th FloorOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4

Czech RepublicMiroslav Jicha, Pavel CharvatBRNO University of TechnologyDept. of Thermodynamics and

Environmental EngineeringTechnicka 261669 BRNO

Milos LainCTU PragueDept. of Environmental EngineeringTechnicka 416607 Prague 6

Irena PlockovaCzech Energy AgencyMinistry of Industry and TradeNA Frantisku 32Prague 111000 CZECH REPUBLIC

FranceJoseph OjalvoElectricite de France, DepartmentSEVELes RenardieresRoute de Sens, Ecuelles77818 Moret-sur-Loing Cedex

Jean-Robert MilletCSTBBP02F77421 Marne la Vallee, Cedex2

GermanyClemens Felsmann Technische Universität DresdenInstitut für Thermodynamik und

Techn. GebäudequsrüstungHelmholtzstr. 1401062 Dresden

Hans ErhornFraunhofer InstituteStuttgart

JapanYasuo UtsumiDepartment of ArchitectureMiyagi National College ofTechnologyNatori, Miyagi, 981-1239

Teruaki MitamuraYokohama National University

NetherlandsWim Maassen,Wim Plokker,AadWijsman (observers)TNO Building and Construction

ResearchVan Mourik Broekmanweg 6Postbus 492600 AA Delft

SwedenHasse Kvist, Harris PoirazisEBD, LTHLund UniversityP.O. Box 118SE-221 00 Lund

SwitzerlandGerhard ZweifelHochschule Technik + ArchitekturLuzernAbt. HLKCH-6048 Horw

Heinrich Manz,Thomas FrankEMPALaboratory for Applied Physics in

BuildingsUberlandstr. 129CH-8600 Duebendorf

Viktor Dorer, Markus Koschenz,Andreas WeberEMPA Energy Systems/Building Equipment

LabUberlandstr. 129CH-8600 Duebendorf

Mark ZimmermannEMPACentre for Energy and Sustainability

in BuildingsUberlandstr. 129CH-8600 Duebendorf


Pierre HollmullerUniversite de GeneveCentre universitaire d’etude des

problemses de l’energieRoute de Drize 7Ch – 1227 Carouge – Geneve

United KingdomDonald AlexanderWelsh School of ArchitectureCardiff UniversityCardiff,Wales

Paul StrachanESRU, Dept. of Mechanical EngUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgow G1 1XJ, Scotland

United StatesJoel NeymarkJ. Neymark & Associates2140 Ellis StreetGolden, Colorado 80401

Gregory Maxwell Mechanical Engineering DepartmentIowa State University2025 Black Engineering BuildingAmes, Iowa 50011

Peter LoutzenhiserMechanical Engineering DepartmentIowa State University0095E Black Engineering BuildingAmes, Iowa 50014

Curtis J. KlaassenIEC Energy Resource StationDMACC, Building 232006 S.Ankeny BoulevardAnkeny, Iowa 50021

84Address List

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBERS

AUSTRALIAColin BlairStandards Australia InternationalGPO Box 5420 Sydney NSW 2001Tel: +61/2/8206 6735Fax: +61/2/8206 6015e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateMr. Ken GuthrieSustainable Energy Authority Victoria215 Spring StreetMelbourneVictoria 3000Tel: +61/3/9655 3266Fax: +61/3/9655 3255e-mail: [email protected]

AUSTRIAProf. Gerhard Faningerc/o Universität Klagenfurt, IFFSterneckstraße 15A-9020 KlagenfurtTel: +43/463/2700 6125Fax: +43/463/2700 6199e-mail: [email protected]

BELGIUMProf.André De Herde Architecture et ClimatUniversité Catholique de LouvainPlace du Levant, 1B-1348 Louvain-la-NeuveTel: +32/10/47 21 42 or +32/10/47 22 23Fax: +32/10/47 21 50e-mail: [email protected]

CANADAMr. Doug McClenahanCANMET - Natural Resources

Canada 580 Booth StreetOttawa, Ontario K1A 0E4Tel: +1/613/996 6078Fax: +1/613/996 9416e-mail: [email protected]

DENMARKMr. Jens WindeleffDanish Energy AuthorityAmaliegade 44DK-1256 Copenhagen KTel: +45/33/92 68 18Fax: +45/33/11 47 43e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateMr. Poul E. KristensenIEN Consultants, EnergyHasselvej 302830 VirumTel: +45/45/855 092Fax: +45/45/8 55 092e-mail: [email protected]

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONMr. Pietro MennaCommission of the European Union

(DG TREN) Rue de la Loi 200B-1049 Brussels, BELGIUMTel: +32/2/295 1445Fax: +32/2/299 3694e-mail:[email protected]

FINLANDProf. Peter D. LundHelsinki University of TechnologyDepartment of Engineering Physics

and MathematicsRakentajanaukio 2 CP.O. Box 2200

IEA SolarHeating and Cooling

Address List

85Address List

FIN-02015 HUT (Espoo)Tel: +358/9/451 3197 or+358/9/451 3198Fax: +358/9/451 3195e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateMr. Jerri LaineTEKESP.O. Box 69FIN-00101 HelsinkiTel: +358/105 215874Fax: +358/9/694 9196e-mail. [email protected]

FRANCE Mr.Yves BoileauFrench Agency for the Environment

and Energy Management (ADEME)500 Route des Lucioles - Sophia AntipolisF-06565 Valbonne CedexTel: +33/4/93 95 79 11Fax: +33/4/93 95 79 87e-mail: [email protected]

GERMANYDr.Volkmar LottnerForschungszentrum Jülich - PTJD-52425 JülichTel: +49/2461/61 48 79Fax: +49/2461/61 31 31e-mail: [email protected]

ITALYDr. Paolo ZampettiDivision of Systems for Energy

ConservationENEAVia Anguillarese 301 I-00060 S. Maria di Galeria (Rome)Tel: +39/6/3048 3414Fax: +39/6/3048 6504e-mail: [email protected]

MEXICO Dr. Isaac PilatowskyCentro de Investigacion en EnergiaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de

MexicoApartado Postal #34 62580 Temixco, MorelosTel: +52/73/25 00 52 or +52/5/62 29 733Fax: +52/73/25 00 18 or +52/5/62 29 742e-mail: [email protected]

AlternateDr.Wilfrido Rivera Gomez-Francosame address as aboveTel: +52/73/25 00 44Fax: +52/73/25 00 18e-mail: [email protected]

NETHERLANDS Mr. Lex BosselaarNOVEM P.O. Box 82423503 RE Utrecht(Street address: Catharijnesingel 59)Tel: +31/30/239 34 95Fax: +31/30/231 64 91e-mail: [email protected]

NEW ZEALANDMr. Michael DonnSchool of ArchitectureVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington 1Tel: +64/4/463 6221Fax: +64/4/463 6204e-mail: [email protected]

NORWAYMr. Fritjof SalvesenKanEnergi ASHoffsveien 130275 OsloTel: +47/2206 5773

Fax: +47/2206 5769e-mail: [email protected]

PORTUGALMr. Joao A. Farinha MendesINETI – Edificio GDepartamento de Energias

RenovaveisEstrada do Paco do Lumiar, 221649-038 Lisboa Tel: +351/21/7127186Fax: +351/21/7127195e-mail: [email protected]

SPAINMrs. María-Luisa Delgado-Medina(Vice Chair)Head of Renewable Energy Dept.

CIEMATAvda. Complutense, 22Edificio 4228040 MadridTel: +34/91/346 60 50Fax: +34/91/346 60 37e-mail: [email protected]

SWEDENMr. Michael Rantil(Chairman)Formas - The Swedish Research

Council for Environment,Agricultural Sciences and SpatialPlanning

Box 1206, SE-111 82 StockholmTel: +46/8/775 40 67Fax: +46/8/775 40 10e-mail: [email protected]

SWITZERLANDMr. Urs WolferFederal Office of EnergyCH-3003 BernTel: +41/31/322 56 39Fax: +41/31/323 25 00e-mail: [email protected]

OPERATING AGENTS

Task 22Mr. Michael J. HoltzArchitectural Energy Corporation2540 Frontier Avenue, Suite 201Boulder, Colorado 80301 USATel: +1/303/444 4149Fax: +1/303/444 4304e-mail: [email protected]

Task 24 Dr. Hans WestlingPromandat ABBox 24205S-104 51 Stockholm, SWEDENTel: +46/8/667 80 20Fax: +46/8/660 54 82e-mail: [email protected]

Task 25 Dr. Hans-Martin HenningFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

SystemsHeidenhofstr. 2D-79110 Freiburg, GERMANYTel: +49/761/45885134Fax: +49/761/45889000e-mail: [email protected]

Task 26 Mr.Werner WeissAEE INTECFeldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf, AUSTRIATel: +43/3112/5886 17Fax: +43/3112/5886 18e-mail: [email protected]

Task 27Mr. Michael KöhlFraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

SytemsHeidenhofstr. 2D-79 110 Freiburg, GERMANYTel: +49/761/4016682Fax: +49/761/4016681e-mail: [email protected]

Task 28 Mr. Robert HastingsArchitecture, Energy & Environment

GmbHKirchstrasse 1CH 8304 Wallisellen,SWITZERLANDTel: +41/1/883 1717 or 16Fax: +41/1/883 1713e-mail: [email protected]

Task 29 Mr. Doug LorrimanNamirrol Ltd.38 Morden Neilson WayGeorgetown, ONCANADA L7G 5Y8Tel: +1/905/873 3149Fax: +1/905/873 2735e-mail: [email protected]

Task 31 Dr. Nancy Ruck79 Amaroo DriveSmiths Lake, NSW 2428AUSTRALIATel: + 61/2/65 544 073Fax: +61/2/65 544 073e-mail: [email protected]

Task 32Mr. Jean-Christophe HadornBASE CONSULTANTS SA51 Chemin du DevinCH-1012 LausanneSWITZERLANDTel: + 41/21/651 42 82Fax: +41/21/651 42 83e-mail:[email protected]

UNITED KINGDOMProf. David StrongManaging Director – Energy Division BREBucknalls LaneGarston,WatfordHerts WD2 7JRTel: +44/1923/664237Fax: +44/1923/664087e-mail: [email protected]

UNITED STATESMr. Drury CrawleyU.S. Department of Energy(Vice Chair)Energy Efficiency and Renewable

EnergyEE-2J, Building Technlogies Program1000 Independence Ave. S.W.Washington, D.C. 20585-0121Tel: +1/202/586 2344Fax: +1/202/586 4617e-mail:[email protected]

86Address List

87Address List

EXECUTIVE SECRETARYMs. Pamela MurphyMorse Associates, Inc.9131 S. Lake Shore Dr.Cedar, Michigan 49621, USATel: +1/231/228 7016Fax: +1/231/228 7016e-mail: [email protected]

ADVISORDr. Frederick H. MorseMorse Associates, Inc.1808 Corcoran Street, N.W.Washington, D.C. 20009, USATel: +1/202/483 2393Fax: +1/202/265 2248e-mail: [email protected]

IEA SECRETARIAT LIAISONMr. Peter TulejInternational Energy Agency9 rue de la Fédération75739 Paris Cedex 15, FRANCE Tel: +33/1/4057 Fax: +33/1/4057 6759e-mail: [email protected]

Task 33Mr.Werner WeissAEE INTECFeldgasse 19A-8200 Gleisdorf, AUSTRIATel: +43/3112/5886 17Fax: +43/3112/5886 18e-mail: [email protected]

SHC Task 34/ECBCS ANNEX 43 Ron JudkoffDirector,Buildings & Thermal Systems CenterNational Renewable Energy

Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401-3393 USATel: +1/303/384 7520Fax: +1/303/384 7540e-mail: [email protected]

Proposed Solar ResourceManagementDavid S. Renné, PhDNational Renewable Energy

Laboratory1617 Cole BoulevardGolden, Colorado 80401-3393 USATel: +1/303/384 7408Fax: +1/303/384 7411e-mail: [email protected]

Proposed PV-ThermalSolar Systems TaskHenrik SørensenEsbensen Consulting Engineers Ltd.Vesterbrogade 124 BCase for TaskDK-1620 Copenhagen V, DENMARKTel: +45/33/26 73 04Fax: +45/33/26 73 01e-mail: [email protected]

SHC INTERNET SITEhttp://iea-shc.org

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