Idowu solutions to new challenges

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Water Balances in Cover Crops Systems and Positive Impacts in Irrigated Areas of the Southwest. John Idowu(Extension Agronomist, NMSU) Email: [email protected] Phone: 5756462571 69th SWCS International Annual Conference Lombard, Illinois, July 2730, 2014

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69th SWCS International Annual Conference “Making Waves in Conservation: Our Life on Land and Its Impact on Water” July 27-30, 2014 Lombard, IL

Transcript of Idowu solutions to new challenges

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Water Balances in Cover Crops Systems and Positive Impacts in Irrigated Areas of the Southwest.

John Idowu(Extension Agronomist, NMSU)Email: [email protected]: 575‐646‐2571

69th SWCS International Annual ConferenceLombard, Illinois, July 27‐30, 2014

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What is a Cover Crop?

• Grown between cash crop cycles

• Intercropped with cash crops to cover bare ground

• Planted in the absence of normal crop 

• Grown primarily to add organic matter and nutrients to 

the soil

• NOT FOR HARVEST

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Benefits of Cover Crops• Erosion Control (especially wind erosion in the spring)

• Biomass for Soil Health Improvement

• Nitrogen Fixation

• Breaking Soil Compaction

• Weed Suppression

• Habitat for Beneficials

• Forage ??? (Partial Harvest)

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Challenges Facing Cover Crops in the Southwest

• Water Availability

• Selection of Cover Crops

• Seed Availability and Costs

• Appropriate Management Strategies

• Desire for Immediate Farm Income

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Water Availability

• Dwindling water resources in the Southwest– On‐going drought– Reduction in water allotment to growers– Getting water from deep wells

• Expensive• Salinity issues as the ground water level decreases

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Reservoirs in New Mexico (End of May 2014)[Climas‐University of Arizona]

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Water Allotment – Dona Ana County

With adequate water – 36 acre‐inches• 2011 – 4 acre‐inches• 2012 – 6 acre‐inches• 2013 – 3.5 acre‐inches – worst irrigation year• 2014 – 6 acre‐inches

– Alfalfa 36 acre‐inches– Corn 21 acre‐inches

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Fighting Over Water!

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Selection of Cover Crops

• More studies are needed on how to use cover crops under limited water conditions

• Questions to be answered include:– Which cover crops are competitive under limited water?

– What are immediate and long term benefits?– How much will it cost the farmers?– Will the cover crop address the needs of the farmer?

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Seed Availability & Cost

• Getting seeds of promising cover crops can be challenging

• Legume seeds are expensive because that can also be used as food crops

• Cost of establishment– Seed purchase– Irrigation cost– Seeding and termination costs

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Management Strategies

• Terminating cover crops on time to prevent them turning to weeds

• Termination methods (depends on next crop)– Plow under (wind erosion in the spring)– Terminate with herbicide– Mow– Crimping– Partial harvesting ???

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Partial Harvest of Cover Crops

47 4325

2423

14

0102030405060708090

Surghum Sudan/Lablab Surghum‐sudan Pearl millet

Dry Biom

ass, M

g.ha

‐1

Cover crops

First cut Second cutregrowth

Sorghum Sudan/Lablab             Sorghum Sudan                      Perl Millet

First cut after 81 days; second regrowth after 52 days (used as cover crop)(Las Cruces Irrigated Cover Crop Study)

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Living Mulches Examples

Los Lunas Clovis

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Cover Crops Can Conserve Soil Moisture

Because of the ground surface protection, cover crop can prevent water losses to the atmosphere

Moisture at 10 inches depth 

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─ Very High Biomass 12.7 t/ac─ Good nitrogen fixation─ Excellent weed suppression─ Easy to Manage─ Grows well in sandy & clay Soils

Las Cruces Cover Crop TrialSesbaniaMarch‐July40‐50 lbs/acreSesbania exaltata

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Hairy Vetch

Late Sept – Nov20‐25 lbs/acre

─ Very Good Nitrogen Fixation─ Beneficial Insect Habitat─ Can be mixed with winter  cereals

─ Cold Tolerant─ Good Biomass

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Potential of Legumes to Add N to the SoilCover Crop C:N Nitrogen (Ib N/ac) Biomass (t/ac)

Ib N/t of Biomass

Sesbania 25 248 7.3 34Cowpea I&C 15 221 3.7 60Lablab  14 192 3.3 58Cowpea CA 12 182 2.7 67Cowpea CC36 18 150 2.9 52Bush bean 10 146 1.9 77Pigeon Pea 10 131 1.6 82Guar Durga 15 124 2.3 54Tepary Bean 14 120 2.0 60Lima Bean 12 119 1.8 66Green Bean 15 82 1.5 55Guar Evergreen 18 79 1.6 49Mung Bean 21 70 1.8 39Adzuki Bean 11 70 1.0 70Moth Bean 15 69 1.3 53

Summer green legume experiment conducted in Las Cruces, NM under irrigated system (14 inches of water)

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Sesbania Nodules

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Cereals After Summer Sesbania• Sesbania planted in mid July• Terminated in mid September• Cereals planted in end of October

Barley after Sesbania cover crop Oats after Sesbania cover crop

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Developed by the USDA

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Benefit of Mixtures

Mixture: sorghum sudan, pearl millet, lablab, sesbania, cowpea, buckwheat, hairy vetch and guar

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Summary• Cover crops can deliver great benefits in the irrigated desert southwest

• However, water availability issues remain challenging• Selection of cover crops with lower water requirements and drought tolerant species are needed

• Adaptable legumes that can deliver immediate benefit in terms of nitrogen will enhance adoption

• More research into how to incorporate cover crops into various farming systems and quantification of benefits are needed

• Mixtures of cover crop appear promising, but more information are needed on their relative benefits

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