AN ASSIGNMENT

ON IDM MODEL OF RED ROT OF SUGERCANE

Course No.: P.Path.-516

Course Title: Integrated Diseases Management

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH

Dr. Ismail Hossain

Professor

Department of Plant Pathology

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Mymensingh

Md. Kamaruzzaman ID No. 11 Ag.P.Path. JJ 07 M Reg. No. 33141 Department of Plant Pathology

Bangladesh Agricultural University

Mymensingh

1

CONTENTS

SL.

NO. NAME OF THE TOPICS

PAGE

NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT 2

3. POINTS TO BE CONSIDER FOR PREPARING AN IDEAL

IDM (INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT) MODEL 3

4. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 6

5. RED ROT DISEASE ON SUGARCANE 7

6. SYMPTOMATOLOGY 7

7. DISEASE CYCLE OF THE PATHOGEN 9

8. CONTROL 10

9. IDM MODEL FOR CONTROLLING OF RED ROT 11

10. CONCLUSION 12

11. REFERENCES 13

2

Introduction:

The importance of sugar in human diet needs no introduction; it has become a

part and parcel of daily life. Sugarcane is not only cash crop for the growers,

but it is main source of white crystal sugar and also provide grower with a very

good substitute of sugar in the form of 'gur' and 'khandsari' (brown sugar).

While sugarcane tops serve as fodder for cattle, baggase and leaf trash as fuel,

stubbles and roots as organic manure and crop residues as mulch and compost.

Since last two decades, sugarcane leaves are also used as substrate for the

artificial cultivation of edible mushrooms.

This crop is subjected to many diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes

and viruses. According to Ahmad (1988) red rot is one of the oldest and widely

distributed, recognized as major disease of sugarcane in Punjab and Sindh. But

Hafiz (1986) described this disease as third most important disease by reporting

that "red rot of sugarcane was first recorded from Java in 1883 and in the sub-

continent of Indo-Bangladesh by Barber and later on by Butler in 1906". Kamal

and Moghal (1968) reported this disease in a local variety of sugarcane during

1921-22 at Sukkur, Sindh.

However, the causes of the disease, its symptoms, transmission, perpetuation

and control measures, based on the description by Hafiz (1986) and Ahmad

(1988), are being summarized here under, for guide line to the growers,

extension workers and students of agriculture. The disease is the number one

problem of sugarcane in Bangladesh and entire cane breeding in Bangladesh is

geared around this disease. But chemical controls are not eco-friendly. So, we

need to adopt biological control which is environmentally safe. Now a day

scientists are trying to control Red rot of sugarcane by mean of IDM (Integrated

disease Management).

The Integrated disease management (IDM) is an integrated approach of crop

management to solve ecological problems when applied in agriculture.

In view of the above facts, the present study was undertaken to achieve the

following objectives –

1. To get information about the Integrated disease management.

2. To know about the Red rot of sugarcane.

3. To know about the Integrated disease management of Red rot of

sugarcane.

3

Integrated Disease Management

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is a concept derived from the

successful Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems developed by

entomologists for insect and mite control. In most cases IDM consists of

scouting with timely application of a combination of strategies and tactics.

Integrated Disease Management (IDM) has been defined in many ways. The

Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of United Nations agreed on the

following description: “disease management systems that utilizes all suitable

techniques in a compatible manner to reduce pest populations and maintains

them at levels bellow those causing economic injury, (Smith and Reynolds

1966).

Many IDM researchers consider this definition too meager and opt for one

which contains philosophical and ecological elements besides the more

technical aspects. An example of such a definition is the one developed by

P.Gruys (1976). A durable, environmentally and economically justifiable

system in which damage caused by diseases is prevented through the use of

natural factors which limit the population growth of this organism, if needed

supplemented with appropriate control measures.

In most cases IDM consists of scouting with timely application of a

combination of strategies and tactics .These may include site selection and

preparation, utilizing resistant cultivars, altering planting practices, irrigation,

pruning, thinning, shading, etc., and applying pesticides, if necessary. But in

addition to these traditional measures, monitoring environmental factors

(temperature, moisture, soil pH, nutrients, etc.), disease forecasting, and

establishing economic thresholds are important to the management scheme.

These measures should be applied in a coordinated integrated and harmonized

manner to maximize the benefits of each component. For example, balancing

fertilizer applications with irrigation practices helps promote healthy vigorous

plants. However, this is not always easy to accomplish, and “disease

management” may be reduced to single measures exactly the same as the ones

previously called “disease control.” Whatever the measures used, they must be

compatible with the cultural practices essential for the crop being managed.‟

4

Points to be consider for preparing an ideal IDM model:

1. Crop : For preparing an ideal model of IDM of specific disease of

specific crop, we should need vast information on-

-the nature of and growth of the crop,

-duration of the crop,

-Environmental condition for crop growth (both micro and macro

environment).

-variety / cultivar of the crop.

2. Substrate: Where we need to grow this crop, it is vary important

information for preparing an ideal model of IDM. So that before site

selection we should must be need to know about the

-Nutritional status of soil

-Soil reaction (pH)

-Soil topography

-Soil structure

-soil moisture

-soil Organic matter

- Soil texture, etc.

If all these points are satisfactory for this crop production, then this side or land

should be selected for cultivate the crop.

3. Disease:

a) Types of disease- whether it caused by animal or insect or pathogens, or

virus.

b) Time of disease incidence-where the disease appear, in which stages

(seedling/flag leaf / tillering stage /others).

4. Season:

5. Pathogen:

-Types of pathogen

-Mode of infection (whether it spore producing or conidia

- Life cycle

-Survival of pathogens (host, collateral host, alternative host, sclerotia

forming or others, etc.

- Mode of transmition and multiplication.

-Inoculum density.

-Safe distance.

5

6. Tolerance of pest damage:

a) Economic injury level: This quantitative measure of insect /pest density

determines if an insect component of an agroecosystem is to be classified as a

pest. Without an estimate of the pest density that can be tolerated without

significant crop loss, there can be no reasonable safeguard against either over

treatment with pesticides or unacceptable crop damage. Thus determination of

Economic injury level is critical in defining the ultimate objective of any pest

management program. Various definitions have been proposed for the

Economic injury level, including

“The lowest pest population density that will cause economic damage” (Stern et

al.1959),

“The level at which damage can no longer be tolerated and therefore the level at

or before which it is desirable to initiate deliberate control activities.”(NAS

1969).

b) Economic threshold: This is another important parameter, defined as, “the

density at which control measures should be applied to prevent an increasing

pest population from reaching the economic injury level.”

c) General Equilibrium position: This is the average population density of

an insect population overlong period of time, unaffected by the temporary

interventions of pest control. The population density fluctuates about this mean

level as a result of the influence of density-dependent factors such as

parasitoids, predators, and diseases .The economic injury level may be at any

level from well below to well above the general equilibrium position.

7. Use f low cost IDM practices with maximum benefits: Consider

a) Cost/benefit

b) Benefit /Risk

Cost/benefit: In most agricultural pest-control activities, the benefits

usually are not known, as they are usually not measured and the costs of

prevention become cost production. Improving capabilities for predicting pest

problems and defining economic thresholds will place increased emphasis on

costs and benefits. Crop life tables provide a solid foundation for analysis of

pest damage and cost/benefit in pest management.

6

Benefit /Risk: Benefit/ risk analysis provides a means for assessing the

relevant economic benefits versus the risks in pest control. The consideration

and assessment of benefit/risk is fundamental to pest management. Growers

carefully consider the hazard of highly toxic pesticides and take action to ensure

safety for himself and his workers in handling and in application. Similarly, a

grower must consider the effects on society and on the environment of a

pesticide that is applied.

8) Better to avoid chemicals but encourage biological management of

disease, as well as nutritional management of soil.

9) Select best variety or cultivar of crop: Selection of variety has great

importance for preparing an ideal model of IDM. We can cultivate high

yielding variety having resistant capacity. We can also use Hybrid plant

materials. If possible cultivate GMO.

7

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The prophetic remark of Garrett aptly outlines the chequered history of red rot.

Over and over again, pathologists of different genre have made similar

mistakes in similar situations due to a lack of proper understanding of the

disease. This situation was partly due to the non-availability of seminal

literature at one‟s disposal (at one place), and partly due to the haste in having a

quick-fix solution. Red rot, though prevalent in India since time immemorial, drew

the attention of the scientific community only when FAFC Went chance

encountered this malady in Java. He was deputed to Java (now Indonesia), to

investigate the notorious „Sereh‟ disease, which was threatening the sugar

industry of Java in 1880‟s. In search of the cause and cure of ‘Sereh ’, Went

stumbled upon a situation of cane dying in 1892 at the Tjomal estate in Java,

and in the following year (1893) he published an account of this problem of stalk

rotting of sugarcane plants and thus, this sugarcane disease came to light in the

scientific world.

He studied the malady, and described the causal fungus as Colletotrichum

falcatum Went and named the disease as “het rood snot”, meaning red smut.

Obviously, the name „red smut‟ is not a happy one as „smut‟ is caused by an

entirely different group of fungi and produce remarkably different type of

symptoms. The species is named ‘falcatum ’ due to its typical falcate/sickle shaped

conidia (Plates 19, 21). The accepted name, „Red rot‟ was given to this cane

disease in 1906 by Sir E. J. Butler, the celebrated Imperial Mycologist of India,

who was then working at Pusa, Bihar. He wrote the first major account of this

disease in 1906.

Fig. Red rot Infected sugarcane field

8

Red Rot Disease on Sugarcane:

Red rot is one of the major constraints in the profitable cultivation of

sugarcane in many states of India. Except Maharashtra, the disease has been

recorded in all the states. This disease drastically retards the yield and

considerably deteriorates the juice quantity and quality thus hitting both the

cane growers and millers. Many good varieties have gone out of cultivation due

to red rot.

Causal Organism : Colletotrichum falcatum Went, Glomerella cingulata

Class : Deuteromycetes

Order : Melanconiales

Family : Melanconiaceae

Symptomatology:

Leaf Symptoms

Tiny reddish lesions on the upper surface of the lamina. These lesions are

2 to 3 mm in length and about 0.5 mm in width.

Minute red spots on the upper surface of the midrib in both the directions.

Later on becomes straw colored in the center with the development of

black acervuli and dark reddish brown margins.

Fig. The affected sugarcane leaf showing red rot symptom

9

Stalk Symptoms

Drying up of the 3rd

& 4th

leaf of the crown at margins. Later, the entire

crown dries up & drops down.

Brown or reddish brown stripes appear externally at nodal region. On

splitting, the internal tissue becomes red with white transverse bands.

Tissues emit alcoholic sour smell.

Tiny acervuli develop on outer surface of shrinkled upper internodes.

Cottony gray fungal mass develops in the pith region of the internodes

and sporulates abundantly.

Fig. The affected sugarcane stalk showing red rot symptom

Symtoms on the cane:

The infected canes become shriveled, the rind shrinks and becomes

longitudinally wrinkled. Such canes lighter in weight and easily broken.

When diseased canes are splitted open longitudinally with white tissues

in the pith and vascular region. In very advanced stage of the diseases,

the red color may be replaced by dirty brown and white bands may not

be very conspicuous.

The cavities filled with greyish or white mycelium which found in the

pith and minute velvety, dark dot (the acervuli of fungus) are formed near

about the nodes of the diseased canes and also in shrunken areas.

10

Fig. The affected sugarcane cane showing red rot symptom

Disease cycle of the pathogen

The planting material, viz., the setts, may harbour the fungus and thus

perptuate the disease from season to season.

The fungus may also persist in the soil oil diseased clumps and dry leaves

left in the field after harvest.

The primary infection, however, appears to be mainly from infected setts.

Secondary spread in the field may be through irrigation water, cultivation

tools anti implements and wind-borne inoculum.

If the conidia settle on the leaves they may germinate and invade the

leaves through various types of wounds including the splitting of the

mid-rib so common in many varieties.

Stem infection may take place through insect bores and root primordia.

The soil-borne fungus may also enter the healthy setts through cut-ends,

and cause early infection of the shoots.

The prevalence of several pathogenic strains of the fungus has been

reported from many countries, including India.

In general, light-coloured physiologic races sporulate readily and are

more pathogenic than the dark-coloured strains that sporulate sparingly.

Though the perfect stage of the fungus has been observed in nature, the

role of ascospores in the disease cycle is not understood.

11

The pathogen is sett borne. After primary infection the fungal mycelium

grows within the host tissues intercellularly and intracellularly. It produces

conidiophores and conidia. The conidia germinate by producing one or more

germ tubes and cause secondary infection and spread of the disease.

Control:

Control Adopting one or more of the following measures can minimize the

disease incidence.

Use of red rot resistant varieties of sugarcane (Isd 2/54, Isd 19, Isd 20,

Isd 32, Isd 33, Isd 34, Isd 35, Isd 36, Isd 37 and Isd 38)

Planting material should be collected from the seed nursery.

Hot water treatment of setts before planting at 52 degree C for 30

minutes is also recommended.

Follow the long furrow method or pair row method of layout for planting

and irrigation

Bunding of affected field should be done to avoid movement of rain or

floodwater

Before primary and general cane planting set treatment with 0-1%

carbendazim

To control the secondary spread of the disease, follow the following

practices

a) Rogue out the affected clumps & destroy it by burning. Stools should

not buried in the soil or should not be kept or thrown on bunds.

b) After roguing, drench the spot with the 0.1% carbendazim containing

fungicide.

c) Foliar application of the Bavistin (0.1%), or Baynlate 70% w.p. (0.1%

to 0.15%) by 2 to 3 times at an interval of 10 to 12 days may be tried.

Spraying may be done immediately after the disease incidence.

d) After the harvest of the diseased crop, left over trash with stools

should be burnt immediately

Crop rotation should be followed to break the rapid built up of the

disease

Avoid ratooning of the diseased crop.

12

IDM MODEL FOR CONTROLLING OF RED ROT

IDM

MODEL FOR

CONTROLLING OF

RED ROT OF

SUGERCANE

Use of red rot

resistant

varieties

of sugarcane

( Isd 2/54,

Isd 19, Isd 20,

Isd 32, Isd 33,

Isd 35 etc)

Planting

material

should be

collected

from the

seed

nursery

Sett treatment with

BAU-bio fungicide

or 0-1%

carbendazim

Follow the long

furrow method

or trance

method for

planting and

irrigation

land selection:

ᴥ Medium high

land

ᴥ Well drained

ᴥ Sunny place

Application of the

Bavistin (0.1%), or

Baynlate 70% w.p.

(0.1% to 0.15%) by

2 to 3 times at an

interval of 10 to 12

day

Balanced

Fertilization-

Urea: 30-35kg/ha

TSP: 40-45kg/ha

MP: 25-30kg/ha

ᴥ Avoid ratooning

ᴥ Crop rotation

ᴥ Rogue out the

affected clumps &

destroy it by

burning

Fig. IDM model for management of red rot of sugarcane diseases

13

Conclution:

Red rot is one of the oldest known diseases of sugarcane. It occurs in most

cane-growing countries. Although it continues to be a threat in certain

subtropical countries, it is of little concern to the Florida sugarcane grower.

Midrib lesions are probably the major source of inoculum during the growing

season. Diseased stalks generate a great deal of inoculum. Dissemination of the

inoculum takes place by wind, rain, heavy dews and irrigation water. Infected

plant material can readily spread or cause secondary infections. Crop debris or

stubble may also provide inoculum to infect a new crop. Although the fungus is

not a true soil-borne organism, spores washed into the soil may produce

infection in planted seed pieces. Hosts other than sugarcane are not considered

important inoculum sources. Climatic factors affect both the spread and severity

of red rot. In newly-planted cane, the disease is favored by excessive soil

moisture, drought conditions, and low temperatures. ). To control these diseases

for commercial production system of this vegetable and for their quality and

high productivity per unit area, the synthetic pesticides are being used

indiscriminately at large scale. Consumption of pesticides in Bangladesh were

10136.83mt. (BBS, 2003), of which fungicides were 3445.2 mt. This causes

serious environment pollution and human health. So, for controlling the

environmental pollution as well as to increase the production of sugarcane we

should have to follow Integrated Disease Management system (IDM) which

will protect our valuable crop & ultimately bring happiness to our farmer.

14

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