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TDT 4136 Logikk og Resonnerende Systemer
http://www.idi.ntnu.no/emner/tdt4136/
Overall course structure
AI Artificial Intelligence
(A modern approach)
AI-2 Spring semester
TDT4171
Methods in artificial intelligence
AI-1 Fall semester
TDT 4136
Logic and reasoning systems
Course prehistory
TDT 4125
Logic
IT2702
Artificial Intelligence
TDT4170
Knowledge systems
TDT4171
Methods in artificial intelligence
TDT4136
Logic and reasoning systems
Before
Now
What is intelligence ?
Intelligence is the ability to solve new problems based on earlier experience.
SICStus Prolog
Prolog Compiler developed by Swedish Institue of Computer Science (SICS) 1990– (?)
Performance on a fast PC (3.4 GHz)
> 70 MegaLIPS (70 Mill. Logic inferences/second)
What is Artificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence is the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by man.
(Prof. Marvin Minsky)
AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at the moment people do better.
(Prof. Elaine Rich)
(Horizon effect: If it works, it is no longer AI)
A Definition of Intelligence
An entity is intelligent if it has an adequate model of the world, it is clever enough to answer a wide variety of questions on the basis of this model, if it can get additional information from the external world when required, and can perform such tasks in the external world as its goals demands and physical abilities permit.
What is AI (N.J.Nilsson)
AI is concerned with intelligent behaviour.
Intelligent behaviour involves perception, reasoning, learning, communicating and acting in complex environments.
AI has as one of its long term goals the development of machines that can do these things as well as humans can.
Another goal is to understand this kind of behaviour. Thus, AI has both engineering and scientific goals.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Grand goal is to achieve human level intelligence.
AI was coined at the Dartmouth conference in 1956.
Founding father John McCarthy.
What is ”Artificial”
TRACTOR
INTELLIGENCEHORSE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial horse ?
The Intelligence Pyramid
Wisdom
Intelligence
Data
Knowledge
Noise
Information
Each level is a set of relations on the level below
Levels of intelligence
7. Can A be alive (not allowed to be killed) ?
6. Can A have a (genuine) consciousness ?
5. Can A feel real feelings (pain,sorrow,happiness)?
4. Can A think ?
3. Can A reason ?
2. Can A deduce ?
1. Can A compute ?
Replace A with human/child/embryo/ape/robot/computer
What is your opinion ?
Aspects of Intelligence
Human likeness (how much does it resemble a human ?)
Human performance (is it as clever as a human ?)
Human like tasking (are humans doing it ?)
Human like operation (are humans doing it similarily?)
Human like genesis (was it made or did it evolve?)
What is AI (James Allen,99)
• AI is the science of making machines that do tasks that humans can do or try to do
•AI is not the science of building artificial people
•AI is not the science of understanding human intelligence (Cognitive Science)
•AI is not even the science of trying to build artifacts that can imitate human behaviours well enough to fool someone that the machine is human (Turings test)
Game Playing
Om May 11 1997, an IBM program DEEP BLUE beat the reigning world champion Garry Kasparov 3.5 – 2.5 in a six game match.
”We won”
The Noble Art of Car Parking
Artificial Expertise
If most people prefer the computer to the human expert, the computer has artificial expertise.
Expertise (50 centsExpertise (50 cents)
Rule Based Systems
Rule based systems / Knowledge based systems/ Expert Systems
have played and plays an important role in the AI industry.
A report from from 1993 by John Durkin:
Reports on Over 2500 Developed Expert Systems
Application areas:
Agriculture, Business, Chemistry, Communications, Computer Systems, Education, Electronics, Engineering, Environment, Geology, Image processing, Information Management, Law, Manufacturing, Mathematics, Medicine, Meteorology, Military, Mining, Power Systems, Science, Space Technology, Transportation
Types of systems:
Rule Based, Frame Based, Fuzzy Logic, Case Based, Neural Network
Architecture of a typical expert system
User
User interface:
Question-and-answer
Menu driven
Natural language
Graphic
inteface
Explanation subsystem
Inference engine
Knowledge- base editor
General knowledge- base
Case-specific
data
Knowledge base
Expert system shell
AI in Medicine (USA 1970)• Stanford
MYCIN - blood infections
• Rutgers
CASNET - casual reasoning
• MIT
PIP - renal disease
• Stanford
• Pittsburgh
Internist – internal medicine
- ”the primary goal of this field is to develop computer programs that perform efficiently and are able to explain their reasoning and conclusions to their users”
Mycin system for diagnosis og meningitis and
bacteremia (bacterial infections) IF
the site of the culture is blood, and
the identity of the organism is
not known with certainty, and
the stain of the organism is gramneg, and
the morphology of the organism is rod, and
the patient has been seriously burned
THEN
there is weakly suggestive evidence (0.4) that
the identity of the organism is pseudomonas
Intelligent Programming/ Programmed Intelligence
For a given task, it is possible to make a program that performs intelligently (Intelligent programming) . Then the intelligence is implicit in the program.
A goal is to make a program for any given set of tasks can perform intelligently without being reprogrammed. (Programmed Intelligence). This requires that the intelligence is represented explicitly.
•Machine Learning
•Genetic Algorithms
•Evolutinary Programming
The Bus Route Oracle BussTUC
BussTUC is a natural language expert system for bus departures in Trondheim.
It is written in Prolog ( > 110.000 program lines) and answers > 800.000 queries/year (2007)
Game of Life,
Example of Artificial life
Artificial Intelligence versus Cognitive Science
Although a computer can do logical reasoning, it does not mean that the computer is trying to simulate a human.
In fact, computers can do logical reasoning better than humans.
We can say, with a twist, that AI is the science of correct thinking, while CS is the science of incorrect thinking. (Errare humane est).
Tower of Hanoi Puzzle
Cognitive Science: How do humans solve the TOH problem?
Artificiel Intelligence: How can we make the machine solve it efficiently and autonomously?
Even if machines made of proteins can think, perhaps ones made of silicon does not.
(Searle, 1992) Chinese room scenario
Are we machines ?
Can silicon computers think ?
If humans are machines, then machines can think.
What is understanding ?Searle’s Chinese Room
Rules
John
Does the system understand Chinese ?
Is the system conscious ?
What if John has the rules in his head ?
Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
That hypothesis states that a physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means for general intelligent action.
(Newell&Simon, 1976)
A physical symbol system is a machine, like a digital computer that is capable of manipulating symbolic data.
It doesn’t matter what the physical symbol system is made of.