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Transcript of Ideologies Midterm
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Introduction to Ideologies
Each specifc ideology has their own specifc world views andunderstanding.
Ideologies provide an understanding o the world around you and they tellyou the sort o world to strive or and the actions you should be takingwithin it (reason and ground or changing the world around you is ound inyour specifc ideology).
Ideology – a more or less coherent set o ideas that provides the base orpolitical action and they have a goal o describing the world around youand the actions you should be taking to preserve or change it
o Provide you with a desired picture o the world and how to achieveit.
!hick" and !hin" ideologies#I. Thick – always unction on their own very distinct set o ideas$
norms$ and belies (core ideas that set the oundation or thinideologies)
a. %iberalismb. &onservatismc. 'ocialism
II. Thin – based on the ideas o thick ideologies and appropriating it inyour own way (building up on the ideas o thick ideologies)
a. narchismb. ationalism
*hat makes an ideology an ideology+ Political action.___________________________________________________________________________
Liberalism
Origins
E,isted back in early agricultural societies.
!rade was essential or survival in society during this time.o !rade - origin o early societyo People made things that they were good at.o !here needs to be a common understanding o how you will e,ist in
society.o ou need to interact with other people in order to trade.
Early agricultural communities were all about individual fourishment . start o liberalism
o Individual /ourishment was based on talent
%iberalism started to /ourish more at the end o eudalism.o 0eudalism - societies based on relationship between the lord and
the vessel (occurred during 1th 2 34th century)
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5essel was hired to work on lord"s land and in return$ weregiven ood and shelter (not money).
End o eudalism - frst capitalist societies&apitalism (market) societies invention o the middle class
6iddle class emerged in society to challenge divine rule (&hurch) omonarchy.o &hurch had power and decided how people should behave.o 7ivine right to vote people chose or born into leadership position
*hen the capitalist society started to emerge$ the middle class tried tooverthrow what e,isted beore.
o 7id this by speaking about representative government (democracy). 3891 – 0rench :evolution *anted everyone to be e;ually represented (avored mostly
middle class). 6iddle class (or the frst time) emerged into the leadership
position.
'ociety emerged with constitutional representative power (frst glimpse outure).
In the 31th century$ liberalism started to crystali<e into a potent politicalideology (not =ust an idea).
'tart o the early industriali<ation process (concept o *estern world) economic e,pansion and mass production
o
>ased on the principles o classical liberalism.I you ailed in society$ you die.
Classical Liberalism
1. Egoism (Egotistical Individualization)
Individuals are sel2reliant in their pursue o sel2ulfllment (success andsurvival).
'ociety - group o unconnected individuals
2. Negative Freedom
Individual is only truly ree i they are let alone.
!he only way to succeed is to be let alone.
ou will do better in society i you work by yoursel and do not have toworry about the people around you.
3. State is a ‘Necessar Evil!
It has to be there$ but nobody wants it there.'tate is evil because o the market economy.
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>elieve in the invisible hand o the market" (dam 'mith).o 'tate is evil because it intereres in the economy.
'tate is necessary to provide people with security (through socialcontract ).
o state intervention in the market.o 6arket works best when it is let alone (state in market - problems).
". Civil Societ
?roup o people voluntarily decide to =oin something.o 'tate$ on the other hand$ orce you to be a citi<en.
Individual reedom e,hibit reedom by voluntarily =oining civil society
#odern Liberalism
lso known as @Ath century liberalism".
&lassical liberalism did not have social elements.o >eggers simply perish.
!he classical liberal market did not provide or everyone and socialine;ualities emerged in society.
o People started to think o ways to change classical liberalism.
6odern liberalism emerged at a time when Europe"s industrial worldincreased with the rise o social problems (emergence o beggers in
society).
%iberal thinkers started to think o ways to make classical liberalism a bitmore humane.
o *anted to introduce a social element.
1. Individualit
ll about individual /ourishment.
People were given the capacity to sel2reali<e their potential.
2. $ositive Freedom
In order or a society to be healthy$ there needs to be more altruism inpeople.
o ltruism – compassion towards otherso ou need to care about the development o others as well.
3. %el&are
'tate intervention is good.
'tate should play a role in the economy via welarism.Provides protection or people.
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I you ail$ there is a welare system to take care o you.
". Economic Structure
Perect economy - everyone employed - opportunities - state activity
'tate activity is needed to create =obs.
'tate activity - demand rom society'tate tried to answer the social problems (unemployment) o society.
'upply and 7emand state is active - lower ta,ation - more money orciti<ens
o >ut people rely on ta,es (welare).
B. 6. Ceynes
'e Conce(ts
1. Individualism
Dni;ue and most important to liberalism.
Individual is at oreront.
Encourages people to work$ think$ and act or themselves.
Promotes individual /ourishment.
*here in classical liberalism the individual is let to their own devices$modern liberalism believes in the individual /ourishing with understandingo the people around you.
2. )eason
Enlightenment
&hange rom believing in myths and superstitions into things being provenby science.
bility to orm intellectual arguments that are empirically proven.
3. Freedom
0reedom that is not absolute (limit to your reedom).
I your individual reedom harms someone else"s reedom$ it is notpermitted.
@ types o reedom (Bohn 'tewart 6ill)#I. 'el2regarding - wearing a seatbeltII. thers2regarding - driving under the in/uence
". *ustice
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E;uality has changed over time#I. Fumans are all born e;ual.II. &iti<ens o state en=oy e;ual political rights and representation.III. E;ual opportunities.
'pecifc conte,ts provide specifc understanding o e;uality.ot everyone in society has e;ual income or social statues$ but everyonehas e;ual opportunities.
+. ,oleration
7efning others as less than you.
Ideas Liberalism -as Ins(ired
tilitarianism
o Bohn 'tewart 6illo !ries to e,plain how people are happy in society.o Fappiness you derive rom consuming and owning something.
?ood - happiness and pleasure
>ad - pain and unhappiness
o nly people that en=oy consumption are truly happy.o Fappiness - reedom G wealth G consumption G successo People defne their sense o happiness through their consumption.
o Dnderstanding o happiness is the ulfllment you eel o owningsomething.
o 6arket needs to e,ist or people to receive ob=ects that make themhappy.
o dam 'mith# !ries to e,plain how commodity (utility) that makes a person
happy reaches them. 6arket - division o labor
People work to make money to trade (to be able to pursuetheir own interests$ not or good will).
'tate does not need to intervene in market because it ismanaged by the Hinvisible hand. &lassical liberal society - no good will - no relying on good
will o people - no beggers
Social /ar0inism
o 'urvival o the 0ittesto ou have to accommodate to survive.o I you can"t work or yoursel$ you wont survive.
NeoLiberalismo 6odern implication o classical liberalism.
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o 'el2regulating government.o !here is ine;uality in the market because ine;uality in humans
e,ists (talents o individuals diJer). 'urvival o the 0ittesto Provides everyone with e;ual opportunities but some people have
more talent. 7oes not care i people do not succeed (like classical
liberalism).o 6arket is cruel and has absolute power.
Social Contract
Individuals depend on the state (police$ health care$ etc.).
People give up individual reedom or security$ and they now have duties(ta,es). KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Conservatism
'e Conce(ts
1. ,radition
Luest to preserve ideas beore liberalism.
!radition - kind o values$ ideas$ and institutions that have persisted over
time
o Passed on rom generation to generation.o EM# church G court G monarchies these concepts have not
changed over time
Early conservative thinking believed that religion was closely linked to
tradition.
o :eligion was a re/ection o what conservatives wanted to do.
&onservatives that started to emerge ater the 0rench :evolution were
trying to resist the change by saying that ?od created the world and the
new man2made changes go against ?od.o Divine Right to Rule – born into leadership position
Edmund >urke#
o Dniversal rights o man (one o the key tenants o the 0rench
:evolution) was problematic.o People are not e;ual.
0rench :evolution wanted e;ual rights based on man2made
rules. !he middle class (not ?od) pushed or these rules.
challenged the &hurch
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&onservatives wanted the preservation o monarchy.
6an2made rules - could not be e,plained through religion
:eligion became a symbolic term source o inspiration rather than rules
Votes o the Dead need to respect what was there beore us
o Even in the modern society$ we should respect the structure that
was there beore us.o *e should take the past into account beore any decision is made.
!radition - concept o accumulative wisdom
>ecause it has lasted a long time$ tradition has shown its ability to
survive.
o 'ince it has survived$ it needs to be respected.
Provides you with a sense o security and belonging.
&onservatism and 'ocial 7arwism tradition has shown its ability to
survive
o >ecause it has survived$ it should be respected.
2. uman Im(er&ection
Individuals are highly imperect.
N reasons why#
I. Security
• &onstant need or security$ which is provided through
tradition.
• Fumans ear being alone.
• Fumans crave protection.
• 'eek security by knowing what their place in society is.
• Fobbes concept o Social Contract
II. oral Corru!tion
• Fumans are driven by their appetites and are morally corrupt.
• &rimes that e,ist in society are e,plained by human nature.
• &rime - result o humans being imperect
• In order or system to be regulated$ we need a higher
authority (state).
III. Inca!a"le o #nderstanding the $orld
• 7escription o the world we live in - ound in the amiliar$ old$
and known
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• :e=ect that humans can come up with a better understanding
o the world.
• Fumans are incapable o ully grasping the world$ unless they
understand the traditional world.
3. Organic Societ
0or a society to unction and survive$ all components (individuals$
institutions$ etc.) need to have a specifc duty.
7uties are governed and regulated by the state.
I one component ails$ then the whole system ails.
". ierarc- and ut-orit
!hose who rule tend to be born into the leadership position Divine Right
to Rule
:ulers have certain economic advantages$ but also have certain duties.
o 7uty - taking care o those below them
!hose highest in society have a social task o providing security to those
below them.
+. $ro(ert
Faving property (social status) gives certain responsibilities.
6onarchy had the task o taking care o the citi<ens.
Property is supposed to be passed on rom generation to generation.
Protection o property is important.
319As change in conservative thinking with the emergence o the %e&
Right (neo2liberalism)
o Included the concept o privati<ation change rom state owned to
privately ownedo Problematic to conservatives because the state was selling property.
Origins
0irst emerged with the social and political changes o the 0rench
:evolution.
o &hanges made during this time by the middle class brought up the
idea o representative democracy.o &onservatism wanted to preserve aristocracy and monarchy.
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In continental Europe (?ermany and Italy especially)$ the changes brought
on by the 0rench :evolution created the concept o !reservation.
ut-oritarian Conservatism
7id not prescribe to the possibility o change.
:e=ected the idea that something new is coming.
Implied a very strong value o an autocratic system.
o utocratic system – rule that was not prone to any debate
Persisted in the 31th century.
Especially in places like ?ermany and Italy (until the end o **II).
!raditional values need to be preserved.
$aternalistic Conservatism
lso known as >ritish conservatism.
:uling class has a duty to take care o those below you.
H0ather takes care o the amily.
Edmund >urke i the ruling class wants to preserve tradition$ it needs toaccept the changes o the 0rench :evolution
31th &entury Industriali<ation
o People o lower classes$ or the frst time$ started to notice and
understand their misery.
:evolutions were not bad because revolutions put an end to uture
violence.
o I you don"t address the problem immediately$ revolutions would
never stop$ and the ruling class will eventually be let with nothing.
!he ruling class will accept the changes (like the concept o representative
democracy).
Libertarian Conservatism
lso known as nglo2merican conservatism.
5alues rom classical liberalism negative reedom G sel2regulating
market
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>elie in the idea o economic reedom.
o 0reedom - ree trade with no boundarieso !his reedom does not e,tend to individuals$ only the market.
Economy is completely ree but individuals are not individuals need to
be constrained
:e=ection o the welare state.
o !a,ation is taking away your earned property.
Ideas Conservatism -as Ins(ired
Social Contract
Fobbes
'tate provides social order (without the state$ people would be out o
control).
Fumans are ready to give up some o their reedom or security.
In return$ everyone has certain duties and responsibilities like paying
ta,es
o !hey have to behave in certain way (ollow laws$ etc.).
*e need a social contract because o human nature.
Ne0 )ig-t
!enants - ree market economics G sel2reliance G open trade G anti2
government
:onald :eagan (D' President) G 6argaret 0etcher (DC Prime 6inister)
319As
'olden Strait (acket – needs to be worn by the stateo &onstrains role o the state in the economy.o It"s golden because i you prescribe to a certain set o rules$ you will
/ourish.o )rivatized Economy – huge disparity between the rich and poor
eo2%iberalism and eo2&onservatism
NeoLiberalism
6arket sel regulates itsel.
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6arket regulates social ine;ualities.
:e=ection o state involvement.
&onsumers cheap production in poor countries
NeoConservatism
Economy with minimi<ed state.
eed a strong level o authority at every level tradition
!here needs to be a limit to reedom because it harms unity.
&oncept o nation unites people and secures cohesion.
o ED integration is problematic to this concept.
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Socialism
Origins
'ocialism was a by2product against liberal thinking (like conservatism).
31th century providing a socially acceptable alternative to the liberal
market.
o &riti;ue o capitalism"s inhumane characteristics.
Hmeans and Hend @ rival views (communism G social democracy)
o 6eans - how something gets achievedo End - outcome you are seeking
'ocialist (%atin) – to share
People are defned as social creatures.
o !hey derive their understanding and identity through social
interactions and being a part o a specifc social group.
6otto - Hno man is an island
o o one is alone.
Emerged in the 31th century - industrialization - working class production
o *orking class (who moved to the city) were e,posed to e,tremely
diOcult conditions.o n ideology was needed that spoke about conditions o the working
class and tried to unite them.
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Progress G :eason but was trying to provide an alternative to capitalist
production (people were let to do everything on their own).
%ie o the working class ur"an d&eller moved rom the land to the city
to work during industriali<ation
o o more security (homeland had previously provided you with a
sense o security).o ow they were all alone in the city.
!here were no institutions or organi<ed groups that provided
them with a sense o security and belonging.o %iving and working conditions were e,tremely hard (dwellers usually
lived in the actory in which they worked in).o &lassical liberalism (which emerged in this time) said that they
should be let alone.
'ocialism tried to provide an alternative to this.
6ar, and Engels Dtopian society - classless society
o Dtopian society can only be brought by specifc Hmean - revolution
(early socialist thinkers)
&lassless society where everyone is e;ual.
%ate 31th century ar*ist idea o revolution starts losing interest.
o >ecause o emergence o political democracy.o 6ore organi<ed groups started to orm.
EM# !rade Dnion (working class organi<ed group)
Elections and reorms became another Hmean to a classless society (@Ath
century).
o !amer understanding o socialism.o Put orward political agenda about making capitalism more human
through reorms.
3138 Russian Revolution
o Increased the gap between sot" and hard" socialist. Communism (hard) - classless society through revolutions Social Democracy (sot) - tamer capitalist society through
elections and reormso >olsheviks (leader %enin) 6ar,ist 'ociety (communism) G social
democracy in the D' and DC
>y the late @Ath &entury$ the idea o socialism started losing its power.
o >ecause o the collapse o the 'oviet Dnion.o End o balance o power.
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'ocialism never rose again as a potent political ideology since the
collapse.
'ocialism today - source o inspiration or movements (EM# *ol o *all
'treet)
o 6ore in social movements and non2state actors than states.
'e Conce(ts
1. Communit
bility o people to overcome social and economic diOculties and
diJerences between them.
&ompletely ignores individual sel2/ourishing.
Individual is ignored or larger communal eJorts.
&ommon goal - unity through communal eJorts
Everything that is being done is or the beneft o the larger society.
&ommunity is a necessary bond between people.
People work together to achieve a specifc goal.
:igid organic society structure (conservatism) does not e,ist.
H)lastic character o individuals.
o Individuals are a re/ection o society.o &haracteristics are drawn rom society in which they live.o I individual is considered to be bad$ then the society they were
raised in is also bad.
2. Coo(eration
Everyone chips in and works together.
Fumans are social beings who seek interaction.
:ather than completion (liberalism)$ cooperation within a society can have
economic and moral benefts.
o Economic - mutual gaino oral - sympathy (caring or other people)
>elie in hard work (like liberalism).
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o In liberalism$ people work hard or materialistic gain in socialism$
you work hard or the beneft o your communityo *ork or a moral incentive or the common good.
*hatever you earn is spread out.
3. E4ualit
0undamental principle.
7iJerence between how communists and social democrats view e;uality#
o Communists absolute e;uality (3 class) with no social ine;ualitieso Social Democrats relative e;uality o e;ual opportunities (like
modern liberalism)
N reasons why e+uality is important#
I. )romotes (ustice and ,airness
• :oot o ine;uality lies in the ailure o society to be correct
and air.
• 'tate is needed to regulate the diJerences between us.
II. ,osters Coo!eration "et&een )eo!le
• I people are e;ual in their circumstances$ they are much
more likely to identiy with one another$ which means they
are more likely to work together.
III. -eads to Satisaction
• >y working together$ you derive moral benefts.
• 6ar, Hor each man according to his ability$ to each man
according to his need
• People with more talent have the moral incentive to help
those who need it$ making them e;ual.
• 'preading o wealth in society - based on the needs o
society
• 7isparity o wealth does not e,ist.
". Class $olitics
Social Class - group o people who have the same social position
@ ma=or classes#
3. ourgeoisie - anyone who controls the capitalist system i
production@. )roletariat - in charge o the production (working class)
+. Common O0ners-i(
Individual property is everything that is wrong with a society.
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:easons why individual !ro!erty is bad#
o 6orally corrupting because it orces us to be materialistic and
constantly striving to get more.o %eads to con/ict.
*ealth comes rom a collective eJort property is owned by the larger
collective$ not the individual
ll private property should be abolished in order to have a classless
society.
Property should be communal and should be used or the larger common
good.
%enin
property should be nationali<edo Public wnership Private ssets
'talin ('ocial 7emocrats) state should be in charge o property
Common /&nershi! - the people own all property
Communism
6ar, and Engels
&lassless society (Dtopian society) through revolutions.
&omplete abolishment o a capitalist society.
Everyone is e;ual and everyone is a part o the working class.
Social /emocrac
!amer orm o capitalism through elections and reorms.
:evolution isn"t the only way to secure change$ you can gradually tamesociety through elections and reorms.
'ociety o e;ual opportunities (modern liberalism).
o 'till have classes but have an understanding o altruism within the
people.
Ideas Socialism -as Ins(ired
Class Consciousness
6ar,
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bility o a person to completely understand their position in society.
>eore a classless society would be made possible$ the working class need
to understand their horrible conditions and bring change through
revolutions.
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narc-ism
Early orm o socialism in the 31th century inspired by 6ar, and Engels
bolishment o the state.
'tarted to be inspired by liberal thinking.
o narchists had an optimistic view o human nature
humans arerational and able to sel2govern (they don"t need a structure rom
above)
spire towards a Dtopian society.
o Perect - harmony and regulations arise naturally - arise out o the
perect ability o humans
@ types o anarchists - collectivists (socialism) and individualists
(liberalism)
ature o anarchy in the world today - inspiration (like socialism)
o lso like socialism$ there was never a real anarchist state.o 7iJers rom socialism because it re=ects any idea o ormal
organi<ation or authority (it only needs to emerge rom the ree will
o the people)
!heir Hmeans to a Dtopian society is unclear.
Origins
nachus (?reek) – without a rule
ten associated with disorder and chaos early anarchist thinkers re=ect
this
0irst emerged in the 31th century anarchist thinker *illiam ?odwin
o rgued that humans are naturally very rational creatures.o 7rawn rom the ideas o Enlightenment - rationality G reason
bility o humans to sel2govern.
o >ecause there is a sel2governing characteristic o humans$ authorityand state structure does not need to emerge.
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o 'ees the government (and any ormal organi<ations) as imposing
reedom and the rationality o humans.o rgued that the state and government imposes itsel upon the
private realm o people through specifc laws and rules. People are constrained by the state.
o 0rench :evolution what is needed - society o humans that use
their reason as the only governing guidance. greed with the 0rench :evolution because it spoke about
rational human beings. 7isagreed with the 0rench :evolution because o democratic
representative government being a sense o statehood.o Every kind o state (democracy$ dictatorship$ etc.) is evil.o 'tate - restricts individual capacity to reason and making rational
decisions
%ater on$ 0rench theory Proudhon industriali<ation
o 'poke about the needs o the people (communist belie)o Fe was attractive to socialists.o 0ollowers o 6ar, and Engels met at H,irst International
Early trade unions and working class parties. Fumans are rational creatures working or the larger common
good. &ollapses in 3983
narcho2'yndicalism
:evolutionary potential o trade unions (direct rom o action).
narchists targeted @ groups#
I. %andless peasantsII. ?rowing working class in industrial sector
Popular in Europe during industriali<ation.
narchists received power through trade unions but they never achieved
country power.
o >ecause they are against political organi<ations$ making it hard to
have an orderly stateless society.
narchism shows no signs o withering away in society today.
o EM# punk movement 318As DC
'e Conce(ts
1. ntiStatism
gainst state authority.
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'tate authority is oJense against individual reedom and rationality
political criticism
Idea o social contract (liberal) - complete myth - not a voluntary
agreement
*hat makes the state an unnecessary evil#
o bsoluteo &ompulsoryo &oercive (orceul) through punishmento E,ploitative through ta,eso 7estructive through wars
2. to(ianism
Perect understanding o society - society o perect and rationalindividuals who are able to sel2govern
Fumans are capable o sel2governing way o achieving perect
harmony no need or organi<ed political structure
?odwin uto!ianism
o Idea o sel2governingo >elie in unlimited capacity o humans to develop and progress
only possible when you are not being constricted by authority
Fumans are perect and rational only when they are not constrained
o &ontrol - plastic human nature (socialism)o People are only capable o being rational i they are let aloneo &orruption G greed G competition state brigs out the worst in
people
3. ntiClericalism
Clergy – organi<ed religion what anarchists are against
:eligion is sense o authority.
7o not re=ect religion$ only orm o organi<ed religious leadership.
'tate uses religion or state reasons.
ten$ organi<ed religions actively support specifc political parties.
:eligious leaders are corrupt.
". Economic Freedom
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I you have a stateless society - you need to overthrow economic system
that makes a society
>akunin society is structured in N groups#
I. E,ploited (ma=ority)
II. E,ploited and E,ploiter (minority) not in communism• ll people who e,ploit their power (e,ploit citi<ens G
e,ploited by the ruling elite).
• EM# kings G priests G politicians G bankers G police G
=udges G teachersIII. E,ploiters
eeds to be a structure that is completely stateless and economically
ree.
o ll individuals are ree to pursue their own interests without state
regulations.
@ diJerent types o economic structures anarchists disagree on -
collectivist G individualist
Collectivist narc-ists
'ocialism
>elie that people would reely engage in mutual cooperation.
'tate is useless.
'ubgroups - mutualism G anarcho2syndicalism G anarchic communism
Individualist narc-ists
%iberalism
o mutual cooperation only individual /ourishment
o social contract (diJer rom liberalism).
'ubgroups - egoism G anarchic capitalism
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
Nationalism
Liberal Nationalism
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31th century
ationalism became a potent political creed.
It was a time o building nation2states.
ationalism (at this time) was an e,pression o the middle class.
It was revolutionary G liberal G progressive G open2minded
EM 3# ,rench Revolution – 3891
o :evolt against the king in the name o the 0rench people. Inspired by Bean2Bac;ues :ousseau
o >eore revolution$ people were sub=ect to the king and grouped by
allegiance to the king (unity was not nationalistic).o 0rench ation
o ationalism - revolutionary and democratic creed
EM @# %a!oleonic $ars – 398A
o 0rance wanted to con;uest Europe (especially in ?ermany and
Italy).o 'tates that were deending themselves needed an identity.o :esented the con;uering by calling on their own idea o nationalistic
vigor.
EM N# -atin 0merica
o 5ene<uela used nationalistic vigor to go against the 'panish Empire.
Conservative Nationalism
%ate 31th century
)ro!aganda (not =ust the middle class) started to play an important role in
nationalism.
0or the frst time national /ags G national anthem G national holidays
G etc.
ationalism was or everyday citi<ens (popular in Europe).
ppealed to conservatives (against socialism o industrial revolution).
ationalism shited rom only representing working class into trying to
include the working class under a national banner
o 'tarted speaking about social cohesion (going above working class
allegiance).
ationalism - uniting all people (not =ust middle class)
'hiting rom liberal (progress) to talking more about the past.
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o Past national successes (history).
Su(reme Form o& Nationalism
Early @Ath century
&onservative nationalism resulted in *eno!ho"ic G chauvinistic
nationalism
o Chauvinistic – stubborn dedication o a specifc goal o a specifc
group
Each nation started to perceive itsel as being superior.
'tarted treating other nations as alien and below them.
EM - ?ermany G colonial and imperial e,pansion (made most o worldEuropean colony) G **I and **II
nticolonial and $ostcolonial Nationalism
@Ath century
ational liberation rom oreign rulers.
EM - rica G India G &hina (6ar,istQeconomic nationalism) G Iran
(religious nationalism)
Origin
ationalism meant diJerent things to diJerent people at diJerent times.
&riticisms o nationalism (why nationalism is not a political ideology)#
I. Relationshi! o %ationalism and State
• ationalism does not have only political ob=ectives.
• &ultural ob=ectives - have nothing to do with politics
II. %ationalism is a )sychological )henomenon
• Fas a defnite emotional appeal
• People oten conuse nationalism with patriotism (only
emotions toward state).
• ationalism - understanding o world around you and the
actions you should take
III. Schizo!hrenic %ature o %ationalism
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• ationalism was at times progressive G ,enophobic G
revolutionary G traditional G etc.
• ppealed to diJerent ideologies.
• ationalism has a very diJerent meaning to diJerent
people.
'e Conce(ts
1. Nation
7efne nation through language G culture G history G religion G territory
- problematic
7iJerent approaches to defning what a nation is#
I. Ethnic %ation
• 'tatic and unchanging concept that is ancient and deeply
rooted.
• ation that has always been there.
II. Civic %ation
• &iti<enship defnes your nationality.
• ations can be multiethnic G multi2religious G multiracial
III. Su"1ective %ation
• Individuals themselves decide i they are members o a
national group.
• ation - entity made o people who view themselves as
members o a natural and political community
• %inked together through patriotism and loyalty.
• Politically correct way o thinking about a nation.
2. Organic Communit
Fuman kind is defned by the nations.
o Everybody can be defned into specifc national belongings.
ational bonds are important.
ational ties are ound across society and they persist over time.
7iJerent theories to e,plain national ties#
I. )rimordial Theory
• 'imilar to ethnic understanding o nation.
• 7eep rooted and historical embedding o nation.• ation has always been there.
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• &urrent nation2state is modern maniestation o a nation
that was there beore.
II. odernist Theory
• ation emerged with modernity.
• Industrial :evolution product o modern times
(newspapers$ education$ etc. - propaganda)
• Dnderstanding that others around you also view
themselves as part o the same nation.
III. Constructivist Theory
• ation is an imagined thing.
• Imagined community - nationalism e,isted beore the
creation o the nation2state
•
Ideas orm a structure.
3. Sel&/etermination
Sovereignty – independence
bsolute power is in the hands o the people people would sel2govern
through representative government
ation became not only an organic community$ but also a political
community.
rganic &ommunity G Political &ommunity - Emergence o ation2'tate
@ ways o bringing together a nation2state#
I. #ni2cation (?ermany)II. Inde!endence (Poland)
". Culturalism
ationalism has both political and cultural properties.
&ultural properties oten have nothing to do with the nation.
EM# ?erman HS!irit o the )eo!le Bohann 0ichte nationalism had
nothing to do with state ob=ectives
o Instead$ importance o nationalism was a development and security
o understanding specifc traditions and customs.
!raditions and customs (myths and olklore) that are developed make your
nation what it is.
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5lobali6ation and Nationalism
ationalism is losing its potency due to glo"alization#
o *e live in a world o interconnectedness. 7ecisions made in one place are having a direct impact in a
completely diJerent part o the world.
o !ravelling is cheap. People are speaking about the world being fguratively /at
distance is not a problem anymore Ideas travel ast.
o 6ultiethnic ations People in nation can not be described by the same
characteristics. 6igration diasporas communities
Cosmo!olitan indset #
I. Fave an understanding o community where people are responsible
or other people living elsewhere.
• ou could care about someone who has no connection to
you.II. *orld government all o us can be governed by a specifc
structure
ationalism is still persisting today#
o Economic %ationalism - drive or economic development (&hina)o Ethnic3Cultural %ationalism - still on the rise (>osnia)o ?lobali<ation is widening the gap between the rich and the poor.
People are e,periencing ethnic and economic insecurities Right4$ing %ationalism seeks to go back to pure
understanding o nation &ounter ine;ualities (EM# ?erman =obs go to ?erman people)