Ideologies Midterm

24
8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 1/24 Introduction to Ideologies Each specifc ideology has their own specifc world views and understanding. Ideologies provide an understanding o the world around you and they tell you the sort o world to strive or and the actions you should be taking within it (reason and ground or changing the world around you is ound in your specifc ideology). Ideology  – a more or less coherent set o ideas that provides the base or political action and they have a goal o describing the world around you and the actions you should be taking to preserve or change it o Provide you with a desired picture o the world and how to achieve it. !hick" and !hin" ideologies# I. Thick  – always unction on their own very distinct set o ideas$ norms$ and belies (core ideas that set the oundation or thin ideologies) a. %iberalism b. &onservatism c. 'ocialism II. Thin – based on the ideas o thick ideologies and appropriating it in your own way (building up on the ideas o thick ideologies) a. narchism b. ationalism *hat makes an ideology an ideology+ Political action. ___________________________________________________________________________ Liberalism Origins E,isted back in early agricultural societies.  !rade was essential or survival in society during this time. o  !rade - origin o early society o People made things that they were good at. o  !here needs to be a common understanding o how you will e,ist in society. o  ou need to interact with other people in order to trade. Early agricultural communities were all about individual fourishment .  start o liberalism o Individual /ourishment was based on talent %iberalism started to /ourish more at the end o eudalism. o 0eudalism - societies based on relationship between the lord and the vessel (occurred during 1 th 2 34 th  century)

Transcript of Ideologies Midterm

Page 1: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 1/24

Introduction to Ideologies

Each specifc ideology has their own specifc world views andunderstanding.

Ideologies provide an understanding o the world around you and they tellyou the sort o world to strive or and the actions you should be takingwithin it (reason and ground or changing the world around you is ound inyour specifc ideology).

Ideology  – a more or less coherent set o ideas that provides the base orpolitical action and they have a goal o describing the world around youand the actions you should be taking to preserve or change it

o Provide you with a desired picture o the world and how to achieveit.

!hick" and !hin" ideologies#I. Thick  – always unction on their own very distinct set o ideas$

norms$ and belies (core ideas that set the oundation or thinideologies)

a. %iberalismb. &onservatismc. 'ocialism

II. Thin – based on the ideas o thick ideologies and appropriating it inyour own way (building up on the ideas o thick ideologies)

a. narchismb. ationalism

*hat makes an ideology an ideology+ Political action.___________________________________________________________________________

Liberalism

Origins

E,isted back in early agricultural societies.

 !rade was essential or survival in society during this time.o  !rade - origin o early societyo People made things that they were good at.o  !here needs to be a common understanding o how you will e,ist in

society.o  ou need to interact with other people in order to trade.

Early agricultural communities were all about individual fourishment .  start o liberalism

o Individual /ourishment was based on talent

%iberalism started to /ourish more at the end o eudalism.o 0eudalism - societies based on relationship between the lord and

the vessel (occurred during 1th 2 34th century)

Page 2: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 2/24

5essel was hired to work on lord"s land and in return$ weregiven ood and shelter (not money).

End o eudalism - frst capitalist societies&apitalism (market) societies  invention o the middle class

6iddle class emerged in society to challenge divine rule (&hurch) omonarchy.o &hurch had power and decided how people should behave.o 7ivine right to vote  people chose or born into leadership position

*hen the capitalist society started to emerge$ the middle class tried tooverthrow what e,isted beore.

o 7id this by speaking about representative government (democracy). 3891 – 0rench :evolution *anted everyone to be e;ually represented (avored mostly

middle class). 6iddle class (or the frst time) emerged into the leadership

position.

'ociety emerged with constitutional representative power (frst glimpse outure).

In the 31th century$ liberalism started to crystali<e into a potent politicalideology (not =ust an idea).

'tart o the early industriali<ation process (concept o *estern world)  economic e,pansion and mass production

o

>ased on the principles o classical liberalism.I you ailed in society$ you die.

Classical Liberalism

1. Egoism (Egotistical Individualization)

Individuals are sel2reliant in their pursue o sel2ulfllment (success andsurvival).

'ociety - group o unconnected individuals

2. Negative Freedom

Individual is only truly ree i they are let alone.

 !he only way to succeed is to be let alone.

 ou will do better in society i you work by yoursel and do not have toworry about the people around you.

3. State is a ‘Necessar Evil!

It has to be there$ but nobody wants it there.'tate is evil because o the market economy.

Page 3: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 3/24

>elieve in the invisible hand o the market" (dam 'mith).o 'tate is evil because it intereres in the economy.

'tate is necessary to provide people with security (through socialcontract ).

o state intervention in the market.o 6arket works best when it is let alone (state in market - problems).

". Civil Societ

?roup o people voluntarily decide to =oin something.o 'tate$ on the other hand$ orce you to be a citi<en.

Individual reedom  e,hibit reedom by voluntarily =oining civil society

#odern Liberalism

lso known as @Ath century liberalism".

&lassical liberalism did not have social elements.o >eggers simply perish.

 !he classical liberal market did not provide or everyone and socialine;ualities emerged in society.

o People started to think o ways to change classical liberalism.

6odern liberalism emerged at a time when Europe"s industrial worldincreased with the rise o social problems (emergence o beggers in

society).

%iberal thinkers started to think o ways to make classical liberalism a bitmore humane.

o *anted to introduce a social element.

1. Individualit

ll about individual /ourishment.

People were given the capacity to sel2reali<e their potential.

2. $ositive Freedom

In order or a society to be healthy$ there needs to be more altruism inpeople.

o ltruism – compassion towards otherso  ou need to care about the development o others as well.

3. %el&are

'tate intervention is good.

'tate should play a role in the economy via welarism.Provides protection or people.

Page 4: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 4/24

I you ail$ there is a welare system to take care o you.

". Economic Structure

Perect economy - everyone employed - opportunities - state activity

'tate activity is needed to create =obs.

'tate activity - demand rom society'tate tried to answer the social problems (unemployment) o society.

'upply and 7emand  state is active - lower ta,ation - more money orciti<ens

o >ut people rely on ta,es (welare).

 B. 6. Ceynes

'e Conce(ts

1. Individualism

Dni;ue and most important to liberalism.

Individual is at oreront.

Encourages people to work$ think$ and act or themselves.

Promotes individual /ourishment.

*here in classical liberalism the individual is let to their own devices$modern liberalism believes in the individual /ourishing with understandingo the people around you.

2. )eason

Enlightenment

&hange rom believing in myths and superstitions into things being provenby science.

bility to orm intellectual arguments that are empirically proven.

3. Freedom

0reedom that is not absolute (limit to your reedom).

I your individual reedom harms someone else"s reedom$ it is notpermitted.

@ types o reedom (Bohn 'tewart 6ill)#I. 'el2regarding - wearing a seatbeltII. thers2regarding - driving under the in/uence

". *ustice

Page 5: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 5/24

E;uality has changed over time#I. Fumans are all born e;ual.II. &iti<ens o state en=oy e;ual political rights and representation.III. E;ual opportunities.

'pecifc conte,ts provide specifc understanding o e;uality.ot everyone in society has e;ual income or social statues$ but everyonehas e;ual opportunities.

+. ,oleration

7efning others as less than you.

Ideas Liberalism -as Ins(ired

tilitarianism

o  Bohn 'tewart 6illo  !ries to e,plain how people are happy in society.o Fappiness you derive rom consuming and owning something.

?ood - happiness and pleasure

>ad - pain and unhappiness

o nly people that en=oy consumption are truly happy.o Fappiness - reedom G wealth G consumption G successo People defne their sense o happiness through their consumption.

o Dnderstanding o happiness is the ulfllment you eel o owningsomething.

o 6arket needs to e,ist or people to receive ob=ects that make themhappy.

o dam 'mith#  !ries to e,plain how commodity (utility) that makes a person

happy reaches them. 6arket - division o labor

People work to make money to trade (to be able to pursuetheir own interests$ not or good will).

'tate does not need to intervene in market because it ismanaged by the Hinvisible hand. &lassical liberal society - no good will - no relying on good

will o people - no beggers

Social /ar0inism

o 'urvival o the 0ittesto  ou have to accommodate to survive.o I you can"t work or yoursel$ you wont survive.

NeoLiberalismo 6odern implication o classical liberalism.

Page 6: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 6/24

o 'el2regulating government.o  !here is ine;uality in the market because ine;uality in humans

e,ists (talents o individuals diJer).  'urvival o the 0ittesto Provides everyone with e;ual opportunities but some people have

more talent. 7oes not care i people do not succeed (like classical

liberalism).o 6arket is cruel and has absolute power.

Social Contract

Individuals depend on the state (police$ health care$ etc.).

People give up individual reedom or security$ and they now have duties(ta,es). KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 

Conservatism

'e Conce(ts

1. ,radition

Luest to preserve ideas beore liberalism.

 !radition - kind o values$ ideas$ and institutions that have persisted over

time

o Passed on rom generation to generation.o EM# church G court G monarchies these concepts have not

changed over time

Early conservative thinking believed that religion was closely linked to

tradition.

o :eligion was a re/ection o what conservatives wanted to do.

&onservatives that started to emerge ater the 0rench :evolution were

trying to resist the change by saying that ?od created the world and the

new man2made changes go against ?od.o Divine Right to Rule – born into leadership position

Edmund >urke#

o Dniversal rights o man (one o the key tenants o the 0rench

:evolution) was problematic.o People are not e;ual.

0rench :evolution wanted e;ual rights based on man2made

rules.  !he middle class (not ?od) pushed or these rules.  

challenged the &hurch

Page 7: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 7/24

&onservatives wanted the preservation o monarchy.

6an2made rules - could not be e,plained through religion

:eligion became a symbolic term  source o inspiration rather than rules

Votes o the Dead  need to respect what was there beore us

o Even in the modern society$ we should respect the structure that

was there beore us.o *e should take the past into account beore any decision is made.

 !radition - concept o accumulative wisdom

>ecause it has lasted a long time$ tradition has shown its ability to

survive.

o 'ince it has survived$ it needs to be respected.

Provides you with a sense o security and belonging.

&onservatism and 'ocial 7arwism  tradition has shown its ability to

survive

o >ecause it has survived$ it should be respected.

2. uman Im(er&ection

Individuals are highly imperect.

N reasons why#

I. Security  

• &onstant need or security$ which is provided through

tradition.

• Fumans ear being alone.

• Fumans crave protection.

• 'eek security by knowing what their place in society is.

• Fobbes concept o Social Contract 

II. oral Corru!tion

• Fumans are driven by their appetites and are morally corrupt.

• &rimes that e,ist in society are e,plained by human nature.

• &rime - result o humans being imperect

• In order or system to be regulated$ we need a higher

authority (state).

III. Inca!a"le o #nderstanding the $orld

• 7escription o the world we live in - ound in the amiliar$ old$

and known

Page 8: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 8/24

• :e=ect that humans can come up with a better understanding

o the world.

• Fumans are incapable o ully grasping the world$ unless they

understand the traditional world.

3. Organic Societ

0or a society to unction and survive$ all components (individuals$

institutions$ etc.) need to have a specifc duty.

7uties are governed and regulated by the state.

I one component ails$ then the whole system ails.

". ierarc- and ut-orit

 !hose who rule tend to be born into the leadership position Divine Right 

to Rule

:ulers have certain economic advantages$ but also have certain duties.

o 7uty - taking care o those below them

 !hose highest in society have a social task o providing security to those

below them.

+. $ro(ert

Faving property (social status) gives certain responsibilities.

6onarchy had the task o taking care o the citi<ens.

Property is supposed to be passed on rom generation to generation.

Protection o property is important.

319As  change in conservative thinking with the emergence o the %e&

Right  (neo2liberalism)

o Included the concept o privati<ation  change rom state owned to

privately ownedo Problematic to conservatives because the state was selling property.

Origins

0irst emerged with the social and political changes o the 0rench

:evolution.

o &hanges made during this time by the middle class brought up the

idea o representative democracy.o &onservatism wanted to preserve aristocracy and monarchy.

Page 9: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 9/24

In continental Europe (?ermany and Italy especially)$ the changes brought

on by the 0rench :evolution created the concept o !reservation.

ut-oritarian Conservatism

7id not prescribe to the possibility o change.

:e=ected the idea that something new is coming.

Implied a very strong value o an autocratic system.

o utocratic system – rule that was not prone to any debate

Persisted in the 31th century.

Especially in places like ?ermany and Italy (until the end o **II).

 !raditional values need to be preserved.

$aternalistic Conservatism

lso known as >ritish conservatism.

:uling class has a duty to take care o those below you.

H0ather takes care o the amily.

Edmund >urke i the ruling class wants to preserve tradition$ it needs toaccept the changes o the 0rench :evolution

31th &entury Industriali<ation

o People o lower classes$ or the frst time$ started to notice and

understand their misery.

:evolutions were not bad because revolutions put an end to uture

violence.

o I you don"t address the problem immediately$ revolutions would

never stop$ and the ruling class will eventually be let with nothing.

 !he ruling class will accept the changes (like the concept o representative

democracy).

Libertarian Conservatism

lso known as nglo2merican conservatism.

5alues rom classical liberalism  negative reedom G sel2regulating

market

Page 10: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 10/24

>elie in the idea o economic reedom.

o 0reedom - ree trade with no boundarieso  !his reedom does not e,tend to individuals$ only the market.

Economy is completely ree but individuals are not  individuals need to

be constrained

:e=ection o the welare state.

o  !a,ation is taking away your earned property.

Ideas Conservatism -as Ins(ired

Social Contract

Fobbes

'tate provides social order (without the state$ people would be out o

control).

Fumans are ready to give up some o their reedom or security.

In return$ everyone has certain duties and responsibilities like paying

ta,es

o  !hey have to behave in certain way (ollow laws$ etc.).

*e need a social contract because o human nature.

Ne0 )ig-t

 !enants - ree market economics G sel2reliance G open trade G anti2

government

:onald :eagan (D' President) G 6argaret 0etcher (DC Prime 6inister)  

319As

'olden Strait (acket – needs to be worn by the stateo &onstrains role o the state in the economy.o It"s golden because i you prescribe to a certain set o rules$ you will

/ourish.o )rivatized Economy  – huge disparity between the rich and poor

eo2%iberalism and eo2&onservatism

NeoLiberalism

6arket sel regulates itsel.

Page 11: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 11/24

6arket regulates social ine;ualities.

:e=ection o state involvement.

&onsumers cheap production in poor countries

NeoConservatism

Economy with minimi<ed state.

eed a strong level o authority at every level  tradition

 !here needs to be a limit to reedom because it harms unity.

&oncept o nation unites people and secures cohesion.

o ED integration is problematic to this concept.

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 

Socialism

Origins

'ocialism was a by2product against liberal thinking (like conservatism).

31th century  providing a socially acceptable alternative to the liberal

market.

o &riti;ue o capitalism"s inhumane characteristics.

Hmeans and Hend  @ rival views (communism G social democracy)

o 6eans - how something gets achievedo End - outcome you are seeking

'ocialist (%atin) – to share

People are defned as social creatures.

o  !hey derive their understanding and identity through social

interactions and being a part o a specifc social group.

6otto - Hno man is an island

o o one is alone.

Emerged in the 31th century - industrialization - working class production

o *orking class (who moved to the city) were e,posed to e,tremely

diOcult conditions.o n ideology was needed that spoke about conditions o the working

class and tried to unite them.

Page 12: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 12/24

Progress G :eason  but was trying to provide an alternative to capitalist

production (people were let to do everything on their own).

%ie o the working class ur"an d&eller   moved rom the land to the city

to work during industriali<ation

o o more security (homeland had previously provided you with a

sense o security).o ow they were all alone in the city.

 !here were no institutions or organi<ed groups that provided

them with a sense o security and belonging.o %iving and working conditions were e,tremely hard (dwellers usually

lived in the actory in which they worked in).o &lassical liberalism (which emerged in this time) said that they

should be let alone.

'ocialism tried to provide an alternative to this.

6ar, and Engels  Dtopian society - classless society

o Dtopian society can only be brought by specifc Hmean - revolution

(early socialist thinkers)

&lassless society where everyone is e;ual.

%ate 31th century  ar*ist  idea o revolution starts losing interest.

o >ecause o emergence o political democracy.o 6ore organi<ed groups started to orm.

EM# !rade Dnion (working class organi<ed group)

Elections and reorms became another Hmean to a classless society (@Ath 

century).

o  !amer understanding o socialism.o Put orward political agenda about making capitalism more human

through reorms.

3138  Russian Revolution

o Increased the gap between sot" and hard" socialist. Communism (hard) - classless society through revolutions Social Democracy  (sot) - tamer capitalist society through

elections and reormso >olsheviks (leader %enin)  6ar,ist 'ociety (communism) G social

democracy in the D' and DC 

>y the late @Ath &entury$ the idea o socialism started losing its power.

o >ecause o the collapse o the 'oviet Dnion.o End o balance o power.

Page 13: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 13/24

'ocialism never rose again as a potent political ideology since the

collapse.

'ocialism today - source o inspiration or movements (EM# *ol o *all

'treet)

o 6ore in social movements and non2state actors than states.

'e Conce(ts

1. Communit

bility o people to overcome social and economic diOculties and

diJerences between them.

&ompletely ignores individual sel2/ourishing.

Individual is ignored or larger communal eJorts.

&ommon goal - unity through communal eJorts

Everything that is being done is or the beneft o the larger society.

&ommunity is a necessary bond between people.

People work together to achieve a specifc goal.

:igid organic society structure (conservatism) does not e,ist.

H)lastic character o individuals.

o Individuals are a re/ection o society.o &haracteristics are drawn rom society in which they live.o I individual is considered to be bad$ then the society they were

raised in is also bad.

2. Coo(eration

Everyone chips in and works together.

Fumans are social beings who seek interaction.

:ather than completion (liberalism)$ cooperation within a society can have

economic and moral benefts.

o Economic - mutual gaino oral - sympathy (caring or other people)

>elie in hard work (like liberalism).

Page 14: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 14/24

o In liberalism$ people work hard or materialistic gain  in socialism$

you work hard or the beneft o your communityo *ork or a moral incentive or the common good.

*hatever you earn is spread out.

3. E4ualit

0undamental principle.

7iJerence between how communists and social democrats view e;uality#

o Communists  absolute e;uality (3 class) with no social ine;ualitieso Social Democrats  relative e;uality o e;ual opportunities (like

modern liberalism)

N reasons why e+uality  is important#

I. )romotes (ustice and ,airness

• :oot o ine;uality lies in the ailure o society to be correct

and air.

• 'tate is needed to regulate the diJerences between us.

II. ,osters Coo!eration "et&een )eo!le

• I people are e;ual in their circumstances$ they are much

more likely to identiy with one another$ which means they

are more likely to work together.

III. -eads to Satisaction

• >y working together$ you derive moral benefts.

• 6ar,  Hor each man according to his ability$ to each man

according to his need

• People with more talent have the moral incentive to help

those who need it$ making them e;ual.

• 'preading o wealth in society - based on the needs o

society

• 7isparity o wealth does not e,ist.

". Class $olitics

Social Class - group o people who have the same social position

@ ma=or classes#

3. ourgeoisie - anyone who controls the capitalist system i

production@. )roletariat  - in charge o the production (working class)

+. Common O0ners-i(

Individual property is everything that is wrong with a society.

Page 15: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 15/24

:easons why individual !ro!erty  is bad#

o 6orally corrupting because it orces us to be materialistic and

constantly striving to get more.o %eads to con/ict.

*ealth comes rom a collective eJort  property is owned by the larger

collective$ not the individual

ll private property should be abolished in order to have a classless

society.

Property should be communal and should be used or the larger common

good.

%enin

 property should be nationali<edo Public wnership Private ssets

'talin ('ocial 7emocrats)  state should be in charge o property

Common /&nershi! - the people own all property

Communism

6ar, and Engels

&lassless society (Dtopian society) through revolutions.

&omplete abolishment o a capitalist society.

Everyone is e;ual and everyone is a part o the working class.

Social /emocrac

 !amer orm o capitalism through elections and reorms.

:evolution isn"t the only way to secure change$ you can gradually tamesociety through elections and reorms.

'ociety o e;ual opportunities (modern liberalism).

o 'till have classes but have an understanding o altruism within the

people.

Ideas Socialism -as Ins(ired

Class Consciousness

6ar,

Page 16: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 16/24

bility o a person to completely understand their position in society.

>eore a classless society would be made possible$ the working class need

to understand their horrible conditions and bring change through

revolutions.

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 

narc-ism

Early orm o socialism in the 31th century  inspired by 6ar, and Engels

bolishment o the state.

'tarted to be inspired by liberal thinking.

o narchists had an optimistic view o human nature

 humans arerational and able to sel2govern (they don"t need a structure rom

above)

spire towards a Dtopian society.

o Perect - harmony and regulations arise naturally - arise out o the

perect ability o humans

@ types o anarchists - collectivists (socialism) and individualists

(liberalism)

ature o anarchy in the world today - inspiration (like socialism)

o lso like socialism$ there was never a real anarchist state.o 7iJers rom socialism because it re=ects any idea o ormal

organi<ation or authority (it only needs to emerge rom the ree will

o the people)

 !heir Hmeans to a Dtopian society is unclear.

Origins

nachus (?reek) – without a rule

ten associated with disorder and chaos  early anarchist thinkers re=ect

this

0irst emerged in the 31th century  anarchist thinker *illiam ?odwin

o rgued that humans are naturally very rational creatures.o 7rawn rom the ideas o Enlightenment  - rationality G reason

bility o humans to sel2govern.

o >ecause there is a sel2governing characteristic o humans$ authorityand state structure does not need to emerge.

Page 17: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 17/24

o 'ees the government (and any ormal organi<ations) as imposing

reedom and the rationality o humans.o rgued that the state and government imposes itsel upon the

private realm o people through specifc laws and rules. People are constrained by the state.

o 0rench :evolution  what is needed - society o humans that use

their reason as the only governing guidance. greed with the 0rench :evolution because it spoke about

rational human beings. 7isagreed with the 0rench :evolution because o democratic

representative government being a sense o statehood.o Every kind o state (democracy$ dictatorship$ etc.) is evil.o 'tate - restricts individual capacity to reason and making rational

decisions

%ater on$ 0rench theory  Proudhon industriali<ation

o 'poke about the needs o the people (communist belie)o Fe was attractive to socialists.o 0ollowers o 6ar, and Engels met at H,irst International

Early trade unions and working class parties. Fumans are rational creatures working or the larger common

good. &ollapses in 3983

narcho2'yndicalism

:evolutionary potential o trade unions (direct rom o action).

narchists targeted @ groups#

I. %andless peasantsII. ?rowing working class in industrial sector

Popular in Europe during industriali<ation.

narchists received power through trade unions but they never achieved

country power.

o >ecause they are against political organi<ations$ making it hard to

have an orderly stateless society.

narchism shows no signs o withering away in society today.

o EM# punk movement  318As DC 

'e Conce(ts

1. ntiStatism

gainst state authority.

Page 18: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 18/24

'tate authority is oJense against individual reedom and rationality  

political criticism

Idea o social contract (liberal) - complete myth - not a voluntary

agreement

*hat makes the state an unnecessary evil#

o bsoluteo &ompulsoryo &oercive (orceul)  through punishmento E,ploitative through ta,eso 7estructive through wars

2. to(ianism

Perect understanding o society - society o perect and rationalindividuals who are able to sel2govern

Fumans are capable o sel2governing  way o achieving perect

harmony  no need or organi<ed political structure

?odwin uto!ianism

o Idea o sel2governingo >elie in unlimited capacity o humans to develop and progress 

only possible when you are not being constricted by authority

Fumans are perect and rational only when they are not constrained

o &ontrol - plastic human nature (socialism)o People are only capable o being rational i they are let aloneo &orruption G greed G competition state brigs out the worst in

people

3. ntiClericalism

Clergy  – organi<ed religion  what anarchists are against

:eligion is sense o authority.

7o not re=ect religion$ only orm o organi<ed religious leadership.

'tate uses religion or state reasons.

ten$ organi<ed religions actively support specifc political parties.

:eligious leaders are corrupt.

". Economic Freedom

Page 19: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 19/24

I you have a stateless society - you need to overthrow economic system

that makes a society

>akunin  society is structured in N groups#

I. E,ploited (ma=ority)

II. E,ploited and E,ploiter (minority)  not in communism• ll people who e,ploit their power (e,ploit citi<ens G

e,ploited by the ruling elite).

• EM# kings G priests G politicians G bankers G police G

 =udges G teachersIII. E,ploiters

eeds to be a structure that is completely stateless and economically

ree.

o ll individuals are ree to pursue their own interests without state

regulations.

@ diJerent types o economic structures anarchists disagree on -

collectivist G individualist

Collectivist narc-ists

'ocialism

>elie that people would reely engage in mutual cooperation.

'tate is useless.

'ubgroups - mutualism G anarcho2syndicalism G anarchic communism

Individualist narc-ists

%iberalism

o mutual cooperation  only individual /ourishment

o social contract (diJer rom liberalism).

'ubgroups - egoism G anarchic capitalism

 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 

Nationalism

Liberal Nationalism

Page 20: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 20/24

31th century

ationalism became a potent political creed.

It was a time o building nation2states.

ationalism (at this time) was an e,pression o the middle class.

It was revolutionary G liberal G progressive G open2minded

EM 3# ,rench Revolution – 3891

o :evolt against the king in the name o the 0rench people. Inspired by Bean2Bac;ues :ousseau

o >eore revolution$ people were sub=ect to the king and grouped by

allegiance to the king (unity was not nationalistic).o 0rench ation

o ationalism - revolutionary and democratic creed

EM @# %a!oleonic $ars – 398A

o 0rance wanted to con;uest Europe (especially in ?ermany and

Italy).o 'tates that were deending themselves needed an identity.o :esented the con;uering by calling on their own idea o nationalistic

vigor.

EM N# -atin 0merica

o 5ene<uela used nationalistic vigor to go against the 'panish Empire.

Conservative Nationalism

%ate 31th century

)ro!aganda (not =ust the middle class) started to play an important role in

nationalism.

0or the frst time  national /ags G national anthem G national holidays

G etc.

ationalism was or everyday citi<ens (popular in Europe).

ppealed to conservatives (against socialism o industrial revolution).

ationalism shited rom only representing working class  into trying to

include the working class under a national banner

o 'tarted speaking about social cohesion (going above working class

allegiance).

ationalism - uniting all people (not =ust middle class)

'hiting rom liberal (progress) to talking more about the past.

Page 21: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 21/24

o Past national successes (history).

Su(reme Form o& Nationalism

Early @Ath century

&onservative nationalism resulted in *eno!ho"ic G chauvinistic 

nationalism

o Chauvinistic – stubborn dedication o a specifc goal o a specifc

group

Each nation started to perceive itsel as being superior.

'tarted treating other nations as alien and below them.

EM - ?ermany G colonial and imperial e,pansion (made most o worldEuropean colony) G **I and **II

nticolonial and $ostcolonial Nationalism

@Ath century

ational liberation rom oreign rulers.

EM - rica G India G &hina (6ar,istQeconomic nationalism) G Iran

(religious nationalism)

Origin

ationalism meant diJerent things to diJerent people at diJerent times.

&riticisms o nationalism (why nationalism is not a political ideology)#

I. Relationshi! o %ationalism and State

• ationalism does not have only political ob=ectives.

• &ultural ob=ectives - have nothing to do with politics

II. %ationalism is a )sychological )henomenon

• Fas a defnite emotional appeal

• People oten conuse nationalism with patriotism (only

emotions toward state).

• ationalism - understanding o world around you and the

actions you should take

III. Schizo!hrenic %ature o %ationalism

Page 22: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 22/24

• ationalism was at times progressive G ,enophobic G

revolutionary G traditional G etc.

• ppealed to diJerent ideologies.

• ationalism has a very diJerent meaning to diJerent

people.

'e Conce(ts

1. Nation

7efne nation through language G culture G history G religion G territory

- problematic

7iJerent approaches to defning what a nation is#

I. Ethnic %ation

•  'tatic and unchanging concept that is ancient and deeply

rooted.

•  ation that has always been there.

II. Civic %ation

• &iti<enship defnes your nationality.

• ations can be multiethnic G multi2religious G multiracial

III. Su"1ective %ation

• Individuals themselves decide i they are members o a

national group.

• ation - entity made o people who view themselves as

members o a natural and political community

• %inked together through patriotism and loyalty.

• Politically correct way o thinking about a nation.

2. Organic Communit

Fuman kind is defned by the nations.

o Everybody can be defned into specifc national belongings.

ational bonds are important.

ational ties are ound across society and they persist over time.

7iJerent theories to e,plain national ties#

I. )rimordial Theory 

• 'imilar to ethnic understanding o nation.

• 7eep rooted and historical embedding o nation.• ation has always been there.

Page 23: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 23/24

• &urrent nation2state is modern maniestation o a nation

that was there beore.

II. odernist Theory 

• ation emerged with modernity.

• Industrial :evolution  product o modern times

(newspapers$ education$ etc. - propaganda)

• Dnderstanding that others around you also view

themselves as part o the same nation.

III. Constructivist Theory 

• ation is an imagined thing.

• Imagined community - nationalism e,isted beore the

creation o the nation2state

Ideas orm a structure.

3. Sel&/etermination

Sovereignty  – independence

bsolute power is in the hands o the people  people would sel2govern

through representative government

ation became not only an organic community$ but also a political

community.

rganic &ommunity G Political &ommunity - Emergence o ation2'tate

@ ways o bringing together a nation2state#

I. #ni2cation (?ermany)II. Inde!endence (Poland)

". Culturalism

ationalism has both political and cultural properties.

&ultural properties oten have nothing to do with the nation.

EM# ?erman HS!irit o the )eo!le  Bohann 0ichte  nationalism had

nothing to do with state ob=ectives

o Instead$ importance o nationalism was a development and security

o understanding specifc traditions and customs.

 !raditions and customs (myths and olklore) that are developed make your

nation what it is.

Page 24: Ideologies Midterm

8/16/2019 Ideologies Midterm

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ideologies-midterm 24/24

5lobali6ation and Nationalism

ationalism is losing its potency due to glo"alization#

o *e live in a world o interconnectedness. 7ecisions made in one place are having a direct impact in a

completely diJerent part o the world.

o  !ravelling is cheap. People are speaking about the world being fguratively /at  

distance is not a problem anymore Ideas travel ast.

o 6ultiethnic ations People in nation can not be described by the same

characteristics. 6igration diasporas communities

Cosmo!olitan indset #

I. Fave an understanding o community where people are responsible

or other people living elsewhere.

•  ou could care about someone who has no connection to

you.II. *orld government  all o us can be governed by a specifc

structure

ationalism is still persisting today#

o Economic %ationalism - drive or economic development (&hina)o Ethnic3Cultural %ationalism - still on the rise (>osnia)o ?lobali<ation is widening the gap between the rich and the poor.

People are e,periencing ethnic and economic insecurities Right4$ing %ationalism  seeks to go back to pure

understanding o nation &ounter ine;ualities (EM# ?erman =obs go to ?erman people)