Prokaryote The prokaryotes are a group of organisms whose cells lack a cell nucleus.
Identifying and Classifying Bacteria. What is a prokaryote? Cells that lack a true nucleus. Cells...
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Identifying and Identifying and Classifying BacteriaClassifying Bacteria
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What is a prokaryote?What is a prokaryote?
Cells that lack a Cells that lack a true nucleustrue nucleus.. Cells that lack Cells that lack membrane-membrane-
bound organellesbound organelles.. Most surrounded by a cell wall.Most surrounded by a cell wall. Many secrete a Many secrete a protective protective
slime capsuleslime capsule..
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How big is a prokaryotic How big is a prokaryotic cell?cell?
1- 5 micrometers1- 5 micrometers (1 millionth of a meter)(1 millionth of a meter)
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ClassificationClassification
Archae vs Bacteria Archae vs Bacteria
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ArchaeArchae
Surrounded by a cell wall Surrounded by a cell wall lacking lacking peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan..
Live in Live in extreme conditionsextreme conditions
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Examples of ArchaeExamples of Archae
Methanogens: Methanogens: convert Hconvert H2 2
and COand CO22 into methane gas for into methane gas for energyenergy
HalophilesHalophiles: love salt: love salt ThermoacidophilesThermoacidophiles: love : love
heat and acidheat and acid
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Bacteria:Bacteria:
Surrounded by a cell wall Surrounded by a cell wall made of made of peptidoglycanpeptidoglycan..
Example: E. coliExample: E. coli
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Identifying ProkaryotesIdentifying Prokaryotes
1. Shape:1. Shape:• Coccus – sphericalCoccus – spherical• Bacillus – rod-shapedBacillus – rod-shaped• Spirillum – spiralSpirillum – spiral• Vibrio – comma shapeVibrio – comma shape
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Coccus
Spirillum
Vibrio
Bacillus
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Ex. Diplococcus
CocciCocci and and BacilliBacilli may may group togethergroup together
Prefixes for arrangements: Diplo – two
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Strepto – chainStrepto – chain
Streptococcus
Streptobacillus
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Staphylo - clusteredStaphylo - clustered
Staphylococcus
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2. Motility: ability to move2. Motility: ability to move FlagellaFlagella: whip-like : whip-like
structure used to propel structure used to propel bacteriabacteria
SlimeSlime: glide along slime : glide along slime secretionsecretion
Spiral motionSpiral motion: cork-screw : cork-screw motion (spirillum) motion (spirillum)
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3. Metabolism: Oxygen or 3. Metabolism: Oxygen or NOTNOT
Obligate Aerobes: Need Obligate Aerobes: Need oxygenoxygen
Obligate Anaerobes: Obligate Anaerobes: cannot live in oxygencannot live in oxygen
Facultative anaerobes: can Facultative anaerobes: can live with or without oxygenlive with or without oxygen
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3.Metabolism: Obtaining 3.Metabolism: Obtaining EnergyEnergyAutotroph vs. HeterotrophAutotroph vs. Heterotroph• Photoautotroph-Photoautotroph- uses light uses light
energy for photosynthesisenergy for photosynthesis• Chemoautotroph-Chemoautotroph- uses uses
energy from inorganic energy from inorganic chemicals for chemicals for chemosynthesischemosynthesis
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• Photoheterotrophs-Photoheterotrophs- uses uses photosynthesis and eats photosynthesis and eats organic compoundsorganic compounds
• Heterotroph – consumes Heterotroph – consumes organic compounds organic compounds
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Bacterial ReproductionBacterial Reproduction
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Asexual: Binary fissionAsexual: Binary fission
1.1. CircularCircular DNA replicates DNA replicates
2.2. Cell membrane and cell Cell membrane and cell wall wall dividedivide
3.3. IdenticalIdentical daughter cells daughter cells separateseparate
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How fast does this happen?How fast does this happen?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEwzDydciWc&feature=related
approximately approximately every 20 minutesevery 20 minutes
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DiseaseDisease
PathologyPathology is the study of is the study of disease.disease.
PathogensPathogens: organisms that : organisms that cause disease.cause disease.
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Gram-staining TestGram-staining Test
Gram-positive: bacteria Gram-positive: bacteria contain contain lotslots of peptidoglycan of peptidoglycan in cell walls. Stains in cell walls. Stains purplepurple..
Gram- negative: bacteria Gram- negative: bacteria contain contain littlelittle peptidoglycan peptidoglycan in cell walls. Stains in cell walls. Stains redred..
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ExotoxinsExotoxins
Poisonous proteinsPoisonous proteins that are that are released by some gram-released by some gram-positive bacteria.positive bacteria.
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For exampleFor example Clostridium tetaniClostridium tetani secretes an secretes an
exotoxin that causes tetanus.exotoxin that causes tetanus. Tetanus causes stiffness in Tetanus causes stiffness in
muscles.muscles. Clostridium Clostridium botulinumbotulinum
produces a very powerful produces a very powerful exotoxin that causes the fatal exotoxin that causes the fatal disease, disease, botulismbotulism..
1 g1 g of botulism toxin can kill of botulism toxin can kill 1 1 millionmillion people. people.
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EndotoxinsEndotoxins
LipidsLipids and and carbohydratescarbohydrates in in the cell the cell membranesmembranes of some of some Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, that are poisonous.that are poisonous.
They are They are releasedreleased when the when the bacteria bacteria diedie. .
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For example:For example:
Most species of Most species of SalmonellaSalmonella, , are endotoxin are endotoxin producing bacteria.producing bacteria.
SalmonellaSalmonella typhityphi, , causes causes typhoid fever.typhoid fever.
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AntibioticsAntibiotics Antibiotics Antibiotics interfereinterfere with with
the bacteria’s cellular the bacteria’s cellular activitiesactivities..
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For example:For example: PenicillinPenicillin: : blocks the blocks the
building of the cell wallbuilding of the cell wall..““Accidently” discovered by Accidently” discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1920sAlexander Fleming in 1920s
TetracylineTetracyline: : blocks blocks protein synthesis.protein synthesis.
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Where do antibiotics come Where do antibiotics come from?from?
Antibiotics are naturally Antibiotics are naturally made by some made by some fungifungi and and bacteriabacteria..
Some are made Some are made syntheticallysynthetically in labs. in labs.
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Antibiotic-ResistanceAntibiotic-Resistance Bacteria can quickly Bacteria can quickly adaptadapt
to their environment to their environment because of their because of their rapid raterapid rate of of reproductionreproduction..
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Antibiotic-ResistanceAntibiotic-Resistance1.1. If one bacterium If one bacterium mutatesmutates and and
becomes becomes resistantresistant, ,
2.2. then in the presence of then in the presence of antibiotics, bacteria not antibiotics, bacteria not resistant resistant diedie
3.3. Those with the resistance Those with the resistance take over the take over the populationpopulation..