IDENTIFICATION IDENTIFICATION

Medico legal Medico legal importance of AGEimportance of AGE

Criminal responsibilityCriminal responsibility Judicial punishmentJudicial punishment KidnappingKidnapping RapeRape MarriageMarriage Attainment of majority Attainment of majority EmploymentEmployment Impotence & sterilityImpotence & sterility Criminal abortionCriminal abortion Infanticide Infanticide

Judicial punishmentJudicial punishment

Juvenile offender- Juvenile offender-

BELOW 18 yrsBELOW 18 yrs

Juvenile courtJuvenile court

Rehabilitation schoolRehabilitation school

Criminal responsibilityCriminal responsibility

Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminal responsibilitycriminal responsibility

Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable for punishmentfor punishment

Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs not liable for punishmentnot liable for punishment

Consent Consent

Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which valid consent to suffer any harm which may occur from an act done in good may occur from an act done in good faith & for his/ her benefit.faith & for his/ her benefit.

Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give valid consent( implied or expressed) to valid consent( implied or expressed) to suffer any harm which may result from suffer any harm which may result from an act not intended or not known to an act not intended or not known to cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. cause death or grievous hurt. E.g. wrestling contestwrestling contest

Kidnapping Kidnapping

Sec 361-366 IPC- offence of Sec 361-366 IPC- offence of kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy less than 16 yrsless than 16 yrs

Sec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrsSec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrs Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than

18 yr girl for Prostitution18 yr girl for Prostitution Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr

girl for Prostitutiongirl for Prostitution

RapeRape

Sec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrsSec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrs Wife below 15 yrsWife below 15 yrs

MarriageMarriage

Child Marriage ActChild Marriage Act

Girl above 18 & boy above 21Girl above 18 & boy above 21

Attainment of majorityAttainment of majority

18 yrs18 yrs Adult franchiseAdult franchise Driving licenseDriving license

When guardian appointed by Court, When guardian appointed by Court, person attains majority at age 21person attains majority at age 21

Employment Employment

Child labour - below 15 yrsChild labour - below 15 yrs Adolescent labour- 15- 18 yrsAdolescent labour- 15- 18 yrs Adult labour- more than 18 yrsAdult labour- more than 18 yrs

Indian Factory Act- child below 14 Indian Factory Act- child below 14 cannot be employed in hazardous cannot be employed in hazardous jobs jobs

AMENDMENT: any child below the AMENDMENT: any child below the age of 14yrs cannot workage of 14yrs cannot work

InfanticideInfanticide

Killing of an infant (child below 1 Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr)yr)

CRIMINAL ABORTIONCRIMINAL ABORTION Viability- after 7 monthsViability- after 7 months Gestational age of foetus Gestational age of foetus

important in case of criminal important in case of criminal abortion in view of enhanced abortion in view of enhanced punishmentpunishment

Evidence in CourtEvidence in Court

118 of IEA - No minimum age118 of IEA - No minimum age

Sterility & ImpotenceSterility & Impotence

A boy is sterile before puberty , may A boy is sterile before puberty , may not be impotent before pubertynot be impotent before puberty

A girl is sterile before puberty & A girl is sterile before puberty & after menopauseafter menopause

Tattoo MarksTattoo Marks

Tattoo marks are designs made by Tattoo marks are designs made by multiplemultiple

small puncture wounds made through thesmall puncture wounds made through the

skin with needles or similar penetrating skin with needles or similar penetrating toolstools

dipped in colouring agents ( dye )dipped in colouring agents ( dye )

Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to markmark

Commonly used dyes:Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely indigo, cobalt, finely divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, divided carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian blue , etc.vermillion, prussian blue , etc.

Optimum depth of penetration:Optimum depth of penetration: superficial superficial layers of dermis.layers of dermis.

Permanency of tattoo marks:Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on depends on type of dye used, its depth of penetration & type of dye used, its depth of penetration & part of body tattooed.part of body tattooed.

Latent tattoo marks:Latent tattoo marks: Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining with magnifying glass in strong light examining with magnifying glass in strong light

Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:Natural disappearance of tattoo marks: Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10

years.years. Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanentBlack pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent

Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Artificial removal of tattoo marks:Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingSurgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applyingCarbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic Carbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic substancessubstances

Forensic importance of Forensic importance of tattoo markstattoo marks Identity: Identity:

Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / of person or his beloved ones, date of birth / marriage, etc. marriage, etc.

Mental make up / desire: obscene figuresMental make up / desire: obscene figures

Drug addicts (concealing site)Drug addicts (concealing site)

Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)thumb)

SCARSSCARS

SCARSSCARS

Acquired defectAcquired defect Marker of identityMarker of identity Result of repair mechanismResult of repair mechanism Covered by epitheliumCovered by epithelium Devoid of pigmentation, sweat Devoid of pigmentation, sweat

glands & hair folliclesglands & hair follicles Gives info about nature of injury Gives info about nature of injury

& causative agent& causative agent

Photo & Video Photo & Video SuperimpositionSuperimposition

Photo superimpositionPhoto superimposition

Photographs of the skull are taken.Photographs of the skull are taken. Transparencies of skull photograph & Transparencies of skull photograph &

that of life-time photograph are that of life-time photograph are focused on the same sensitive printing focused on the same sensitive printing paper.paper.

After maximum alignment, a positive After maximum alignment, a positive print will be taken.print will be taken.

Attempt is made to study the matching Attempt is made to study the matching / non-matching of major anatomical / non-matching of major anatomical landmarks. landmarks.

Video superimpositionVideo superimposition

2 video images (one of 2 video images (one of photograph & other of skull) are photograph & other of skull) are mixed on one video display unit.mixed on one video display unit.

Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photographNegative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph

Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photographPositive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph

Facial reconstruction Facial reconstruction using clayusing clay

These methods use modeling clay These methods use modeling clay or plasticine to build up the or plasticine to build up the depth depth of tissueof tissue on the skull to that of a on the skull to that of a living individual. living individual.

Shape of the eyes, nose and Shape of the eyes, nose and mouth mouth cannot be confidently cannot be confidently predictedpredicted and are largely and are largely guesswork.guesswork.

Tissue depth markersTissue depth markers

Anatomical structures, which define Anatomical structures, which define the outer surface of the face are the outer surface of the face are pasted onto the skullpasted onto the skull

Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, orbicularis orbicularis

oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.chin.

Adding clay using the tissue depth Adding clay using the tissue depth

marker guidelinesmarker guidelines

Finishing touches are applied Finishing touches are applied and tissue depth markers are and tissue depth markers are

coveredcovered

Painting, replacing polyfiber Painting, replacing polyfiber

scalp hair & eyebrowsscalp hair & eyebrows

1. Which of the following is NOT a 1. Which of the following is NOT a

criterion used in Gustafson's criterion used in Gustafson's

method of assessing age from method of assessing age from

teeth teeth

a) Attritiona) Attrition

b) Paradentosisb) Paradentosis

c) Secondary dentinec) Secondary dentine

d) Primary dentine d) Primary dentine

2.2.According to Section 89 IPC, a child According to Section 89 IPC, a child cannot give valid consent to suffer cannot give valid consent to suffer any harm which can occur from an any harm which can occur from an act done in good faith, if he/she is act done in good faith, if he/she is below below

a) 10 yearsa) 10 years

b) 14 yearsb) 14 years

c) 12 yearsc) 12 years

d) 16 yearsd) 16 years

3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-3. According to Haase’s rule, the intra-uterine age of a foetus (up to a uterine age of a foetus (up to a crown-heel length of 25cm) can be crown-heel length of 25cm) can be determined by determined by

a) Calculating the square root of the a) Calculating the square root of the

crown-crown- heel length. heel length.

b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5. b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5.

c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5. c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5.

d) Doubling the crown-heel length. d) Doubling the crown-heel length.

4. Beyond a crown-heel length of 4. Beyond a crown-heel length of

25cms, the age of foetus can be 25cms, the age of foetus can be

determined by determined by

a) Age = length/ 2a) Age = length/ 2

b) Age = (length)b) Age = (length)22

c) Age = length/ 5c) Age = length/ 5

d) Age = length x 5 d) Age = length x 5

5.5.The minimum age for criminal The minimum age for criminal

responsibility according to the responsibility according to the

Indian Railways Act is Indian Railways Act is

a) More than 5 yearsa) More than 5 years

b) More than 7 yearsb) More than 7 years

c) More than 12 yearsc) More than 12 years

d) More than 14 years d) More than 14 years

6. A girl is sent to reformatory 6. A girl is sent to reformatory

school on being convicted of a school on being convicted of a

criminal offence, if her age is less criminal offence, if her age is less

than than

a) 15 yearsa) 15 years

b) 16 yearsb) 16 years

c) 17 yearsc) 17 years

d) 18 years d) 18 years

7.7. All the following are important All the following are important

medicolegal points with reference medicolegal points with reference

to the age of 18 years EXCEPT to the age of 18 years EXCEPT

a) Minimum age to enter government a) Minimum age to enter government services services

b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)

c) Minimum age of marriage (females)c) Minimum age of marriage (females)

d) Minimum age for consenting to d) Minimum age for consenting to

sexual sexual actact

8. The study of incremental lines in 8. The study of incremental lines in

the enamel of tooth to assess the the enamel of tooth to assess the

age of a person is known as age of a person is known as

a) Haase’s rulea) Haase’s rule

b) Morissons’s Methodb) Morissons’s Method

c) Boyde’s Methodc) Boyde’s Method

d) McNaughten Rule d) McNaughten Rule

9. When a boy of 5 years kills an 9. When a boy of 5 years kills an

infant he can be awarded infant he can be awarded

a) Death Sentencea) Death Sentence

b) Life Imprisonment b) Life Imprisonment

c) Solitary confinementc) Solitary confinement

d) None of them.d) None of them.

10. To become a competent witness, 10. To become a competent witness,

a person should attain the age of : a person should attain the age of :

a) 12 yearsa) 12 years

b) 10 yearsb) 10 years

c) 8 yearsc) 8 years

d) 6 yearsd) 6 years

e) None of them e) None of them

THANK YOUTHANK YOU