Identification and Control of Weeds in Southern Ponds · 2019-06-18 · Identification and Control...
28
Transcript of Identification and Control of Weeds in Southern Ponds · 2019-06-18 · Identification and Control...
Iden
tific
atio
n an
dC
ontr
ol o
f W
eeds
in S
outh
ern
Pond
s
byG
eorg
e W
. L
ewis
Ext
ensi
on
Fish
erie
s Sp
ecia
list
Jam
es
F.
Mill
erE
xten
sion
Agr
onom
ist-
Wee
d S
cien
ce
The
U
nive
rsity
of
G
eorg
iaC
oope
rativ
e E
xten
sion
Se
rvic
e
Con
tent
sid
entif
ying
C
omm
on
Wee
dsA
lgae M
icro
scop
icF
ilam
ento
usS
tone
wor
tsF
loat
ing
Aqu
atic
Wee
dsD
uckw
eeds
Wat
er
Hya
cint
hC
oont
ail
Bla
dder
wor
tE
mcr
sed
Aqu
atic
W
eeds
Wat
erli
lies
Wat
er
Pen
nyw
ort
Fro
gbit
Pic
kere
lwee
dA
llig
ator
wee
dS
mar
twee
dA
rrow
head
Wat
er
Pri
mro
seC
atta
ils
Sedg
es a
nd R
ush
esW
oody
P
lant
sG
rass
esSu
bmer
sed
Aqu
atic
W
eeds
Nai
ads
Wat
erm
ilfo
ilE
lode
asF
anw
ort
Pon
dwee
dsP
ond
Eva
luat
ion
Met
hods
of
A
quat
ic
Wee
d C
ontr
ol
Pag
e 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 I 8 8 9 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 18 18 19 20
FO
RE
WO
RD
Exc
essi
ve a
quat
ic p
lant
gro
wth
is
one
of t
he m
ost
freq
uent
and
fru
stra
ting
prob
lem
s en
coun
tere
d in
po
nd
man
agem
ent.
The
re
are
hund
reds
of
aq
uatic
plan
t sp
ecie
s th
at g
row
in
sout
hern
pon
ds.
Fort
unat
ely,
mos
t of
the
se p
lant
sar
e ra
rely
a n
uisa
nce
to p
ond
man
agem
ent.
Som
e pe
ople
con
side
r an
y aq
uatic
plan
t a
wee
d w
hich
m
ust
be
rem
oved
. H
owev
er,
aqua
tic
plan
ts
need
to
be
cont
rolle
d bu
t no
t el
imin
ated
if
good
pon
d fi
shin
g is
the
man
agem
ent
goal
.T
his
publ
icat
ion
is d
esig
ned
to a
id t
he p
ond
owne
r in
ide
ntif
ying
the
pro
b-le
m w
eeds
and
in
sele
ctin
g th
e be
st m
anag
emen
t ap
proa
ch f
or e
ffec
tive
and
safe
co
ntro
l. O
nly
thos
e aq
uatic
pl
ants
w
hich
oc
cur
com
mon
ly
in
sout
hern
pond
s an
d ar
e a
com
mon
nui
sanc
e to
man
agem
ent
are
illus
trat
ed.
To
use
this
publ
icat
ion
succ
essf
ully
ob
serv
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
id
entif
y th
e nu
isan
ce
wee
d,ev
alua
te t
he p
ond,
and
sel
ect
and
use
the
mos
t pr
actic
al c
ontr
ol m
etho
d.T
he e
ffec
tiven
ess
of c
ontr
ol m
easu
res
can
be q
uite
var
iabl
e fr
om o
ne r
egio
nto
an
othe
r.
Her
bici
de
use
is
subj
ect
to
fede
ral,
stat
e an
d lo
cal
regu
latio
ns.
Ow
ners
who
are
not
cer
tain
of
the
iden
tific
atio
n of
the
pon
d w
eed
or t
he b
est
cont
rol
met
hod
shou
ld c
onsu
lt th
eir
coun
ty E
xten
sion
age
nt o
r st
ate
fish
erie
sbi
olog
ist.
Ano
ther
sol
utio
n w
ould
be
to h
ire
a qu
alif
ied
fish
erie
s co
nsul
tant
. 3
._...
_._.
_. ._
.._ _..
____
._
. .
_.-._.
_.._
..-...
. ..-
-----
---
---.
-~
\
1.
h
P
m
.
. .
3
2
or h
ave
a la
rge
num
ber
of s
prin
gs c
an b
e di
ffic
ult
to m
anag
e fo
raq
uatic
wee
ds.
Exc
essi
ve w
ater
flo
w m
ay i
nter
fere
with
the
fol
low
-in
g w
eed
cont
rol
mea
sure
s: f
ertil
izat
ion,
her
bici
des,
and
fal
l-w
inte
rdr
awdo
wns
. PO
ND
W
AT
ER
C
HE
MIS
TR
YW
hen
cont
rolli
ng a
quat
ic w
eeds
with
her
bici
des
or f
ertil
izer
, it
isim
port
ant
to k
now
som
ethi
ng a
bout
the
che
mis
try
of t
he w
ater
in
the
pond
. W
ater
har
dnes
s ca
n af
fect
her
bici
de a
nd f
ertil
izer
app
lica-
tions
. T
he
wat
er
hard
ness
al
so
shou
ld
be
cons
ider
ed
whe
n us
ing
herb
icid
es c
onta
inin
g co
pper
.W
ater
ha
rdne
ss-G
ener
ally
, w
ater
ha
rdne
ss
is
a m
easu
re
of
the
calc
ium
and
mag
nesi
um i
n th
e w
ater
. In
har
dwat
ers
(abo
ve 5
0 pa
rts
per
mill
ion
hard
ness
) it
may
be
nece
ssar
y to
app
ly g
reat
er a
mou
nts
of
herb
icid
e in
or
der
to
achi
eve
cont
rol.
In
soft
wat
ers
(bel
ow
50pa
rts
per
mill
ion
hard
ness
) so
me
herb
icid
es a
re m
ore
toxi
c to
fis
han
d pl
ants
. H
erbi
cide
s w
hich
m
ay
be
affe
cted
by
w
ater
ha
rdne
ssha
ve p
reca
utio
ns l
iste
d on
the
ir l
abel
s. W
ater
har
dnes
s is
als
o an
indi
cato
r of
the
lim
e re
quir
emen
t fo
r th
e po
nd.
See
sect
ion
on P
ond
Fer
tili
zati
on.
Man
y ar
eas
of t
he s
outh
hav
e so
ftw
ater
. Po
nd o
wne
rs s
houl
d be
fam
iliar
with
the
wat
er h
ardn
ess
of t
heir
pon
d. P
ond
wat
er h
ardn
ess
can
be m
easu
red
by m
ost
stat
e E
xten
sion
ser
vice
s or
sta
te g
ame
and
fish
dep
artm
ents
.C
oppe
r-In
so
ftw
ater
so
me
heav
y m
etal
s,
espe
cial
ly
copp
er,
can
be
toxi
c to
fi
sh.
Som
e he
rbic
ides
co
ntai
n co
pper
an
d sh
ould
be
used
w
ith
caut
ion
in
soft
wat
er
pond
s (l
ess
than
50
pa
rts
per
mill
ion
wat
er
hard
ness
).
PO
ND
W
AT
ER
V
OL
UM
EPo
nd o
wne
rs s
houl
d kn
ow t
he w
ater
vol
ume
of t
heir
pon
ds.
Mos
tch
emic
al
appl
icat
ion
rate
s ar
e ba
sed
upon
w
ater
vo
lum
e.
Thi
s is
true
for
che
mic
als
used
to
trea
t aq
uatic
wee
ds,
fish
dis
ease
s, a
ndox
ygen
dep
leti
ons.
The
vol
ume
of w
ater
in
a po
nd i
s us
ually
exp
ress
ed i
n ac
re-f
eet.
An
acre
-foo
t of
wat
er i
s on
e su
rfac
e ac
re t
hat
is 1
foo
t de
ep.
A p
ond
havi
ng t
hree
sur
face
acr
es a
nd a
n av
erag
e de
pth
of 6
fee
t ha
s a
tota
lw
ater
vol
ume
of 1
8 ac
re-f
eet.
Tab
le 1
can
be
used
to
conv
ert
acre
-fe
et t
o ot
her
expr
essi
ons
of v
olum
e an
d w
eigh
t.M
ost
coun
ty
Soil
Con
serv
atio
n Se
rvic
e of
fice
s ca
n as
sist
po
ndow
ners
in
dete
rmin
ing
the
wat
er v
olum
e of
the
ir p
onds
. A
ssum
ing
the
surf
ace
area
of
the
pond
is
know
n, t
he f
ollo
win
g m
etho
d ca
n be
used
to
dete
rmin
e th
e av
erag
e de
pth
of a
pon
d.A
vera
ge d
epth
can
be
dete
rmin
ed b
y us
e of
a s
ound
ing
line
atre
gula
r in
terv
als
alon
g se
vera
l tr
anse
cts
of t
he p
ond.
Bot
h de
ep a
ndsh
allo
w a
reas
of
the
pond
sho
uld
be i
nclu
ded
in t
he t
rans
ects
.A
vera
ge
dept
h is
co
mpu
ted
by
addi
ng
all
of
the
dept
h m
easu
re-
men
ts a
nd d
ivid
ing
by t
he n
umbe
r of
mea
sure
men
ts.
The
ave
rage
dept
h m
ultip
lied
by t
he s
urfa
ce a
rea
shou
ld g
ive
an a
ccur
ate
esti-
mat
e of
the
pon
d w
ater
vol
ume.
Tab
le 1
. E
quiv
alen
ts o
f 1
acre
-foo
t an
d am
ount
of
chem
ical
add
ed p
er u
nit
volu
me
to
1 ac
re f
oot q 43
,560
cub
ic f
eet
1 ppm
= 2
.72
poun
ds p
er a
cre
foot
325,
830
gall
ons
of w
ater
2,71
8,14
4 p
oun
ds
of w
ater
Met
hods
of
Aqu
atic
Wee
d C
ontr
olM
etho
ds
of
aqua
tic
wee
d co
ntro
l in
clud
e pr
even
tive
mea
sure
s,m
echa
nica
l, bi
olog
ical
, an
d he
rbic
idal
co
ntro
ls.
Eac
h m
etho
d ha
sad
vant
ages
an
d di
sadv
anta
ges.
T
he
best
ap
proa
ch
is
to
cons
ider
prev
entiv
e m
easu
res
firs
t. If
the
y ar
e no
t pr
actic
al o
r do
not
pro
duce
the
desi
red
resu
lts,
th
en
othe
r co
ntro
l m
etho
ds
shou
ld
be
con-
side
red.
It
is a
lway
s ea
sier
and
mor
e ec
onom
ical
to
prev
ent
a w
eed
prob
lem
th
an
to
cure
on
e.E
ven
whe
n pr
even
tive
mea
sure
s ar
eon
ly p
artia
lly s
ucce
ssfu
l, th
ey q
uite
oft
en f
acili
tate
the
eff
ectiv
enes
sof
ot
her
cont
rol
mea
sure
s.
PR
EV
EN
TIV
E
ME
AS
UR
ES
Prev
entiv
e m
easu
res
incl
ude
prop
er p
ond
loca
tion
and
cons
truc
-tio
n, f
ertil
izat
ion
and
fall-
win
ter
draw
dow
ns.
If o
ne o
r al
l of
the
sepr
actic
es w
ere
follo
wed
, th
e ne
ed f
or h
erbi
cide
use
in
man
y so
uthe
rnpo
nds
wou
ld
be
redu
ced.
Pon
d L
ocat
ion
Car
eful
sel
ectio
n of
a p
ond
site
can
hel
p pr
even
t w
eed
prob
lem
s.A
flo
win
g st
ream
is
not
a go
od l
ocat
ion
for
the
cons
truc
tion
of a
pond
. E
xces
sive
wat
er f
low
will
pre
vent
suc
cess
ful
fert
ili‘z
atio
n an
dco
mpl
icat
e he
rbic
ide
appl
icat
ions
. T
his
is a
lso
true
of
pond
s w
ith
20
exce
ssiv
e w
ater
shed
-to-
pond
sur
face
are
a ra
tios.
The
rec
omm
ende
dw
ater
shed
-to-
pond
rat
io d
epen
ds o
n la
nd u
se,
vege
tativ
e co
ver,
soi
lty
pe,
and
slop
e of
the
lan
d. G
ener
ally
, a
wat
ersh
ed o
f 10
to
20 a
cres
per
surf
ace
acre
of
pond
is
reco
mm
ende
d fo
r w
oodl
and,
whi
le 5
to
10
acre
s is
re
com
men
ded
for
past
urel
and.
Con
stru
ctio
n of
po
nds
in
wat
ersh
eds
that
ha
ve
high
ly
fert
ilize
dfi
elds
, ba
rnlo
ts,
sept
ic t
ank
fiel
ds,
or o
ther
sou
rces
of
orga
nic
runo
ffsh
ould
be
avoi
ded.
Enr
ichm
ent
of a
pon
d w
ith o
rgan
ic m
ater
ial
will
prom
ote
wee
d gr
owth
. E
xist
ing
pond
s w
ith
exce
ssiv
ely
larg
ew
ater
shed
s or
so
urce
s of
or
gani
c po
llutio
n in
th
e w
ater
shed
m
aybe
nefi
t fr
om t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
of a
div
ersi
on d
itch
to d
irec
t so
me
ofth
e ru
noff
ar
ound
th
e po
nd.
Pon
d C
onst
ruct
ion
Mos
t al
gae
and
subm
erse
d an
d em
erse
d ro
oted
aq
uatic
w
eeds
usua
lly s
tart
gro
win
g in
sha
llow
wat
er 2
fee
t de
ep o
r le
ss.
Onc
ees
tabl
ishe
d, t
hey
will
oft
en e
xten
d in
to d
eepe
r w
ater
are
as.
Pond
ssh
ould
be
cons
truc
ted
so t
here
is
little
if
any
wat
er l
ess
than
tw
o fe
etde
ep.
In e
xist
ing
pond
s it
may
be
prac
tical
to
deep
en s
hallo
w w
ater
area
s.
Fer
tili
zati
onIn
pr
oper
ly
cons
truc
ted
pond
s,
esta
blis
hmen
t an
d gr
owth
of
aqua
tic w
eeds
is
best
pre
vent
ed b
y fe
rtili
zatio
n. F
ertil
izat
ion
stim
u-la
tes
the
grow
th
of
desi
rabl
e al
gae
so
sunl
ight
ca
nnot
pe
netr
ate
to t
he b
otto
m a
nd r
oote
d aq
uatic
wee
ds c
anno
t be
com
e es
tabl
ishe
d.F
igur
es 4
4, 4
.5.
In
pond
s w
ith
esta
blis
hed
aqua
tic
wee
ds,
thes
epl
ants
gen
eral
ly d
ie d
own
duri
ng t
he w
inte
r. I
f fe
rtili
zatio
n is
beg
unbe
fore
wee
ds b
egin
spr
ing
grow
th,
in m
ost
inst
ance
s th
ey w
ill n
otbe
com
e re
-est
abli
shed
.If
fer
tiliz
atio
n is
beg
un a
fter
wee
ds h
ave
beco
me
esta
blis
hed,
fer
-til
izer
will
be
take
n up
by
the
wee
ds.
Thi
s w
ill p
rodu
ce h
eavi
er w
eed
grow
th.
Fert
iliza
tion
shou
ld
begi
n as
ea
rly
as
poss
ible
in
sp
ring
befo
re w
eed
grow
th s
tart
s. H
erbi
cida
l tr
eatm
ent
of a
wee
d pr
oble
min
the
spr
ing
follo
wed
by
a fe
rtili
zatio
n pr
ogra
m i
s of
ten
a go
odw
eed
cont
rol
mea
sure
.In
so
me
area
s of
th
e so
uthe
ast,
pond
fe
rtili
zatio
n m
ay
not
bere
com
men
ded
or
reco
mm
enda
tions
de
scri
bed
belo
w
may
be
m
odi-
fied
bec
ause
of
area
dif
fere
nces
in
wat
ersh
ed u
ses
and
fert
ility
. Fo
rlo
cal
fert
iliz
er
reco
mm
enda
tion
s,
cons
ult
your
co
unty
E
xten
sion
agen
t or
sta
te g
ame
and
fish
per
sonn
el.
Figu
re
44
Figu
re 4
5
21
Fer
tiliz
atio
n P
roce
dure
sB
egin
fer
tiliz
ing
with
40
poun
ds o
f 20
-20-
5 pe
r su
rfac
e ac
re i
n la
teFe
brua
ry o
r ea
rly
Mar
ch w
hen
wat
er t
empe
ratu
re s
tabi
lizes
abo
ve60
°F.
If a
fter
tw
o w
eeks
you
can
see
a b
righ
t ob
ject
mor
e th
an 1
8in
ches
be
neat
h th
e su
rfac
e,
prop
er
wat
er
colo
r re
sult
ing
from
plan
kton
al
gae
grow
th
has
not
been
de
velo
ped.
Fe
rtili
ze
agai
n at
the
sam
e ra
te.
If p
rope
r co
lor
does
not
dev
elop
fol
low
ing
the
thir
dap
plic
atio
n,
test
th
e po
nd
for
lime
requ
irem
ents
.Pr
oper
col
or c
an b
e m
aint
aine
d by
fer
tiliz
ing
with
40
poun
ds o
f20
-20-
5 pe
r su
rfac
e ac
re w
hen
a br
ight
obj
ect
can
be s
een
mor
e th
an18
inc
hes
into
the
wat
er.
Fert
iliza
tion
will
pro
babl
y be
nec
essa
ryab
out
once
a
mon
th.
Sto
p fe
rtil
izat
ion
whe
n w
ater
te
mpe
ratu
rest
abili
zes
belo
w 6
5°F.
Thi
s is
usu
ally
in
Oct
ober
or
Nov
embe
r.
Met
hod
of
App
lica
tion
The
mos
t ec
onom
ical
met
hod
of a
pplic
atio
n is
to
pour
the
fer
tili-
zer
on
a pl
atfo
rm
cons
truc
ted
12
to
18
inch
es
belo
w
the
wat
ersu
rfac
e. F
igur
e 46
. The
re s
houl
d be
at
leas
t th
ree
squa
re f
eet
of p
lat-
form
for
eac
h su
rfac
e ac
re i
n th
e po
nd.
Fert
ilize
r pl
aced
on
plat
-fo
rms
will
dis
solv
e sl
owly
in
the
uppe
r la
yer
of w
ater
whe
re d
esir
-ab
le a
lgae
pro
duct
ion
occu
rs a
nd b
e di
stri
bute
d by
win
d. L
ocat
e th
epl
atfo
rm 1
0 to
15
feet
fro
m t
he s
hore
so
the
fert
ilize
r w
ill r
ecei
vem
axim
um
win
d di
stri
buti
on.
Oth
er
acce
ptab
le
met
hods
of
ap
plic
atio
n in
clud
e:
broa
dcas
ting
fert
ilize
r by
ha
nd
in
shal
low
w
ater
le
ss
than
fo
ur
feet
de
ep,
orpo
urin
g it
in a
lin
e 15
fee
t fr
om s
hore
in
shal
low
are
as,
or s
littin
gfe
rtili
zer
bags
and
pla
cing
the
m i
n sh
allo
w w
ater
.
LIM
ING
-Lim
e is
nec
essa
ry f
or p
lant
pro
duct
ion
in p
onds
as
itis
on
fi
elds
. So
ftw
ater
po
nds
shou
ld
be
limed
be
fore
fe
rtili
zatio
nca
n be
ef
fect
ive
in
prod
ucin
g a
bloo
m
of
desi
rabl
e al
gae.
M
any
sout
hern
pon
ds s
houl
d be
lim
ed e
very
tw
o to
fou
r ye
ars.
Lim
ing
requ
irem
ents
can
be
dete
rmin
ed b
y yo
ur c
ount
y E
xten
sion
age
nt o
rst
ate
gam
e an
d fi
sh p
erso
nnel
.A
gric
ultu
ral
lime
is u
sed
for
limin
g po
nds.
Alth
ough
agr
icul
tura
llim
e m
ay b
e ad
ded
at a
ny t
ime,
it
take
s ab
out
thre
e m
onth
s fo
r it
togo
int
o so
lutio
n. L
ime
shou
ld b
e di
stri
bute
d th
roug
hout
the
pon
ddu
ring
fal
l so
it
will
be
in s
olut
ion
the
follo
win
g sp
ring
whe
n fe
rtili
-za
tion
begi
ns.
Fip
ue
46
Fe
rtili
zer
Pla
!fbrm
Fal
l-W
inte
r D
raw
dow
nD
ecre
asin
g th
e w
ater
lev
el o
f a
pond
is
calle
d a
draw
dow
n. D
raw
-do
wns
are
ben
efic
ial
in c
ontr
olli
ng w
eeds
and
cor
rect
ing
mil
dly
crow
ded
brea
m p
opul
atio
ns.
If a
dra
wdo
wn
is
used
for
tw
o or
fou
rco
nsec
utiv
e ye
ars,
as
muc
h as
90
perc
ent
of t
he s
ubm
erge
d ve
geta
-tio
n in
a p
ond
can
be e
limin
ated
. D
raw
dow
ns e
xpos
e th
e sh
allo
war
eas
of a
pon
d to
win
ter
wea
ther
and
dry
ing,
thu
s el
imin
atin
g so
me
of t
he w
eeds
. F
igur
e 47
. A
pon
d sh
ould
be
draw
n do
wn
in N
ovem
-be
r an
d th
is l
ower
ed w
ater
lev
el m
aint
aine
d un
til s
prin
g (F
ebru
ary
or M
arch
). D
raw
dow
ns s
houl
d ne
ver
be u
sed
in w
arm
wea
ther
mon
ths
or i
n po
nds
smal
ler
than
one
sur
face
acr
e. T
he p
ond
wat
ersu
rfac
e ar
ea s
houl
d be
red
uced
at
leas
t on
e-th
ird
and
not
mor
e th
anon
e-ha
lf.
ME
CH
AN
ICA
L
ME
TH
OD
SS
ome
rath
er
soph
isti
cate
d m
achi
nes
have
be
en
deve
lope
d to
cont
rol
aqua
tic
wee
ds.
The
se
mac
hine
s ei
ther
cu
t or
dr
ag
wee
dsfr
om
a po
nd.
Unf
ortu
nate
ly
thei
r op
erat
ion
is
expe
nsiv
e an
d no
tpr
actic
al f
or m
ost
priv
atel
y ow
ned
pond
s. S
eini
ng o
r ra
king
wee
ds
22
Cou
nty
Ext
ensi
on a
gent
s an
d st
ate
fish
erie
s bi
olog
ists
can
adv
ise
pond
ow
ners
w
ho
have
qu
esti
ons
conc
erni
ng
aqua
tic
herb
icid
ese
lect
ion,
m
etho
ds
and
rate
s of
ap
plic
atio
n,
prec
autio
ns,
and
stat
ean
d F
eder
al
regu
lati
ons.
T
he
info
rmat
ion
in
this
se
ctio
n is
no
tin
tend
ed t
o re
plac
e th
e in
form
atio
n on
the
her
bici
de l
abel
. R
athe
r,it
shou
ld
be
used
to
su
pple
men
t la
bel
info
rmat
ion.
Sele
ctio
n of
an
A
quat
ic
Her
bici
deId
entif
icat
ion
of t
he w
eed,
kno
wle
dge
of p
ond
wat
er v
olum
e or
surf
ace
area
, an
d w
ater
use
s w
ill h
elp
the
pond
ow
ner
sele
ct t
he m
ost
effe
ctiv
e an
d ec
onom
ic
aqua
tic
herb
icid
e.W
EE
D
IDE
NT
IFIC
AT
ION
-No
sing
le
aqua
tic
herb
icid
e is
capa
ble
of c
ontr
ollin
g al
l ki
nds
of w
eeds
tha
t ar
e po
tent
ial
prob
lem
sin
the
man
agem
ent
of a
pon
d. F
or t
his
reas
on,
it is
im
port
ant
toid
entif
y th
e w
eed
befo
re a
ttem
ptin
g to
con
trol
it
with
a h
erbi
cide
.H
erbi
cide
lab
els
list
the
aqua
tic w
eeds
whi
ch w
ill r
espo
nd t
o tr
eat-
men
t w
ith t
hat
part
icul
ar h
erbi
cide
. T
able
2 l
ists
the
aqu
atic
wee
dsde
scri
bed
in t
his
publ
icat
ion
and
the
herb
icid
es w
hich
are
usu
ally
effe
ctiv
e in
th
eir
cont
rol.
PO
ND
W
AT
ER
V
OL
UM
E
AN
D
SU
RF
AC
E
AR
EA
-Her
bi-
cide
ap
plic
atio
n ra
tes
are
dete
rmin
ed
eith
er
by
the
pond
’s
wat
ervo
lum
e or
by
su
rfac
e ar
ea.
Mos
t he
rbic
ide
labe
ls
list
appl
icat
ion
rate
s ac
cord
ing
to o
ne o
r th
e ot
her
of t
hese
mea
sure
s. S
ome
herb
i-ci
de
appl
icat
ion
rate
s w
ill
vary
de
pend
ing
upon
th
e w
eed
spec
ies
and
the
exte
nt o
f in
fest
atio
n. P
rior
kno
wle
dge
of t
he p
ond’
s w
ater
volu
me
and
surf
ace
area
will
aid
in
the
sele
ctio
n of
the
mos
t ec
ono-
mic
al h
erbi
cide
and
ins
ure
the
prop
er a
mou
nt i
s pu
rcha
sed
and
appl
ied.
PO
ND
W
AT
ER
U
SE
S-R
estr
icti
ons
and
caut
ions
of
he
rbic
ide
use
will
var
y de
pend
ing
upon
the
her
bici
de.
Thi
s in
form
atio
n is
on
the
herb
icid
e la
bel.
If p
ond
wat
er u
ses
are
not
com
patib
le w
ith t
here
stri
ctio
ns a
nd c
autio
ns l
iste
d fo
r a
spec
ific
her
bici
de,
an a
ltern
ate
herb
icid
e sh
ould
be
se
lect
ed,
or
anot
her
aqua
tic
wee
d co
ntro
lm
easu
re
used
.
Her
bici
de
App
lica
tion
It i
s no
t en
ough
to
sele
ct t
he r
ight
her
bici
de.
The
her
bici
de m
ust
also
be
appl
ied
prop
erly
. T
he h
erbi
cide
app
licat
or m
ust
be k
now
-le
dgea
ble
of t
he h
erbi
cide
for
mul
atio
n, m
etho
ds a
nd r
ates
of
appl
i-ca
tion,
pr
ecau
tions
an
d w
arni
ngs,
an
d ot
her
info
rmat
ion
spec
ific
to
the
herb
icid
e.
FOR
MU
LA
TIO
NS
-~H
erbi
cide
for
mul
atio
ns v
ary
in t
he a
mou
ntof
ac
tive
ingr
edie
nts
pres
ent.
The
ac
tive
ingr
edie
nts
actu
ally
ar
eth
e ch
emic
als
whi
ch
kill
the
pest
or
w
eed.
In
ert
ingr
edie
nts
are
adde
d to
im
prov
e th
e co
nven
ienc
e,
safe
ty,
and
hand
ling
of
th
ehe
rbic
ide.
Her
bici
de a
pplic
atio
n ra
tes
are
base
d up
on t
he a
ctiv
e in
gred
ient
in t
he h
erbi
cide
for
mul
atio
n. T
his
is o
ne r
easo
n w
hy i
t is
alw
ays
impo
rtan
t to
de
term
ine
herb
icid
e ap
plic
atio
n ra
tes
from
in
form
a-tio
n pr
inte
d on
the
lab
el.
ME
TH
OD
S
OF
A
PP
LIC
AT
ION
-So
me
her
bic
ides
ca
n
be
appl
ied
dire
ctly
fro
m t
he c
onta
iner
(re
ady
for
use)
and
oth
ers
need
to b
e di
lute
d w
ith w
ater
or
som
e ot
her
dilu
ent
befo
re a
pplic
atio
n.A
lway
s jo
llow
lab
el d
irec
tions
.D
ispe
rsio
n of
th
e he
rbic
ide
is
also
im
port
ant.
In
smal
l po
nds,
for
shor
elin
e ar
eas
or “
spot
tre
atm
ents
,” m
any
of t
he h
erbi
cide
s ca
nbe
app
lied
by s
impl
y br
oadc
astin
g th
e ch
emic
al o
ver
the
area
. M
ost
of t
he g
ranu
lar
form
ulat
ions
can
be
scat
tere
d di
rect
ly.
In s
mal
lar
eas,
so
me
liqui
d fo
rmul
atio
ns
can
be
pour
ed
over
th
e ar
ea
but
othe
rs n
eed
to b
e di
lute
d an
d m
ay b
e ap
plie
d w
ith a
spr
inkl
ing
can.
Tre
atm
ent
of
larg
e ar
eas
usua
lly
requ
ire
the
use
of
mec
hani
cal
spra
yers
or
spre
ader
s an
d a
boat
with
an
outb
oard
mot
or t
o in
sure
that
the
che
mic
al i
s ad
equa
tely
dis
pers
ed.
Mos
t aq
uatic
her
bici
des
can
be a
pplie
d w
ith a
han
d op
erat
ed s
eede
r, p
ress
uriz
ed s
pray
er,
orbo
at b
aile
r. I
njec
ting
the
chem
ical
nea
r th
e ou
tboa
rd m
otor
pr
op-
was
h w
ill h
elp
in d
ispe
rsio
n.So
me
herb
icid
es
are
“con
tact
ki
llers
,”
that
is
, th
ey
mus
t co
me
into
di
rect
co
ntac
t w
ith
the
plan
t. Fo
r th
is
reas
on,
cont
act
herb
i-ci
des
mus
t be
eve
nly
disp
erse
d in
or
on t
he w
ater
to
have
max
imum
effe
ctiv
enes
s. O
ther
her
bici
des
mus
t be
abs
orbe
d by
the
pla
nt t
o be
effe
ctiv
e an
d ar
e ca
lled
“tra
nslo
cate
d”
herb
icid
es.
The
fol
low
ing
can
be u
sed
as g
ener
al g
uide
lines
for
the
app
lica-
tion
of h
erbi
cide
s to
the
fou
r aq
uatic
wee
d gr
oups
:
AL
GA
E-S
ince
alg
ae i
s us
uall
y di
sper
sed
thro
ugho
ut t
he b
ody
of w
ater
, co
ntro
l us
uall
y re
quir
es t
reat
men
t of
the
tot
al v
olum
eof
wat
er.
Exc
eptio
ns t
o th
is a
re t
reat
men
ts o
f fl
oatin
g (f
ilam
ento
us)
alga
e m
ats
whi
ch m
ay b
e sp
ot-t
reat
ed,
or t
reat
men
t of
sm
all
por-
tions
of
the
pond
at
two
wee
k in
terv
als.
The
tw
o w
eek
inte
rval
is
nece
ssar
y to
red
uce
the
poss
ibili
ty o
f a
fish
kill
whi
ch m
ay b
e ca
used
by
oxyg
en
depl
etio
n re
sult
ing
from
th
e de
com
posi
tion
of
de
adpl
ants
.
24
AC
KN
OW
LE
DG
EM
EN
TS
We
are
grat
eful
to
th
e fo
llow
ing
peop
le
and
orga
niza
tions
fo
r th
eir
assi
stan
cean
d su
gges
tions
w
ith
this
pu
blic
atio
n:
Dr.
D
avid
R
. B
ayne
, A
ubur
n U
nive
rsity
;M
r. G
ladn
ey D
avid
son,
U.S
. Fi
sh a
nd W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e; D
r. T
hom
as K
. H
ill,
The
Uni
vers
ity
of
Ten
ness
ee;
Dr.
Jo
hn
W.
Jens
en,
Aub
urn
Uni
vers
ity;
Mr.
D
onal
dL
ee,
Lou
isia
na
Dep
artm
ent
of
Wild
life
and
Fish
erie
s;
Mr.
W
ayne
T
hom
asto
n,G
eorg
ia
Dep
artm
ent
of
Nat
ural
R
esou
rces
, an
d D
r.
Tho
mas
L
. W
ellb
orn.
Jr
.,M
issi
ssip
pi S
tate
Uni
vers
ity w
ho a
lso
supp
lied
phot
ogra
phs
5, 6
, 21
, 22
, 43
.Fu
nds
for
this
pub
licat
ion
wer
e pr
ovid
ed,‘
in p
art,
by t
he U
.S.
Dep
artm
ent
ofth
eIn
teri
or,
Fish
an
d W
ildlif
e Se
rvic
e.
RE
FE
RE
NC
ES
1.
Bur
khal
ter,
A
.P.
et.
al.
1978
. A
quat
ic
Wee
d Id
entif
icat
ion
Con
trol
M
anua
l.B
urea
u of
Aqu
atic
Pla
nt R
esea
rch
and
Con
trol
, Fl
orid
a D
epar
tmen
t of
Nat
ural
Res
ourc
es,
100
page
s.
2. G
odfr
ey,
R.K
. an
d J.
W.
Woo
ten,
197
9. A
quat
ic a
nd W
etla
nd P
lant
s of
Sou
th-
east
ern
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
The
Uni
vers
ity o
f G
eorg
ia P
ress
, 71
2 pa
ges.
3. R
obin
ette
, D
.L.
Aqu
atic
Pes
t C
ontr
ol T
rain
ing
Man
ual,
Pes
tici
de T
rain
ing
Seri
es
5.
Coo
pera
tive
Ext
ensi
on
Serv
ice,
C
lem
son
Uni
vers
ity,
105
page
s.
4.
Wel
lbor
n,
T.L
. 19
79.
Aqu
atic
W
eed
Iden
tific
atio
n an
d C
ontr
ol.
Coo
pera
tive
Ext
ensi
on
Ser
vice
, M
issi
ssip
pi
Sta
te
Uni
vers
ity,
In
form
atio
n S
heet
s 10
25-
1037
.
5. W
inte
rrin
ger,
G.S
. an
d A
.C.
Lop
inot
, 19
66.
Aqu
atic
Pla
nts
of I
llino
is,
Illin
ois
Stat
e M
useu
m o
f Sc
ienc
e Se
ries
Vol
. V
I, 1
42 p
ages
.
26
Tab
le 2
. R
espo
nse
of C
omm
on A
quat
ic W
eeds
to
Her
bici
des’
Aqu
atic
Her
bici
des?
(Tra
deia
me) sim
azin
e(A
quaz
ine)
E E E E
copp
ersu
lfat
e(v
ario
us)
E E E E
Aqu
atic
G
roup
gnd
Wee
d _
dich
lobe
nil
(Cas
oron
)fe
nac
(Fen
ac)
diqu
at(D
iqua
t)
F F G G
2, 4
-D(v
ario
us)
endo
thal
l(A
quat
hol)
G G G G
mic
rosc
opic
(p
lank
ton)
fila
men
tous
char
aA
lgae
Flo
atin
gW
eeds
E Eni
tella
duck
wee
dsco
onta
ilbl
adde
rwor
tw
ater
hva
cint
h
G ci E
E E E E
E EE G
E
Em
erse
dW
eeds
Am
eric
an
lotu
sfr
agra
nt &
whi
te w
ater
lily
spat
terd
ock
wat
ersh
ield
wat
er
penn
ywor
tfr
ogbi
tpi
cker
elw
eed
allig
ator
wee
dsm
artw
eed
arro
whe
adw
ater
pr
imro
seca
ttai
lsse
dges
and
rus
hes
slen
der
spik
erus
hbu
tton
bush
will
ows
alde
rsm
aide
ncan
eso
uthe
rn
wat
ergr
ass
E E E E E G G E E E G E E E E
G G G G
E E E E
G G
Subm
erse
dW
eeds
naia
dspa
rrot
feat
her
eura
sian
w
ater
milf
oil
broa
dlea
f w
ater
milf
oil
eger
iael
odea
hydr
illa
E E
F
pond
wee
ds
(Pot
amog
eton
)
rE=e
xcel
lent
con
trol
; G
=goo
d co
ntro
l; F-
fair
co
ntro
l.‘H
erbi
cide
s re
gist
ered
for
aqu
atic
use
s by
the
Fed
eral
Gov
ernm
ent.
Stat
es m
ay h
ave
addi
tiona
l aq
uatic
use
res
trict
ions
. Thi
s lis
t is
cur
rent
as
of N
ovem
ber
1980
and
is s
ubje
ct t
o ch
ange
.
The
Coopera
tive
Ext
ensi
on
Serv
ice,
I’he
[:n
&rs
ity
ofG
eorp
(‘a
llege o
f Agr
icultu
re o
fferr
ed
uc
atio
na
l ~K
I~K
UTX
. d
rakt
anc
e a
nd m
ater
ials
to
all
peop
le W
Ithout
rega
rd tO
rac
e. C
OlO
r O
rna
tmna
l ongin
AN
E
QU
AL
O
PP
OR
TU
NIT
Y
EM
PL
OY
ER
Aqu
atic
W
eeds
-Fis
h an
d A
quac
ultu
re-
B-8
39N
ovem
ber
198
0
Issu
ed in
fur
ther
ance
of
Coo
pera
tive
Ext
ensi
on
wor
k,
Act
7 o
f M
ay 8
an
d Ju
ne
30.
1914
. 7
he t
niV
ers
lty 0
1 (ieorg
ia C
olle
ge
of
Ag
ricu
lttIre
a
nd
th
e
U.S
. D
ep~
tn~
ent
of
4grlC
UltU
reco
oper
atin
g.1;
11 C
Du
Va
ll.
Dir
ecto
r
