Idea WCDMA
Transcript of Idea WCDMA
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WCDMA Network Planning and Dimensioning
WorkshopXx Aug 2008
Leo Chan
Senior Network Performance Specialist
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Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals WCDMA air interface characteristics WCDMA vs. GSM
Physical Layer Bit Rates
HSPA overview
WCDMA network planning overview Coverage Dimensioning Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Capacity Dimensioning Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning
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Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals WCDMA air interface characteristics WCDMA vs. GSM
Physical Layer Bit Rates
HSPA overview
WCDMA network planning overview Coverage Dimensioning Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Capacity Dimensioning Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning
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WCDMA Air Interface Characteristics
5 MHz
3.84 MHz
f
5+5 MHz in FDD mode5 MHz in TDD mode
Frequency
TimeDirect Sequence (DS) CDMA
WCDMA
Carrier
WCDMA
5 MHz, 1 carrier
TDMA (GSM)
5 MHz, 25 carriers
Users share same time and frequency
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Differences between WCDMA & GSM
WCDMA GSMCarrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 118
Power controlfrequency
1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
Quality control Radio resource
management algorithms
Network planning
(frequency planning)Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives
multipath diversity withRake receiver
Frequency hopping
Packet data Load-based packetscheduling
Timeslot basedscheduling with GPRS
Downlink transmitdiversity Supported forimproving downlinkcapacity
Not supported by thestandard, but can beapplied
High bitrates
Services
withDifferentquality
requirements
Efficient
packet data
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Multiple WCDMA carriersLayered network
F1
F2
F2
F3
F3
F3
Micro BTS
Macro BTS
Pico BTSs
1 - 10 km
50 - 100 m200 - 500 m
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Spreadingfactor
Channelsymbol
rate(ksps)
Channel bitrate
(kbps)
DPDCHchannel bitrate range
(kbps)
Maximum userdata rate with -
rate coding(approx.)
512 7.5 15 36 13 kbps
256 15 30 1224 612 kbps
128 30 60 4251 2024 kbps
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps
4, with 3
parallelcodes
2880 5760 5616 2.3 Mbps
Half rate speech
Full rate speech
128 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
Symbolphyb RR 2_SF
WRSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL) - HSDPA
3GPP Release 5 standards introduced enhanced DL bit rates with High Speed
Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) technology Shared high bit rate channel between usersHigh peak bit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 15 DL channelisation codes (In HSDPA SF=16)
Higher order modulation scheme (16-QAM) Higher bit rate in same band
16-QAM provides 4 bits per symbol 960 kbit/s / code physical channel peak
rate
Coding rate
QPSK
Coding rate
1/4
2/4
3/4
5 codes 10 codes 15 codes
600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps
1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps
1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps
16QAM
2/4
3/4
4/4
2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.1 Mbps
4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14.0 Mbps
HSDPA
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Physical Layer Bit Rates (UL) - HSUPA
3GPP Release 6 standards introduced enhanced UL bit rates
with High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSUPA) technology
Fast allocation of available UL capacity for usersHigh peakbit rates
Simultaneous usage of up to 2+2 UL channelisation codes (In
HSUPA SF=24) Initial expected capability 1.46 Mbps
Coding rate
1/2
3/4
4/4
1 x SF4 2 x SF4 2 x SF22 x SF2 +2 x SF4
480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps
720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps
960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps
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HSPA Pushes Functionalities to Base Station
HSDPA = High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSUPA = High Speed Uplink Packet Access HSPA = HSDPA + HSUPA
HSDPA
HSUPA
Mobile Base station Radio network
controller RNC
HSPA scheduling andretransmission control in
base station
WCDMA schedulingand retransmission
control in RNC
WCDMA R99 uplink/downlink
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HSDPAGeneral Principle
Terminal 1 (UE)
Terminal 2
L1 Feedback = CQI
Data
Data
Link adaptation based onCQI
Packet scheduling based on
CQI
UE's capability
QoS requirements
Power and code resourceavailability
Node B buffer status
HSDPA users may be timeand code multiplexed
L1 Feedback = CQI
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HSDPA Overview
15 Code
Shared
transmission
16QAM
Modulation
TTI = 2 ms Hybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
Fast Link
Adaptation
Advanced
Scheduling
Benefit
Higher Downlink Peak rates: 14 MbpsHigher Capacity: +100-200%
Reduced Latency: ~75 ms
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HSUPA Overview
TTI = 10 ms1-4 Code
Multi-Code
transmission
Fast
Power ControlHybrid ARQ
with incr. redundancy
NodeB
Controlled
Scheduling
Benefit
Higher Uplink Peak rates: 2.0 MbpsHigher Capacity: +50-100%
Reduced Latency: ~50-75 ms
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HSxPA Motivation and General Principle
Improved performance and spectral efficiency in DL and UL by introducing a shared channelprinciple:
Significant enchancement with peak rates up to 14.4 Mbps (28 Mbps in Rel7) in DL, and 2Mbps (11.5 Mbps with 16QAM) in UL
Huge capacity increase per site; no site pre-planning necessary
Improved end user experience: reduced delay/latency, high response time
HSDPA (3GPP Rel5)
Fast pipe is shared among UEs
HSUPA (3GPP Rel6)
Dedicated pipe for every UE in UL
Pipe (codes and grants) changing
with time
E-DCH scheduling
Rel. 99
Dedicated pipe for every UE
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UL DCH vs HSDPA vs HSUPA Concepts
HSDPA HSUPA
Modulation QPSK and 16-QAMBPSK and Dual-
BPSK
Soft handover No Yes
HSUPA is like reversed HSDPA, except
Fast powercontrol
No Yes
SchedulingPoint to
multipointMultipointto point
Non-scheduledtransmission
NoYes, for minimum/guaranteed bit rate
Required for near-faravoidance
Efficient UE poweramplifier
Scheduling cannot be asfast as in HSDPA
Similar to R99 DCH but
with HARQHSUPA could be better described as Enhanced DCH inthe uplink than reversed HSDPA
Feature
Variable spreading factor
Fast power control
Adaptive modulation
BTS based scheduling
DCH
Yes
Yes
No
No
HSUPA
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Fast L1 HARQ No Yes
HSDPA
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Multicode transmission Yes(No in practice)
Yes Yes
HSUPA (E-DCH) is an uplink DCH with BTS-based HARQ and scheduling and true multicode support
Soft handover Yes Yes No(associated DCH only)
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Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals
WCDMA air interface characteristics WCDMA vs. GSM
Physical Layer Bit Rates
HSPA overview
WCDMA network planning overview
Coverage Dimensioning Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Capacity Dimensioning Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning
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Approaches to 3G Radio Network Planning
There are two fundamental approaches to 3G radio network
planning
Path loss based approach Can be done by 2G planning tools
Results easy to interpret
3G simulation based approach Requires 3G planning tool
Requires detailed input information
Results large range of network performance information
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Path loss based 3G planningResults
The result of path loss based 3G planning is
Coverage maps per service and per area type
Cell dominance areas
Interference levels
Dense Urban
Urban
SuburbanRural
Coverage
Specific service
Dense Urban
Urban
SuburbanRural
Coverage
Specific service
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Simulation based 3G planning
The planned 3G network configuration can be alalysed by
simulation Static (Monte-Carlo) simulationsSupported by most 3G
planning tools (e.g. Netact Planner)
In static simulations users are placed randomly on the planningarea based on traffic distribution information (traffic layer) for
each planned service
The radio link conditions are analysed for each user
Required TX power (UL/DL) based in path loss predictions
and interference level Coverage limitation? Radio interface load (UL/DL) is estimated for each cell
Capacity limitation?
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Simulation based 3G planningResults
Main benefit of 3G simulations is the relatively large quantity of
information which is generated Information is beneficial only if it is interpreted correctly
The main results from a 3G simulation are typically
Service coverage Service probability
Failure probability by failure causes
System capacity
Intercell interference Uplink and downlink transmit powers
Uplink and downlink interference floors
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Simulation based 3G planningVideo callcoverage probability
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Simulation based 3G planningUL load
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Cell load calculation
Cell load calculation is needed in order to estimate the level of air interface
load in the cell
Air interface load depends on service type, radio propagation conditions,network topology and number of active connections
Service type Bitrate, Eb/N0 Propagation conditionsEb/N0, Orthogonality
Network topologyLittle i
Air interface load Power budget
Cell range
Load/cell
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DL Li t t lei
In the real environment we will never have separated cell. Therefore in the load factor
calculation the other cell interferences should be taken into account.This can be introduced by means of the l i t t le i value, which describes how much twocells overlap (bigger overlappingmore inter-cell interferences)
Iother
OWN
OTHER
IIilittle
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0 500 1000 1500140
145
150
155
160
165
170
throughput in kbps
Maximu
mp
ropagationlo
ss(dB)
128 kbps
i = 0.2
i = 0.4
i = 0.6
i = 0.8
Effect of little i
Doubling of the "little i" will cause 70 % throughput decrease of
the original value
DL
UL
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Effect of Speed12.2 kbps speech @ 3, 20, 120 km/h
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100140
145
150
155
160
165
170
Number of users
M
aximump
ropagationloss(dB)
Macro cell, P(DL) = 43 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm3 km/h 12.2 kbps
20 km/h 12.2 kbps
120 km/h 12.2 kbps
UL
DL
For slow moving mobiles alow received Eb/N0value isneeded due to good channelestimate and power control. Onthe other hand high peakpower is needed tocompensate the deepest fades.
For fast moving mobileschannel estimates are worsebut interleaving works moreefficiently. Power control is notable to follow small scalefading (=> power controlheadroomsmaller for highspeed mobiles)
In UL a PC headroomisneeded in calculating thecoverage
In DL the fast power controleffects are included in theaverage required Eb/N0(no
power control headroom in DL)
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Effect of Node B Tx Power10, 20, 30, 40 W, 64 kbps, 3-sector
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
Macro cell, P(DL) = 40 to 46 dBm, P(UL) = 21 dBm
DL throughput in kbps
Maximump
ropagationloss(dB)
uplink
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Agenda
WCDMA Fundamentals
WCDMA air interface characteristics WCDMA vs. GSM
Physical Layer Bit Rates
HSPA overview
WCDMA network planning overview
Coverage Dimensioning Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Capacity Dimensioning Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning
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-Outputtow
ard
Accessplan
ning
Per area and per Phase
Number of Node Bs
Node B Type
Node B Configuration
Node B Upgrade
Configuration
NodeB
Dimensioning
CHC, DRIC, FSM)
Radio Dimensioning data flow
Customer
Requirements
LINK BUDGET
Rel99, CPICH,
HSDPA, HSUPA
RF Planning
Parameters
interf marg
HO gain
environment
etc.
System
Parameters
Eb/No
TX power
etc.
Infrastr.
Parameters
# of sectors
antennas
req cov area
etc.
Capacity
Air Interface
Dimensioning
(Capacity: Rel99
+ HSPA )
Traffic
Demand
per bearer
# of subs
GoS
etc.
System
Parameters
spectral
efficiency
etc.
Outputs
Customer Requirements and Input Parameters
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Introduction
Target of coverage dimensioning is to give estimate of site
coverage area (site count for given area)
Coverage dimensioning requires multiple inputs Service type
Target service probability Initial site configuration
Equipment performance
Propagation environment
Link budget calculations are used for calculation of the sitecoverage area with the given inputs
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Link budget
The target of the link budget calculation is to
estimate the maximum allowed path loss on radiopath from transmit antenna to receive antenna
The minimum Eb/N0(and BER/BLER) requirement isachieved with the maximum allowed path loss andtransmit power both in UL & DL
The maximum path loss can be used to calculatecell range R
Lpmax_DLLpmax_UL
R
Li k b d
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Link budget types
R99 DCH link budget
Uplink Can be based on many different PS and CS services
Downlink Can be based on many different PS and CS services
HSDPA link budget
Uplink HSDPA associated UL DPCH link budget is used which can be 16, 64 ,128 or 384 kbps
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the R99 DCH Eb/No (this overhead often appears in the transmitter section ofthe link budget)
Downlink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
HSUPA link budget
Uplink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
Peak HS-DPCCH overhead is included to the HSUPA Eb/No
Downlink Can be based on defined cell edge throughput conditions
CPICH link budget
Downlink Similar to downlink DCH link budget.
Can be based on CPICH Ec/No at cell edge.
M d l C t t
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Module Contents
Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSDPA link budget HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
R99 UL Li k B d t
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R99 UL Link Budget
The calculation is done for each
service (bit rate) separately Bit rate depends on service, which
can vary in speech service bitrates (e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2kbps) to packet service bit rates(e.g. 8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 384
kbps) as well as video service(e.g. 64 kbps)
Coverage limiting service can bedefined based on customer inputs orlowest path loss based oncalculations
R99 UL Li k B d t
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R99 UL Link Budget
Transmitter - Handset
Transmission power classes Power Class 4 most common at the
moment (note 2 dB tolerance)
Power Class 3 most common in newmobiles and data cards (+1/-3dBtolerance)
Antenna TX/RX gain Typically assumed to be 02 dBi For data card 2 dBi can be assumed
Body Loss
For CS voice service body loss of 3 dB isassumed as the mobile is near head.
EIRP represents the effective isotropicradiated power from the transmitantenna.
LossBody-GainAntennaTransmitPowerTransmitUEEIRPUplink
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I t f M i
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Interference Margin
Interference margin is calculated from the UL loading () value
From set maximum planned load "sensitivity" is decreased due to the network load (subscribers in the
network) & in UL indicates the loss in link budget due to load.
dBLog 110 10IMargin=
1.25
3
20
10
6
25% 50% 75% 99%
IMargin[dB]
Load factor
R99 UL Li k B d t
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R99 UL Link Budget
ReceiverNode B
Service Eb/No Related to the selected service
Channel model
BLER targets etc,
Service Processing gain
Related to the service bit rate
High processing gains correspond toservices with low bit rates. Theseservices tend to have more relaxed linkbudgets and generate smallerincrements in cell loading.
Receiver thermal sensitivityThisrepresents the receiver sensitivitywhen the system is loaded i.e. aninterference margin has been included
GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver I
RateBit
RateChipLOG10GainProcessingService
R i d E /N
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Required Eb/N0
When Eb/N0is selected, it has to be known in which conditions it is defined (selectclosest Eb/N0value to the prevailing conditions if available) Service and bearer
Bit rate, BER requirement, channel coding
Radio channel Doppler spread (Mobile speed, frequency)
Multipath, delay spread
Three main groups of channels models that are widely usedto model different propagation environments. 3GPP models, Case 1-5
COST 259 models, Typical urban (TU), Rural area (RA), Hilly terrain (HT)
ITU models, Indoor A/B, Pedestrian A/B, Vehicular A/B
Receiver/connection configuration Handover situation
Fast power control status
Diversity configuration (antenna diversity, 2-port, 4-port)
Some corrections have to be done in the link budget in case the conditions do not
correspond the used Eb/N0 Soft handover gain
Power control gain
Fast fading margin
R99 UL Link Budget
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R99 UL Link Budget
ReceiverNode B
RX antenna gain Is different for different frequencies
Gain and size varies
Cable loss
In Flexi the remote RF head
(feederless solution) minimizesthe influence of cable losses
MHA can be used to compensatethe cable loss as well as lower thesystem noise figure (not in Flexi)
R99 UL Link Budget
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R99 UL Link Budget
ReceiverNode B
UL fast fade margin
SHO gain (old MDC gain)
Gain against shadowing
Fast fading margin
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Fast fading margin
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 410
15
20
25
dB
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-10
0
10
20
dBm
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 45
10
15
dB
Seconds
Mobile transmissionpower starts hittingits maximum value
Eb/N0target
increases fast
Received qualitydegrades, more
frame errors
MS moving towards the cell edge
Some headroom is needed in the mobile station TX power for
maintaining adequate fast power control This is needed at cell edge for UEs to be able to compensate fast fading
Typical values are from 2 to 5 dB for slow-moving mobiles (according toWCDMA for UMTS)
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain UL
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Soft Handover (MDC) GainUL
SHO gain (Macro Diversity Combining) gives the Eb/N0 improvement in
soft handover situation compared to single link connection At cell edge the SHO gain can be around 1.5 dB,
Simulation results in following figure shows that the gain depends on UE speedas well as from two branches path loss differences
An average over the cell in UL is commonly 0 dB, this is due to the fact
that Significant amount of diversity already exist 2-port UL antenna diversity, multipath diversity (Rake)
The graph includes both Softer and Soft Handover (however it is not possible tosee those gains separately)
Soft Handover combining is done at RNC level by using just selection combining
(based on frame selection) Softer Handover combining is done at the BTS by using maximal ratio combining
In case of more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of twobranches)
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain UL
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Soft Handover (MDC) GainUL
Tx power, uplink
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0 5 10
Difference between the SHO links (dB)
SHOM
D
C
gain(dB)
MS speed 3km/h
MS speed 20km/h
MS speed 50km/h
MS speed 120km/h
Soft HOCombining(including softer combininggain for the other branch)Softer HO
Combining
Dynamic SimulatorResult for 2 branches
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
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Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
At cell edge there is the gain against shadowing. This is
roughly the gain of a handover algorithm, in which the bestBTS can always be chosen (based on minimal transmissionpower of MS) against a hard handover algorithm based ongeometrical distance.
In reality the SHO gain is a function of required coverage probability
and the standard deviation of the signal for the environment.
The gain is also dependent on whether the user is outdoors, where thelikelihood of multiple servers is high, or indoors where the radio channeltends to be dominated by a much smaller number of serving cells.
For indoors users the recommendation is to use smaller SHO gain value
Soft handover gain can be understood also as reduction of Slow FadingMargin (See Cell range estimation)
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
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Typical average value of the Gain against shadowing is between 2and 3 dB
Gain Against Shadowing (slow fading)
R99 UL Link Budget
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R99 UL Link Budget
Building penetration loss This parameter is clutter specific,
normally for dense urban areas thisvalue is higher than in rural area.Recommended values for urban is 16 dBand suburban 12 dB.
Indoor location probability This parameter defines the probability of
connection in indoors, value depending
on clutter and area, varies from 8595%
Indoor standard deviation Correspondingly clutter and area
dependent, varies from 5 to 12 dB.
Shadowing margin
This is calculated from indoor locationprobability and standard deviation.Typical values for slow fading marginsfor 90-95% coverage probability are:
outdoor: 68 dB (lower for suburban/rural)
indoor: 1015 dB (lower forsuburban/rural)
These planning margins are defined in detail later on!
R99 UL Link Budget
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R99 UL Link Budget
marginfadeslowBPLgainULSHO-marginfadefastULgainMHA-losscableainRxAntennaGysensitivitReceiverrequiredpowerotropicI
s
Isotropic power required
Required signal power is calculatedto take into account the buildingpenetration loss and indoorstandard deviation as well asreceiver sensitivity and additional
margins.
Allowed propagation loss
requiredpowerIsotropic-EIRP. losspAllowedpro
Module Contents
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Module Contents
Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
The calculation is done for each
service (bit rate) separately Bit rate depends on service, which
can vary in speech service bit rates(e.g. 4.75, 5.9, 7.95, 12.2 kbps) topacket service bit rates (e.g. 8, 16,32, 64, 128 and 384 kbps) as wellas video service (e.g. 64 kbps)
Coverage limiting service can bedefined based on customer inputs orlowest path loss based oncalculations
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink
TransmitterNode B
Max Tx Power (total) Max Tx power is based on selected WPA, e.g. 20 W =
43 dBm and 40 W = 46 dBm. This depends on Node Btype and configuration.
This parameter is used in definition of Max Tx powerper radio link.
Max Tx power per radio link Max Tx power per radio link is upper limit for DL power
calculation.
TX power per user Tx power per user is depended on DL load used in link
budget calculation (it is used to define how muchpower is used per user)
This parameter notifies the average user location suchas 6 dB which correspond to average user location.
MHA insertion loss In DL the insertion loss needs to be noticed.
Commonly 0.5 assumed.
Other margins Cable loss, Tx antenna gain noticed as earlier.
EIRP EIRP is calculated as follows
DL Power calculation
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DL Power calculation
The DL power calculation is depended on two different methods Max DL RL power
This is as upper limit which is limitation based on system parameters
DL Tx power per user average distribution and power calculation related to the DL load.
In case of low load then Max DL power is limiting
In case of high DL load then the DL tx power per user is limiting
The selection of peak to average power ratio depends on many factors
The lower DL power is selected from Max Tx power per connection and TX powerper user EIRP is calculated as follows:
As an example:
Service Type Speech CS Data PS Data
Downlink bit rate 12.2 64 64 128 384 kbps
Max tx power per connection 34.2 37.2 37.2 40.0 40.0 dBm
Tx power per user (IPL 6 dB) 60% load 34.6 38.6 37.6 40.3 42.0 dBm
EIRP (0.5 cable loss, 18.5 tx antenna gain) 52.2 55.2 55.2 58.0 58.0 dBm
GainAntennaTransmitonlossMHAinserti-lossCabler)TxPowerUseower,MIN(MaxTxPEIRPDownlink
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
marginceinterferenfigurenoiseHandsetnoisehermal_I Tfloorenterferenc
Receiver - Handset
Handset Noise Figure Handset NF varies between
frequency and can vary betweendifferent models
Interference margin
Interference margin is definedbased on downlink load andinterference
Thermal noise
As defined in Uplink
Interference floor
Handset Noise Figure
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Handset Noise Figure
Handset noise figure varies between frequencies as well as
between models 3GPP Specification defines certain limits for UE performance
for different frequencies
For higher frequencies (e.g. 2 GHz) specification defines 9 dBrequirement for UE
For lower frequencies (e.g. 900 MHz) 11 dB requirement is specified
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
Service Eb/No
Related to the selected service inDL
Channel model
BLER targets etc,
Refer to Uplink part
Service Processing gain Related to the service bit rate
Receiver Sensitivity
As defined in UL
GainProcessingEb/NoRequirede_floornterferencySensitivitReceiver I
R99 DL Link Budget
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R99 DL Link Budget
RX antenna gain Commonly in data cards some antenna gain is
defined, commonly this is just 2 dBi.Assumption needs to be as defined in UL
Body loss Similarly as in uplink the DL needs to consider
the body loss if defined e.g. for voice service inUL
DL Fast fading margin No fast fading margin noticed in DL as was
noted in UL. In DL fast fading margin is notusually applied due to lower power controldynamic range.
SHO gain In SHO gain 1 dB advantage can be noticed
compared to the UL.
Gain against shadowing This is harmonized between UL/DL as the
selection of better cell can happen in eitherdirection independently.
Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL
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Soft Handover (MDC) Gain DL
In edge of the cell a 34 dB SHO gain can be seen on required DL Eb/N0
in SHO situations compared to single link reception Combination of 23 signals
Commonly in dimensioning the DL SHO gain is assumed to be 2.5 dB
In DL there is also some combining gain (about 1.2 dB) as an averageover the cell this is due to UE maximal ratio combining
soft and softer handovers included from MS point there is no difference between soft and softer handover
average is calculated over all the connections taking into account the averagedifference of the received signal branches (and UE speed)
40% of the connections in soft handover or in softer handover and 60% no softhandover
taking into account the effect multiple transmitters combination of dynamic simulator results and static planning tool
in case more than 2 connections - no more gain (compared to case of twobranches)
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Module Contents
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Module Contents
Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Uplink DPCH link budget for HSDPA
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Up C budget o S
Overall same approach as normal R99uplink link budget except the
requirement to include a peak overheadfor the HS-DPCCH
HS-DPCCH Overhead is dependentupon the selected associated DCH(16/64/128/384).
Use the values with soft handover as atthe cell edge connection is commonly in
SHO Without SHO can be used in some special
case like I-HSPA without Iur interfaces
Rest of the link budget is the same asfor a conventional Uplink link budget
The soft handover gain effect on the cellradius and site coverage
Module Contents
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Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
Uplink
Downlink
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
HS-PDSCH link budget
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g
In HSDPA link budget, one of two approaches can be adopted
Target uplink bit rate can be specified and link budget completed from top to bottom todetermine the maximum allowed path loss
HS-PDSCH SINR should correspond to the targeted cell edge throughput
Existing maximum allowed path loss can be specified and link budget completed frombottom to top to determine the achievable uplink bit rate at cell edge
The total transmit power assigned to the HS-PDSCH and HS-SCCH depends onRNC parameters and CCCH power and in shared carrier also on DCH traffic load
HS-PDSCH does not enter soft handover, which leads to SHO gain of 0 dB
An overhead for HS-DPCCH channel has to be taken into account in UL whenHSDPA is active
HS-PDSCH link budget
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g
Max Tx poweris the allocated power for HS-PDSCH which depends on the CCCH and inshared carrier also on the required DCH power
41 dBm in 20 W dedicated HSDPA carrier
SINR Requirementdepends on the requiredcell edge throughput
Spreading gainis calculated from the usedspreading factor 16
Soft handover gainis 0 dB because no SHOon HS-PDSCH
Cel l edge throu ghputaffects the requiredSINR
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HSDPA signal quality SINR
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GeometryFactor
TotalTransmitPower
SpreadingFactor
Orthogonalityfactor
Transmitted
HS-PDSCHpower
G
P
PSFSINR
tot
PDSCHHS
11
16
g q y
HSDPA signal quality (SINR) depends on
Available power for HSDPA Channel conditions
Cell range (pathloss)
Interference level over cell area
HSDPA features and configuration
SINR and HSDPA Throughput
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g p
The single-userHSDPAthroughput versus its averageHS-DSCH SINR is plotted.
Notice that these resultsinclude the effect of fast fadingand dynamic HS-DSCH linkadaptation (and HARQ).
An average HS-DSCH SINRof 23 dB is required to achievethe maximum data rate of 3.6Mbps with 5 HS-PDSCHcodes
Benefit from using highercodes (10/15) is onlyexperienced for higher SINRvalues >10 dB
Ave
ragesingle-userthroughput[Mbps]
Average SINR (1 HS-PDSCH) [dB]
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-10 -5 50 10 15 20 25 300
3.0
3.5
4.0
HS-DSCH POWER 7W (OF 15W), 5 CODES,
1RX-1TX, 6MS/1DB LA DELAY/ERROR
Rake, Ped-A, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 3km/h
Rake, Ped-B, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-A, 3km/h
MMSE, Ped-B, 3km/h
Rake, Veh-A, 30km/h
Average HS-DSCH SINR [dB]
Common cell
edge condition
Insid
e
macr
o
cell
Micro cell,
LOS, low
interferenc
e
Release 5 HSDPA Downlink HS-PDSCH link
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Cell radius calculation
The cell radius can be calculated with different cell edge throughputs
Also the PtxMaxHSDPA can vary based on Node B power (e.g. 20W or 40W)
Next Figure shows site coverage area (sqkm) with different throughputs andwith different HSDPA powers (5, 10 and 15 W)
budget
HS-SCCH link budget
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g
HS-SCCH makes use of power control basedupon HS-DPCCH CQI and ACK/NACK
Usual to assume 500 mW of transmit poweralthough a greater power can be assigned forUE at cell edge
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
040
80
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
680
720
760
800
HS-SCCH Transmit Power (mW)
Occurances
HSDPA Tx Power = 30 dBm
HSDPA Tx Power = 35 dBm
HSDPA Tx Power = 40 dBm
HS-SCCH does not enter soft handover
HSDPA throughputOrthogonality
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Close to the BTS the own
cell interference dominatesand SINR depends only onHSDPA power share of totalcell power and orthogonality
Even in these optimalconditions high throughputrequires high orthogonality
Orthogonality of higher than 0.9can be achieved in isolatedenvironment
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
Throughput, kbps
Ortho
gonality
10% BTS pow er for HSDPA 50% BTS pow er for HSDPA
80% BTS power for HSDPA
116 totPDSCHHS
P
PSFSINR
Example: HSDPA vs. UL return channel link
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budget
UE is able to decrease the UL bit rate in case of UL power limitation
Return link link budget with 16 kbit/s bit rate Cell edge throughput is highly dependent on the HSDPA power
4W75 kbit/s, 8 W 200 kbit/s, 12 W 330 kbit/s, 16 W 430 kbit/s
130.00
135.00
140.00
145.00
150.00
155.00
160.00
165.00
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
HSDPA throughput
Ma
ximumpathloss
PS 16 UL, HSDPA
PS 64 UL, HSDPA
PS 128 UL, HSDPA
PS 384 UL, HSDPA
HSDPA, 4 W
HSDPA, 8 W
HSDPA, 12 W
HSDPA, 16 W
Module Contents
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Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (I)
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Similar to an HSDPA link budget, one of two
approaches can be adopted target uplink bit rate can be specified and link
budget completed from top to bottom todetermine the maximum allowed path loss
existing maximum allowed path loss can bespecified and link budget completed from bottom
to top to determine the achievable uplink bit rateat cell edge
Majority of uplink link budget is similar to thatof a R99 DCH
HSUPA uplink link budget makes use of Eb/No
figures rather than SINR figures
Eb/N l k t bl
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (II)
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Eb/No look-up tables
Cell Edge ThroughputTarget BLER
Propagation Channel
used to index the Eb/Nolook-up table anddetermine an appropriate
Eb/No figure as well ascalculate processing gain
Eb/No values are included for
Bit rates 32 kbps to 1920 kbps
Target BLER 1, 5 and 10 %
Propagation channels Vehicular A 30 km/hr and Pedestrian A 3km/hr
Eb/No values include E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH and DPCCH
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (III)
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Transmit section of link budget is identical to that of aHSDPA associated R99 DPCH link budget.
Transmit antenna gain and body loss can be configured foreither a data card or mobile terminal. Thus the gain can be 2
dBi
HS-DPCCH overhead is slightly different as in DPCH. Nexttable shows the overhead values for SHO and non-SHOcase:
Interference floor = Thermal noise + Noise Figure +Interference Margin - Own Connection Interference
Interference Margin = -10*LOG(1- Uplink Load/100)
The own connection interference factor reduces the uplinkinterference floor by the UEs own contribution to the uplink
interference, i.e. by the desired uplink signal power
This factor is usually ignored in R99 DCH link budgetsbecause the contribution from each UE is relatively small
This factor is included in the HSUPA link budget becauseuplink bit rates can be greater and the uplink interferencecontribution from each UE can be more significant
HSUPA Uplink Link Budget (IV)
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The receiver sensitivity calculation is the same as that fora R99 DCH link budget
Receiver Sensitivity = Interferencefloor + Eb/No - ProcessingGain
Receiver RF parameters, gains and margins are thesame as for a R99 DCH link budget
same fast fade margin due to same inner looppower control
No differences in calculations
Module Contents
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Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
CPICH link budget
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CPICH reception is required forcell access and synchronisation
The CPICH link budget is similarto the downlink service linkbudget
The CPICH transmit power isdefined by RNC parameter
The CPICH link budget is
calculated based on C/Irequirement(Ec/Io) of -15 dB
CPICH reception does not benefitfrom soft handover
Channel CPICH
Service Pilot
Transmitter - Node B
Pilot Tx Power 33.00 dBm
Cable Loss 0.5 dBi
MHA Insertion Loss 0.0 dBTx Antenna Gain 18 dB
EIRP 50.5 dBm
Receiver - Handset
Handset Noise Figure 7 dB
Thermal Noise -108 dBm
Downlink Load 80 dB
Interference Margin 6.99 dB
Interference Floor -94.0 dBm
Required Ec/Io -15.0 dB
Receiver Sensitivity -109.0 dBm
Rx Antenna Gain 0 dB
Body Loss 3 dB
DL Fast Fade Margin 0 dB
SHO gain 0 dB
Gain against shadowing 2.5 dB
Building Penetration Loss 12 dB
Indoor Location Prob. 90 %
Indoor Standard Dev. 10 dB
Shadowing Margin 7.8 dB
Isotropic Power Required -88.7 dB
Allowed Prop. Loss 139.2 dB
Example: CPICH vs. HSDPA coverage
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The pilot coverage can be extended with higher power
Less power for HSDPA and higher cell range decrease thecell edge throughput
2W pilot142 dB and 550 kbit/s
3W pilot145 dB and 440 kbit/s
4W pilot
147 dB and 350 kbit/s
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
HSDPA throughput
Maximum
pathloss 2W CPICH
3W CPICH
4W CPICH
HSDPA, 2W CPICH
HSDPA, 3W CPICH
HSDPA, 4W CPICH
Module Contents
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83 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Planning margins
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Output of the link budget calculation is a maximum path loss
estimate from transmit antenna to the received antenna In coverage planning additional planning margins are
introduced to take into account
Signal shadowing due to obstructions (buildings, trees etc.) on the radiopathSlow fading
Signal attenuation by building structures for indoor users
Attenuation to the signal caused by phone userBody loss
If not taken into account in link budget
Slow fading margin
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Slow fading is caused by signalshadowing due to obstructions onthe radio path
A cell with a range predicted frommaximum pathloss will have aCoverage Probability of about 75%
Lot of coverage holes due toshadowing
Slow fading margin (SFM) isrequired in order to achieve highercoverage quality, CoverageProbability
Smaller cell, less coverage holesover cell area
Cell range from prediction model
Max pathloss
from link budget
Pathlossprediction model
Cell Range
Coverage
probability = 75
% outdoors
Max pathloss
from link budget
Pathlossprediction model
Cell Range
Coverage
probability > 75
% outdoor
- Slow fading
margin
........max RSFMLRf
Slow fading margin
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Slow Fading Margin
SFM [dB] (xo-Po)
Point Location
Probability,
Pxo
a bArea Location
Probability, Fu
-5.00 26.60% -0.4419 1.2964 56.00%
-4.50 28.69% -0.3977 1.2964 58.00%
-4.00 30.85% -0.3536 1.2964 59.99%-3.50 33.09% -0.3094 1.2964 61.97%
-3.00 35.38% -0.2652 1.2964 63.93%
-2.50 37.73% -0.2210 1.2964 65.86%
-2.00 40.13% -0.1768 1.2964 67.76%
-1.50 42.56% -0.1326 1.2964 69.63%
-1.00 45.03% -0.0884 1.2964 71.45%
-0.50 47.51% -0.0442 1.2964 73.23%
0.00 50.00% 0.0000 1.2964 74.96%
0.50 52.49% 0.0442 1.2964 76.63%
1.00 54.97% 0.0884 1.2964 78.25%1.50 57.44% 0.1326 1.2964 79.81%
2.00 59.87% 0.1768 1.2964 81.30%
2.50 62.27% 0.2210 1.2964 82.73%
3.00 64.62% 0.2652 1.2964 84.09%
3.50 66.91% 0.3094 1.2964 85.38%
4.00 69.15% 0.3536 1.2964 86.61%
4.50 71.31% 0.3977 1.2964 87.76%
5.00 73.40% 0.4419 1.2964 88.85%
5.50 75.41% 0.4861 1.2964 89.87%
6.00 77.34% 0.5303 1.2964 90.82%
6.50 79.17% 0.5745 1.2964 91.71%
7.00 80.92% 0.6187 1.2964 92.53%
7.50 82.57% 0.6629 1.2964 93.29%
8.00 84.13% 0.7071 1.2964 93.99%
8.50 85.60% 0.7513 1.2964 94.64%
8.80 86.43% 0.7777 1.2964 95.00%
9.50 88.25% 0.8397 1.2964 95.77%
10.00 89.44% 0.8839 1.2964 96.25%
Slow fading margin values
presented for the differentPoint Location andArea
Location Probability values
Standard Deviation, s= 8dB
SFM = 0
Point Location Probability = 50 %
Area Location Probability = 75 %
Building penetration loss
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Pref= 0 dB
Pindoor= -3 ...-15 dB
Pindoor= -7 ...-18 dB
-15 ...-25 dB no coverage
rear side :
-18 ...-30 dB
signal level increases with
floor number :~1,5 dB/floor(for 1st ..10th floor)
Signal levels from outdoor base stations into buildings are estimated byapplying a Building Penetration Loss (BPL) margin
Slow fading standard deviation is higher inside buildings due to shadowingby building structures
There are big differences between rooms with window and deep indoor (10..15 dB)
Area Location ProbabilityIndoors
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........ RBPLSFMLRf
222
21
...
...
1 Nindoorindooroutdoor
NmmmBPL
Add mean values,
superimpose standard deviations
BPL: Building Penetration Loss [dB]
For indoor location area probability calculation, mean penetration losses
have to be added, and increased standard deviation needs to be takeninto account as well:
Module Contents
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Coverage Dimensioning
Link budget calculation R99 link budget
HSDPA link budget
HSUPA link budget
CPICH link budget Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Propagation Models used in common planningtools
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toolsOkumura-Hata
The most commonly used statistical model
Walfish-Ikegami
Statistical model especially for urban environments
Juul-Nyholm
Same kind of a prediction tool as Hata, but with
different equation for predictions beyond radio horizon (~20km)
Ray-tracing
Deterministic prediction tool for
microcellular environments
Statis
ticaltobe
tun
ed!
Deterministic
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Propagation ModelsOkumura-Hata & COST Hatamodel
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model
ectionMorphoCorrFactorCorrection+log(R))](hlog6.55-[44.9)a(h-)(hlog13.82-(f)logB+A=L BS10MSBS1010
.............R
8.0)(log1.56-h0,7]-(f)log[1,1=)a(h
MHz2000
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Cell range calculationsExample
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Differences on planning margin are reflected to cell size
Indoor
Speech 1.1 km Uplink limited
Video call 1.1 km Uplink limited
PS Data 384/384 0.7 km Uplink limited
PS Data 384/HSDPA 384 0.8 km Downlink limited
HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384 0.8 km Downlink limited
HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps 0.6 km Downlink limited
Indoor
Speech 2.0 km Uplink limited
Video call 2.0 km Uplink limitedPS Data 384/384 1.2 km Uplink limited
PS Data 384/HSDPA 384 1.4 km Downlink limited
HSUPA 384/HSDPA 384 1.5 km Downlink limited
HSUPA/HSDPA 1 Mbps 1.3 km Downlink limited
2100 MHz
G_ant = 18.5 dBi
900 MHz
G_ant = 16 dBi
Effect of planning margin on coverage area
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Planning margin parameter settings have a major effect on
the cell area calculations
NRT 64/384 planning margin effect on Coverage Area
(stepped +/- 1dB)
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
Change of parameter
EffectinCoverageArea
Building penetration loss change (ref = 16dB)
Indoor standard deviation change (ref = 12dB)
Agenda
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WCDMA Fundamentals
WCDMA air interface characteristics WCDMA vs. GSM
Physical Layer Bit Rates
HSPA overview
WCDMA network planning overview
Coverage Dimensioning Link budget calculation
Planning margins
Cell range area prediction
Capacity Dimensioning Traffic estimate and model Air interface dimensioning
Module Contents
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Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Basic Traffic Model
Air InterfaceDimensioning
Channel CardDimensioning
RNCDimensioning
IubDimensioning
IuDimensioning
IurDimensioning
+
Topology Subscribers
Radionetw
ork
Accessnetwork
Module Contents
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Traffic estimate and
model
Air interface dimensioning DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity HSUPA capacity
Basic Traffic Model
Air InterfaceDimensioning
Channel CardDimensioning
RNCDimensioning
IubDimensioning
IuDimensioning
IurDimensioning
+
Topology Subscribers
Radionetw
ork
Accessnetwork
Traffic estimation
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The traffic estimation requires information related to the
network topology, subscribers and traffic Cell area from Capacity dimensioning
Subscriber density from marketing
Subscriber traffic profile from marketing
Basic Traffic Model
Air InterfaceDimensioning
Channel CardDimensioning
+
Topology Subscribers
Subs densityCell area Traffic / subscriber
Traffic / cell
Traffic / site
Subscriber density
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Operator subscriber density depends on
Population density Mobile phone penetration
Operator market share
The subscriber density can be considered quite stable inmature markets Mobile phone penetration close to 100% for basic services
Major changes possible only when new operators come to the marketor with aggressive marketing campaigns
In developing markets fast changes in mobile phonepenetration and operator market share
Traffic information
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The subscriber density and user traffic profile are the main requirementsfor capacity dimensioning
Traffic forecast should be done by analysing the offered Busy Hour trafficper subscriber for different services in each rollout phase
Traffic data:
Voice : Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Codec bit rate, Voice activity
Video call : Erlang per subscriber during busy hour of the network
Service bit rates
NRT data : Average throughput (kbps) subscriber during busy hour of the network
Target bit rates
User traffic profile - Marketing Forecast
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(Average) traffic demand per subscriber in busy hour: 2008/2009 Speech telephony: 2023 mErl
Video telephony: 2,53.0 mErl
SMS 0.3
Data services ~ 500900 bps Source: Mobile Networks:Subscription Tool - Market Compendium Summer 2006 [Subscriber
Number & Speech traffic]
Marketing data predict Minutes of use per subscriber per month (MoU)
Mapping of MoU values to traffic demand per subscriber in busy hour High customer segment: 0.68% of monthly traffic in busy hour
- Considering 22 days and 15% daily traffic in BH
Medium customer segment: 0.5 % of monthly traffic in busy hour - Considering 30 days and 15% daily traffic in BH
Low customer segment: 0.33% of monthly traffic in busy hour
- Considering 30 days and 10% daily traffic in BH
User traffic profile - Speech traffic evolution
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3600
100060__/____][_
Days
ratioionconcentratBHMonthSubscriberperuseofMinutesmErlDemandTraffic
Speech traffic evolution
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,0025,00
30,00
35,00
40,00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
year
mErl High traffic customer
Medium traffic customer
Low traffic customer
User traffic profile - Video Call traffic evolution
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2
2,5
3
3,5
4
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
[mErl]
User traffic profile - Data traffic evolution
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0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
[bps/subscriberin
BH]
High Medium Low
PS data traffic demand
[bps] per subscriber in
busy hour: 20062011
Highmediumlow(includes various PS data
applications)
Example: Traffic estimation
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Cell area: 10 km2
Planning area: 100 km2 and 10 000 subscribers 100 subs/km21000 subs/cell
User profile Speech traffic: 25 mErl/subs/BH
NRT data traffic: DL 750 bps/subs/BH, UL 75 bps/subs/BH
Cell traffic: Speech - 25 Erl/cell/BH, NRT data DL - 750
kbps/cell/BH, NRT data UL - 75 kbps/cell/BH
Traffic model
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Traffic model is used to derive the required capacity from
average traffic and service quality requirement
Real time traffic (speech, video call, video streaming) iscommonly modelled with Erlang-B model
Average traffic (Erlangs) Blocking probability (%)
Required number of traffic channels
Non-real time traffic (web, email services) can be modelled asaverage traffic with defined overhead
Packet data modelling
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Packet data traffic is a sum of multiple services with different
traffic profiles and service quality requirements Accurate modelling of packet data traffic requires multiple assumptionsand complex simulations
Practical packet data traffic model utilises average bit ratewith fixed overhead for protocol and QoS
The overhead can assumed to be 27%
This figure includes the L2 re-transmission overhead of 10% and 15%of buffer headroom to avoid overflow (peak to average load ratioheadroom) => (1+0.10) x (1+0.15) = 1.265 => 26.5% overhead
Required bit rate = (1 + Overhead) * Average bit rate
Example: Traffic models
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Cell traffic: 25 Erl/cell/BH, 750 kbps/cell/BH
Speech: 25 Erl & 2% blocking 34 traffic channels
NRT data DL: 750 kbps * (1 + 26%) = 945 kbps
NRT data UL: 75 kbps * (1 + 26%) = 94.5 kbps
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Basic Traffic Model
Air InterfaceDimensioning
Channel CardDimensioning
RNCDimensioning
IubDimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
IurDimensioning
+
Topology Subscribers Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radionetw
ork
Acc
essnetwork
Load CalculationIntroduction
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Cell load calculation is needed in order to estimate the levelof air interface load in the cell
Air interface load depends on service mix, radio propagationconditions, network topology and number of activeconnections as well as traffic inputs or load estimation
Service typeBitrate, Eb/N0 Propagation conditionsEb/N0, Orthogonality
Network topologyLittle i
Air interface load Link budget
Cell range
Load/cellLoad estimation
Traffic inputs
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Uplink load equation for DCH
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iaRW
NoE
j
jbNj
j
jUL *1/
/
1
Simplified uplink load equation can be used to evaluate the uplink DCH capacity
Uplink load
Activity factor
Chip rate Bit rate
EbNo requirement
Rise in intercellinterference ratio
Intercellinterference ratio
Activity factor for speech must account for
DPCCH. 67% for uplink based upon 50 %speech activity
Rise in intercell interference ratio (power rise)dependant upon average UE speed
Intercell interference ratio (little i) dependsupon the network layout and environment
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
95
98
loading/%
loss/dB
UL Little i
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In the real environment we will never have separated cell.
Therefore in the load factor calculation the other cellinterferences should be taken into account.
This can be introduced by means of the Little ivalue, whichdescribes how much two cells overlap (bigger overlapping more inter-cell interferences)
Iother
OWN
OTHER
I
Ii
Downlink load equation for DCH
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Downlink Load Equation
Downlink load equation can be used to evaluate the downlink DCH capacitywhen combined with a link budget
Downlink loadActivity factor
Chip rate Bit rate
EbNo requirement
Orthogonality
Intercellinterferenceratio
Activity factor for speech must account for DPCCH. 63% for downlink based
upon 50 % speech activity Orthogonality dependant upon the propagation channel conditions
Intercell interference ratio (little i) depends upon the network layout andpropagation environment
iRW
NoEOHSHO
j
jbNj
j
jDL
1
/
/)_1(
1
Soft handoveroverhead
Other cell to own cell interference and SHOoverhead
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The level of interference received from neighbouring cell
depends strongly on Network layout (site locations, antenna directions & sectorisation)
Propagation environment (propagation slope)
Soft handover overhead is related to the cell coverageoverlap and other cell interference level
Below simulated DL values
Load Calculation Examples
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Load factor for different services has to be calculated separately, total loadis then the sum of different services in the cell area
UL/DL single connection load examples are shown in the table below
For example 50 % UL load means on average 50 speech users or about 964 kbits/s users/cell in a 3-sector (1+1+1) configuration
Services UL Fractional Load DL Fractional Load
12.2 kbit/s 0,97% 1,00%
64 kbits/s 4,80% 6,21%
128 kbits/s 8,56% 11,07%384 kbits/s 22,89% 29,59%
Total Load 37,22% 47,87%
Total base station DL powerR99 traffic
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Total DL base station transmit power can be a limiting factor
in highly loaded cell
DL
CCCHN
j jSERVjj
jb
NDL
TOT
DL
PL
RW
NEPP
111
1 ,
0
where,
Lserv
is the pathloss of user j. The pathloss is defined as totalloss from BTS transmitter to the receiver
PCCCHis the total common control channel power
Example - Total DL power and load
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Total DL power increases exponentially when the 100% load is approached
Higher common control channel allocation consumes larger part of DL power
4 W CCCH & 50% load Total power 10.5 W
8 W CCCH & 50% load Total power 18.5 W
PtxTotal with different common channel power
4.0 4.3 4.75.0 5.4
5.9 6.47.0 7.7
8.5 9.4
10.511.8
13.415.4
17.9
21.3
26.0
33.1
8.0 8.5 9.1 9.7
10.311.111.9
12.914.0
15.316.7
18.520.6
23.1
26.3
30.4
35.9
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
0%
5%
9%
14%
18%
23%
27%
32%
36%
41%
45%
50%
54%
59%
64%
68%
73%
77%
82%
86%
91%
Downlink DCH load
PtxTotal
4 W
8 W
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ExampleCapacity analysis
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Speech traffic of 25 Erlangs corresponds average of 25 calls
in the cell Average speech load: UL24%, DL25%
Maximum cell power 20 W with 2 W pilot allows maximum DLload of 74% in the example cell
In average 49% load margin available for NRT data in DL 49% / 11.07% * 128 kbps = 566 kbps
In average 566 kbps available for NRT data
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Basic Traffic Model
Air InterfaceDimensioning
Channel CardDimensioning
RNCDimensioning
IubDimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
IurDimensioning
+
Topology Subscribers Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radionetw
ork
Acc
essnetwork
HSDPA CapacityIntroduction
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GeometryFactor
TotalTransmitPower
SpreadingFactor
Orthogonalityfactor
TransmittedHS-PDSCH
power
GP
PSFSINR
tot
PDSCHHS
11
16
HSDPA dimensioning can be done based on
Requirement to achieve minimum HSDPA throughput at cell edge
Determined from link budget analysis, SINR at cell edge
Requirement to achieve average HSDPA throughput across the cell
Determined by SINR distribution analysis
HSDPA capacity depends on
Available power for HSDPA
Channel conditions
Cell range (pathloss)
Interference level over cell area
HSDPA featuresand configuration
HSDPA CapacityHSDPA power calculation
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BTS allocates all unused DL power to HSDPA
All the power available after DCH traffic, HSUPA control channels andcommon channels can be used for HSDPA
HSDPA power is shared dynamically between HS-SCCH andHS-PDSCH
DCHtxCCHWBTS PPPPtxHSDPA _max_
HSDPA CapacityG-Factor
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The G Factor reflects the distance between the MS and BSantenna thus setting a value for G factor means making
assumptions on user location. A typical range is from -5dB (Cell Edge) to 20dB
Typical G factor distributions (CDF) coming from Nokiasimulation tools as well as operator field experience are
represented in the following chart:
-20 -10 0
G-factor [dB]
Cumulativedistr
ibutionfunction[%]
10 20 30 400
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Macrocell(Wallu)
Veh-A/Ped-A
Macrocell
(Vodafone)Veh-A/Ped-A
Microcell
(Vodafone)Ped-A
)1
1(16 G
PSF
SINRP totHSDPA
othernoise
own
IP
IG
HSDPA capacity and RAN features
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HSDPA capacity is influenced by capabilities of the networkand the UE
Number of codes (5, 10, 15) Higher peak bit rate in good conditionsHigher cell throughput
Code multiplexing (multiple 5 code UEs can utilise up to 15 codes) Higher spectrum efficiency
5 Codes 10 Codes 15 Codes
1.2 Mbps
1.7 Mbps
1.8 Mbps
2.0 Mbps
2.2 MbpsNo code - mux (10/15 code UEs)
Code - mux (5 - code UEs)
Cell capability
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60%
DCH powe r, % of PA
HSDPAcellthroughput
5 codes
15 codes
10 codes
Cell size and HSDPA cell throughput
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Cell size has an effect on HSDPA cell throughput when celledge pathloss is high (large cell or indoor users)
Increase of BTS power has only limited effect on cellthroughput
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160
Cell edge pathloss, dB
HSDPAcellthroughput
DCH load 10%&20W
DCH load 30%&20W
DCH load 50%&20W
DCH load 10%&40W
DCH load 30%&40W
DCH load 50%&40W 5 codes
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Basic Traffic Model
Air InterfaceDimensioning
Channel CardDimensioning
RNCDimensioning
IubDimensioning
Iu
Dimensioning
IurDimensioning
+
Topology Subscribers Traffic estimate and model
Air interface dimensioning DCH load calculation
HSDPA capacity
HSUPA capacity
Radionetwork
Acc
essnetwork
HSUPA CapacityHSUPA Cell Throughput
M th d l
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C/I = Eb/NoProcessing Gain
C/I is translated to HSUPA bit rate using the Eb/No
look-up table derived from link level simulations
ia
IC
Nj
j
jj
UL
1
)/(
11
1
1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 20 40 60 80 100
Uplink Load (%)
Increase
inInterference
(dB)
Example Target
Uplink Load
Uplink Load generated
by R99 DCH
Uplink Load available
for HSUPA UE
Methodology
The uplink load is shared between HSUPA and R99 DCH uplink load
Uplink load is translated to uplink C/I using the uplink load equation UEs distribution inside the cell impacts on possible C/I thus it also impacts on cell
throughput
By default, each Ue is allocated an equal share of UL Load.
The saving in uplink load is re-distributed to the UE closer to the cell
Layer 1
Bit Rate
TTI
(ms)
Physical
Channel
Eb/No with
RxDiv
1920.0 10 2*SF2 0.5
1440.0 10 2*SF2 0.1
384.0 10 1*SF4 0.9
256.0 10 1*SF4 1.1
128.0 10 1*SF8 1.9
HSUPA CapacityExample
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If maximum 80% load is possible through celland assuming 5 simultaneous users.
E.g. DCH load 30 %(80%-30%)/5 = 10% per user(equal share assumption)
Example Eb/Nos are ITU Vehicular-A 30 km/h
65.0_ LPowerRiseUULi
Layer 1
Bit Rate
TTI
(ms)
Physical
Channel
Eb/No with
RxDiv
1920.0 10 2*SF2 0.5
1440.0 10 2*SF2 0.1
1024.0 10 2*SF2 0.2
512.0 10 2*SF4 0.6
384.0 10 1*SF4 0.9
256.0 10 1*SF4 1.1
128.0 10 1*SF8 1.9
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Thank you !