Ida BastiaensColin ClarkeBok-gyo Jeong (Jonathan)

- Barbara Ward, The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations

- Emerson, From Empire to Nation

Context of the Cold War Emphasis on income gap b/t North and South Development as Modernization Savings (foreign and domestic) and Agricultural

Reform key to Economic Growth Role of Colonialization in bringing modern

ideas, technology, infrastructure LDCs have challenge of CHANGE and CHOICE

“Chief point that distinguishes tribal and traditional society is that all the internal impulses to modernization have been lacking” (51).

Four Revolutions:1. Biological 2. Material3. Equality4. Science and Saving

Main themes: The prospect of the world after imperialism The full assertion of nationalist claims in Asia and Africa

An expansion of nationalism to the non-Western world.

- Ceylon’s progress to independence - Nationalist effect: i) an expansion of a popular and less

Westernized political base ii) independent and leftward foreign policy from the Western influence, and iii) a division and conflicts in the original society

Balance between traditional ways of life and the desire for the modern world “traditionalist appeals” (p. 367) : national goals and

values drawn from the past/ inertia and conservatism/ appeals to the traditionally minded rural and urban masses/ Gandhi as a traditionalist and religious leader

“Western oriented nationalist” (p.369): the surge of the more dynamic modernist force/ modern minded Nehru

The appeal of Communism in economic development A clash between democratic machines and the

pressures of economic development A set of blueprints how the advanced countries can

be overtaken The achievement of Soviet Union and China without

surrender to the capitalist The attraction of Communism to the rising Asian and

African countries: the failure of non-Communist programs in such countries as India, Indonesia, Egypt, and Ghana made the Communism as alternative

Disenchantment of Europe with nationalism Arnold Toynbee: “disastrous corruption poisoning the

political life of modern Western society” (p. 378) Evil potentialities of nationalism: Fascism, Nazism,

and Japan’s imperialism

Colonialism as the source or the condition for nationalism Created the conditions that made nationalism possible Made it appropriate response for the natives regain their self-

esteem Imperial arrogance and racial discrimination of Western

imperialists

The virtues of nationalism in Asia and Africa It constitutes a potential widening of social and political horizons

of people The open road to world peace Sun Yat-sen: “cosmopolitanism growing out of nationalism” (p.

388)

“A wide-open gamble” : whether freedom and equality will be turned toward the end of world integration (p. 396)

Acts of faith for Western aid Feasibility and desirability of development of a

Western variety Economic benefits: Benefit the trade and

investment of the world Political benefits or consequences of development

Stability: Laying of stable foundations for unstable society Blocking Communist overturn: Curbing the appeal of

communism through i) winning of the good will of the non-Western peoples by the provision of aid and ii) eliminating the poverty and frustration which might otherwise lead countries into Communist camp

Promoting peace: Eliminating dangerous threats to the peace

Cf. Skeptical view: Great wars “within the fraternity of the rich and developed countries” (p. 415)/ Global clash between blocs of Washington and Moscow/ the coexistence of rich and poverty-stricken peoples in Asia and Africa is incompatible with peace

International community: merits and demerits

Merits: i) An organized international society guarantee peace ii) supervise the orderly liquidation of colonialismiii) provide for the pooling of resources to promote

economic and social progress Demerits:

i) The danger of renewed subordination to the imperial West

ii) The danger of satellite status in the Communist orbit

Concepts of development What is development? Historical context Underlying assumptions and themes

Evolution of development theory Strategies of development

Goals and actions to promote development Process of development

Policy/political process of development Economic Social Environmental

Foundations of theories very important Traditional, economic, social, political structures in LDCs

and DCs Development Concept, Theory, Strategy

Concept: what development is Theory: how objectives are promoted, casuality Strategy: actions used to promote objectives

Initial Situation development process development objective Process influence by development strategy

Conceptions of Development Economic growth, human development, modernization,

dependency, dialectical transformation, capacity building, sustainable development, security, history

LDCs are rapidly changing, but not necessarily for the better

Plight of LDCs is economic, social, and political

A “betrayal of the promise of progress” by: Leaders of nationalist movements

Freedom as key to progress Prosperity and dignity after colonialization

Leaders of rich world DC policies not helpful, harmful Have a responsibility to inequities

Main topic Exploring the complex and diverse context of

development and public sector organizations How public sector organizations influence

development policies and programmes Critical review on the dominant ideology of

‘public-bad, private-good’ Underlying assumptions and themes

Development is not neutral or value-free phenomena

The importance of organizational environment The importance of political considerations in

administrative analysis and practice

Contemporary themes in development administration Limited government’s capacity Pluralistic properties of public administration Participation as an important component Social context Uncertainties and contingencies Renewed pressure for a greater productivity and

responsiveness of government Policy Process

Third World Policy process society centered (social class analysis, pluralism, and public

choice) state centered (rational actor, bureaucratic politics, and state

interests) Participation in the policy making process Politics of implementation

Rejection of the linear model of policy reform Suggestion of the interactive model of policy implementation

Integrate development into the concept of management

Internationalize studies of public administration and politics

Development management “Development management focus moves

beyond politics and policy-making into organization for action.” (p.1)

Putting policies into practice Stressing political context and process Development as a collective endeavor

Analyzes the connection between politics and economics and how it works

Examines the moral, political, and explanatory critiques of social science

Recognizes the importance of non-economic factors

Traces the evolution of development theory and comments on the impact of figures including J.M. Keynes, Marx, and Hegel

Highlights the tug of war between modernization theory and dependency theory

What is the role of capitalism in development?

Martinussen, John. Society, State and Market: A Guide to Competing Theories of Development. (London: Zed Press, 1997). ch 1,3

Turner, Mark and David Hulme. Governance, Administration and Development: Makingthe State Work. (West Hartford: Kumarian, 1997). ch 1,3

Staudt, Kathleen. Managing Development: State, Society and International Contexts. (Newbury Park: Sage, 1991). ch 1

IsbisterJohn. Promises not Kept: The Betrayal of Social Change in the Third World. (West Hartford: Kumarian, 1993). ch 1

Staniland, Martin. What is Political Economy? A Study of Social Theory and Underdevelopment. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985). ch 1-2

Leys, Colin. The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996). ch 1,9

Ward, Barbara, The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations, ch 2,4,5 Emerson, From Empire to Nation, ch 18-20.