ID4AFRICA 2019

Building Good ID: Designing for Inclusion and Trust

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A Paradigm Shift: ID as a Foundation for aDigital Economy inAfrica

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Making the Invisible Billion Visible:Addressing the Coverage Gap

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Looking Ahead4

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Making theInvisible Billion Visible: Addressing the Coverage Gap

An estimated

1 billion

Source: World Bank, ID4D Global Dataset, 2018edition

people lack a foundational ID

50%of these live in

Sub-Saharan Africa

47%are below the national ID age of

their country, without birth registration

Population share without ID by income quintile across Sub-SaharanAfrica

Within countries, people among the poorest 20% are the most likely to lack an ID

Source: World Bank, ID4D Global Dataset, 2018edition Source: World Bank, ID4D-Findex surveys,2017

Estimated population share without ID by gender and region

The poorest and women are far more likely to lack ID,particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa

Women in Low Income Countries areless likely to have an ID than men

13%ID

povertygap inSSA

9% IDgender

gap inSSA

Strict registration requirements, e.g.

Proof of citizenship orspecific documentation

Lost wages

ID card fees as high as

US$ 8-10 &up to US$ 10–25spent on travel

costs & supporting documentation

Common Barriers to Accessing Identification

High transportation costs and long

journeysPeople may have to travel ~25km to the

closest enrolment centerand visit as many as 4

times to pick up their ID

In one African country, distance to the nearest

registration office accounted for about 1/3of unregistered births

Qualitative Datafrom End user research

Yet data reveals strong motivations to register

Pride

Access to Services

Access to Rights &

Opportunities

Quantitative DataFrom the ID4D-Findex Surveys

Source: World Bank, ID4D-Findex surveys,2017

Having an ID enables access to mobile services for people

in SSA

Rea

sons

foro

btai

ning

ID

Uses of ID in Africa vs Rest of the World

Recommended Best Practices for Inclusion

Eliminate barriers▪ Delink identity from other rights or entitlements▪ Reduce distances by using mobile registration▪ Remove additional requirements for women,

e.g., a need to provide a marriage certificate▪ Make all-female registration points available

Simplify▪ Collect minimal data (e.g. 4-5 data fields)▪ Flexible documentation requirements (and

have alternative pathways for those without)

Create demand▪ Positive incentives for registration (e.g. cash

transfers)▪ Free first ID registration and issuance

Inclusion and Trust

BuildingGood ID:

1. Ensuring universal coverage for individualsfrom birth to death, free from discrimination.

2. Removing barriers to access and usage anddisparities in the availability of information andtechnology.

3. Establishing a robust—unique, secure, and accurate—identity.4. Creating a platform that is interoperable and responsive to the needs

of various users.5. Using open standards and ensuring vendor and technology neutrality.6. Protecting user privacy and control through system design.7. Planning for financial and operational sustainability without

compromising accessibility.

8. Safeguarding data privacy, security, and user rights through a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework.

9. Establishing clear institutional mandates and accountability.10. Enforcing legal and trust frameworks though independent oversight

and adjudication of grievances.

A framework for ‘Good ID’, endorsed by 25 organizations

Inclusion:Universal coverage & accessibility

Design:Robust, secure, responsive & sustainable

Governance: Building trust by protecting privacy & rights

Helps countries address gaps and strengthen safeguards to achieve:

§ Universality, nondiscrimination & inclusion

§ Personal data protection§ Security of physical infra & data

against risk of compromise, destruction, or unauthorized use

An initial review of legal frameworks to identifyrisks, gaps and weaknesses, and assess whetherthe legal and regulatory framework requiresüincremental improvementsüsubstantial reformsüto be built from scratch

A map to inform potential developments andinvestments in ID systems

A tool for building robust legal & regulatory frameworks for Good ID systems

• Data obtained & disclosed with user consent

• Data obtained and used specified purpose

• User rights to obtain and correct data

• User redress & remedies

• Accessible to all citizens and residents

• No excluded linguistic, ethnic, religious or othervulnerable groups

Prohibitions on unauthorized: • Access to systems• Surveillance• Alteration of Data• Interference with data

Privacy by Design: Good practices to protect privacy and empower people

LimitedDataAccess

MinimalDataCollectionOnlyfourmandatorydemographic fields

‘Onceonly’ Principleforgatheringdata

TokenizationProtectedUINfromserviceprovidersbysharinghashedtokeninstead

DataSharingMechanisms

DataExchange viaXRoadwithCentralAuthority permissionDataExchange viaFederalService Bus

AnonymizationPseudonymizinglogsandanonymization ofdata

IDNumberSyntaxProtecteddata byissuingrandomnumberTraceableAuthentication

Accessto tamperprooftimestampedauthenticationhistorylogs

Encryption&Security

Logshashchained;blockchainfor integrity

Dataprotectionauthority(earlierknownasPrivacyCommission)ascentralauthorityforapprovingdataaccessproportionalto purpose

ApprovalofDataAccess

UserAccessPortalUserscanviewandupdatedataoncitizenportal&Personal DataMonitorBiometricscanbe lockedby usersTransparencyportal

Biometrics encryptedondevicefor access

Mission Billion Innovation Challenge: CrowdsourcingInnovative Ideas for privacy by design in ID systems

▪ Audio Recorded Consent for Biometric Identification -Open source Toolkit that uses layered consent approach and audio messages for meaningful informed consent

▪ Solid - Decentralized, Inclusive and User-Centric Digital ID. Uses existing technology to build a decentralized digital ID and data storage platform

▪ Sthan- Virtualizing Physical Addresses – Solution that replaces postal addresses with a privacy-protecting reimagination of what it means to physically locate a person or place.

▪ Blockcerts - Recipient-Owned, Lifelong Digital Credentials - Open standard that empowers people with control over sharing and verifying their documents and credentials

Technical Standards: Promoting vendor-neutral and interoperable ID systems

Flexible Cost Model to help countries evaluate financial impacts of design choices

Costing Study across 15+ countries finds key drivers linked to countrycharacteristics and design choices

Population size

Wage levels

Population density & urbanization

ICT Infrastructure

Program Design Choices

Choice ofBiometrics

Choice of credential

Number ofData Fields

Enrollment timelines

Integration of CR & ID

Typical ID Project Cost Breakup Key Cost Driver Variables

Country Characteristics

2D barcode cards: ~10% of overall cost;Chip based cards: 25-40%

Emerging Open Source options to make cutting-edge features more accessible, and to promote ‘open design’

✓ V1 public release expected July 2019

✓ First adopters: Morocco and Philippines (pilot)

✓ V1 public release expected January 2020

✓ First adopter: Bangladesh (pilot)

From Principles to Practice: A comprehensive, user-friendly Practitioner’s Guide that provides the “how-to” for Good ID

Digital Identification as aFoundationfor the Digital Economy

Digital ID underpins inclusion, trust & privacy in the digital economy

Presence-less transactions:Enabling people to do business anytime and anywhere by allowing them to reliable prove who they are

Paper-less transactionsElectronically signing and sharing valid documents, and realizing ‘once only’ data collection principle.

Data empowermentAllowing people to choose who accesses their personal dataand when.

Cash-less transactionsUnique ID as a financial address for interoperability, and ensuring the right person receives payments.

• Belgium’s transparency portal enables people to see who has accessed their data, and why.

• India’s Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture enables user consent-based sharing of financial data.

• Through e-KYC, costs for customer onboarding can be reduced by up to 90%.

• Estonia offers 99% of government services online.

• Thailand’s PromptPay grew electronic payments by 83% in 2018.

• India’s UPI facilitated 733mn transactions in May 2019 worth more than $21.9bn.

Digital ID can also serve as an accelerator of Regional and Global Integration

E-commerceMutual recognition of digital identities across borders can make it easier to do trade (e.g. entering into contracts and offering services online)

MigrationMaking digital identities accepted as a travel document will make it easier for people to travel

E-commerce in Africa could go up to 75billion dollars by 2025.

Making it easier for people to travel withtheir digital IDs will boost trade and

tourism, and reduce irregular migration

Looking Ahead:Current and Future Country Projects

ID4D is supporting a large number of countries in different ways

Assessment

DialogueGabonJordanSenegalVietnam

AngolaBrazilCARHondurasSri Lanka

Advisory/TA onlyEthiopiaIndonesiaLesothoPhilippinesRwanda (ID)Uzbekistan

Advisory+ IDA/IBRDPipeline

AngolaBeninBurkina FasoGambiaLaoPDRLebanonMadagascarMexicoNigerNigeriaSamoaTogoTonga

Financing&Implementation

AfghanistanCameroon(CRonly)Coted’IvoireDjiboutiDRC(CRonly)Ethiopia(CRonly)GuineaKenya(CRonly)MoroccoMozambique(CR only)Nepal(CRonly)Rwanda(CRonly)SomaliaTunisiaUganda(CRonly)

WBG is rapidly scaling up support and financing on ID

NIGERIA: Preparing $430m project (co-financed with AfD and EU) to complete national ID registration and links with key use cases, and civil registration.

SOMALIA: Technical assistance on design options and financing for a foundational digital ID system with initial financial services use case

PHILIPPINES: Technical assistancefor the design and implementation ofa new foundational ID system.

MOROCCO: $100m project establishing a universal resident ID system linked to social safety nets. First adopter of new open source platform.

WEST AFRICA: Active US$ 317.1 million project for interoperable, regional foundational ID platforms in 5 countries for 100 million people. Links to social protection and changing nature of work

Phase I : Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea and ECOWASPhase II : Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin and Togo*

• Support to legal framework to issue ID credentials for all people physically present in the territory.

• Coordinating with €40 million EU CR project in Cote d’Ivoire.• Partnership with UNHCR & IOM on support to Niger (hub for

returnees)• Innovative plan to link IDs to portable benefits platform for

informal sector workers in Benin.

In Africa alone, the potential scale of impact of acceleratingDigital ID is tremendous

The number of Africans who could open their first bankaccountsupon receiving proper identificaiton.

The total value of social safety net programs in Africa which could benefit from improved targeting and management.

The total value of remittances sent and received in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2018 which could benefit from lower transaction costs. Sub-Saharan Africa remainsthe most expensive place to send money to, with an average cost of 9.4 percent

The number of refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa who couldhaveaccess to better protection and humanitarian assistance.

108million

>$6billion

$38billion

6.3million

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“It always seems impossible until it is

done.”

- Nelson Mandela

Helping countries realize the transformational potential of

digital identification. www.id4d.worldbank.org

Vyjayanti Desai, Program Managervdesai@worldbank.org