ICZM Action Plan - mangrovesgy.org Action Plan.pdf · Integrated Coastal Zone Management Action...

December 2000

Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Action Plan

Integrated Coastal Zone Management Action Plan

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Action Plan for Integrated Coastal Zone Management is intended to guide the work of stakeholders involved in Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) either directly or indirectly in an effort to foster a more coordinated and integrated approach to management of the coastal zone. It will serve as the backbone of an evolving plan for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Guyana. The objectives of the plan are: To strengthen the capacity of key national institutions to execute effective Integrated

Coastal Zone Management programmes. To promote and support sustainable development of coastal resources. To increase public awareness and education on Integrated Coastal Zone Management

issues. To improve coastal data compilation, management and sharing. To facilitate research and training in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. To provide guidelines towards alleviating the adverse impacts on the coastal zone with

special reference to sea level rise.

The EPA will serve as the overall coordinating body to facilitate the implementation of the activities cited in the plan to be implemented by the stakeholders in Integrated Coastal Zone Management.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following representatives of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Committee worked on and developed the Action Plan: Ms. Vera Adams Land and Surveys Department Ms. Pauline Franklin-Arjoon Georgetown Sewerage and Water Com. Mr. Rovin Bhookmohan PEU, Sea and River Defence Division Mr. Phillip DaSilva University of Guyana Ms. Ravita Diaram Environmental Protection Agency Mr. Julian Evans Guyana Forestry Commission Ms. Denise Fraser Environmental Protection Agency Mr. Taig Kalicharran Hydrographic Office, T&HD Ms. Susy Lewis Guyana Natural Resources Agency Ms. Dawn Maison Fisheries Department Ms. Andrea Marie Environmental Protection Agency Ms. Deborah Montouth Ministry of Housing and Water Mr. Zainool Rahaman Hydromet Service Mr. Neville Waldron Conservation International FINAL DOCUMENT: DECEMBER 2000 APPROVED BY CABINET: MAY 29TH 2001


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1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Overview Of Guyanas Coastal Zone ------------------------------------------------------ 1

2.O BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 6

2.1 What Is Integrated Coastal Zone Management ----------------------------------------- 6

2.2 Benefits Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management ------------------------------------- 6

2.3 Scope Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management ---------------------------------------- 6

2.4 Principles Of ICZM---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7

3.0 NATIONAL INITIATIVES IN COASTAL ZONE ........................................................ 8 MANAGEMENT IN GUYANA (1750 TO PRESENT)

3.1 Previous National Initiatives In Coastal Zone Management-------------------------- 8 3.2.1 Role Of The EPA -------------------------------------------------------------------10 3.2.2 EPAS Involvement In ICZM----------------------------------------------------10 3.2.3 Institutions That Play A Role In Integrated Coastal Zone Management 11

4.0 GUYANAS COASTAL NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR USES ............. 14

4.1 Human Settlement ----------------------------------------------------------------------------14

4.2 Agriculture--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14

4.3 Fisheries -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14 4.3.1 Aquaculture ----------------------------------------------------------------------------17

4.4 Mangroves --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

4.5 Tourism------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17

4.6 Industry -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

4.7 Transportation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

4.8 Water Supply-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------18

5.0 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE


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MANAGEMENT: ISSUES, PROGRAMS AND PROPOSED ACTIONS....................... 19

5.1 Delineation Of The Coastal Zone ----------------------------------------------------------19

5.3 Public Awareness------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

Major Issue------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

5.4 Hydrological And Climatological Data Collection Systems --------------------------21

5.5 Groundwater Resources Of Coastal Aquifer--------------------------------------------21

5.6 Shore Zone Monitoring ----------------------------------------------------------------------22

5.7 Sea Defence Structures-----------------------------------------------------------------------22

5.8 Mangrove Management----------------------------------------------------------------------23

5.9 Institutional Set-Up ---------------------------------------------------------------------------24

5.10 Aerial Photography Survey Of The Coast----------------------------------------------24

5.11 Monitor And Check Benchmarks --------------------------------------------------------25

5.12 Status of Coastal And Marine Resource ------------------------------------------------25

5.13 The EIA Process As A Planning Tool In ICZM---------------------------------------26

5.14 Training----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------27

6.0 MATRIX OF MAJOR ISSUES AND PROPOSED ACTIONS............................. 28

7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................ 31


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1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview Of Guyanas Coastal Zone Today, the coastal zone of Guyana is considered one of the most important natural regions in the country since ninety per cent of the population as well as economic and administrative activities are concentrated in this area. There is no single description of the coastal zone for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management process; boundaries are delineated based on the particular problems that integrated coastal zone management attempts to solve. The exact delineation of the coastal zone of Guyana is still to be determined. However, the commonly used definition of the coastal zone is The area of dry land and adjacent ocean space (water and submerged land) in which terrestrial processes and land use directly affect oceanic processes and uses and vice versa 1. This definition is used to guide the work set out in the Action Plan. As such, Guyanas coastal zone can be described as occupying approximately 7 per cent of the total land area of the country (216,000km2), and extending along the entire 430km of the Atlantic coast (Map 1). It varies in width from 26km to 77km and is as much as 1m below mean high tide levels in some areas. The geology and geomorphology of the Guyana coast is that of coastal Amazon clay deposits 2. These extend under the continental shelf and have reached an average thickness of 20m over the last 6,000 years, producing a flat, low-lying, coastal plain. They were laid down due to several geological formations (Map 2). The coastal plain consists of natural and man-made sea defences, mud banks, mangroves and sand flats, all of which serve to protect the coast from inundation and flooding. The country is divided into ten (10) administrative regions, with regions one (1) to six (6) lying within the coastal zone (Map 3). Guyanas colonial experience and post-colonial modernization projects have transformed the coastal environment. The coastal mangrove swamps have been drained, and in many places the wood extracted and replaced by sea walls, irrigation canals, polders and human settlements3 (Map 4). 1 Ketchum, 1972 2 Abernethy, 1980

3Bynoe, 1996; Williams, 1997; FAO, 1990

Map 1 -Settlement Distribution

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1.2 The Need For ICZM In Guyana Guyana there is need for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) because of the absence of a comprehensive integrated framework for policy planning and management. This is manifested in the social, economic and ecological stresses that impact on the coastal zone. These include: Social

Poorly coordinated sectoral approach to the management of coastal resources used and the coastal zone.

Improper solid waste disposal. Low level of awareness and expertise about management of coastal resources.

Economic Flooding due to:

o overtopping of weakened sea defences and associated high cost of maintenance o improper drainage.

Quick profit enterprises, which degrade coastal resources, for example beach sand and seashell removal.

Lack of understanding of the economic contribution of coastal resources to society. Ecological Beach sand and shell removal. Over harvesting of mangrove vegetation. Excessive targeting of certain marine fish species. Habitat destruction Degradation of water quality due to contamination from solid wastes, pesticides and

fertilizers from agricultural fields. Degraded fisheries habitats and lack of alternative livelihoods. Threats to turtles and other biodiversity.

Natural Effects Sea level rise due to global warming. Changes in coastal processes e.g. movement of mud shoals resulting in erosion. Modification of run off patterns and sedimentation. Floods


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2.O BACKGROUND 2.1 What Is Integrated Coastal Zone Management Integrated Coastal Zone Management can be defined as The planning and coordinating process, which deals with development and management of coastal resources that focus on the land/water interface 4. The Integrated Coastal Zone Management process provides the opportunity to allow policy orientation and development of management strategies to address the issue of resource use conflicts and to control the impacts of human intervention on the environment. It provides an institutional and legal framework, focuses on environmental planning and management and coordinates various concerned agencies to work together towards a common objective. Sectoral planning and management should operate within the general framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. 2.2 Benefits Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management ICZM programmes if implemented properly and in a timely manner, can: Minimize costly delays in project implementation, Minimize damage to coastal and marine environments and their resources, Make the most efficient use of available infrastructure and technology.

Benefits can include:

Sustained economic growth based on sustainable natural resource use. Conservation of natural habitats and species. Control of pollution and alteration of shorelines. Rehabilitation of degraded resources.

2.3 Scope Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management ICZM is a special type of programme established for the purpose of conserving coastal resources or environments through sustainable development. Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of todays generation without compromising those of future generations5. The coastal zone is a dynamic ecosystem and hence boundaries can change, therefore any geographic divide needs to consider these dynamics. In Guyana, there is no clear/defined delineation of the coastal zone. To date, the working concept used includes the geographical coastal plain. However, the geographic boundaries of the coastal zone goes beyond that specified for the coastal plain. Therefore, in keeping with the concept of sustainable development, a true definition of the coastal zone must first of all be developed.

4 FAO 1992 Integrated Management of Coastal Zones 5 Rio 1992 Our Common Future


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A coastal zone includes several types of resources and environment, which may comprise shipping, housing, transport, manufacturing, fisheries, agriculture, electric power generation, nature conservation and tourism. 2.4 Principles Of ICZM ICZM is based on some fundamental principles and premises and are as follows:

The coastal area is a unique resource system, which requires special management and planning approaches.

Water is the major integrating force in coastal resources systems. Land and sea uses should be planned and managed in combination. Coastal management boundaries should be issue based and adaptive. Coastal resources management is to conserve common property resources. All levels of government must be involved. Conservation for sustainable use is a major goal of coastal resource management. Multi-sector involvement is essential to sustainable use of coastal resources. Multi- use management is appropriate for coastal resource systems. Traditional management should not be overlooked. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is essential for effective management.


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3.0 NATIONAL INITIATIVES IN COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN GUYANA (1750 TO PRESENT) 3.1 Previous National Initiatives In Coastal Zone Management 1750-1941: Private Management of the Coastal Plain Initially, coastal zone management was perceived as management of the sea defences. European plantation owners undertook all coastal management, and throughout this period it was individualized, uncoordinated and unsupportive of non-planter groups, producing increased general vulnerability to flood hazard. Lack of government support and the high maintenance cost of coastal defence caused a number of plantations to be abandoned. Under the Sea Defences Ordinance of 1883, state funds first became available for polder maintenance. Commencing with the Sea Defence Ordinance, 1883, and culminating with the Drainage Act 1994, coastal zone/polder management was gradually brought under state control6. Post 1941 Unfortunately, public management systems have also been unsuccessful at obtaining sufficient inputs for proper coastal management. Early state management was undermined by conflicts of interest and lack of resources leading to neglect. Post 1960's Stimulated by independence in 1966, and a preceding decade of heavy coastal erosion, 1960-1975 was a period of increased inputs, intensive research, training and engineered works7. From 1975 however, withdrawal of external financial support and deepening national economic and political crisis resulted in infra-structural and institutional deterioration. Post 1980's National policy change in 1989 and the return to relations with external donors allowed some increase in expenditure on sea defence and the strengthening of land drainage and irrigation (Map 5). The concept of coastal zone management was increasingly becoming more popular. Several inter-agency committees were set up including a subcommittee on Coastal Zone Management under the guidance of the Guyana Agency for Health Sciences and Food Policy (GAHEF). This Committee was set up in 1990, with the role of coordinating all inter-agency committees and activities related to developments within the coastal zone. However, weak institutional capacity largely a function of past economic decline impeded effective management of the coastal zone. The low salary levels within the government services made it impossible to recruit and retain competent staff. In addition, funds were not available to execute several of the programmes. This resulted in coastal zone management continuing to follow a sectoral approach, in response to specific issues.

6 Mark Pelling, Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Roxby Building, Liverpool L69 3BX pg 7 7 Latchmansingh 1994


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3.2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Today The National Environmental Action Plan, 1994 recognized that improved coastal zone management was necessary and required an integrated approach. As such, the Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with the Environmental Protection Act 1996 was given the mandate to coordinate an Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme.

3.2.1 Role Of The EPA The EPA has the mandate to coordinate an integrated coastal zone management programme.8 The Agencys role as the coordinating body is to:

Promote and strengthen inter-agency and inter-sectoral collaboration; Reduce inter-agency rivalry; Minimize overlapping activities of line agencies; Provide a forum for conflict resolution; Monitor and evaluate the progress of integrated coastal zone management programme

and projects; Implement activities resulting from the evaluation process.

3.2.2 EPAS Involvement In ICZM

To this end, the EPA is involved in: Coordinating the activities of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)

Committee established since January 1999 to foster a more integrated approach to coastal zone management.

Identifying existing gaps among agencies in an effort to strengthen the institutional set-up

for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Facilitating and conducting training in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. A two

weeks training on ICZM was conducted in November 1999 for the members of the ICZM Committee. As a follow up to the training, five community consultation workshops were held to identify problems of coastal concern to residents. Workshops were held in Regions One (Barima/Waini), Two (Pomeroon/Supenaam), Three (Essequibo Islands/West Demerara) and Six (East Berbice/Corentyne). Two workshops were held in Region Three.

Promoting awareness on coastal vulnerability, coastal zone management and climate

change. A web page (http://www.epaguyana.org) and brochure on ICZM was developed. Articles for the newspapers and radio messages are also done on an ongoing basis.

8 Environmental Protection Act, 1996


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Coordinating the implementation of Component 3 - Inventory of Coastal Resources and

Uses and Component 6 - Coastal Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of the Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) Project.

CPACC is a GEF funded project being implemented in Caribbean countries by the OAS. CPACC is supporting Caribbean countries to cope with the potential adverse effects of global climate change, particularly sea level rise, in coastal areas, through vulnerability assessment, adaptation planning and capacity building.

Component 3

The ultimate goal of component 3 is to further develop each participating countrys inventory of coastal resources to provide the necessary baseline data for the execution of other project components. It involves creation of metadata, preparation of a list highlighting sources of data sets for a Coastal Resource Data Inventory (CRIS), preparation of reports describing each dataset and digitising of 1:50,000 base maps that cover the pilot areas. To date metadata sets were created and base maps for the pilot sites digitised. The list highlighting sources of datasets for CRIS has been completed. In addition, digitisation of some coastal map sheets was done.

Component 6

The overall objective of Component 6 is to assist countries with planning for adaptation against the potential impacts of climate change through the preparation of vulnerability assessments. The vulnerability assessment of sea level rise has three stages. These are the screening assessment, vulnerability assessment and planning assessment. The EPA through the ICZM Committee has completed the screening assessment. The vulnerability assessment commenced in March 2000. This component of the project would be completed in 2001 with the major outputs being formulation of adaptation strategies to facilitate sea level rise and promotion of awareness on this.

3.2.3 Institutions That Play A Role In Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Committee In order to effectively fulfil its mandate for Integrated Coastal Zone Management, the EPA established the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Committee with responsibility for: Coordinating the activities of the various sectoral agencies with some involvement in

management of coastal resources; Recommending policies for the identification, monitoring, utilization and management of

resources within the coastal zone;


Performing advisory function on issues of concern to coastal zone management; Advising the EPA on priorities for

research, management and monitoring of activities within the coastal zone;

Advising the EPA on strategies, plans and programmes relating to coastal zone management;

Participating as necessary in training activities for coastal zone management.

Several other agencies and institutions have undertaken some form of activity or programme related to coastal zone management. Their specific responsibilities are examined in the following section. Hydromet Service, Ministry of AgricultureThe responsibility of this Agency includes mand waves, level of the sea, sea surface temmanagement, the Agency collects and analyslevels, stream discharge and ground water lev Sea and River Defence Division, Ministry oThe Sea and River Defence Division has resand natural coastal defences including mangro Lands and Surveys Department, Ministry oAreas of responsibility of this Department iand photo mosaics of the coastline and of ssurvey work on sea defence, and survey of lan Hydrographic Section, Transport and HarThe Hydrographic Section (T&HD) is responGuyana and for river navigation, including and damage. The areas of responsibilityhydrographic survey and dredging of ship harbours, data collection from a tide gauge. Central Housing and Planning Authority (CThe Town and Country Planning Departmeplanning and allocation of lands with respect

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE Environmental Protection Agency Hydromet Service Sea Defence Division, Ministry of Public Works Lands and Surveys Department Hydrographic Office, T&HD Ministry of Housing and Water Fisheries Department University of Guyana Guyana Water Authority Georgetown Sewerage and Water Commissioners Guyana Natural Resources Agency Guyana Forestry Commission Conservation International National Drainage and Irrigation Board

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onitoring of oceanographic elements such as wind perature and salinity. With regard to coastal zone es archived and current data, such as rainfall, tidal els.

f Public Works and Communication ponsibility for maintenance of both the man-made ves not under state control.

f Agriculture nclude: hydro graphic surveys; aerial photography ea and river defence works; maps; certification of d for land use title.

bours Department sible for the management of harbours and ports of

marine environmental aspects relating to pollution related to coastal zone management include: channels; piloting of vessels entering and leaving

H&PA) nt of CH&PA is responsible for overall physical to housing and community developments.


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Fisheries Department. The Fisheries Department has responsibility for the conservation, management and development of all fisheries. This includes capture, processing and trade of fish and fishery products, fishing operations, aquaculture, fisheries research and the integration of fisheries into coastal area management. University of Guyana (UG) The University of Guyana is a source of coastal zone information through training and research of students and staff. Guyana Natural Resources Agency (GNRA) GNRAs role is one of policy formulation, planning and coordination of the natural resources sector. Guyana Forestry Commission (GFC) GFC has responsibility for overall management of Guyanas forests including mangroves of the North Western region of the country. Conservation International Conservation International offers support and assistance to encourage the people and government of Guyana to design and implement a Protected Areas System through environmental education, public awareness, enterprise development and scientific research.


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4.0 GUYANAS COASTAL NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR USES

Guyanas coastal natural resources are of critical importance to the country since they support human settlement, agriculture, fisheries including aquaculture, mangroves, tourism, industry, transportation and water supply (Map 6). 4.1 Human Settlement Human settlement and infrastructure are essentially concentrated on the coastal zone where ninety percent of the population resides. The population is concentrated on certain locations influenced by the availability of land for housing and other utility services. Higher population densities are observed in Georgetown and adjoining areas due to the availability of these services and the close links with important urban centres. Consequently, housing schemes and squatter settlements have been developed. The latter stems from the huge demand for housing due to the fact that socio-economic conditions are poor, and extended households are overcrowded. Squatting is mainly an urban phenomenon, since people migrate from rural areas in an attempt to gain some of the benefits that are offered in urban areas. Another problem lies in the fact that the areas identified, legally and illegally, for housing settlements are mostly in the vulnerable low-lying coastal zone (Map 7). 4.2 Agriculture Agriculture is the dominant economic activity on Guyanas coastal zone. The coastal belt has favourable soil and climate for lowland crops such as sugarcane and rice. In 1997, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for agriculture was G$53.6 million (US$ 2.9 million). The economic contribution of the sector to the economy is vital hence the need for sustaining its vitality cannot be overemphasized.9 Almost all of the agriculture products important to the national economy are harvested along the coast. 4.3 Fisheries Fisheries may be considered the second most important economic activity along the coast. About 6.5 billion dollars (G$) worth of fish (28,000 metric tonnes) were exported in 1998 comprising about 6% of the nations GDP. In 1999, fish export contributed to 6.4% of the nations GDP. Fisheries provide a livelihood for over 10,000 persons in Guyana. These include fishermen and their families, boat builders, trap and net makers, packers, distributors, retailers and processors. The value of fish and fish products for local needs has also been recognised by the Government. The fishing industry has five subcomponents: industrial, artisanal, inland and aquaculture, and ornamental.

9 Khan and Rahaman, 1998

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Map 7


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4.3.1 Aquaculture This is a growing industry in Guyana. There are basically two types of aquaculture practiced here and these include the brackish water and fresh water cultures. Properly managed aquaculture can co-exist in an environmentally friendly manner with other coastal uses. 4.4 Mangroves The mangrove forests in Guyana are found on large sections of the Atlantic Coast from the Corentyne River to the Waini River. Mangrove forests are also found at the interface between the terrestrial and marine eco-systems, in estuarine wetlands and in tidal reaches of riverain areas. Three major species of mangroves including Rhizophora mangle, Avicennia germinans and Laguncularia racemosa exist there. On the coast mangrove forests play an important role in coastal protection and sea defence. They protect the coast through stabilisation of the shoreline by controlling erosion from waves. Mangroves are the first line of defence against wave actions and storms. They help to protect the sea wall or embankment and reduce damage of sea defence systems. Mangrove eco-systems are an important coastal resource, having a variety of functions and uses. The mangrove swamps are natural breeding grounds for brackish water shrimp (Paneaus spp.) and finfish species (of the families Sciaenidae and Aridea). They also aid in accelerating the process of deposition of soil particles, which are suspended in tidal water, thereby raising the level of coastal land in the inter-tidal zone. They are used in beekeeping for the production of honey (approximately 75% of the honey produced in Guyana comes from there). The mangrove forests are also used as a source of firewood and tannin in Guyana. 4.5 Tourism Tourism attractions on the coast of Guyana include Georgetown the capital city and many beaches, which include Sixty-three Beach, located in Corentyne; Hope and Unity Beach, on the East Coast of Demerara; and Parika and Bushy Park beach, on the East Bank of Essequibo. These beaches are used for both religious and recreational activities. Georgetown is situated on the right bank of the Demerara River. Most of the citys historical buildings are wooden structures reflecting the unique 18th and 19th century architecture and are major tourist attractions. Further, the major administrative facilities, hotels and shopping centres are located in Georgetown. In Guyana there are three major shore types including mud, shell and sandy beaches. Shell Beach is one the countrys major tourist attractions. This area runs from Waini point to the mouth of the Pomeroon River on Guyanas Northern Shore. This is the only beach in the world where four species of sea turtles nest: Leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea), Green (Chelonia mydas), Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), which are Endangered, and Hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), which is Critically Endangered (IUCN). Other nesting beaches in the world have only one or two species.


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Shell Beach is also an important habitat for a large number of other animal species; some of which are also threatened. These include the Blue-and-Gold (Ara ararauna) and Red-Bellied (Ara manilata) Macaws, which frequent the Shell Beach forests, and the mud flats and mangroves lining the shores are home to an impressive number of flocks of the striking Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber). Other species of birds include the Roseate Spoonbills (Platalea spp.) and Caribbean Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae spp.). Many of Guyanas mammal species, including Manatees (Trichechus spp.), Jaguars (Panthera onca), Tapirs (Tapirus spp.), Deer (Mazama spp.), and several species of monkeys (eg. Cebus spp., Saimiri spp.), are all found in the Shell Beach area. 4.6 Industry Most of the industries found in Guyana are located on the coast. This is due to the many benefits that accrue to them because of their proximity to the transport system and raw materials. The major industries on the coast include agriculture, mining (sand mining) manufacturing and technological industries. 4.7 Transportation Transportation on the coast is both overland and by rivers. Today coastal roads and others found along riverbanks of the major rivers constitute the principal road network. Radiating from Georgetown to Crabwood Creek in East Berbice and Charity on the Essequibo Coast settlements are strung along both sides of the road, which facilitate internal trade among communities and faster communications. The infrastructure that supports water transport in Guyana is located along the banks of navigable rivers, namely, the Essequibo, Demerara and Berbice rivers. Besides the wharves and stellings that provide inland and coastal linkages, there are facilities that support the countrys overseas shipping requirements. The main port of Georgetown located at the mouth of the Demerara River comprises several wharves most of which are privately owned. 4.8 Water Supply Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes are extracted from about 170 wells drilled mainly from two aquifers known as the A and B sands. The water is distributed through a network of pipes estimated at about 3000 miles, laid in villages along the coastal plain. Additionally, to facilitate the countrys agriculture output, irrigation waters are also from water conservancies. There are four man-made conservancies along the coastal plain: Boeraserie, East Demerara, Tapakuma and Mahaica/Mahaicony/Abary (see Map 4).


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5.0 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT: ISSUES, PROGRAMS AND PROPOSED ACTIONS

5.1 Delineation Of The Coastal Zone Major Issue There is no single definition of the coastal zone of Guyana for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management process; boundaries are delineated on the basis of the particular problems that integrated coastal zone management attempts to solve. The boundaries must be adaptive to the goals and objectives and must consider the dynamism of the coast. Proposed Actions It is necessary to clearly define the coastal zone for purposes of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. Actions Output Key Institutions Time Estimated Cost ($G) Develop criteria for delineation of CZ

Criteria for delineation of CZ

Consultant, Lands and Surveys, Hydromet, ICZMC

6 months 1,000,000

Evaluation of criteria for delineation of CZ

Delineation of CZ


6 months 1,000,000

5.2 Existing Legislation Major Issue The legislative regime surrounding coastal zone management in Guyana represents a fragmented regulatory framework in that the coastal zone is managed in a fragmentary fashion in response to specific issues. The various pieces of legislation that govern the different issues are for example sea defence, soil erosion and destruction of mangroves - Sea Defence Act Chapter, Forests Act, Guyana Forestry Commission Act; land use control - Town and Country Planning Act, Municipal and District Councils Act, Public Health, State Lands Housing Acts; drainage and irrigation - Drainage and Irrigation Act, East Demerara Water Conservancy Act; sand mining, soil erosion - Mining Act, Geology and Mines, Petroleum (Exploration and Production) Act; waste disposal - Public Health Ordinance, Guyana Sewerage and Water Commission Acts. It has been realized that one hindrance to the Committees effective functioning is working with various pieces of legislation that are outdated, and has multiple responsibility and jurisdiction. Proposed Actions In an effort to foster better-integrated coastal zone management in Guyana it is necessary to review and update the existing pieces of legislation to remove these bottleneck.


20

5.3 Public Awareness Major Issue The fragility and vulnerability of the coastal zone and the importance of coastal zone management is yet to be recognized. As such, coastal zone management has been identified as a major environmental issue to be addressed within the National Environmental Education and Public Awareness Strategy, 1999. In addition to the activities in this programme, the following actions are also planned. Proposed Actions The programme for environmental education on coastal zone management in Guyana would endeavour to raise awareness and support for a long term Integrated Coastal Zone Management programme. By raising awareness on the nature and extent of the issues, it is expected that the general public will provide greater support for programmes aimed at improving the environmental quality of the coastal zone.

Actions Output Key Institutions Time Estimated Cost ($G)

Update of EPAs web page.

Increased awareness on Integrated Coastal Zone Management

EPA Ongoing 500,000

Conduct five community consultation workshops

Increased community awareness on ICZM

EPA, ICZM Committee

1 Year 1,000,000

Newspaper Articles Increased awareness on integrated coastal zone management

EPA, ICZM Committee

Ongoing 800,000

Brochure e.g. Sea defence rehab. restoration of turtle habitats, mangrove restoration.

Increased awareness on integrated coastal zone management and coastal resources (status of).

ICZM Committee 3-6 months 800,000


Survey of existing legislation

Indication of legislation relevant to integrated coastal zone management.

ICZM Committee, Legal Officer

1 year 1,000,000

Review legislation Identification of gaps and overlaps in legislation.

ICZM Committee Legal Officer

1 year 1,000,000


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5.4 Hydrological And Climatological Data Collection Systems Major Issue The coastal and near inland network of hydrological and climatological data collection systems are inadequate and limited being maintained by visits and in some instances telephone conversations to remote areas. Most of these stations are manual and it is hoped that automation can be possible. Recurrent expenditure does not allow for major equipment replacement and upgrade. Further, manpower shortage, manual data processing and lack of real time data in some key geographic locations are some of the factors hindering timely agro-meteorological and hydrological forecasts needed as an input into water management strategies. Proposed Actions The network could be expanded if costs are met. Additional stations with automation will allow for the collection, processing and dissemination of good information in real time.


Installation of automatic and telemeter equipment at weather stations

Improved collection, processing and dissemination of data in real time

Hydromet Service 6 months upon receipt of funds

9,078,000

Purchase of equipment for upgrade of weather stations

Improved collection, processing and dissemination of data in real time

Hydromet Service 6 months 12,638,000

Purchase and installation of a tide gauge

Sea level data T&HD, Hydromet Service Division

6 months 1,800,000

5.5 Groundwater Resources Of Coastal Aquifer Major Issue There still exists some uncertainty with regard to quality and volume of existing reserves of ground water. Proposed Actions Investigation of the groundwater resources of coastal aquifer is necessary for examining alternative groundwater management strategies in order to ensure the safe and long-term production of coastal wells tapped from the Guyana Artesian Coastal Aquifer. In addition, it is critical to examine the risk of possible salinization, of coastal wells due to seawater intrusion. Actions Output Key Institutions Time Estimated Cost Computerization of data for surface and groundwater hydrology

Computerized data GUYWA, GS&WC 6 months 5,000,000

Development & Data on water b l i

GUYWA, 18 months 5,000,000


22

Implementation of a programme for collection of data for a water balance study of groundwater aquifers.

balance in groundwater aquifers.

GS&WC, Hydromet Service

5.6 Shore Zone Monitoring In defining the term shore zone, two ends of a spectrum can be envisaged: a geographically narrow definition that encompasses a couple hundred metres either way of mean sea level, or in Guyanas case, the man-made dike system; or a much wider definition that is virtually indistinguishable from the traditional term coastal. In this document it is used predominantly to refer to a much narrower strip of land and foreshore along the defence works. It is an area of concentrated activity in several sectors, some of which are directly competitive, others complementary. Ecologically it is a complex zone where land and marine systems meet. Major Issue Monitoring of the shore zone has generally declined during the past few years. The storage and analysis of data collected has been very poor, with the result being that it has not been contributing to a greater understanding of the on going processes and overall improvement in the management of sea defence.10 Proposed Actions The shore zone monitoring programme should be developed in order to carry out a systematic analysis and the result used for the improvement of maintenance systems. In the initial stages of the shore zone monitoring programme, a digital map of the coast is essential. It should include data relating to population, climate, tide, housing, mangrove distribution, sea defence, land use etc. This should be accessible to stakeholders and will allow for data analysis, which would facilitate better predictions and decisions relating to monitoring of the shore zone.


Creation of a digital map of the coast.

Improved predictions/ Decisi ons to facilitate monitoring of the shore zone

EPA, Sea Defence Division, Land and Surveys Dept., GNRA

1 Year 2.25 million

5.7 Sea Defence Structures Major Issue The coastal plain where the main portion of the population lives, lies generally between 0.5m and 1m below mean high tides, rendering it very vulnerable to coastal flooding. The sea is kept

10Shore zone Monitoring Programme, 1994


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out by 69km of concrete sea walls and 170km of earth dams11. Over the last decades, there have been several breaches in the sea defence system, leading to loss of land, flooding and increased soil salinity of coastal areas.12 With government finances under severe pressure, much of the rehabilitation work over the last decade has been of a temporary nature, lacking the necessary technical qualities to make the measures last for any projected period of time. As a result, many sections of the sea defence along Guyanas coast are in urgent need of rehabilitation13. Proposed Actions Rehabilitation of the hard structures including earthen levees, in combination with a monitoring and an emergency system will minimize the imminent risk of flooding and erosion.


Support rehabilitation of the hard structures

Minimal risk of collapse of hard sea defence structures

Sea Defence Division

Ongoing 500,000

5.8 Mangrove Management Major Issue Mangroves in Guyana have been seriously depleted. Mismanagement of these resources can have effects, which have no national boundaries. Wetlands such as mangrove ecosystems should be protected and managed wisely not only because of their unique, rare or endangered flora and fauna but because they are valuable economic resources. There is also an international dimension to mangroves in that it is now known that wetlands have global significance, particularly in relation to global cycling of greenhouse gases and sea level rise. Proposed Action The countrys vulnerability in relation to sea level rise and the rising cost of maintenance of the sea defence make development of a strategy for mangrove a priority14. 11 Cambers 1993 12Shore zone Monitoring Programme, 1994

13Shore zone Monitoring Programme, 1994 14Ferrier A Strategy for Mangrove management, 1992


24


Support the Development of a National Mangrove Management Plan.

Mangrove Management Plan.

GFC, ICZM Committee

1 Year 500,000

Research Projects

Increased data U.G G.F.C E.P.A P.E.U

Ongoing 1,000,000

5.9 Institutional Set-Up Major Issue It is necessary to periodically review the Institutional Set-Up for any programme pertaining to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) to determine the level of success/failure. Hence, the current programme for ICZM would need to undergo such a review. Proposed Action It will be necessary for the institutional set-up for Integrated Coastal Zone Management to be periodically evaluated to determine its success.


Review instl set-up for ICZM

Strengthened instl set-up for ICZM

ICZM Committee Mid 2001 1,000,000

5.10 Aerial Photography Survey Of The Coast Major Issue Guyanas coastline is very long and varied and in many cases relatively inaccessible. In order to manage the coastal resources, especially those immediately seaward and landward of the shoreline, up to date colour aerial photograph at a scale of 1:10,000 would provide an invaluable tool. An up to date aerial survey of the coastal zone would prove invaluable for overall management and land use planning of the coastal zone. Proposed Actions


Determine the users of the photography

Users of aerial photos identified


Conduct the flying and Production of aerial Lands and Surveys, 3-6 months 1,000,000


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prepare photos. photos ICZM Committee Training in API and provision of necessary equipment.

Ability to interpret aerial photos

UG, ICZM Committee, Lands & Surveys Dept

1 Year

1,000,000

Integrate results into GIS database

Improved capacity to monitor resources

EPA, Lands & Surveys, ICZM Committee

6 months 1,000,000

5.11 Monitor And Check Benchmarks Major Issue The cycles of coastal erosion and accretion are linked to the movement of mud banks and at present, there is no way to monitor their movement. Monitoring and checking benchmarks along the coast is therefore a useful tool to estimate coastal erosion and accretion. To quantitatively monitor the movement of these mud banks is necessary so as to predict spatial distribution of erosion and accretion and to manage sea defence maintenance accordingly. Proposed Actions

5.12 Status of Coastal And Marine Resource Major Issue The National Biodiversity Action Plan 1999 (NBAP), classifies marine/coastal ecosystems as an ecosystem type that includes marine, littoral, estuarine, mangrove and palustrine. Major problems associated with marine/coastal ecosystems include: over harvesting of mangle (mangrove vegetation), excessive targeting of certain marine species of fish and degradation of water quality due to contamination from solid and other wastes.15 The NBAP provides a framework within which plans for coastal/marine ecosystem management may be implemented. The overall goal of the NBAP is to promote and achieve the conservation

15 Guyana, National Biodiversity Action Plan, 1999


Research data records

Historical data ICZM Committee, Lands and Surveys

6 months 300,000

Measure beach cross sections on an annual basis

Beach cross sections

ICZM Committee, Lands and Surveys

6 months

2 million

Conduct regular aerial surveys

Predictive tool for determining cycles of erosion and accretion


6 months

2 million


26

of Guyanas biodiversity, to use its components in a sustainable way, and to encourage the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the use of Guyanas biodiversity16. It is widely felt that to safeguard the coastal and marine ecosystems, it is critical for them to be properly inventoried and monitored. Proposed Actions


Conduct marine resource inventory

Resource inventories on coastal resource

Conservation International, Fisheries Department, U.G.

Ongoing

5,000,000

Document harvesting techniques

Inventories of harvesting techniques for specific resources.

Guyana Forestry Commission, Fisheries Department Conservation International U.G.

Ongoing 500,000

Encourage community participation on coastal resource management

Increased Coastal Resources Management (CRM) and Improved ICZM

Conservation International Fisheries Department U.G G.F.C

Ongoing 1,000,000

Promote education and awareness on coastal resource management

Increased awareness of Coastal Resources Management and CRM issues

All Agencies EPA ICZM Committee

Ongoing

500,000

5.13 The EIA Process As A Planning Tool In ICZM Major Issue At present, all development projects are required to have an environmental permit, if it is felt that the project will impact negatively on the environment. As such, it is important for this process to be incorporated into integrated coastal zone management to ensure that development activities are properly planned, managed and monitored.

16Guyana, National Biodiversity Action Plan


27

Proposed Actions

Action Output Key Institution Time Estimated Cost ($G)

Review/ Comment on the EIAs or applications for Environmental Permit submitted to EPA

Improved coastal planning and utilisation/ development of the coastal zone

ICZM Committee, EPA

Ongoing 1,000,000

5.14 Training Training is essential in a field like ICZM where so many types of activities and technologies are involved. Training should range from short courses and on the job training to formal university degrees. Local and international assistance should be sought to meet the variety of training needs. Important to ICZM programmes are orientation courses for decision makers and agency staff in the various Ministries.


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6.0 MATRIX OF MAJOR ISSUES AND PROPOSED ACTIONS

Issue

Actions Output Key Inst Time Estimated Cost ($G)

Determine the extent of the CZ based on appropriate boundaries and parameters.

Delineated and well defined Coastal Zone

ICZM Committee 1 Year 1, 000,000

Develop criteria for delineation of CZ

Criteria for delineation of CZ


6 months 1,000,000

Delineation of the Coastal Zone

Evaluation of criteria for delineation of CZ

Delineation of CZ Consultant, Lands and Surveys, Hydromet, ICZMC

6 months 1,000,000

Survey of Existing legislation

Indication of legislation relevant to ICZM


6 months 1,000,000 Existing Legislation on CZM

Review legislation Indication of gaps and overlaps in legislation

EPA-ICZM Committee, Legal Officer

1 year 1,000,000

Update of EPAs web page

Increased awareness on ICZM

EPA-ICZM Committee

Ongoing 500,000

Conduct community consultation workshops

Increased community awareness on ICZM

EPA-ICZM Committee

1 year 1,000,000

Newspaper articles Increased awareness on ICZM

EPA-ICZM Committee

Ongoing 800,000

Public Awareness on ICZM

Brochure Increased awareness on ICZM and status of coastal resources

(EIT) EPA-ICZM Committee

3-6 months 800,000

Installation of automatic and telemeter equipment at weather stations

Improved collection, processing and dissemination of data in real time.

Hydromet Service 6 months 9,078,000 Hydrological and Climatological data collection systems

Purchase of equipment for upgrade of weather stations

Improved collection, processing and dissemination of data in real time.

Hydromet Service 6 months 12,638,000


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Purchase and installation of a tide gauge

Sea level data T&HD, Hydromet Service

6 months 1,800,000

D/ment and implementation of a programme for collection of data for a water balance study of groundwater aquifers

Data on water balance in groundwater aquifers

GUYWA, GS&WC, Hydromet Service

18 months 5,000,000 Groundwater Resources of Coastal Aquifers

Computerisation of data for surface and groundwater hydrology

Computerised data GUYWA GS&WC

6 months 5,000,000

Support shore zone monitoring

Creation of a digital map of the coast

Improved predictions/ decisions to facilitate monitoring of the shore zone

Sea Defence Division, Lands and Surveys, EPA GNRA

1 Year 2,250,000

Sea Defence Structure

Support rehab. of the hard structures

Minimal risk of collapse of hard sea defence

Sea Defence Division

Ongoing 500,000

Support the D/ment of a National Mangrove Mgt Plan

Mangrove Mgt. Plan

GFC, Sea Defence Division, (EPA- ICZM Committee)

1 year 500,000 Mangrove Management

Research Projects Increased data U.G G.F.C E.P.A P.E.U

Ongoing 1,000,000

Aerial Photo Survey of the Coast

Determine the users of the photography

Users of aerial photos identified


Conduct the flying and prepare the photos

Production and distribution of aerial photos

Lands and Surveys Dept, EPA-ICZM Committee

3-6 months 1,000,000

Training in API and provision of the necessary equipment

Ability to interpret aerial photos

UG, EPA-ICZM Committee, Lands and Surveys Dept

1 year 1,000,000


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Integrate results into GIS database

Improved capacity to monitor resources

ICZM Committee, Lands and Surveys Dept

6 months 1,000,000

Research data records Historical data ICZM Committee, Lands and Surveys Dept

6 months 300,000

Measure beach cross sections on an annual basis

Beach cross sections

ICZM Committee, Lands and Surveys Dept.

Ongoing 2,000,000

Monitor and check Benchmarks

Conduct regular aerial surveys

Predictive tool determining cycles of erosion and accretion


Ongoing 2,000,000

Conduct marine resource inventory

Resource inventories of coastal resources

Conservation Intl, Fisheries Dept. U.G

Ongoing 5,000,000

Document harvesting techniques

Inventory of harvesting techniques for specific resources

GFC, Fisheries Dept., C.I. U.G

Ongoing 500,000

Encourage community participation on coastal resource mgt.

Increased Coastal Resources Management (CRM) and improved ICZM

C.I., Fisheries Dept. U.G G.F.C

Ongoing 1,000,000

Status of Coastal and Marine Resources

Promote education and awareness on coastal resource mgt.

Increased awareness of CRM and CRM issues

All Agencies- EPA-ICZM Committee

Ongoing 500,000

EIA Process as a Planning Tool in ICZM

Review/Comment on EIA or Applications for Env. Permit submitted to EPA

Improved coastal planning and utilisation/ development of the coastal zone

EPA - ICZM Committee,

Ongoing 1,000,000

Training Training of Decision makers and Agency staff

Skilled resource personnel

EPA-ICZM Committee & Decision making Inst.

1,000,000

OVERALL ACTIVITIES TOTAL 78,166,000


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7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Bynoe, Paulette and Bynoe, Mark. 1999. Final Report on a Socio- Economic Assessment of the Vulnerability of Guyanas Coast.

2. Conservation International. May June 1999. Guyanas Natural Heritage Report and Media Clips.

3. DaSilva, Phillip. 2000. Guyana Coastal Zone Management Issue Identification Country Workshop, Draft Report.

4. EPA. 1999. National Biodiversity Action Plan. 5. FAO 1992. Integrated Management of Coastal Zones - FAO Fisheries Technical Paper

327. Rome. 6. Ferrier, Denise. 1992. A Strategy for Mangrove Management . 7. Ferrier, Denise. 1993. Guidelines for the Management of the Coastal Environment of

Guyana. 8. Gesamp Reports And Studies, 1996. The contribution of Science to Integrated Coastal

Management. NO.61, Rome. 9. Marie, Andrea. 2000. A Preliminary Investigation of a Guyanese Mangrove Ecosystem:

A Study into Cause and Effect of Degradation. 10. Pelling, Mark. 1996. Coastal Flood Hazard in Guyana: Environmental and Economic

Causes. Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Roxby Building, Liverpool L69 3BX.

11. Ploco, S.S; Van Heuvel, T.; DaSilva, Phillip. 2000. Guyana Coastal Zone Management Training Programme. Final Report Draft.

12. SSPA. 1994. The Guyana Shorezone Monitoring Programme Design and Feasibility Study.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 Overview Of Guyanas Coastal Zone1.2 The Need For ICZM In Guyana

2.O BACKGROUND2.1 What Is Integrated Coastal Zone Management2.2 Benefits Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management2.3 Scope Of Integrated Coastal Zone Management2.4 Principles Of ICZM

3.0 NATIONAL INITIATIVES IN COASTAL ZONE3.1 Previous National Initiatives In Coastal Zone Management3.2 Integrated Coastal Zone Management Today

4.0 GUYANAS COASTAL NATURAL RESOURCES AND THEIR USES4.1 Human Settlement4.2 Agriculture4.3 Fisheries4.4 Mangroves4.5 Tourism4.6 Industry4.7 Transportation4.8 Water Supply

5.0 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY AND INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT: ISSUES, PROGRAMS AND PROPOSED ACTIONS5.1 Delineation Of The Coastal Zone5.2 Existing Legislation5.3 Public Awareness5.4 Hydrological And Climatological Data Collection Systems5.5 Groundwater Resources Of Coastal Aquifer5.6 Shore Zone Monitoring5.7 Sea Defence Structures5.8 Mangrove Management5.9 Institutional Set-Up5.10 Aerial Photography Survey Of The Coast5.11 Monitor And Check Benchmarks5.12 Status of Coastal And Marine Resource5.13 The EIA Process As A Planning Tool In ICZM5.14 Training

6.0 MATRIX OF MAJOR ISSUES AND PROPOSED ACTIONS7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ICZM Action Plan - mangrovesgy.org Action Plan.pdf · Integrated Coastal Zone Management Action...

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Transcript of ICZM Action Plan - mangrovesgy.org Action Plan.pdf · Integrated Coastal Zone Management Action...