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Informa Telecoms & Media

LTE Introduction and Architecture Overview

LTE InTroducTIon and archITEcTurE ovErvIEw



LTE InTroducTIon and archITEcTurE ovErvIEw

Drivers for Mobile Broadband 4Typical Applications and Network Requirements 6LTE E-UTRAN Objectives 8System Architecture Evolution (SAE) 10Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) 12Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 14Serving Gateway (SGW) 14Mobility Management Entity (MME) 14Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW) 14LTE Reference points 16LTE Roaming Architecture 18Non-3GPP Access 20Interworking with 2G/3G networks 22Spectrum Requirements for LTE 24WRC 2007 Spectrum 26LTE Spectrum Requirements 28

ANNEx 32Peak data rate 32Control-plane latency 32Control-plane capacity 32User-plane latency 32User throughput 32Spectrum efficiency 32Mobility 32Coverage 32Further Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast

Multicast Service (MBMS) 32Spectrum flexibility 33Co-existence and Inter-working with

3GPP Radio Access Technology (RAT) 33Architecture and migration 33Radio Resource Management requirements 33Complexity 33

4LTE Introduction and Architecture Overview


drivers for Mobile Broadband

After a slow start mobile data has finally taken off. Many factors, technical and non-technical, relating to the success of mobile data have come together to provide data services that are both easy to use and meets the users performance expectations.

Network and handset capability have met with content and billing regimes and along with growing consumer confidence and experience this is leading to increased use of data services provided by operators. As consumers, operators and third party application providers gain more experience with data services beyond the plain WAP home page, the demand for data is forecast to continue growing for the foreseeable future. Good news for operators who are generally seeing a reduction in revenues from traditional voice based services. Revenues in the next decade will depend on increasing efficiency and finding alternative non-voice services.

The graph opposite shows the increase in use of both fixed and mobile broadband services, it also shows that the use of mobile broadband is set to overtake fixed broadband in the future, this will only be possible if we can deliver a high performance and consistent service that the subscribers will come to expect.

Global broadband subscribers, by wired and wireless, 2007 2012

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

n Wireless n Wired

Note: Wired includes DSL, cable, FTTx and evolutions. Wireless includes WiMAX, pre-WiMAX, EV-DO, HSPA and evolutions, but excludes WCDMA and WiFi.

Source: Informa Telecoms & Media

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Broadbandsubs (millions)

Network latency

Ban

dwid

th

Growth drivers

FTPMobileofce/email Interactive

remotegamesMMS,

web browsingVideo telephonyAudio streaming

Voice telephony

Multiplayer games

SMS

Voicemail msm: remote control

Audio/videodownload

Video conferencing Real-time

gamingm2m:robot security,

video broadcast

Video streaming

>1 sec

5Mbp

s1M

bps

200 ms 100 ms 20 ms


Fig. 1



Typical applications and network requirements

While voice remains the most popular application for large user segments, several distinct trends will influence mobile communications in the years ahead:

Common, access-independent Internet applications will replace silos for mobile applications and residential applicationsWeb2.0 applications empower users to participate in communities, and will generate content and interact in virtual worlds and increase the requirement to greater uplink capabilitiesStreaming services that deliver individual video content on demand and mobile TV on demand are emerging as a favoured applicationMobile, interactive remote gaming and real-time gaming will undoubtedly become a major industry in its own rightThe quadruple play of voice, data, video and mobility bundles for residential and mobile use is heating up the battle over fixed-mobile substitution in the consumer marketMobile office comprising smart phones, notebooks, ubiquitous broadband access and advanced security solutions will free business users from their office desk.

The network capability will need to evolve to ensure a consistent and reliable user experience, such network evolutions include;

The networks capacity to support high peak user data rates and high average data throughput ratesLow user data planes and signalling channels response time, or latencyGuaranteed radio coverage ensuring full use of services up to the cells edgeA viable means of creating and maintaining individual connections and the entire systems quality of service (QoS)Service continuity between access networksSingle sign-on to all network accessCompetitive prices, with many users favouring flat-rate fees for reasons of cost control

7 Informa Telecoms & Media

Fig. 2

Typical next Generation ServicesAccess-independent Internet applications

Web2.0

Streaming services

Interactive remote gaming

Quadruple play

Mobile office

Typical Enablers for next Generation Services

High peak user data rates

High average data throughput rates

Low latency

Guaranteed radio coverage

Individual quality of service (QoS)

Service continuity between access networks

Single sign-on to all network access

Competitive prices, flat-rate fees



LTE E-uTran objectives

LTE is focusing on optimum support of Packet Switched (PS) Services. Main requirements for the design of an LTE system are outlined in 3GPP TR 2.913 (2006) and can be summarized as follows:

data rate: Peak data rates target 100 Mbps (downlink) and 0 Mbps (uplink) for 20 MHz spectrum allocation, assuming 2 receive antennas and 1 transmit antenna at the terminal.

Throughput: Target for downlink average user throughput per MHz is 3-4 times better than release 6. Target for uplink average user throughput per MHz is 2-3 times better than release 6. (release 6 HSPA)

Spectrum Efficiency: Downlink target is 3-4 times better than release 6. Uplink target is 2-3 times better than release 6.

Latency: The one-way transit time between a packet being available at the IP layer in either the UE or radio access network and the availability of this packet at IP layer in the radio access network/UE is less than ms. Also C-plane latency is reduced, e.g. to allow fast transition times of less than 100 ms from camped state to active state.

Bandwidth: Scaleable bandwidths of , 10, 1, 20 MHz are supported. Also bandwidths smaller than MHz are supported for more flexibility, i.e. 1.4 MHz and 3 MHz for FDD mode.

Interworking: Interworking with existing UTRAN/GERAN systems and non-3GPP systems is ensured. Multimode terminals support handover to and from UTRAN and GERAN as well as inter-RAT measurements. Interruption time for handover between E-UTRAN and UTRAN/GERAN is less than 300 ms for real time services and less than 00 ms for non real time services.

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS): MBMS is further enhanced and is then referred to as E-MBMS.

Mobility: The system is optimized for low mobile speed (0-1 km/h), but higher mobile speeds are supported as well including high speed train environment as special case.

Spectrum allocation: Operation in paired (Frequency Division Duplex / FDD mode) and unpaired spectrum (Time Division Duplex / TDD mode).

co-existence: Co-existence in the same geographical area and co-location with GERAN/UTRAN. Also, co-existence between operators in adjacent bands as well as cross-border coexistence.

Quality of Service: End-to-end Quality of Service (QoS) is supported.


Fig. 3 LTE E-uTran requirements

requirement current release (rel-6 hSxPa) LTE E_uTra

Peak ddata rate 14Mbps DL / .76Mbps UL 100Mbps DL / 0Mbps UL

Spectral efficiency 0.6 0.8 DL / 0.3 UL (bps/Hz/sector) 3 4x DL / 2 3x UL improvement

% packet call throughput 64Kbps DL / Kbps UL 3 4x DL / 2 3x UL improvement

Averaged user throughput 900Kbps DL / 10Kbps UL 3 4x DL / 2 3x UL improvement

U-Plane latency 0 ms ms

Call setup time 2 sec 0 ms

Broadcast data rate 384Kbps 6 8x improvement

Mobility Up to 20km/h Up to 30km/h

Multi-antenna support No Yes

Bandwidth MHz Scalable (up to 20MHz)

10



System architecture Evolution (SaE)

One of the main objectives of the LTE architecture is an overall simplification of the network with a reduction in the number of nodes required in the radio access and core network components. The evolution of the network is designed to optimise performance and improve cost efficiency. Also interoperability with the existing 3.G infrastructure is important, particularly mobility and handover between the networks.

The Evolved Packet System (EPS) is divided in to radio access and core network.

GERANUTRAN

S1-US1-MME

SG1S4/S11

Evolvedpacket core

E-UTRAN

3GPPnetwork

Externalnetwork


Fig. 4 System architecture Evolution (SaE)

12



Evolved uMTS radio access network (E-uTran)

Evolved UMTS Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) contains a single element known as the Evolved Node Bs (eNB). The eNB supports all the user plane and control plane protocols to enable communication with the UE. It also supports radio resource management, admission control, scheduling, uplink QoS enforcement, cell broadcast, encryption and compression/decompression of user data.

The eNB is connected to the core network on the S1 interface. The S1 interface allows the eNB to communicate with the Mobility Management Entity (MME) via the S1-MME interface and the Serving Gateway (SGW) via the S1-U interface. The interfaces support a many to many relationship between eNB and SGW/MME.

The eNB are also networked together using the x2 interface. The x2 interface is based on the same set of protocols as the S1 and is primarily in place to allow user plane tunnelling of packets during handover to minimise packet loss.

E-UTRAN

eNBeNB

eNB

X2X2

X2

S1 S1S1 S1

MME/S-GWMME/S-GW


Fig. 5 E -uTran architecture

14



Evolved Packet core (EPc)

The Evolved Packet Core contains two principle functions, high speed packet handling and mobility management, these functions are carried out by the SGW and MME. This separation of function allows each to be implemented on a platform optimised for data handling or message processing. This will result in more optimised performance and allows independent scaling of each component and efficient topological optimisation of platforms to ensure consistent service i.e. reduced latencies and maximised throughput.

Serving Gateway (SGw)

The SGW acts as a router, routing and forwarding packets of user data, it is able to provide transport level packet marking, and the marking process may be used for QoS management by other network elements. Also some accounting functions for UL/DL services.

The SGW will act as a local anchoring point for inter eNB handover and can also act as a 3GPP anchoring point for handovers between UMTS and LTE. It provides idle mode functions such as packet buffering and initiation of network triggered service request.

The SGW is also one of the Lawful Interception points in the network.

Mobility Management Entity (MME)

The Mobility management entity (MME) is the primary signalling node in the EPC, NAS signalling is terminated at this point and included signalling related to bearer establishment and authentication of the UEs through interaction with the Home Subscriber Server (HSS). It is also the decision point for SGW selection, and MME, SGW selection during handover where EPC node change is necessary.

The MME handles roaming functions such as allocation of temporary identities, admission control and communication with the home HSS on the S6a interface.

Packet data network Gateway (P-Gw)

The P-GW is the entry and exit point for UE connectivity with external data networks. It provides functions of packet filtering, via deep packet inspection, allocation of UE IP addresses, downlink packet marking, and service level charging, gating and rate enforcement.

The P-GW also acts as an anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies such as 3GPP2 CDMA2000 and WiMAx.

eNB

SGiSGi S2a/b

S5

S11

S1-MME S1-U

S3

Internet Non-3GPPaccessIMS

P-GWUMTS

MME SGW


Fig. 6 Evolved Packet core (EPc) components

SGw Serving Gateway; router, packet marking, anchor for inter-eNB handover, some accounting

MME Mobility Management Entity; NAS signalling point, admission control, bearer setup, authentication, roaming functions, selects SGW

P-Gw Packet Gateway; date entry/exit point, packet inspection/filtering, IP address allocation, mobility anchor for non-3GPP handover

16



LTE reference points

S1: It provides access to Evolved RAN radio resources for the transport of user plane and control plane traffic. The S1 reference point shall enable MME and UPE separation and also deployments of a combined MME and UPE solution.

S2a/b: It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between a trusted/ not-trusted non-3GPP IP access and the SAE Anchor.

S3: It enables user and bearer information exchange for inter 3GPP access system mobility in idle and/or active state. It is based on Gn reference point defined between SGSNs.

S4: It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between GPRS Core and the 3GPP Anchor and is based on Gn reference point as defined between SGSN and GGSN.

S5a: It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between MME/UPE and 3GPP anchor. It is FFS whether a standardized Sa exists or whether MME/UPE and 3GPP anchor are combined into one entity.

S5b: It provides the user plane with related control and mobility support between 3GPP anchor and SAE anchor. It is FFS whether a standardized Sb exists or whether 3GPP anchor and SAE anchor are combined into one entity.

S6: It enables transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the evolved system (AAA interface).

S7: It provides transfer of (QoS) policy and charging rules from PCRF to Policy and Charging Enforcement Point (PCEP). The allocation of the PCEP is FFS.

SGi: It is the reference point between the Inter AS Anchor and the packet data network. Packet data network may be an operator external public or private packet data network or an intra operator packet data network, e.g. for provision of IMS services. This reference point corresponds to Gi and Wi functionalities and supports any 3GPP and non-3GPP access systems.

The interfaces between the SGSN in 2G/3G Core Network and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) will be based on the GTP protocol. The interfaces between the

SAE MME/UPE and the 2G/3G Core Network will be based on the GTP protocol.

SGiSGi S2a

S5

S11

S1-MME S1-U

S3 S4

Internet AccessIMS

P-GWUMTS

MME SGW

X2

eNB


Fig. 7 LTE-SaE reference points

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LTE roaming architecture

Roaming is supported by the SAE, the figure opposite show the situation where a user is roamed on to a V-PLMN (Visitor PLMN). A roaming agreement must exist between the home and visited systems. The pictured scenario may be when the user visits a different country or where national roaming is supported.

Part of the connection is handled by the visited network, this includes the radio access, mobility management and elements of session management. U-plane data is routed via visited SGW to the home network P-GW and the S8 interface.

The S8 interface carries both user plane data and control signaling and is based on the Gp interface first defined in the GPRS/UMTS core network specifications.

The S6 interface connects the MME to the HSS and handles session and mobility related signaling including security.

The data sessions are managed locally by the visited network but the call is anchored in the home network, allowing the home operator to maintain control of the session. This may not be the most efficient routing in terms of cost and system resources, therefore, there is an option to route the U-plane traffic to a P-GW in the V-PLMN and make connections, for example, directly to the internet or local services.

SGi

S11

S6

S8

SGi

Optionalrouting to

local P-GW

H-PLMN

V-PLMN

S1-MME S1-U

SGi

InternetIMS

P-GW

MME SGW

E-UTRAN

HSS


Fig. 8 EPc roaming architecture traffic routed to h-PLMn

20



non-3GPP access

The diagram opposite shows the architecture that allows IP access to the EPC using non-3GPP access technologies, i.e. Wireless LAN (802.11a,b,g,) WiMAx. There are two possible access scenarios, both of which appear on the diagram, trusted and non-trusted access.

Where the operator owns and operates the WLAN network, this may be considered a trusted case, the user data from the WLAN network may be sent directly to the P-GW via the IP based S2 interface. Information relating to subscriber profiles, authentication vectors, network identity, charging and QoS information may all be provided to the WLAN access via the Ta interface. The information is provided via the 3GPP AAA server which acts as an inter-working point between the 3GPP and IETF worlds. The main purpose of the 3GPP AAA server is to allow end to end interaction, such as authentications to take place using 3GPP credentials stored in the HSS via the Wx interface.

In the non-trusted case, e.g. a corporate entity has its own WLAN network and would like to offer 3GPP access to its customers, there are additional network elements to maintain the infrastructure security and integrity. The ePDG (evolved Packet Data Gateway) element carried all the traffic from the WLAN via a secure tunnel (IPSec) over the Wn interface. The Wm interface allows the user related data from the HSS via the 3GPP AAA Server, to be exchanged, ensuring proper tunneling and encryption between the user terminal and the P-GW.

In both of these cases the MME and SGW are redundant.

Non-trustedWLAN Access

SGi

S2

S2Wm

Wn

TaWa

Wx

S5

S11S6

S11

S1-MME S1-U

InternetIMS

P-GW

MME SGW

E-UTRAN

3GPPAAA

HSS

ePDG

TrustedWLAN Access


Fig. 9 non-3GPP access to EPc

S2 IP based User-plane dataTa/wa Transport authentication, authorisation and

charging-related information in a secure manner

wx Communication between WLAN AAA infrastructure and HSS, Security data, Sub profile, charging

wn Force non-trusted traffic via ePDG tunnelwm Authorisation/authentication data, tunnel attributes,

identity mapping, charging characteristics

22



Interworking with 2G/3G networks

Where 2G/3G cells are adjacent or overlaid on to E-UTRAN cells there will be a requirement for interworking between the different infrastructures to support inter-system mobility. No new systems elements are required but 2 additional interfaces are specified, S3 and S4.

S3 supports the user and bearer information exchange between the SGSN and the MME during handover/cell reselection. QoS and user context will be exchange so the target system has all the information required to re-establish the bearers on the new cell. S3 is based on the IP Gn interface designed for 2G/3G core architecture.

S4 carries the user plane data between the SGSN and the SGW. The SGW play the role of the mobility anchor in inter-system exchanges, it has a very similar role to the GGSN in 2G/3G networks. The S4 interface is also based on the Gn interface.

SGi

S11

S6

S3 S4

lu

SGi

InternetIMS

P-GW

MME SGW

SGSN

UTRAN/GERAN

HSS

S1-MME S1-U

E-UTRAN


Fig. 10 2G/3G LTE Interworking

S3 Exchange of bearer information, QoS, S4 U-Plane traffic

24



Spectrum requirements for LTE

It is very apparent from many industry sources that the mobile broadband revolution has begun, in the next few years there will be an ever increasing demand for access to high speed broadband data services. Technologies like LTE and WiMAx seem very well placed to be able to offer these services to subscribers in a very cost effective way.

One of the greatest problems to overcome will be availability of spectrum and the availability of spectrum in suitable bands. There is a great deal of work currently taking place to ensure that operators have access to a sufficient amount of spectrum to solve the principle problems of coverage and capacity that they face right now and may potentially face to a greater extent in the future.

The ITU-R already recognises the coming issues and has begun to address the problem at WRC 07 and will make further resolutions at WRC11.

800 850 900 950 1000 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 MHz

IMT-2000IMT-2000

GSM

GSM

PDC

Cellular

Cellular

IMT-2000

GSM 1800

GSM 1800

IMT-2000

MSS

PCS

A B CD BA CED FEF

MSS

UMTSMSS

DECT

IMT-2000

MSS

IMT-2000

MSS

IMT-2000

MSS

UMTSMSS

IMT-2000

IMT-2000

(regional)

PDC

MSS

IMT-2000

MSS

AWSAWS

Cel

lula

r

Cel

lula

r

Cel

lula

r

IMT-2000

IMT-2000

MSS

Under study

Under study

IMT-2000,band plan

not yet decided

Mobile allocationadded, no band

plan yet

ITUallocations

Europe

China

Japan

NorthAmerica

Brazil

PHS


Fig. 11 IMT 2000 spectrum allocations (wrc 2000)

26



wrc 2007 Spectrum

Under Agenda Item 1.4 to consider frequency-related matters for the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000.

WRC-07 has identified globally harmonised spectrum for use by International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced).

Additional spectrum was allocated for IMT systems in various new bands, resulting in 392 MHz of new spectrum in total in Europe and 428 MHz in the Americas:

20 MHz in the band 40470 MHz (globally)72 MHz in the band 790862 MHz for Region 1 (Europe) and parts of Region 3 (Asia)108 MHz in the band 698806 MHz for Region 2 (Americas) and some countries of Region 3 (Asia)100 MHz in the band 2.32.4 GHz (globally)200 MHz in the band 3.43.6 GHz (no global allocation, but identified in 82 countries)

Note: These bands will not be available immediately for NGMN usage, but opened to the market following transition periods of up to several years. Additionally, the allocations regarding the bands 790-862 MHz and 3.4 3.6 GHz in Region 1 will only come into full effect in 201 and 2010 respectively.

WRC-07 IMT Identifications

Americas Mobile allocation,no identification

450

470

698

862

2300

2400

3400

3500

3600

Asia Pacific

Legend: Effective immediately in 61 countries, in 6 others a subset of the bandEffective in all countries 17 June 2015

450

470

698

862

2300

2400

3400

3500

3600

Europe/Africa/Middle East

In 81 countries, effective 11/17/2010

450

470

698

862

2300

2400

3400

3500

3600

Mobile allocation in 14 countries

Identified in 9 countries

Identified in 10 countries

Identified in 9 countries + mobile allocation everywhere


Fig. 12 additional Spectrum Identified at wrc 2007

20 MHz in the band 450470 MHz (globally)

72 MHz in the band 790862 MHz for Region 1 (Europe) and parts of Region 3 (Asia)

108 MHz in the band 698806 MHz for Region 2 (Americas) and some countries of Region 3 (Asia)

100 MHz in the band 2.32.4 GHz (globally)

200 MHz in the band 3.43.6 GHz (no global allocation, but identified in 82 countries)

28



LTE Spectrum requirements

The table opposite shows the existing bands supported by 3GPP and 3GPP2. The majority of these are already in use with the well known 2G/3G technologies. One of the largest areas of interest for operators and regulators alike is the potential for spectrum re-farming in these bands. Spectrum neutrality is becoming increasing wide spread, where the regulator lifts the technology specific nature of the licenses.

UMTS900 has already been approved and there is work taking place on the USA in the 700MHz band. The digital dividend is also another area of interest, analogue TV broadcast are coming to an end in many parts of the word leaving behind spectrum in the ranges 470 862 MHz.


Fig. 13 Existing and Future 3GPP Bands

operating brand

Brand name

Total spectrum

uplink (Mhz)

downlink (Mhz)

Band I 2.1GHz 2x60MHz 1920 1980 2110 2170

Band II 1900MHz 2x60MHz 180 1910 1930 1990

Band III 1800MHz 2x7MHz 1710 178 180 1880

USA Band IV 1.7/2.1GHz 2x4MHz 1710 17 2110 21

Band V 80MHz 2x2MHz 824 849 869 894

Japan Band VI 800MHz 2x10MHz 830 840 87 88

Band VII 2.6GHz 2x70MHz 200 270 2620 2690

Band VIII 900MHz 2x3MHz 880 91 92 960

Japan Band Ix 1700MHz 2x3MHz 1749.9 1784.9 1844.9 1879.9

Band x 7.7/2.1MHz 2x60MHz 1710 1770 2110 2170

Japan Band xI 100MHz 2x2MHz 1427.9 142.9 147.9 100.9

New 3GPP work items

USA Band xII Lower 700MHz 2x18MHz 698 716 728 746

USA Band xIII Upper 700MHz 2x12MHz 776 788 746 78

USABand xIV

Upper 700MHz public safety/private

2x10MHz

788 798

78 768

ETSI band

numbersBand xV Paired 2.6GHz 2x20MHz 1900 1920 2600 2620

Band xVI Paired 2.6GHz 2x1MHz 2010 202 28 2600



annEX

32



Peak data rate

Instantaneous downlink peak data rate of 100 Mb/s within a 20 MHz downlink spectrum allocation ( bps/Hz)Instantaneous uplink peak data rate of 0 Mb/s (2. bps/Hz) within a 20MHz uplink spectrum allocation)

control-plane latency

Transition time of less than 100 ms from a camped state, such as Release 6 Idle Mode, to an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCHTransition time of less than 0 ms between a dormant state such as Release 6 CELL_PCH and an active state such as Release 6 CELL_DCH

control-plane capacity

At least 200 users per cell should be supported in the active state for spectrum allocations up to MHz

user-plane latency

Less than ms in unload condition (ie single user with single data stream) for small IP packet

user throughput

Downlink: average user throughput per MHz, 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPAUplink: average user throughput per MHz, 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Spectrum efficiency

Downlink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 3 to 4 times Release 6 HSDPA )Uplink: In a loaded network, target for spectrum efficiency (bits/sec/Hz/site), 2 to 3 times Release 6 Enhanced Uplink

Mobility

E-UTRAN should be optimized for low mobile speed from 0 to 1 km/hHigher mobile speed between 1 and 120 km/h should be supported with high performanceMobility across the cellular network shall be maintained at speeds from 120 km/h to 30 km/h (or even up to 00 km/h depending on the frequency band)

coverage

Throughput, spectrum efficiency and mobility targets above should be met for km cells, and with a slight degradation for 30 km cells. Cells range up to 100 km should not be precluded.

Further Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS)

While reducing terminal complexity: same modulation, coding, multiple access approaches and UE bandwidth than for unicast operation.Provision of simultaneous dedicated voice and MBMS services to the user.Available for paired and unpaired spectrum arrangements.

annEX


Spectrum flexibility

E-UTRA shall operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including 1.2 MHz, 1.6 MHz, 2. MHz, MHz, 10 MHz, 1 MHz and 20 MHz in both the uplink and downlink. Operation in paired and unpaired spectrum shall be supportedThe system shall be able to support content delivery over an aggregation of resources including Radio Band Resources (as well as power, adaptive scheduling, etc) in the same and different bands, in both uplink and downlink and in both adjacent and non-adjacent channel arrangements. A Radio Band Resource is defined as all spectrum available to an operator

co-existence and Inter-working with 3GPP radio access Technology (raT)

Co-existence in the same geographical area and co-location with GERAN/UTRAN on adjacent channels.E-UTRAN terminals supporting also UTRAN and/or GERAN operation should be able to support measurement of, and handover from and to, both 3GPP UTRAN and 3GPP GERAN.The interruption time during a handover of real-time services between E-UTRAN and UTRAN (or GERAN) should be less than 300 msec.

architecture and migration

Single E-UTRAN architectureThe E-UTRAN architecture shall be packet based, although provision should be made to support systems supporting real-time and conversational class trafficE-UTRAN architecture shall minimize the presence of single points of failureE-UTRAN architecture shall support an end-to-end QoSBackhaul communication protocols should be optimised

radio resource Management requirements

Enhanced support for end to end QoSEfficient support for transmission of higher layersSupport of load sharing and policy management across different Radio Access Technologies

complexity

Minimize the number of optionsNo redundant mandatory features

The Study Item phase was concluded in September 2006 and the Work Item for 3G Long Term Evolution was created. As expected, in particular the E-UTRA system will provide significantly higher data rates than Release 6 WCDMA. The increase in data rate is achieved especially through higher transmission bandwidth and support for MIMO.

In particular, the study showed that simultaneous support for UTRA and E-UTRA UEs in the same spectrum allocation was possible.

Solutions chosen for the physical layer and layers 2/3 showed a convergence between paired spectrum and unpaired spectrum solutions for the Long Term Evolution (e.g. initial access, handover procedures, measurements, frame and slot structures).

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