ICI March Issue 28 3 11 - Indian Concrete Institute 2011.pdf · Ultratech Cement Limited, gave a...
Transcript of ICI March Issue 28 3 11 - Indian Concrete Institute 2011.pdf · Ultratech Cement Limited, gave a...
ICI Update – March 2011 01
One welcome trend
which is clearly
discernible during
the recent past is
t h e c o n s i s t e n t
g r o w t h i n t h e
a d d i t i o n o f
students' chapters. ICI has been
adding at least one student chapter
every month during the past more
than a year. This issue contains
reports on new students' chapters,
including the one at IIT Madras. Local
ICI centres should take a clue from
this trend and devote little more
time and efforts in bringing students
of civil/structural/environmental
engineering from their region into the
ICI fold. ICI members who hold
faculty positions should encourage
students to open chapters in their
respective colleges. I am initiating a
proposal to give a further boost to this
trend, so that the student fraternity
feels that they are real beneficiaries.
The proposal will be discussed during
the next Governing Council meeting.
Incidentally, I feel that we need to take
serious cognizance of the recent
events in Japan. All of us were
shocked and greatly perturbed to
witness the catastrophe created by
Contents
the earthquake and the tsunami that
had struck Japan on March 11, 2011.
The effects of the sad event are still
unfolding. According to the United
States Geological Survey (USGS), this
earthquake was the largest ever
recorded in Japan and is the world's
fifth largest earthquake to strike since
1900. Japan is believed to be well-
equipped and prepared to resist
earthquakes of high intensity; yet the
devastations were horrendous.
The tragic events in Japan raise many
questions amongst Indians, especially
amongst the engineering fraternity.
Is India prepared to withstand high-
intensity earthquakes and tsunamis?
Prime Minister Dr. Manamohan Singh
was quick to order a “technical
review” of all critical installations.
The safety of critical structures
including nuclear installations is
certainly important. However, equally
pertinent question is about the safety
of all structures in densely populated
urban or rural areas. In recent
years reasonably high-intensity
earthquakes have struck India in
quick succession: Khilari (Latur) in
1993, Jabalpur in1997, Chamoli in
1999, Bhuj in 2001, Andaman in 2002,
Sumatra in 2004, Kashmir in 2005 and
From the President’s Desk
Sikkim in 2006. It is estimated that
nearly 70% of the Indian land mass is
prone to medium-to-high intensity
earthquakes. Despite certain laudable
efforts of many organizations and
individuals, the awareness about
earthquake-resistant design and
construction is still lacking in India.
Are we are in a position to state
confidently that the country is well
prepared to wi thstand large
earthquakes? Certainly, we have a
long way to go in achieving tangible
results in earthquake-preparedness.
Any earthquake is a sad reminder to
us about our shortcomings. In fact, we
should consider it as a wake-up call.
In this issue, we are including a write-
up by Prof C V R Murty on the theme
“Preparing for Earthquakes: Where
India Stands?” Considering the
sensitivity of the topic, we would
welcome worthwhile contributions on
this theme and request readers to
respond at an early date. The
contributions can also cover the role
that ICI can play in creating
awareness and render help in
bui lding earthquake -resistant
structures in India.
Vijay KulkarniPresident
March 2011 Vol. 3 Issue: 03
STEWOLS INDIA (P) LTD.5-10B & NS-6, Nagpur Industrial Estate,Kamnptee Road Uppalwadi Nagpur-440 026 INDIATel.: +91-712-2641040, 2640613, Fax No.: +91-712-2641760E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.stewols.com
• From the President’s Desk 1
• News from Centres 2
• ICI Students’ Chapters 6
• Forthcoming Events 12
• Discussion Forum 15
• Selected Seminar Papers 18
• New Members 25
ICI Nagpur Centre
Indian Concrete Institute, Nagpur Centre and
UltraTech Cement Ltd. has jointly instituted
Outstanding Concrete Structures Award of
Vidarbha with an objective of recognising &
appreciating outstanding concrete structures built in
Vidarbha. The event provided platform for
professional Engineers, Architects, Contractors &
Owners to showcase their good quality work that
enhances their dignity and motivates them for good
concrete constructions. The response to the
competition was overwhelming. 78 entries were
received from across Vidarbha. Function was
organised at Hotel Tuli International, Nagpur.
On this occasion, Dr. A. K. Mullick, Former
Director General, NCCBM, Ballabhgarh, New Delhi
delivered a technical lecture on “Sustainable
Concrete Constructions with Ternary Cement
Blends”.
Central Facility Building located in MIHAN,
Nagpur was adjudged as winner in Commercial /
Public building Category and Fathers' House
located at St. Vincent Palloti College of Engineering
& Technology campus on Wardha road was adjudged
as winner in Residential Building Category; and
were awarded in the function.
In the beginning, Mr. Ashwin Moghe, UltraTech
Cement presented the theme of the award while
Er. L. K. Jain, the Chairman of Jury constituted for
the awards spoke about the award and the process
followed to select the awardee. Dr. A. D. Pofale, Prof.
VNIT & Sr. Architect Ar. D. L. Naware were amongst
the Jury.
Er. K. C. Tayade, Chairman, ICI, Nagpur Centre and
Er. Ashwin Moghe, Asst. VP, Technical Services,
UltraTech Cement gave Plaques & Citations to the
contractors of these buildings. Certificate of Merit
was given to the Owners, Architectural Consultants
& Structural Consultants of the buildings. In
addition to awards, Letter of Appreciation was given
to few consultants & Owners for construction of good
quality buildings. Er. M. A. Kawalkar, Secretary, ICI
Nagpur proposed vote of thanks and the programme
was conducted by Er. Ish Jain.
Construction professionals in Vidarbha welcomed
the initiative of UltraTech Cement & ICI for the
promotion of good quality concrete constructions in
Vidarbha. The award distribution function was
attended by about 160 ICI members & leading
professionals from across Vidarbha.
News from Centres
ICI (Nagpur)-UltraTech Outstanding Concrete Structures Award of Vidarbha 2010-11held on 18/3/2011 @ Hotel Tuli International Sadar, Nagpur
K.C.Tayade, Chairman, ICI-Nagpur Centre
ICI Update – March 2011 02
Er.Hitesh Mogra, welcomes the participants
Dignitaries on the Dias
Concrete Institute and its activities in last one year in
the region. He requested all the engineers to share
their innovations & experiences in the field of
concrete through ICI technical seminars.
Key Speaker of the day Dr. Subrato Chowdhury, Joint
Executive President - Technical & HOD R&D Cell of
Ultratech Cement Limited, gave a presentation on 'A
consequential relation between Durability &
Sustainability of Concrete'.
In his presentation he emphasised that concrete
should be durable, constructible, predictable,
environment friendly and cost competitive. He
explained in detail the various aspects effecting
durability of concrete and spoke about major
research issues on Utilization of waste materials,
Prediction of life cycle of structure & Performance
based design for structures.
Dr.Subrato Chowdhury delivering lecture
Section of the audience
Meeting ended with vote of thanks by Mr.Avinsh Joshi, TSM, Ultratech Cement Limited, Jodhpur.
An evening Seminar on "Durability & Sustainability -
A Consequential Relation" was organized by Indian
Concrete Institute, Rajasthan State Centre and
Ultratech Cement Limited on March 12, 2011 in
Jodhpur city. The programme was held at Hotel Ajit
Bhawan, Jodhpur.
The Seminar was attended by more than 75 Civil
Engineers, Architects, Builders and Government
Department officials related to Construction.
Professors and post graduate students of MBM
Engineering Collage, Jodhpur were also present in
seminar.
Er.Hitesh Mogra, Treasurer, Indian Concrete
Institute - Rajasthan Centre, welcomed all the
distinguished guests and briefed about Indian
ICI Jaipur Centre
News from Centres
ICI Update – March 2011 03
Annual General Body Meeting of ICI Tamil Nadu
Chennai Centre was conducted on 19th March 2011
at ICSR Hall at IIT Madras to elect the new office
bearers for the period 2011-13. Mr. K. Jayasankar –
current chairman of ICI TNCC was re-elected
unanimously as Chairman to lead ICI TNCC to its
future ambitious orbit. Mr. K. G. K. Moorthy was
elected as Secretary & Treasurer. The newly elected
Executive Committee Members are: Er. N. P.
Rajmane, Dr. Ravindra Gettu, Dr. M. Sekar,
Dr. K. C. Pazhani, Mr. K. P. Pradeep, Prof.
T. Senthilnayakam and Er. P. Dinakar.
Er. R. Radhakrishnan, Secretary General was the
Returning Officer under whose supervision, the
election for the new office bearers was held.
Earlier, Er. K. Jayasankar, Chairman ICI TNCC gave
a presentation on the past performance of ICI TNCC.
Er. N. P. Rajamane, Secretary ICI TNCC spoke on the
occasion and thanked all those who supported ICI
TNCC during the last tenure.
All the members of ICI TNCC who were present at
the meeting applauded the efforts of ICI TNCC and
hoped that the trend would continue leaps and
bounds in the coming years too.
On this occasion, ICI TNCC launched its monthly
news bulletin 'Concrete Matters' exclusively for its
members. The bulletin would cover the various
activities of ICI TNCC on monthly basis, important
events and happenings on concrete across the
globe etc. There is also an exclusive section for
Student Chapters of ICI called 'Student Matters'
which covers all the activities conducted by the
student chapters of Tamil Nadu, Cross Word, Poster
and Slogan contest etc. The inaugural edition of
'Concrete Matters' was released by Er. Zacharia
George, Founder Secretary General, ICI.
Er.K.Jayasankar, Chairman , ICI-TNCC presenting the Annual Report
ICI Tamilnadu Chennai Centre
AGM and Elections
Er. Zacharia George, Founder Secretary General of ICI releasing the news letter of Chennai Centre
News from Centres
Section of participants
ICI Update – March 2011 04
Dr. C. V. R. Murthy delivering the Lecture
Newly elected Executive Committee Members of ICI-TNCC
Dr. Ravindra Gettu introducing Dr. C. V. R. Murthy
Dr.M.Sekar, Dean Anna University giving memento to Dr.C.V.R.Murthy
News from Centres
ICI-Mah-Mumbai Centre invites nominations for
the election of its office-bearers. Last date for filing
the nominations is 30-4-2011:
For details, pl contact :
Mr. A. D. Bhobe, Returning / Election officer,
ICI – MC Election for 2011 – 13, M/s. S. N. Bhobe &
Associates Pvt. Ltd., Unit No.10, Banking
Complex II, Unit No. 10, Plot No. 9 & 10,
Sector 19-A, Vashi, Navi Mumbai 400705
Elections for ICI-Maharashtra Mumbai Centre
ICI Mumbai Centre
Mobile : 9821120315,
Phone : 022 - 27831070, Fax : 022 - 27831173,
Email : [email protected]
ICI Update – March 2011 05
Round Table Workshops on 'Concrete Roads and White Topping Experience and Success in the USA’
The recently concluded Round Table Workshops on
'Concrete Roads and White Topping Experience and
Success in the USA' at Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai,
Hyderabad and Delhi during the week of 21-25
February 2011 was a big success and with whelming
response in all five major Metro areas. In Delhi,
these workshops were concluded with ICI Delhi
Center meeting with a good turnover and lot of
interest. These workshops were ICI activity and was
sponsored entirely by UltraTech Cement with Mr. A.
K. Jain, Technical Advisor, who was also a
contributor to these meetings with his initial
evaluation of Indian Scenario in concrete pavements
and great possibilities of the usage of concrete roads
and overlay (with white topping) on asphalt
pavements to give them a much better life with very
little maintenance. Dr. Gajanan Sabnis, Emeritus
Professor from Howard University and who spends
more time in India coordinated the US efforts,
moderated the discussions throughout the
programme.
The major objective of these Round Table meetings
was to bring the industry stakeholders together and
have a fruitful discussion on critical issues in
adopting the concrete roads and white topping in
India. The invitees included individuals, who are in
specifications and standards (NHAI, IRC, etc), BOT
Operators, decision makers in Governments and
semi-government bodies, leading project
management consultants, material suppliers,
equipment manufacturers, etc.
Mr. Suneel Vanikar of Federal Highway
Administration FHWA) of the US and Dr. Tom Van
Dam of Applied Pavements Technology of Hancock,
Michigan who also works with FHWA projects
covered the topics on a broader perspective. It was
felt that once the interest is created, the next step
would be to hold one-day workshop on one major
topic.
The event was planned and executed for invited
attendees, who would fall under the category of
decision makers or technocrats, who may execute the
large projects. Thus, the attendance was average of
75 in these meetings. The series was inaugurated in
Mumbai by Mr.Vijay Kulkarni, President of ICI
followed by four presentations by Mr. Vanikar and
Dr.Van Dam. The topics were : Long-life and
Sustainability of Concrete Roads considering Life-
Cycle; Two lift Construction of Concrete Roads with
Success stories in the USA; The Role of Preservation
in creating Sustainable Concrete Pavements; and
Concrete Overlays (White Topping) as a Cost-
effective Alternative.
PHOTO GALLARY OF ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
HYDERABAD
ICI Update – March 2011 06
DELHI
MUMBAI
Er. Shashi Gagar, Asstt. Vice President, Ultratech, Er. Vinay Gupta, Chairman, ICI- New Delhi Centre, Er. Suneel Vanikar, P.E., FHWA, Washington, DC, Dr. Thomas J. Van Dam, P.E., LEED AP, Applied Pavement Technology, Michigan at the Dais.
Er. Vinay Gupta, Chairman, ICI- New Delhi Centre, Er. R.K Jain, Er. Suneel Vanikar, Dr. Thomas J. Van Dam, Er. Sanjay Mathur, President, Ultratech.
ICI Update – March 2011 07
BENGALURUCHENNAI
ICI Update – March 2011 08
Erode Builders Educational Trust's Group of
Institutions, Nathakadaiyur, Kangayam, Tiruppur
District inaugurated the ICI Students' Chapter on
07th March 2011. Mr. R. Radhakrishnan, Secretary
General, ICI Headquarters was the Chief Guest and
inaugurated the Chapter. During his speech, he
explained the benefits to the students of ICI
Students' Chapter and the role of ICI in
disseminating the knowledge on making Good
Concrete. Mr. K. Jayasankar, Chairman, ICI-TN
Lighting the lamp by Er. V. N. Varadharajan, Correspondent, EBETi
Inauguration of the ICI Students' Chapter along with Office Bearers
Students Membership Certificate Issued by Mr. R. Radhakrishnan, Secretary General, ICI and
Received by Dr. E.K. Mohanraj, Professor, EBETi.
Appreciation Certificate distributed to students by Mr. R. Radhakrishnan, Secretary General, ICI
ICI Students’ Chapters
EBET-ICI Students' ChapterInauguration on 07.03.2011 (Monday) @ 10.30 am
Chennai Centre presided over the function and gave
a special lecture on 'Challenges in Making Durable
Concrete'. Er. V. N. Varadharajan, Correspondent,
EBETi, Er.K.P. Duraisamy, Trustee, EBETi, Dr. P.
Govindasamy, Dean (R&D), EBETi and Dr. E. K.
Mohanraj, Professor of Civil Engg., EBETi spoke on
the occasion. Team leaders from UltraTech Cement
Ltd, Asst. Professors and students participated in the
event. ICI Organizational Life Membership
Certificate was received by Er. V. N. Varadharajan,
Correspondent, EBETi, Student's Membership
Certificates were received by Dr. E. K. Mohanraj, ICI
Student's Chapter Co-ordinator, EBETi and
certificates were awarded to achievers' for their
academic excellence on this occasion.
ICI Update – March 2011 09
Mr. P. Nagesh, Head (Technical Services) Ultra tech Cements Ltd delivering the Lecture
Er.P.S.Niranjan, HOD, Civil Engg. Dept, with student toppers
ICI Students’ Chapters
ICI Students’ Chapter of MVJ College of
Engineering, Bengaluru organised one day
Workshop on “Concrete Mix Designs and
Admixtures'' on 9th March 2011 at Placement
Seminar Hall of the Institute. Mr. P. Nagesh, Head
(Technical Services), Ultra tech Cements Ltd., made
a presentation on the subject. Student toppers in the
subject 'Materials of Construction' were felicitated
during the function. Earlier Mr. P. S. Niranjan,
HOD, Civil Engg. Dept., welcomed the gathering.
The function was sponsored by Ultra tech Cements
Ltd., and concluded with vote of thanks.
MVJ College of Engineering Excel Group of Institutions
ICI Students’ Chapter of Civil Engineering
Department of Excel Group of Institutions,
organised a National Conference on 'Emerging
Trends in Construction Industry – NATCON 2011' on
3rd and 4th March 2011.
Prof. Dr. A. K. Natesan, Hon-Chairman, Excel Group
of Institutions presided over the function in the
presence of Dr. N. Madhan Karthik, Vice-Chairman,
Excel Group of Institutions, Dr. R. Malathy,
Principal, EEC, Dr. K. Bommanna Raja, Principal,
ECW, and Professors E. Rajendran and T.Sethurajan.
Er.C.Devarajan, Executive Director, URC
Constructions Pvt. Ltd., Erode and Dr. P.
Paramasivam, Professorial Fellow, National
University of Singapore, were the Chief Guests.
In the beginning, Dr. R. Malathy, elaborated the
theme of the conference and its objective. Dr. P.
Paramasivam, in his lecture emphasised
the importance of green building concept. Er. C.
Devarajan stressed on various cost control measures
in construction.
In his key note address Prof. D. Tensing spoke
on Design of Steel Structures – Limit State
Design'. Dr. S. Kothandaraman, spoke on 'Construction
Practices in Sustainable Development'. Dr. M.
Neelamegam made his presentation on 'Emerging
Trends in Advanced Cement Based Composites'.
ICI Update – March 2011 10
Ms.Poornima delivering vote of thanks
Er.K.Jayasankar, Chairman, ICI-TNCC welcoming the participants
Er.Elson, Chairman of the Student Chapter welcomes the gathering
Er.R.Radhakrishnan, Secretary General, ICI handing over the membership certificates
Office bearers of the Students’ Chapters with Guests
ICI Students’ Chapters
Students’ chapter of ICI got a shot in the arm when
the much coveted institution in India, IIT Madras
inaugurated the students’ chapter of ICI at its
campus on 19th March 2011. This is the 14th
Students’ Chapter in Tamil Nadu. Er. R. Radha
Krishnan, Secretary General, ICI inaugurated the
student chapter and handed over the certificates of
the student members to Prof. S. R. Gandhi, Head -
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras who
was the Chief Guest. Mr. Elson, Ph.D scholar, IIT
Madras is the Chairman of the student chapter.
Mr. Radhakrishnapillai, Assistant Professor,
Building Technology & Construction Management
(BTCM), Department of Civil Engineering, IIT
Madras will be the student co-ordinator. He was
instrumental in the start up of student chapter at IIT
Madras. The inauguration was attended by other
faculty members from IIT Madras and other
ICI members.
The student chapter inauguration was followed by an
earthshaking lecture by Dr. C. V. R. Murthy, Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Madras on
"Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures". He stressed the need for constructing
earthquake resistant structures as a service to
humanity.
IIT Madras
ICI Update – March 2011 11
ICI-Ghaziabad Centre is organising a National Conference on ‘Repair and Rehabilitation of
Concrete Structures’.
Forthcoming Events
ICI Update – March 2011 12
Forthcoming Events
ICI Update – March 2011 13
Forthcoming Events
ICI Update – March 2011 14
ICI Students' Chapter & Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,
Melmaruvathur is organising a two day National Conference on “Advances in Earthquake
Resistant Design and Construction Techniques" on 20th and 21st April 2011
Preparing for Earthquakes: Where India Stands?
Department of Civil EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology Madras
C. V. R. Murty
You must know this… earthquakes take place at
locations where there are mountains. If you want to
know the exact locations, take the relief globe from
your study room and run your finger along the
mountain line. You now have the complete data on
where most earthquakes have been occurring in the
world. Now, that is not the end of it. Earthquakes can
and have been occurring at other locations too,
particularly where there are not necessarily any
major mountain ranges; the 1993 earthquake in
Deccan plateau of Marathwada in central India is an
example of this from our country. In India, virtually
over 60% of the area is under the threat of moderate
to strong earthquake shaking.
The Earthquake Hazard
Understanding earthquakes is an on-going process.
Two questions are most frequently asked: (a) Why do
earthquakes occur, and (b) Can we predict
earthquakes? Let us address the first one. There is a
large differential pressure and temperature between
the center of the Earth and its surface; the pressure
inside is about 4 million atmospheres and the
temperature about 2500°C. Most matter inside the
Earth is in the hot molten form of lava. These
gradients coupled with the presence of large the heat
produced from the incessant decay of radioactive
elements in the rocks throughout the Earth's interior,
generates circulations in the Earth's mass. Of course,
the rate of this motion is very small, on an average of
about 50mm per year in active earthquake areas. The
journey of the Earth's crust moving on the mantle, is
what all of us participate in. Understandably, since
the pace of motion is not uniform across the entire
Earth, some parts move faster than the others do.
Consequently, the Earth's surface can be visualised to
consist of a number of pieces, called tectonic plates.
Also, the motion of these plates is not a smooth one
but happens in fits and starts, thanks to the limited
strength of the Earth's material to resist the strains
generated by these relative motions. So, every time a
tectonic plate moves more than its neighbour and
slips over it, large amount of strain energy is suddenly
released and there is a shaking of the Earth, which we
call an earthquake. The junctions of these plates are
named as faults. Again, many of these faults lie along
the mountains that all of us observe.
Now, coming to the second question on predicting
earthquakes, it is virtually impossible to predict
when and where the next earthquake will occur in the
world. Reports of having predicted earthquakes are
hotly debated even today. Most prediction studies are
based on a presumed structure of the Earth's cross-
section and on simplified models of the movement of
the Earth's crust. These developments are based on a
limited data that too from the top few kilometers of
the Earth's crust. Therefore, prediction studies have
effectively not taken off.
The Earthquake Preparedness
But whether earthquake prediction is possible or not,
one has to learn to live with them, if one insists on
living in areas with earthquake hazard. So, most
effort of scientists and engineers is focused on
earthquake preparedness, from both engineering
and sociological points of view. To prepare facing
earthquakes, we must know two basic characteristics
of earthquakes, namely Magnitude and Intensity.
The former is a measure of the amount of energy
Discussion Forum
[The enclosed write -up by Prof. C V R Murthy was originally posted on the website of National Information
Center of Earthquake Engineering (NICEE) at IIT, Kanpur ( http://www.nicee.org ). On our request, the author
has modified the original write-up and the same is included here for wider dissemination and generating healthy
debate on the issue. We would welcome comments from members. - Editor]
ICI Update – March 2011 15
released by the Earth during the earthquake.
Magnitude is represented on a numerical Magnitude
scale; many scales are used. Richter Magnitude scale
is one using the natural logarithm of maximum
displacement experienced by the ground. An
earthquake of Richter magnitude around 5.0
releases as much energy as that discharged by the
Hiroshima nuclear bomb. As the magnitude goes up
by 1.0 on the Richter scale, the energy release
increases by about 30 times.
On the other hand, the consequence of the above
energy released by the earth is the damage and
destruction to natural and man-made facilities.
Understandably, the damage will vary depending on
the proximity of the facility to the region where the
slip has taken place along the earthquake fault. The
extent of this damage is measured on another scale
called the Intensity scale; many scales are used. MSK
Intensity scale is one of them. This scale is a
qualitative one and represented on a Roman scale I
to XII. Shaking from about intensity IV is felt by all
human beings. Shaking intensities VIII and IX
reflect heavy damage in buildings. When shaking of
the Earth reaches the upper end of XII on the MSK
intensity scale, the surface of the Earth is severely
distorted. Based on the occurrence of earthquakes in
the past in and around India, the country is divided
into four seismic zones, namely zones II, III, IV and
IV, where II is the least severe and V the most severe.
Based on this zoning, about 60% of India's land area
is under moderate seismic threat or more, i.e., under
seismic zone III or above. In fact, the 1993 Killari
earthquake in which over 10,000 persons died,
occurred in an area that was considered to be not
earthquake prone, i.e., in the earlier seismic zone I.
After this event, the seismic zone map has been
revised to have only four seismic zones, with zone I
merged to zone II. Now, amongst our four mega-
cities, Delhi is in seismic zone IV, while Bombay,
Calcutta and Madras are in seismic zone III. Despite
this level of seismic hazard, little is being done,
particularly in these cities, to make the development
akin to earthquake shaking. The quality of
architecture, design and construction is way behind
the expected seismic standards.
Earthquake-Proof versus Earthquake
Resistant Constructions
The common man concept of an earthquake-proof
house is only heuristic. If one attempts to make a
house that will not incur any damage during a large
earthquake, it is likely that another pyramid will be
built, though not of the Egyptian scale. Yes, it is
uneconomical to build houses, or any structure for
that matter, that don't incur any damage during
strong earthquake shaking. Therefore, some amount
of damage is permitted in structures, the extent being
decided based on the performance demand on the
damaged structures. Hence, engineering effort is to
balance the cost of the structure with the controlled-
damage in it during an earthquake. The engineers
who are already well conversant with making
structures for non-earthquake conditions, can design
such structures, termed as earthquake-resistant
structures, with a additional education.
Design of structures for earthquakes is different from
that for other natural phenomenon, like wind and
wave. An earthquake imposes displacement on the
structure, while winds and waves apply force on it.
The displacement imposed at the base of a structure
during an earthquake causes inertia forces to be
generated in it, which are responsible for damage in
the structure. As a consequence of this, the mass of
the structure being designed assumes importance;
more the mass, higher is the inertia force. After a
whole gamut of earthquake
experiences collected during the 20th century from
across the world, today the earthquake engineering
community agrees that there are four virtues of an
earthquake-resistant structure. These are: (a) good
configuration – features of building size, shape and
structural system that are not detrimental to
favourable seismic behaviour, (b) adequate stiffness –
capacity to not deform too much, (c) sufficient
strength – capacity to resist earthquake forces, and
(d) large ductility – capacity to stay stable even after a
damaging earthquake. Engineers designing
structures for winds and waves, tend to mostly
concentrate their attention on the first two aspects,
Discussion Forum
ICI Update – March 2011 16
namely strength and stiffness. However, in
earthquake design, the latter two virtues assume a
more important role. The following parallel helps in
better remembering these four virtues. In looking for
a bride-groom for your daughter, you are looking at a
prospective son-in-law who (a) has no vices (Of
course, this depends on what your vices are!!), (b) is
educated, so that he can easily find another job if the
company he is working in winds up, (c) is rich, so that
he can take care of the shopping requirements of
your daughter, and (d) can bend-backwards, to the
rather abrupt changes in mood of your daughter.
Earthquake Engineering Education in
India
India has had many moderate earthquakes since
1988 as reminders to improve the earthquake
preparedness of the country, e.g., 1988 Bihar-Nepal,
1991 Uttarkashi, 1993 Killari, 1997 Jabalpur, 1999
Chamoli, 2001 Bhuj, 2002 Diglipur, 2004 Sumatra and
2005 Kashmir earthquakes. And, historically, some of
the great earthquakes (Richter Magnitudes >8.0)
have occurred in India and that too four in the last
114 years. Every time an earthquake took place in the
country, the world seismic community has taken
advantage of the experiences from the event, but we,
in India, do not seem to done as much as one has seen
in similar other countries with earthquake problem.
In the past five decades, the earthquake engineering
and preparedness education has been primarily
restricted to within the classrooms. Today, the
number of persons interested in improving the
earthquake preparedness in the country is
effectively small.
In 2003, Gujarat state passed an act to prepare the
state better against natural disasters. In 2005, the
Disasters Management Act was passed, and country
is in the nascent stage of preparing to resist
earthquakes. Even now, there is lot to be done
towards earthquake preparedness and mitigation.
For instance, earthquake engineering is taught as a
specialisation only at the University of Roorkee and
as an elective course at a few of the IITs and other
engineering colleges in the country. In fact, the
subject has been so mystified that it is unfortunately
considered to be different from the mainstream civil
engineering. Consequently, there is a serious
shortage of trained civil engineering manpower with
background in earthquake-resistant constructions.
Even today most consulting engineers do not follow
even the available Indian Standard design provisions
for making earthquake-resistant constructions, even
in projects being executed in the Delhi, which is in
seismic zone IV. The proliferation of an average of
~30,000-60,000 open ground storey buildings in each
of the 59 towns and cities in seismic zones III, IV and
V during 1990-2011, is a testimony of our fragile and
vulnerability building stock as demonstrated by the
2001 Bhuj earthquake. These buildings with 230mm
columns supporting even up to 20 storeys are being
built even today with no design but with prescriptive
thumb rules. But, over the last century, seismic
engineering has evolved in countries like Japan, New
Zealand and USA, and is reasonably well
documented. The Indian professional community
can learn from this vast experience available across
the world.
The Nation at the Cross-Roads even
today…
And yes, you must know this too… earthquakes don't
kill people; structures built by man kill people. With
frequent reminders of moderate earthquakes staring
into our eyes, India is
still at the crossroads of earthquake preparedness
and mitigation. It has two options to choose from –
prepare now or pay later. For a country with relatively
fragile economy, dense demographic distribution
and vulnerable constructions that are standing
precariously, the second option will be an expensive
proposition. Even if it means an uphill task, time is
ripe to take the challenge with open arms… of
earthquake preparedness and mitigation.
Discussion Forum
ICI Update – March 2011 17
The author describes Indian experience in achieving long-term durability. Salient aspects of design, construction
and materials used in four ancient structures are described. All the four structures have withstood the test of time
and are still performing well even after 1000 years! Ancient Indian architects and engineers (sthapaties) avoided
using bricks, timber,and steel which have limited service life. Instead, they extensively used stone masonary to
ensure 1000-year durability. Further, the shape of the structure was designed in such a way that it was able to
withstand the effects of rains, earthquakes and wind over centuries.
Keywords: temples, ghats, stone masonry, vastu, sthapaties
* Dr C V Kand, Retired Chief Engineer (Designs), P.W.D., Madhya Pradesh.
Indian Experience in Sustainabilityof Civil Engineering Structures
C. V. Kand*
Introduction
Indian Science of Structures – Vastushastra
Thousand years ago Raja Bhoj King of Dhar in
Madhya Pradesh created several long life structures
in India. He not only created the structures but also
wrote a book entitled “Samarangan Sutradhar”
meaning creator of campus development –
“sthapati”, wherein he describes the philosophy,
procedures and technical details of some long life
structures – Vastu. The basic principle in making
these structures is explained. Vastu must be durable,
aesthetically beautiful and useful to the community.
This paper highlights the durability aspects of four
historical structures. Details of two of the structures
built by Raja Bhoj are described. One is the large lake
wall at Kamla Park, Bhopal and another is the
Shankar Temple at Bhojpur near Bhopal, which was
completed upto roof level but the shikhar was not
done. Third structures is Atharnalla Bridge in
Jagannath puri town and the fourth one is the
massive ghats at Vrindawan built on well foundation.
Itis interesting to note that well foundation
techniquewas evolved inIndia in eleventh century.
All these structures are thousand years old and are
still serving the community. Some aspectsof
durability are explained of these structures. Out of
these three are hydraulicstructures.
Kamla Park Bund at Bhopal : (Figs 1, 2 and 3)
An important road in Bhopal town passing from the
then centre of the town towards south east and west
MeeMJeleb megvojb Jeemleg, Ghe³egkeÌleb ®e led YeJesled~
was constructed during the 1070-90 A.D. For route
location, places of worship and source of water were
the focal points during those days. Raja Bhoj
constructed Bada Talab (upper lake) at Bhopal by
constructing a wide Bund Wall about 125 m. wide, 400
m. long and 18 m. high. Several temples were
constructed along the lake. The Bund Wall carried a
garden and a highway. Thus, this long stretch had a
lake, number of temples, a garden and a highway
going out of the town. This place is known as Kamla
Park. The temples are now destroyed. However, the
old Bund wall, garden and the Highway are intact.
The structure of the Bund wall has the following
features.
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 18
i) The wall is made up of 600mm x 500mm size stones
with length more than 2 m, laid at lowest level on both
faces of the wall to a height of 6 m to 9 m.
ii) Dry masonry wall 4.5 m in height.
iii) Masonry wall in lime mortar for 4.5 m height.
iv) One metre high parapet wall with 2.5 x 0.6 x 0.2 m
cut stone coping above.
v) Portion in between walls on both faces is filled by
boulder and murum.
Dams with Earth Backing Masonry Walls
In India, there are several examples of dams
constructed by the technique of earth backing to
masonry walls. Hussain Sagar constructed in 1562
A.D. is usually quoted as the first work of its
type. However, Kamla Park bund was completed in
the eleventh century (1090 A.D.) itself. Similarly,
Bhojpur dam was also built in the eleventh century
by adopting this very technique .
The walls of Kamla park bund are of dry stone with
mud mortar. There are no weep holes. The pore
pressure is released through the mud mortar joint.
That is why the structure has stood well for
1000 years. However considerable traffic is allowed
on the top.
This is causing vibratory load and pollution. Some
temples and mosques are constructed on the top.
There was a proposal to build flyover founded on this
bund. The author has advised authorities not to do
so. Pipe lines are being laid on the bund which leak.
Without properly understanding the stability
aspects, pointing is being done at outer dry masonry
wall. There is perhaps no example of an earthen
bund 18 m high standing safe for 1000 years. The
parapet wall consists of large stones which are not
disturbed due to usage. The main features of
durability of the bund are :
i) Use of large stones weighing 1.5 tons in bund work.
These cannot be easily disturbed.
ii) Mud mortar to release pore pressure.
iii) Large stones on parapet do not get disturbed
when used for sitting.
iv) Compaction of earth boulder fill was done by
elephants who were used to carry stones from
quarries.
Bhojpur Temple
Raja Bhoj wanted to build twenty one temples in the
country. He built some temples along the large lake.
About 30 km from Bhopal is Bhojpur temple along
the Betwa river. A large masonry bund was built
across Betwa by Raja Bhoj. The same was breached
and dismantled by the Sultan of Hoshangabad since
his son died in the lake. At this bund Raja Bhoj built
Shankar Mandir. It has no Shikhar. One story says
that Raja Bhoj could not complete the roof. Another
story says this was also dismantled by the Sultan.
Some specialties of the temples are :
• Large stones used in the masonry wall. The
Shankar pindi is more than 6m high. It is
carved from the natural stone and is intact.
Durability of a structure depend on the quantum of
joints which are affected by heat and humidity. In the
stone masonry which is being done now, the number
of joints is 30 to 35%. In Ashlar masonry the joints
account for only 15%. If a stone is chiseled on all six
sides and used in masonry, the number of joints is
less than 10%. That is why such a stone masonry is
more durable and can last for 1000 years.
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 19
Fig. 4 Atharanala over the Madupur stream near Puri, Orissa. Reprodution of a plan by Stirling Asiatic Researches, Vol. XV, F. p. 336.
Hemanpant, an architect and prime minister of King
of Devgiri (Aurangabad) evolved a technique known
as Hemandpanth temple. Mortar was not used for
joints. Stones were chiseled on all sides and placed
one above each other. Vertical joint between two
layers was by socket in lower stone and spigart on
upper stone. Joints in horizontal layers were copper
plates fixed on two adjoining stones and the gap was
filled by led. Spanning for roof was done by
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 20
corbelling as shown in the sketch. Even domes were
built by corbelling of layers. Frames of doors used to
be of stones.
Ancient engineers knew that bricks, timber, lime
mortar, steel are the materials which cannot last long.
Use of these materials was avoided in the tructures.
Doors used to be made of copper plates. Many such
Hemandpant temples are built in Maharashtra.
Some of these are more than 600 years old. A king in
south India gave a challenge to the architect to build
a temple which can last for 1000 years. One architect
took the challenge & built a temple. On the stone
wall, there is an inscription which says –
Deefve<ìkeÀced DemegOeced DeueesnkeÀced DeoeªJeve ®ekeÀejme:
“I have built a 1000 years temple where there are no
bricks, no lime, no timber and no steel”.
Durability of temple also depends upon the shape.
Generally, a temple or even a mosque or church was
constructed to be the tallest structure in the town so
that whenever one comes out of the house, one
should see the pinnacle of the place of worship, fold
his/her hands and pray. Such tall structures are
subjected to rainfall, wind and earthquake effects.
Therefore the slope should be such that it can stand
these effects. Moreover it should be the most
beautiful, massive and pleasing structure. Temple
designers of past had a very disciplined ritual.
Besides pranayam and exercise, they were asked to
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 21
observations develop a concept of tall and beautiful
temples. That is why temple has wide base and
sloping shape reducing with height. The shape
should be safe against wind and earthquake.
Rainwater is quickly drained out from the slopes.
Concept of aesthetics also came from the
observations of nature. Besides, these observations
of nature gave Sthapati a peace of mind and faculty of
imagination.
3.5 Ancient Sthapatis have laid down 5 essential
requirements of a structure.
• Basic material,
• Jointing material,
• Stability (design),
• Aesthetics and
• Rhythm.
A structure is going to vibrate due to wind and
earthquake. In order that it is stable, it must have a
rhythm so that it does not fall by vibration like a
experienced dancer who bends in any direction but
maintains her posture by practice. All these
ingredients give a long life sustainability to a
structure. The shape of a place of worship is square
so that effect of earthquake is equal in all directions .
Concept of a square shape came from human body. If
you stand and stretch your two hands, the height and
width are equal. It is a square shape. Places of
worship face East so that morning sunrays make it
disinfectant. A temple structure is not in the form of
long straight walls. Several offsets sides are provided
by providing perpendicular wall length at 1 m. or 2 m
distance. Long straight wall is fully heated. It is not
pleasant to look at. In offset structure half the area
gets direct sunlight but adjoining is in shadow. Thus,
the structure is protected from the effect of heat and
looks pleasing. These are the concepts of
sustainability for 1000 years of temples in India.
Temples of Khajuraho, Mahakal (Ujjain),
Omkareshwar and many other temples in India are
more than 1000 years old. The materials, the shape,
the least joints, aesthetics and rhythm imparted to
them have made them sustainable for 1000 years.
Athar Nalla Bridge Jagannathpuri (Orissa) (Fig. 4)
The road from Bengal to Jagannath-Puri is lined with
a number of bridges constructed on the horizontal
corbel formula characteristic of Hindu works. In this
structure the arches are formed by making each
successive layer of masonry overlap the layer below
until the two piers come at the top to within a foot of
each other, then, on the space between, a long narrow
block of stone is laid as a sort of keystone. The
Archaeological Survey of India restored two of such
bridges:
The Atharanala over the Madhupur stream, north-
east of Puri, and the Tentulimala, over the Madaguiin
river, near Jajpur.
The former is built of sandstone and laterite and is 84
m. long, 5.4 m. wide and has 19 openings. The piers
are 2.1 m. wide with intervening spans of about 2.4 m
and the corbelled spans are finally closed with a deep
lintel across them. The two centre spans and their
piers are wider and the bridge rises gradually from
the banks to the centre; the abutments at the ends of
the work are rounded on both sides to resist the force
of the current; the corners of the piers too have been
rounded off on the east face.
No other bridge in India was serviceable for 1000
years. Recently some repairs have been carried out.
Indian sthapatis (architects and engineers) were
aware that a large part of India is subjected to
Earthquake effects. Earthquakes 5000 years ago
submerged Dwarka and several buildings in
Maharashtra around Latur collapsed and huge
stones were thrown above and dumped in areas upto
200 km in this earthquake. It was not possible to
predict when earthquake would come. Ancient
Rishis like Parashar advised people to build Shankar
Mandir in zones worst affected by Earthquake and
pray The Lord to prevent severe earthquakes.
Jyotirlings were established in Earthquake affected
areas. These are at Somnath in Saurashtra,
Trimbakeshwar, Bhimashankar, Ondhya Nagnath,
Parali Vajnath, Nageshwar in Maharashtra,
R a m e s h w a r a n d S h r i s h a i l a m i n S o u t h ,
Omkareshwar and Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh,
Varanasi and Kedarnath in UP. All these regions are
earthquake prone regions.
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 22
Recent earthquake at Koyna, Khillare (Latur)
Jabalpur and Kuch have proved this. Therefore
Indian sthapaties knew that Arch shape evolved in
Egypt is not suitable for Indian conditions. Therefore
in old temples, Corbel system was adopted. It was
only during Moghal period, Arch form was used in
temples, mosque and bridges in India. Masonry arch
bridges cannot survive in severe earthquake. The
case of Atharnalla has proved that Corbel shape is
more durable & can sustain for 1000 years.
Ghats at Vrindavan(Fig. 5)
In the past, towns/cities used to be established along
river courses, particularly on the convex bank of the
river since there used to be a pool of water near
convex bank in summer. Concave bank has silty bed.
But there will be scouring of convex bank during
monsoon. Thus, there was a need to protect bank
where town was established an particularly where
rock was not available. Foundation of temples on
river bank used to go deep and became costly.
Therefore ghat were established on the banks which
acted as protective apron and protected scouring of
bank. Besides this, ghats also were useful for bathing.
Even cognations, discourses used to be held on flat
platform of the ghats. Indian culture, music dances
developed on these ghats in the vicinity of temples.
Where rock was not available, foundations of ghat
gave trouble and ghats used to collapse. The same
thing happened at Vrindavan (Mathura) along the
bank of Yamuna river, where pilgrims used to come to
visit. Vrindawan is a place of Lord Krishna. Ghats
were built on sandy bed for the pilgrims but these
used to collapse and could not last for three to four
years. Moreover, many buildings along Yamuna bank
suffered from scouring of sandy river bed. Even some
bridges used to collapse. Thus, in alluvial beds strong
& deep foundations were required for bridges,
buildings and ghats.
The bridges then were usually founded on small
wells usually filled up with lime and broken bricks,
and supporting a continuous masonry platform. In
moveable alluvium, piles would have been
inefficient, for the people had no machines with
which piles of a sufficient length could be driven,
timber moreover could not be procured easily. On the
other hand the means of making bricks were
available everywhere and the use of wells had been
“acknowledged as the standard resource in the
system of hydraulic architecture of upper India”.
It was probably tried out by Hindus on the banks of
sacred rivers. At Mathura and Brindaban where
flights of steps or ghats sweep the whole line of the
Jamuna river, wells have been extensively used in
foundations. The Muslim buildings at Agra, where
the proximity of the river made it necessary to have
deep foundations, are also largely indebted to wells.
European engineers at the end of the XVIIIth
century recognized the advantages of this native
conception. In 1804, Legoux de Flaix, once an officer
in the French military engineering corps, published a
memoir in which he demonstrated that Indian
bridges could have no better foundations and in the
early XIXth century the British built some of their
bridges on the same principles.
Taj Mahal and Jodhabai palace at Prayag have well
foundations on the outer periphery. Well foundation
at Brindavan was provided in eleventh century. It is
more than 1000 years old.
Well foundations have been adopted for Yamuna
bridge at Naini (Allahabad) by the British Engineers.
Wells at Tajmahal, Brindawan ghat have a diameter
of 10 feet and these have gone upto 12 m. Dewatering
used to be done by MOT (leather pan).
It was possible for Indian sthapatis to create
structure which can last for 1000 years by continuous
observations of nature and imagination.
Faiths, Continuous Study of Nature, Prayers
Indian engineers were aware that any structure is
affected by rains, wind, environmental efforts and
earthquakes. Therefore at the foundation ceremony
of a structure they would recite a prayer –
Meb vees JeªCe: Meb vees OeeefjCeer
Meb vees ceeªle: Meb vees YeJeleg De³e&cee
[Let the God of rains protect the structure. Let the
earth on which it is resting protect it from
disturbances like earthquake. Let the wind protect it.
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 23
And last but not least, let the god of environment i.e.
Sun protect it from its ill effects.]
It was perhaps only in India that considerable
attention was given to the training and daily rituals to
be followed by sthapatis. Daily observation of natural
shapes and aesthetics of forest, hillock was
prescribed to attain creativity for long sustainable
s t r u c t u r e s l i k e t e m p l e s . S a i n t R a m d a s
(Maharashtra) has advised that for happiness and
creativity, one must absorb the shape and beauty of
natural creations.
Modern science and technology does not talk about
training and self development of engineers. There is
no place for prayers. These are essential for creating
long life sustainable structures.
At the time of inauguration of the structure the
prayer in Vastupuja is –
mebkeÀuHeef®eblevew: Jeemlees meesefJeYeep³eeMe SJe ces~
ÖeefmeoHeener ceeie& efJeÍJesMe osefn .ces ienpeced megKeced~~
[I have thought of this Vastu structure for days and it
is now inseparable part of my personality. Oh God, be
kind enough and protect the structure and protect its
users, protect me, give us happiness derived from
observing aesthetically beautiful structure.
Conclusions
Long life sustainability of structures described above
and many other structures in India has been
obtained by:.
• Adopting large stones in the structure so that
heavy mass is not disturbed due to usage and
the number of joints is reduced. Spigot and
socket joints and copper strips at joints in place
of mortar gave stability. Stones were chiseled
on all six faces.
• Avoiding use of bricks, timber, steel which have
limited life.
• Choosing such a shape that the same can
sustain the effect of rains, earthquake and
wind.
• Evolve the concept of rhythm by observing the
same in natural shapes
• To achieve creativity and concept of durability
and by constant study and o b s e r v a t i o n s o f
nature and attain regulated life style and
mental strength by sthapatis in the personality
by penance and impart rhythm, aesthetics &
durability to the Vastu.
References
1. Samarangan Sutradhar by Raja Bho (Sanskrit).
2. The Ancient Bridges of India by Jean Deloche,
Arbindo Ashram, Pondicherry
Selected Seminar Papers
ICI Update – March 2011 24
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