Icefishing Icefishing for…for…

NeutrinosNeutrinos

Francis HalzenFrancis Halzen

University of University of WisconsinWisconsin

http://http://icecube.wisc.eduicecube.wisc.edu

seeingseeing

SeeingSeeing::Cosmic MessengersCosmic Messengers

•light ( Alhassan 1000 )light ( Alhassan 1000 )•light of other light of other wavelengths:wavelengths:

blue, blue, redred, , infraredinfrared, , X-X-raysrays, , radiowavesradiowaves,….,….

Supernova shocksexpanding in

interstellar medium

Crab nebulaCrab nebula

X-ray pictureX-ray picture Infrared pictureInfrared picture

Cosmic AcceleratorsCosmic AcceleratorsHigh EnergyHigh Energy

• large magnetic fieldlarge magnetic field• over large distancesover large distances

cfr cfr FermilabFermilab

requiresrequiresmany Teslamany Tesla(~10 Tesla)(~10 Tesla)

many kilometersmany kilometers(~4 km)(~4 km)

Crab nebula

Supernova shocksexpanding in

interstellar medium

Active Galaxies: JetsActive Galaxies: Jets

VLA image of Cygnus A

20 TeV gamma rays20 TeV gamma raysHigher energies obscured by IR lightHigher energies obscured by IR light

GammaGammaRayRayBurstBurst

1 pc ~ 3 ly ~ 101 pc ~ 3 ly ~ 101818 cm cm

1000 Mpc1000 Mpc

100 Mpc100 Mpc

10 Mpc10 Mpc

1 Mpc1 Mpc

100 kpc100 kpc

10 kpc10 kpc

1 kpc1 kpc

0.1 kpc0.1 kpc

gamma ray burstsgamma ray bursts

closest active galaxiesclosest active galaxieslocal supeclusterlocal supeclusterVirgoVirgo

halohalo

center of galaxycenter of galaxy

galaxy (scale height)galaxy (scale height)

SeeingSeeing::Cosmic MessengersCosmic Messengers

•light ( Alhassan 1000 )light ( Alhassan 1000 )•light of other light of other wavelengths:wavelengths:

blue, red, blue, red, infraredinfrared, X-, X-rays, radiowaves…rays, radiowaves…

•NeutrinosNeutrinos instead of instead of photons (particles of photons (particles of light)light)

Telescope User date Intended Use Actual use

Optical Galileo 1608 Navigation Moons of Jupiter

Optical Hubble 1929 Nebulae Expanding Universe

Radio Jansky 1932 Noise Radio galaxies

Micro-wave Penzias, Wilson

1965 Radio-galaxies, noise 3K cosmic

background

X-ray Giacconi … 1965 Sun, moon neutron stars

accreting binaries

Radio Hewish,

Bell 1967 Ionosphere Pulsars

-rays military 1960? Thermonuclear

explosions Gamma ray

bursts

New Window on Universe?New Window on Universe? Expect SurprisesExpect Surprises New Window on Universe?New Window on Universe? Expect SurprisesExpect Surprises

the science: a samplerthe science: a sampler• Source(s) of cosmic raysSource(s) of cosmic rays:

gamma-ray bursts, active galaxies, cosmological remnants…?

• Dark matterDark matter

• MoreMore

A particle that is almost A particle that is almost nothing may tell us everything nothing may tell us everything

about the Universe.about the Universe.

Christine Sutton,Christine Sutton,

in Spaceship Neutrinoin Spaceship Neutrino

You can see a lot by looking.You can see a lot by looking.

Yogi BerraYogi Berra

How large a neutrino telescope?How large a neutrino telescope?

Kilometer-scaleKilometer-scaleneutrino detectors?neutrino detectors?

How?How?

I have done a terrible thing, I I have done a terrible thing, I have invented a particle that have invented a particle that

cannot be detected.cannot be detected.

Wolfgang PauliWolfgang Pauli

neutrino

muon or tau Cerenkov

light cone

Detector interaction

•Infrequently, a cosmic neutrino is captured in the ice, i.e. the neutrino interacts with an ice nucleus

•The muon radiates blue light in its wake

•In the crash a muon (or electron, or tau) is produced

•Optical sensors capture (and map) the light

Optical ModuleOptical Module

How to build a How to build a detector detector

Use the phenomenon of Cherenkov lightUse the phenomenon of Cherenkov light

Copyright © 2001 Purdue University

neutrino

muon or tau Cherenkov

light cone

Detector interaction

•Infrequently, a cosmic neutrino is captured in the ice, i.e. the neutrino interacts with an ice nucleus

•In the crash a muon (or electron,

or tau) is produced

•The muon radiates blue light in its wake

•Optical sensors capture (and map) the light

South PoleSouth Pole

AMANDA– 1 mile deepAMANDA– 1 mile deep

Size perspectiveSize perspective

50 m

AMANDA AMANDA Event Event

Signatures:Signatures:MuonsMuons

AMANDA AMANDA Event Event

Signatures:Signatures:MuonsMuons

+ N + N + + XX

CC muon neutrinoCC muon neutrinoInteractionInteraction tracktrack

A real event in A real event in AMANDAAMANDA

• Recorded on May Recorded on May 1, 2003 1, 2003 (demonstrating (demonstrating “daily nu” “daily nu” realtime filtering)realtime filtering)

tim

eti

me

time

time

seeing with neutrinosseeing with neutrinos

Neutrino sky seen by AMANDANeutrino sky seen by AMANDA

• Monte Carlo methods verified on dataMonte Carlo methods verified on data

• ~ 300 neutrinos from 130 days of B-10 operation~ 300 neutrinos from 130 days of B-10 operation ((Nature 410, 441, 2001)

cos()

Data

Atmospheric n MC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-1 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0

Cos

events

AMANDA II 2000AMANDA II 2000

1555 events1555 events

AMANDA II 2000AMANDA II 2000

1555 events1555 events

The Challenge is TechnologicalThe Challenge is Technological

• Needle in a haystack: have to find each Needle in a haystack: have to find each neutrino in a background of more than neutrino in a background of more than one million background eventsone million background events

• Do this at a rate of 100 muons per secondDo this at a rate of 100 muons per second

• Deploy a particle physics detector in a Deploy a particle physics detector in a hostile environmenthostile environment

• Solutions demonstrated with AMANDASolutions demonstrated with AMANDA

We were lucky!We were lucky!

• Light travels more than 100 meters Light travels more than 100 meters in the ultra-pure, sterile icein the ultra-pure, sterile ice

• Scattering of the light is manageableScattering of the light is manageable• We use the existing infrastructure of We use the existing infrastructure of

the National Science Foundation’s the National Science Foundation’s South Pole Research StationSouth Pole Research Station

• Makes the construction of the ultimate kilometerMakes the construction of the ultimate kilometer--

scale neutrino observatory possiblescale neutrino observatory possible

Ignorance and luck represent a Ignorance and luck represent a powerful mix fostering original powerful mix fostering original

research.research.

Wisconsin Research Profiles in DiscoveryWisconsin Research Profiles in DiscoveryYes, it was me.Yes, it was me.

Seven Wonders of Modern Astronomy

The Sharpest The Biggest The Farthest Flung

The Most Extensive The Swiftest The Deadliest

The Wierdest

www.sciam.com/1999/1299engineering/1299musser.html

Science!Science!

1 km

2 km

1 km

deep and shallow ice deep and shallow ice for future IceCubefor future IceCube

IceCubeIceCube

0.02 0.1 0.5

ScatteringScatteringcoefficientcoefficient(1/m)(1/m)vs. depthvs. depth

Education and Outreach• Astronomy in the IceAstronomy in the Ice to

Science in the Ice

– Partner with NSF MSP SCALE project to bring Polar Science to nearly 1 million mostly underrepresented K-12 students

LA Denver

Madison Providence

• One time events to multi-media resourcesOne time events to multi-media resources

– Use Exploratorium “Origins” project, NSF’s eTeach & National Science Digital Library to produce & distribute interactive, engaging resources

• Math Science Partnership Collaborative ProposalMath Science Partnership Collaborative Proposal

– Build on Hands-on Universe model to provide student access to high energy cosmic ray and neutrino data

Building Building AMANDAAMANDABuilding Building

AMANDAAMANDA

Drilling Holes with Hot WaterDrilling Holes with Hot Water

The Optical ModuleThe Optical Module

Christchurch, New ZealandChristchurch, New ZealandInternational Antarctic CenterInternational Antarctic Center

McMurdo, AntarcticaMcMurdo, Antarctica

LC-130 HerculesLC-130 Hercules

thethe domedome

the new stationthe new station

Building AMANDABuilding AMANDA

Is ice the solution, really…?

Assessment:Assessment:The planned IceCube experiment can open a The planned IceCube experiment can open a new window on the Universe by detecting new window on the Universe by detecting very high energy neutrinos from objects very high energy neutrinos from objects across the Universe. The science is well across the Universe. The science is well motivated and exciting, the detection motivated and exciting, the detection technique is proven, and the experiment technique is proven, and the experiment appears ready for construction.appears ready for construction.

Neutrinos and Beyond: New Windows on NatureNeutrinos and Beyond: New Windows on Nature

South PoleSouth PoleDark sectorDark sector

AMANDAAMANDA

IceCubeIceCubePlanned Location 1 km eastPlanned Location 1 km east

Dome

SkiwaySkiway

South PoleSouth PoleDark sector

AMANDAAMANDA

IceCubeIceCube

Dome

Skiway

Assembled DOM

The IceCube CollaborationThe IceCube Collaboration(1) Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA(2) Fachbereich 8 Physik, BUGH Wuppertal, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany(3) Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Science Faculty CP230, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050

Brussels, Belgium(4) CTSPS, Clark-Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA(5) Dept. of Physics, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522 Japan(6) DESY-Zeuthen, D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany(7) Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW7 2BW, UK(8) Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA(9) Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA(10) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA(11) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA

16802, USA(12) Dept. of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA(13) Dept. of Physics, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA(14) Dept. of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA(15) Institute of Physics, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 7, D-55099 Mainz, Germany(16) Dept. of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA(17) University of Mons-Hainaut, 7000 Mons, Belgium(18) Departamento de Fisica, Universidad Simon Bolvar, Caracas, 1080, Venezuela(19) Dept. of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA(20) Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA(21) SSEC and PSL, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA(22) Physics Dept., University of Wisconsin, River Falls, WI 54022, USA(23) Division of High Energy Physics, Uppsala University, S-75121 Uppsala, Sweden(24) Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Utrecht University, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands(25) Dept. of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden(26) Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

The scientists are naïve and The scientists are naïve and arrogant. They can get tangled arrogant. They can get tangled

up in their own underwear up in their own underwear faster than anybody.faster than anybody.

Anthoni FragomeniAnthoni FragomeniCOBE observatory managerCOBE observatory manager

AMANDAAMANDA

DrillingDrillingeducation

IceCubeIceCube

• start 02start 02• first first

strings 04strings 04•

completed completed <09<09

IceCube Funding, by Phase

$0

$10

$20

$30

$40

$50

$60

$70

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013Fiscal Year

$M Concept/Development Implementation Operations & Maintenance

first 8 stringsfirst 8 strings

The sole purpose of human The sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in existence is to kindle a light in

the darkness of mere being.the darkness of mere being.

Carl Gustav YoungCarl Gustav Young

The EndThe End

Aurora Australis

IceCubeIceCube

1400 m1400 m

2400 m2400 m

AMANDAAMANDA

South PoleSouth Pole

IceTopIceTop

RunwayRunway• 80 Strings80 Strings

• 4800 PMT4800 PMT • Instrumented Instrumented

volume: 1 km3 volume: 1 km3 (1 Gton)(1 Gton)

• IceCube is designed IceCube is designed to detect neutrinos to detect neutrinos of all flavors at of all flavors at energies from 10energies from 1077 eV eV (SN) to 10(SN) to 102020 eV eV

1 km

AMANDAAMANDA IIII

µ-event in µ-event in IceCubeIceCube

300 atmospheric 300 atmospheric neutrinos per dayneutrinos per day

IceCubeIceCube:: -> Larger telescope-> Larger telescope -> Superior detector-> Superior detector

Eµ= 10 TeVEµ= 6 PeV

Muon EventsMuon Events

Measure energy by counting the number of fired PMT. (This is a very simple but robust method)

The effort to understand the The effort to understand the Universe is one of the very few Universe is one of the very few

things that lifts human life things that lifts human life above the level of farce and above the level of farce and gives it some of the grace of gives it some of the grace of

tragedytragedy

Steve WeinbergSteve Weinberg

The AMANDA detectorThe AMANDA detector

• Construction began in Construction began in 1995 (4 strings)1995 (4 strings)

• AMANDA-II completed in AMANDA-II completed in 2000 (19 strings total)2000 (19 strings total)

• 677 optical modules677 optical modules• 200 m across200 m across• ~500 m tall (most densely ~500 m tall (most densely

instrumented volume)instrumented volume)

The effort to understand the The effort to understand the Universe is one of the very few Universe is one of the very few

things that lifts human life things that lifts human life above the level of farce and above the level of farce and gives it some of the grace of gives it some of the grace of

tragedytragedy

Steve Weinberg

Blue glow of the particleBlue glow of the particle (produced by the neutrino at (produced by the neutrino at locations removed by up to locations removed by up to 10 kilometers) lights up the10 kilometers) lights up the

sensors in the icesensors in the ice

DAQ, Online filter

• Raw: ~4 MB/s

• Reconstructed: 100 GB/day

Tape

• Filtered: 10GB/day

Satellite

Data Rates

How large a neutrino telescope?How large a neutrino telescope?

• 1 neutrino per lifetime1 neutrino per lifetime (30,000 days) (30,000 days) in our in our bodybody (100 kg or 0.1 m(100 kg or 0.1 m33 ) means ) means

• 0.00003 per day in 0.1 m0.00003 per day in 0.1 m33 oror

• 3 per day in 100,000 m3 per day in 100,000 m33 ( roughly SuperK with( roughly SuperK with 40x40x40 m40x40x40 m33) or) or

• 300,000 per day in 300,000 per day in 101099 m m33 or or 1 km1 km33

IceCubeIceCube

Classroom visits – sharing the excitement, technology, and science

IceCube is part of the HEPAPIceCube is part of the HEPAP “ “Roadmap to Particle Physics”.Roadmap to Particle Physics”.

It is the only university basedIt is the only university based project.project.

AMANDA IIAMANDA II

•upgoing muonupgoing muon

• 61 modules61 modules

ttiimmee

size ~size ~ number of photonsnumber of photons

4~5 neutrinos/day4~5 neutrinos/day on-lineon-line

AMANDA IIAMANDA II

•upgoing muonupgoing muon

• 61 modules61 modules

ttiimmee

size ~size ~ number of photonsnumber of photons

4~5 neutrinos/day4~5 neutrinos/day on-lineon-line

Neutrino EventNeutrino Event

detecteddetected

October 26, 02October 26, 02

Point source search 2000Point source search 2000

AMANDA-IIAMANDA-II• Cuts optimized for Cuts optimized for

each declination each declination band band

• Analysis developed Analysis developed with azimuth-with azimuth-scrambled data for scrambled data for blindnessblindness

• 25,000 m25,000 m22 area above area above 10 TeV10 TeV

2000 data2000 data::Contamination by cosmic Contamination by cosmic ray muons: <10% (above ray muons: <10% (above 110 degrees)110 degrees)

AMANDA, South PoleAMANDA, South Pole

ENGINEERING AND INSTRUMENTATION-UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON

Hose Winch for the Ice Cube ProjectHose Winch for the Ice Cube ProjectHose Winch for the Ice Cube ProjectHose Winch for the Ice Cube Project

Receiving drum weldmentReceiving drum weldmentReceiving drum weldmentReceiving drum weldment

How to build a neutrino How to build a neutrino detectordetector

• Look for the neutrino’s interaction product (e,Look for the neutrino’s interaction product (e,,,))• Use the earth as a filterUse the earth as a filter

• 1:10,000,000 1:10,000,000

background rejection!background rejection!

EarthEarth

DetectorDetector

cosmic raycosmic ray