法務関係者 が知っておくべき 業務委託 と下請 の法 …2009/01/17 · 第1回企業法務 セミナー 法務関係者 が知っておくべき 業務委託 と下請
ICD NEWS - 法務省 FOR DEVELOPMENT ICD NEWS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DEPARTMENT RESEARCH AND...
263
LAW FOR DEVELOPMENT ICD NEWS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DEPARTMENT RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE 法務省法務総合研究所国際協力部報 法整備支援のささやかな経験から 前大阪地方裁判所長 野 孝義 ……… 1 東ティモール現地調査・現地セミナー報告 国際協力部教官 江藤美紀音 ……… 5 私たちのシンポ「アジア諸国の司法アクセス」 −法整備に関する学生のシンポジウム− 付 シンポジウム学生発表 国際協力部教官 中村 憲一 …… 13 ベトナム担保取引に関する政府議定の改正について JICA長期派遣専門家 西岡 剛 …… 86 中国民事訴訟法の改正条文等について（2） JICA長期派遣専門家 白出 博之 …… 121 日本ミャンマー司法制度比較共同研究 〜連邦最高裁判所長官ほかミャンマー裁判官招へい〜 国際協力部教官 國井 弘樹 …… 142 第40回ベトナム法整備支援研修〜国家賠償法〜 国際協力部教官 辻 保彦 …… 203 第41回ベトナム法整備支援研修〜民事簡易手続と事件管理〜 国際協力部教官 三浦 康子 …… 207 第 2 回インドネシア裁判官人材育成強化共同研究 国際協力部教官 三浦 康子 …… 213 第 5 回中央アジア地域法制比較研究セミナー 国際協力部教官 朝山 直木 …… 220 国際協力人材育成研修（第 4 回） 国際協力部教官 松本 剛 …… 224 〜国際協力の現場から〜 国際協力専門官 堀 友美 …… 259 巻頭言 特 集 出張報告 外国法令紹介 国際研究 国際研修 活動報告 第54号 2013.3 第54号 2013.3 目 次
Transcript of ICD NEWS - 法務省 FOR DEVELOPMENT ICD NEWS INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DEPARTMENT RESEARCH AND...
LAW FOR DEVELOPMENTICD NEWS
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION DEPARTMENTRESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE
MINISTRY OF JUSTICE
法 務 省 法 務 総 合 研 究 所 国 際 協 力 部 報
法整備支援のささやかな経験から 前大阪地方裁判所長 𠮷野 孝義………1
東ティモール現地調査・現地セミナー報告 国際協力部教官 江藤美紀音………5
私たちのシンポ「アジア諸国の司法アクセス」
−法整備に関する学生のシンポジウム−
付 シンポジウム学生発表 国際協力部教官 中村 憲一…… 13
ベトナム担保取引に関する政府議定の改正について JICA長期派遣専門家 西岡 剛…… 86
中国民事訴訟法の改正条文等について（2） JICA長期派遣専門家 白出 博之……121
日本ミャンマー司法制度比較共同研究
〜連邦最高裁判所長官ほかミャンマー裁判官招へい〜 国際協力部教官 國井 弘樹……142
第40回ベトナム法整備支援研修〜国家賠償法〜 国際協力部教官 辻 保彦……203
第41回ベトナム法整備支援研修〜民事簡易手続と事件管理〜
国際協力部教官 三浦 康子……207
第 2 回インドネシア裁判官人材育成強化共同研究 国際協力部教官 三浦 康子……213
第 5 回中央アジア地域法制比較研究セミナー 国際協力部教官 朝山 直木……220
国際協力人材育成研修（第 4回） 国際協力部教官 松本 剛……224
〜国際協力の現場から〜 国際協力専門官 堀 友美……259
巻頭言
特 集
出張報告
外国法令紹介
国際研究
国際研修
活動報告
第54号2013.3第54号2013.3
目 次
1
�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
2
2
3
JICA
3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
4
4
5
JICA
JAKARTA INTERNATIONAL LAW
OFFICE JICAICDNEWS
HP
UNMIT
UNDP
AATL
ADR
JSMP
5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
6
HP
http://www.mj.gov.tl/?q=node/368
�
7
CoC
OPD UNTAET
LTC
LTC
�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
8
AATL
AATL
LTC
NGO
JSMP
NGO
DV
HP
Ausaid
USaid
JSMP HP
http://jsmp.tl/en/jsmp-publications/
DV
�
9
LTC
�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
10
UNMIT
UNMIT
UNDP
UNMIT
UNMIT
UNMIT
UNDP
UNDP
LTC
NGO
LTC UNDP
UNDP
UNDP
UNODC
UNDP
LTC
�0
11
LTC
UNDP
HP
http://www.timor-leste.emb-japan.go.jp/
UNMIT
DV
LTC
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
12
UNTAET
LTC
LTC
JMSP HP
JICA
UNDP
UNDP
UNDP
�2
13
CALE
1
2
CALE http://cale.law.nagoya-u.ac.jp/
3
�3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
14
2012 in
�4
15�5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
16��
17
.
/
2.38
51.4 : 48.6
6242 (2011) 6,201 (2010 )
3,094 /3,107
14,952,665(July.2012)
:7,234,699
:7,717,966
92
94.7 87.4
92%(2011)
93.9 86.4(15 )
72.6 2005
82.5 63.2 89% 86%
88.1
9.3
6.1
3.2
1.8
0.6
0.1
0.1
90%
(5%)
4%
75% Buddhism 95%
200~300 135 49 24
68.9 65.2 63 2010 60.5 / 64.3
1 GDP PPP (USD)
1 GNI (USD)
4347
336000
804 (2011) 3,005 (2012 )
2,242 (2011 )
$900 2011
2,080
(%) 6.5% 5.5%(2011) 8.3 (2012 ) 6.1
% 11.96 27.6 2008 31 2007
% (GDP )
13.1
8
25.7
0.7
6.4
17.3
9.4
9.5
9.4
0.5
40.3%
16.9%
4.2%
11.9%
21.0%( )
2011
75
8%
15%
2%
2008
72.29
0.07
6.19
0.23
2.04
7.75
2.34
0.25
4.41
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
18
249
65
4028
67925
2011
16
1
140
8805
23
1
8
14,073(2008)
.
6-3-3-4 5 5 6 3 9
/
148,964 22,035
20,721 10,365
7,980 3,705
1,902 298
119%
74%
21%
36( ),112
40%
2009 ,2010
5,129
3,839
833
371
32
4
50
1
92.7%
--
--
--
--
13
--
0
94
17
2009
.
89
22
330
26
295
26
1 1
39
0
17
3
1
1
1
1
23
1
10
5300
2.2
1500 375 2012
29
5.87
271 2011
1.8
��
19
2
9
70~150 / 200
10
5500
2.3
1200
9
348 2012
5.45
70~150 /
144 2011
0.9
--
--
10
16000
6.7
35000 159
2.49
4,000 /
754 2011
5.06
--
Ex. 5~10%
2,000 --
--
1,000 --
3,500 --
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
20
.
Legal Aid Clinic
Village chief elders,
Commune councils
LBA
--
NGO NGOs
HP
UNDP
the Asia Foundation
the European
Community
20
21
.
/
8,784 2011 2850
1380 /1400
133,972 114 3667
575,165/568,502
95%
97% 96%
15~24
100
96.3/89.5
(2000-2006 )
58.6
98
1
1
54 (80 )
(5.5 )
(5 )
(3 )
55 3
75 66/72( / )
2010~2015
73.3 2010 68.27
1 GDP PPP (USD)
1 GNI (USD)
1,374
1,100
( 2,910
)
1572
1280
34,999 2011
4,382 2010
8800
(%) 5.9% 8.3%( ) 9.2 2011 10.6
% 13% 1.25 /
46
13.06 1.25
29.79% 2
2008
4.2%
41
%
52.5
0.96
14.04
0.5
5.33
2000
64.38
1.04
12.46
0.63
2.68
64
10
26
2�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
22
2.72
0.37( )
6.69
2.58
0.59
2.15
58
5
12
119
215
22
5
4
2
331
2126
45462
13
65
442
2225
.
9 9 9
/
214 2003
90
55
18
4
5
3
4
90
91
2003
456,903
64661
15406
1794
(2005 )
23
07
.
( )
(
76 )
(
106 )
68
170(
:
)
22
23
630
61
1 2
62
24( )+2( )
+1(
)=27
1( )
2003
3057
391
31 4
1
10
4680
5.4
19 2009
1995
2002
22
10
7590
8.2
14 77
2004
22
10
6559
7.4
18
3000 14 3967 2007
96 07
1
54
177,417 5,800,144
(09)
23ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
24
07 720,666
.
,
24
25
JICA JICA
1986
JICA ODAJICA
JICA
20
25ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
26
JICA
JICA
2�
272�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
282�
29
a)b)c
c)
62
2�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
30
Mahalla
b)
a
30
31
c
3�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
3232
33
4
33ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
3434
3535ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
363�
373�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
383�
393�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
4040
414�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
4242
43
1 P44, “2011 OVERVIEW OF THE JUSTICE SECTOR JSMP Annual Report” JUDICIAL SYSTEM MONITORING PROGRAMME, 2012
43ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
4444
4545ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
464�
474�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
484�
494�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
5050
51
2 Judicial System Monitoring Programme
5�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
5252
5353ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
5454
5555ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
565�
575�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
58
13
5�
595�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
60�0
61��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
62�2
63�3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
64�4
65
Legal Aid
Legal Aid Clinic
�5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
66
Legal Aid Clinic in Vientiane
��
67��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
68��
69��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
70�0
71��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
72�2
73�3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
74�4
75�5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
76��
77��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
78��
79��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
80
%%
�0
81
JICA
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
82�2
83�3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
84
a
b
�4
85�5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
86
Bên b o
m
1
��
87
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
88
bên c m
gi
��
89
bên b o lãnh ph i giao tài s n thu c s h u c a mình cho
bên nh n b o lãnh
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
90
4
�0
91
163/2006/N -CP,11/2012/ N -CP 1
ngh a v dân s
2
Bên b o m
Bên nh n b o m
bên t c c bên ý c c bên b o lãnh
1 2006 163 2012 11 2012 2 22 11 2012
4 10 163 11 11 163163 11
2 pledgor, mortgagor, depositor, escrow account depositor, collateral payer, guarantor or a grassroots socio-political organization in case of trust.
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
92
t ch c chính tr - xã h i t i c s trong tr ng h p tín ch p
ký qu3
Bên có ngh a v
Ngh a v c b o m
ngh a v hi n t i
Ngh a v trong t ng lai
Tài s n b o m
Hàng hóa luân chuy n trong quá
trình s n xu t, kinh doanh 4
Gi y t có giá c phi u trái phi uh i phi u k phi u tín phi u ch ng ch
ti n g i séc ch ng ch qu 5,
3 a pledgee, mortgagee, deposit receiver, escrow account receiver, guarantee or a credit institution in case of trust, or a party entitled to a payment by bank or to a damages in case of collateral.4 Goods circulated in the production or business process 5 stocks, bonds, bills of exchange, promissory notes, deposit certificates, checks
�2
93
6
6 324
1.
�3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
94
ch ng th cgi i ch p
�4
95
�5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
96
��
97
7
tr ch m tr d n
máy móc
7 256
247257 258
257
258
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
98
Trong tr ng h p chuy n i doanh nghi p,
chuy n i công ty nhà n c
l p v n b n ghi nh n
��
99
C M C TÀI S N
8
8 332
1.2.
3.
4.
��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
100
332 2
9
v n n th ti t ki m
v n n
theo l nh 10 v n n vô danh 11
Trung tâm L u ký ch ng khoán 12
9 2471. 10 30
210 an ordered bill of lading11 a bearer bill of lading12 the Securities Depositary Center
�00
101
TH CH P TÀI S N
�0�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
102
tàu bay tàu bi n
bên c m gi
quy n òi n
13
13 309
1
�02
103
14
cho thuê cho m n
15
a)b)c)2.
14 313
15 3495.
�03ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
104
16
16 352
1.
�04
105
bên t c c, bên ký c c
�05ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
106
KÝ QU
17
17 360
1.
�0�
107
bên ký qu 18
18 the collateral maker
�0�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
108
b o lãnh
bên c b o lãnh
bên nh n b o lãnh
bên b o lãnh
�0�
109
Quy n yêu c u hoàn tr
bi n
pháp kh n c p t m th i
19
19 369
�0�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
110
20
21
22
20 bên b o lãnh ph i giao tài s n thu c s h u c a mình cho bên nh n b o lãnh21 t l t ng ng v i ngh a v c b o lãnh22 c u tiên thanh toán tr c bên nh n b o lãnh
��0
111
Tín ch p
h gia ình
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
112
��2
113
��3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
114
��4
115
��5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
116
thu gi 23
xã ph ng
th tr n 24
23 take into custody
kê biênkê biên thu gi
24 the People's Committee of the commune, ward or district township
���
117
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
118
���
119
25
25 439
1.
2.
3
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
120
11
2012 4 10
a
b)
c)
d)
Nguy n T n D ng
�20
121
�2�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
122
p p
p
p p p
�22
123
p p p
�23ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
124
p p p
�24
125
p p p
�25ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
126
�2�
127
p p p
p p p
�2�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
128
p p p
�2�
129
p p p
�2�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
130
p p p
�30
131
p p p
�3�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
132
p p p
�32
133
�33ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
134
�34
135
p p p
p p p
�35ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
136
�3�
137
p p p
�3�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
138
�3�
139
p p
p
p p p
�3�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
140
�40
141
p p p
p p p
�4�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
142
�42
143
�43ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
144
1
http://koara.lib.keio.ac.jp/xoonips/
JICA
�44
145
2
3
�45ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
資料1
�4�
�4�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR SUPREME COURT OF THE UNION
SPEECH BY H.E. U HTUN HTUN OO CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE UNION
"CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS OF JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN MYANMAR"
KEIO UNIVERSITY, JAPAN 28 NOVEMBER 2012
_______________________________________________________________
Introduction
The topic I have chosen for this address is 'current developments' of our judicial system.
There are some changes brought about by our new Constitution, 2008. It lays down the democratic foundation for the separation of state powers and the doctrine of check and balance. The legislative power of the Union is vested in the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the Parliament), which consists of Pyithu Hluttaw and Amyothar Hluttaw. The President is the head of the executive and exercises the executive power, sharing among the Union (Pyidaungsu), the Regions and the States. Judicial power is shared among the Supreme Court of the Union and its subordinate Courts. The three branches of sovereign power are separated, to the extent possible, and exert reciprocal control, check and balance among themselves.
Judicial Principles
I am going to talk on judicial principles briefly as these are the framework for this speech.
資料2
�4�
2
Judicial power is mainly vested in the Supreme Court and its subordinate Courts, namely High Courts of the Region or High Courts of the State, Courts of the Self-Administered Division, Courts of the Self-Administered Zone, District Courts, Township Courts and other Courts constituted by law. The Supreme Court is the highest Court of the Union save the powers of the Constitutional Tribunal and the Court Martial.
Justice throughout the Union is administered in Courts in accordance with the judicial principles that can be expressed in the following terms: "to administer justice independently according to law, to dispense justice in open Court unless otherwise prohibited by law, and to guarantee in all cases the right of defence and the right of appeal
under law."
Moreover, Courts carry out justice in the light of such principles as follows:
to support in building of rule of law and regional peace and tranquility by protecting and safeguarding the interests of the people,
to educate the people to understand and abide by the law and nurture the habit of abiding by the law,
to settle disputes among the people within the framework of the law, and to aim at reforming morals of the criminal in sentencing him.
Some principles of criminal justice can be summarized as follows: (a) no criminal law shall be enacted to provide retrospective effect; (b) any person who committed a crime, shall be convicted only in
accord with the relevant law then in operation. Moreover, he shall not be punished to a penalty greater than that is applicable under that law;
�4�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
3
(c) any person convicted or acquitted by a competent Court for an offence shall not be retried except that a superior Court annuls the judgment and orders a retrial;
(d) an accused shall have the right of defence in accord with the law; (e) no penalty that violates human dignity shall be prescribed.
Structure of the Courts
Now, I would like to introduce the hierarchy of our Courts. Generally speaking, Township Courts and other Courts constituted by law (e.g. Juvenile Courts, Motor Vehicle Courts, or Municipal Courts) are Courts of origin or Courts of first instance. District Courts, Courts of Self-Administered Division, and Courts of Self-Administered Zone are Courts of first appeal. As far as judicial functions are concerned, they are of the same level. High Courts of the Regions and High Courts of the States are Courts of second appeal. The Supreme Court of the Union is the highest Court of the Union and the Court of final Appeal.
The Supreme Court supervises all Courts in the Union. It is entitled to submit the bills relating to the judiciary to the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the Parliament). It has to submit judiciary budget to the Union Government.
The Supreme Court appoints judicial officers for subordinate Courts. They are career judges serving at different levels of Courts except the Supreme Court and High Courts in which Chief Justices and Judges are appointed by the President in coordination with the Chief Justice of the Union and with the approval of the Hluttaws (parliaments of the Union, the Regions or States, respectively).
�50
4
What I would like to do in this address is to give analysis on the developments and challenges of judicial system in Myanmar focusing on a number of areas of significance to judicial capacity.
But before turning to these, I must say something about the Supreme Court in terms of judicial independence.
The Supreme Court
The Supreme Court is composed of a minimum of seven Judges and a maximum of 11 Judges, including the Chief Justice of the Union. The President with the approval of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the parliament) appoints the Chief Justice. The President in co-ordination with the Chief Justice nominates and appoints Judges of the Supreme Court with the approval of the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (the parliament). At present, there are 7 Judges including the Chief Justice in the Supreme Court.
A person is qualified for the appointment as a Chief Justice or Judges of the Supreme Court if he or she: (a) has served as a Judge of the High Court for at least five years; or (b) has served as Judicial Officer or a Law Officer at least ten years
at the Region or State Level; or (c) has practiced as an Advocate for at least 20 years; or (d) is an eminent jurist in the opinion of the President. None of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court are members of a political party, representatives of the Parliament and civil services personnel. They must also be free from party politics.
�5�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
5
The impeachment procedures are clearly provided in the Constitution. The President or one-fourth of the total number of representatives of either Hluttaw can impeach the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court for high treason, breach of the Constitution, misconduct, disqualification or inefficient discharge of duties assigned by law.
The Constitution guarantees the tenure of the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court. They can hold the office up to the age of 70 unless he or she resigns the office; or is impeached in accordance with the Constitution and removed from office; or is unable to continue to serve due to permanent disability caused by either physical or mental defeat; or dies in office.
As the Supreme Court is the highest Court of the Union and the Court of final appeal, its judgments are final and conclusive. There is no revision upon the judgment of the Supreme Court outside the appeals process. As far as jurisdictions are concerned, the Supreme Court has appellate, revisional, and original jurisdictions in accord with the law. Moreover, it has the power to issue writs appropriate to the Fundamental Rights guaranteed in the Constitution.
Developments
The new Constitution brings some developments in the judiciary.
New High Courts In terms of the structure, new High Courts are formed. In the past, there was no High Court but only the Supreme Court which exercised the powers of High Court. At that time, the Supreme Court sat in Nay Pyi Taw, Yangon and Mandalay and tried cases appealed from everywhere of the Union.
�52
6
Nowadays, 14 High Courts for the respective Regions and States are newly formed under the new Constitution. While the Supreme Court supervises all Courts in the Union, High Courts supervise the judicial matters of subordinate Courts within their respective jurisdictions of the Regions and the States in accord with the guidance of the Supreme Court. In terms of formation of new High Courts, the people can ask for decisions of the High Courts in their areas so that they can reduce the costs of litigation.
As our country is constituted by the Union System, state powers are shared among the Union, Regions and States. The extension of Court structure is done to meet this end.
Awareness of the Rule of Law
Our country is a place where multi-national races collectively reside. The new Constitution guarantees every citizen to enjoy the right of equality, the right of liberty and the right of justice as prescribed in it. Only when the eternal principles of justice, liberty and equality are enhanced will the perpetuation of peace and prosperity of the national people achieve. These values can only be secured by an application of the rule of law. The rule of law is essential for materializing the democratic system effectively, and it is the bedrock of a democratic society as well.
We are of course aware that the rule of law is a pre-necessary condition for the national development. Therefore the principle of the rule of law is guaranteed by the new Constitution as fundamental rights of citizens. Article 347 of the Constitution provides that - "the Union shall guarantee any person to enjoy equal rights before
the law and shall equally provide legal protection." Article 353 reads "nothing shall, except in accord with existing laws, be detrimental to the life and personal freedom of any person."
�53ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
7
The rule of law is the only basis upon which everybody including public bodies and the executive can order their lives and activities. The functions of Union Government, Hluttaws (Parliament) and Courts are subject to the Constitution and the law so that the rule of law will improve. Article 219 of the Constitution provides that 'the Union Government preserves stability of the Union, community peace and tranquility and prevalence of law and order'.
From the point of the judiciary, only the independent judiciary makes sure to uphold the rule of law. All judges implement their judicial functions independently and subject only to the Constitution and the law. Justice must be administered in accord with law. No person shall be convicted of crime except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence. An accused have the right of defence and the right to independent and fair trial in accord with the law. The judgments or decisions of all levels of Courts have final character and other bodies of State cannot review and amend those judgments or decisions except filing them to superior Courts for appeal. An independent, impartial, honest and competent judiciary is integral to upholding the rule of law.
Guarantee of Fundamental Rights
Even though there is no Human Rights Law in Myanmar; it is a primary duty of Courts for populace to enjoy their fundamental rights in accord with the Constitution. In order to obtain a fundamental right, any person can apply to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has the power to issue such writs as suitable as Writ of Habeas Corpus, Writ of Mandamus, Writ of Prohibition, Writ of Quo Warranto and Writ of Certiorari. The Supreme Court entertains the application of writs under Writs Procedures and safeguards the fundamental rights of the citizens.
�54
8
Challenges
Under new political system, we now face challenges which mainly include harmonization of the judiciary with democratic culture, absence of corruption in every courtroom and reinforcement of the judicial system.
Harmonization with Democracy
Long time ago, disputes have been settled by traditional judicial system in Myanmar, but during the late 19th century, common law legal system was introduced by British colonialist. The essence of Myanmar traditional judiciary was settlement of disputes through negotiation between the two parties. In contrary, the judicial function of English common law system rested on the decision of win and loss rather than fairness and harmony in the society.
After independence in 1948, different political systems have been dramatically changed, but in the judicial branch the traditional strict appliance of 'law and order' approach has been preferred. Judicial functions were conducted by Courts of law under the influence of the executive authority.
A theme that is popular with some of the media in Myanmar is that the judiciary does not change together with the democratic movement. The judiciary should exercise the 'rule of law' centered approach preferentially in doing its functions to be in line with the democratic values.
We accept that it is the most important duty of the judiciary to protect people's rights through a fair and equitable trial within the limits of domestic legal framework. There must be clear laws under which people can ask protection of their rights and remedies for their grievances before the Court. If the Court carries out a quick, effective and fair response to protect
�55ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
9
their rights and to redress their grievance proportionally, the judiciary could maintain the public confidence.
Absent of Corruption
To prevent corruption is a big challenge for all institutions including the judiciary. Absent of corruption is necessary for sustainable development and for maintenance of the rule of law. While the clean government and good governance are carried out by the executive, actions against corruption are being taken strictly by the Supreme Court. All judges should administer justice "without fear or favour, affection or ill-will". The presence of bias, favour, or corruption in a Court System denies justice and undermines the rule of law.
However, actions against bribery and corruption must be coincident with the actual causes. In Myanmar society, people have the conception that taking bribe is a sin. Therefore, the increase of remuneration and general welfare programs are supposed to be advisable solutions. Salary of judges is as same as salary of other ordinary civil services personnel and they get low income.
Reinforcement of the Judiciary
Another challenge is reinforcement of the judiciary to bring about the upright judiciary and to achieve public trust and reliance on it. If the judicial pillar is upright, it can foster public confidence in the fairness and objectivity of the judicial system.
�5�
10
In this address, I would like to highlight four aspects of judicial performance, namely judicial independence, accountability, efficiency and well-functioning of the judiciary. These areas need to be reinforced to become an independent, impartial, honest and competent judiciary which is fundamental to upholding the rule of law, engendering public confidence and dispensing justice.
Judicial Independence
Judicial independence is a State Principle and a judicial principle as well. It is essential that there should be an independent judiciary to uphold the rule of law.
The Constitution provides exact procedures for appointment and removal of Chief Justices and Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. All judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts shall have a guaranteed tenure until a mandatory retirement age, except on such limited grounds as I mentioned before. While the term of office for the President and Hluttaw is five years, the Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court can hold office up to the age of 70 years and of High Courts up to 65 years.
As Myanmar is a Union State, the judicial power is shared among the Supreme Court, High Courts, and different levels of other Courts; justice throughout the Union is governed and supervised by the Supreme Court.
There is no ministry of justice formulated in Myanmar. The Chief Justice of the Union is Head of the Judiciary. The judiciary has its own structure of governance to ensure the proper governance of the system.
�5�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
11
Judiciary budget is proposed by the Supreme Court, to the Union Government in order to include and present in the Annual Budget Bill in accordance with the Constitution. In practice, High Courts of Regions and High Courts of States have to propose the budget of them and their subordinate Courts to the relevant Region or State Budget Programs.
Appointment of judges in subordinate Courts is based on a career and promotion track. As far as appointment of junior judges is concerned, the Supreme Court is of very high accountability, as appointments are made on merit with appropriate independent process. We are confident that there is no misconduct relating to appointment, posting, transfer, promotion and removal of junior judges in subordinate Courts. The Supreme Court disciplines judicial officers and judges for their misconduct, with no influence of the executive.
In fact, there is structural independence in judiciary but operational independence will result only if the executive and legislature refrain from any interference in judicial functions. Judicial independence depends upon the government respecting the principle of judicial independence. If the judiciary achieves the confidence and respect of the populace, they help dispel the risk of significant inroads to judicial independence.
On the other hand, safeguard provisions for judges should be firmly provided by law. There are some safeguard provisions under common law practice. Judges are bound by professional secrecy and enjoy personal immunity from civil and criminal liability in judicial matters.
�5�
12
Accountability
Judicial independence should be coupled with accountability. Each judge is accountable for the decisions he makes; the decisions are made in public and so they are open to public scrutiny and they can be reviewed on appeal. The judiciary is the branch of the State responsible for providing the fair and impartial resolution of disputes between citizens and between citizens and the state or state entities in accordance with the prevailing rules of statute and case law.
Judges are responsible for judicial corruption and miscarriage of justice. Moreover, they should be accountable for their honesty and capacity in doing judicial functions. The Supreme Court makes efforts to ensure honesty and capacity of judges using disciplinary action and due process of supervision.
The Supreme Court conducts the appointment of judges on merit-based examination and assures the transparency of appointing process. It also carries out random assignment of cases, full publication and dissemination of judicial decisions, and peer evaluation on judicial, administrative and disciplined activities of judges. The Supreme Court Administration Committee including the Chief Justice of the Union and all judges of the Supreme Court supervises promotion of judges, judicial complaints and disciplinary actions if necessary.
Efficiency
The third aspect to promote confidence of the citizens is efficiency. The ability to adjudicate disputes in an efficient and timely manner helps achieve public confidence on the judiciary. It has always been the responsibility of the judiciary to ensure that the cases that come before the courts are dealt with as quickly and cheaply as possible, consistent with the
�5�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
13
maintenance of high standards of judicial determination. The judiciary must earn and maintain the public trust in its ability to deliver justice on a daily, case by case basis.
From 30th March 2011 on that day the new Constitution came into operation to 30th September 2012, 84791 civil cases are accepted, 60753 cases decided and 24038 cases pending. At the same period, 464501 criminal cases are accepted, 433013 cases decided and 31488 cases pending in the Supreme Court and all other Courts. The clearance rate of civil adjudication is 71.65 percent compared with 93.22 percent in criminal adjudication.
If we are to have a judiciary that has the confidence of the citizens, it is essential to improve judicial efficiency; trying cases speedily and correctly, removing unreasonable delays and backlogs, and enforcing the decisions of Courts effectively. Moreover, the backlog and speed with which Courts can dispose of such a dispute as commercial cases, company cases and torts directly affect investor's trust in our judicial system and market economy system.
Here I would like to make two comments on judicial efficiency: judicial training and enough resources.
We need to build up capacity of judges urgently. The Supreme Court launches different training programs to extend the horizon of our judges; especially in these areas: current developments of the Constitution and laws; changing legal and judicial concepts; information technology and language skill to study them.
��0
14
Furthermore, the judiciary must have the required financial, logistical and human resources to perform its functions adequately. Sufficient resources are required to maintain court buildings and office facilities, attract and retain well trained and capable staff. To improve judicial efficiency correlates sufficient and adequate allocation of budget and public expenditure to the Courts.
Well-Function
The last aspect of reinforced judiciary is well-functioning of it. Judicial function cannot be performed only by the Courts. Relevant institutions, and prosecutors, lawyers, parties and witnesses must go hand-in-hand to ensure well-functioning of the judiciary. The whole judicial process which involve giving information or reporting of a crime, investigation, litigation, examination of witnesses, interrogation of document or evidence, deciding the case based on the merits of it, and enforcement of Courts' decisions will be functioning if relevant institutions and persons cooperate dutifully and with good intention. If the judiciary functions well it does not impose burden and difficulties upon the parties so that it will regain the public trust and reliance.
The management of Courts must be efficient. Effective case flow management and proper structuring of the jurisdiction of Courts are a means to a well-run Court System that functions according to judicial standards and norms, protecting the rights of the accused, as well as victims and witnesses. A Court must treat each of litigants, witnesses, victims or defendants with dignity and provide accurate information in a helpful, timely, and open manner.
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
15
Now we are seriously considering making judicial reform efforts focusing on some critical areas such as: (a) enhancing access to justice; (b) improving timeliness and quality of justice delivery; (c) strengthening integrity, independence, and impartiality of the
Courts; (d) facilitating coordination across the criminal justice system; and (e) increasing public trust in the justice system.
We need to enhance access to justice for prisoners waiting for trial and being in remand. Adjournments are to be reduced. We also need to improve the quality of recordkeeping. We need to set up clear mechanism in order to reduce vulnerability of the system to corruption. We need to encourage people to use alternative dispute resolution ADR and informal justice instead of litigation. Improvements in these areas will result in increased public trust in our judiciary.
In conclusion, I would like to say few remarks on the topic of current developments of our judicial system. The core responsibility of the judiciary is to provide the fair and impartial resolution of disputes between citizens and between citizens and the state or state entities in accordance with the laws. Nowadays, under the changing constitutional landscape, the primary duties of the judiciary become to maintain social order peaceful and tranquil, to have all people to secure justice, liberty and equality and to uphold the rule of law. Doing this task, the judiciary collaborates with the executive and the legislature, rationally and within the framework of constitutional structure. Let me end by saying that constructive and balanced relationships between the three branches of the State are essential to the effective maintenance of the Constitution and the rule of law.
��2
資料3-1
��3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��4
��5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��0
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��2
Supreme Court of the UnionSupreme Court of the UnionRepublic of the Union of MyanmarRepublic of the Union of Myanmar
資料3-2
��3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��4
資料4-1
��5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��0
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��2
��3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
資料4-2
��4
��5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
資料5-1
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��0
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��2
��3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
��4
��5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
���
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
PROCEDURE DEALS WITH CIVIL SUITS IN MYANMAR JUDICIARY
Contents
Contents Introduction
The Code of Civil Procedure General Principles
資料5-2
���
Civil Jurisdiction Place of Suing
Pecuniary jurisdictionOriginal civil jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the Union
When Aliens or Foreign States may sue
Court Procedure for Original Civil Suits
���ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
Filing a original civil suitFiling written statement by defendants
Settlement of issues Hearing of the suit
Judgment and DecreeTemporary Injunctions and Interlocutory orders
200
Withdrawal and Adjustment of suits Procedure in Execution
Execution by arrest and detention in prison
Types of Civil Suits and Laws relating to Civil Suits
Types of Civil Suits Laws relating to Civil Suits
20�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
Conclusion
202
203
JICA
JICA
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Ms.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
203ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
204
JICA
JICA
ICD News
204
205
205ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
20�
207
Supreme
People’s Court SPC
SPC
Mr.
SPC
Ms.
SP
Ms.
SPC
Ms.
SPC
Mr.
Ms.
Mr.
SPC
Ms.
SPC
Mr.
SPC
Ms.
SPC
JICA
SPC
20�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
208
SPC
SPC
SPC
SPC
ICD
SPC
ICD
ICD
20�
209
20�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
210
IMF
Ms.
2�0
211
2��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
2�2
213
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Mr.
Ms.
Ms.
Mr.
ICD
Ms.
Mr.
JICA
2�3ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
214
JICA
http://www.moj.go.jp/housouken/houso_houkoku_indonesia.html
2�4
215
OJT On the job
training
OJT
2�5ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
216
JICA
http://www.moj.go.jp/housouken/housouken05_00046.html
JICA
2��
217
JICA
2��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
218
2��
2��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
220
220
221
22�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
222
222
223ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
224
JICA
JICA
224
225
JICA
CA
JICA
JICA
JICA
JICA
225ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
226
CA
CA
CA
22�
227
22�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
228
JICA JICA
AAA
JICA
JICA
22�
229
JICA
CA JICA
22�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
230
ICD
ICD
230
231
23�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
232
232
233
ODA
ICD
ICD
ICD
ICD
233ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
234
ICD
234
235
JIC
JICA
235ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
236
http://www.moj.go.jp/housouken/houso_icd.html
support
23�
237
corporate
km
km S
23�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
238
JICA
ODA
JICA
23�
239
ODA
Xin come on !
23�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
240
JICA
ODA
240
241
JICA
ODA
ODA
24�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
242
242
243
243ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
244
244
245
245ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
246
24�
247
AAA
24�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
248
JICA
24�
249
24�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
250
ODA
JICA
JICA
ODA
ODA
MOJ
SPC SPP
VBF
250
251
25�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
252
JICA
JICA
252
253
253ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
254
JICA
JICA
254
255
JICA
255ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
256
VIEN KIEM SAT
CHU KY
25�
257
OL
25�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
25�
259
ICD
25�ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
260
2�0
261
2��ICD NEWS 第54号（20�3.3）
